north europe

The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an ethno-linguistic Indo-European group ofNorthern European origin. They are identified by their use of Germanic languages, which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The term "Germanic" originated in classical times when groups of tribes living in Lower, Upper, and Greater Germania were referred to using this label by Roman scribes. The Roman use of the term "Germanic" was not necessarily based upon language, but rather referred to the tribal groups and alliances that lived in the regions of modern-day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany, and which were considered to be less civilized and more physically hardened than the Celtic Gauls. Tribes referred to as "Germanic" by Roman authors generally lived to the north and east of the Gauls. The Germanic tribes were chronicled by Rome's historians as having had a critical impact on the course of European history during the Roman-Germanic wars, particularly at the historic Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where the vanquishment of three Roman legions at the hands of Germanic tribal warriorsprecipitated the Roman Empire's strategic withdrawal from Magna Germania. Modern Germanic peoples include the Afrikaners, Austrians, Danes, Dutch, English, Flemish, Frisians, Germans, Icelanders,Lowland Scots, Norwegians, Swedes and others (including diaspora populations, such as European Americans)

The Germanic peoples (also called Teutons, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) were an ethnolinguistic group of Northern European origin identified by Roman-era authors as distinct from neighbouring Celtic peoples, and identified in modern scholarship as speakers, at least for the most part, of early Germanic languages. A Proto-Germanic population is believed to have emerged during the Nordic Bronze Age, which developed out of the Battle Axe culture in southern Scandinavia. During the Iron Age various Germanic tribes began a southward expansion at the expense of Celtic peoples, which led to centuries of sporadic violent conflict with ancient Rome. It is from Roman authors that the term "Germanic" originated. The decisive victory of Arminius at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE is believed to have prevented the eventual Romanization of the Germanic peoples, and has therefore been considered a turning point in world history. Germanic tribes settled the entire Roman frontier along the Rhine and the Danube, and some established close relations with the Romans, often serving as royal tutors and mercenaries, sometimes even rising to the highest offices in the Roman military. Meanwhile, Germanic tribes expanded into Eastern Europe, where the Goths subdued the local Iranian nomads and came to dominate the Pontic Steppe, simultaneously launching sea expeditions into the Balkans and Anatolia as far as Cyprus. The westward expansion of the Huns into Europe in the late 4th century CE pushed many Germanic tribes into the Western Roman Empire. Their vacated lands were filled by Slavs. Many of these territories were reclaimed in following centuries.^[1] Other tribes settled Great Britain and became known as the Anglo-Saxons. With the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, a series of Germanic kingdoms emerged, of which Francia gained a dominant position. This kingdom formed the Holy Roman Empire under the leadership of Charlemagne, who was officially recognized by Pope Leo III in 800 CE. Meanwhile, North Germanic seafarers, commonly referred to as Vikings, embarked on a massive expansion which led to the establishment of the Duchy of Normandy, Kievan Rus' and their settlement of the British Isles and the North Atlantic Ocean as far as North America. Historical Germanic paganism, the indigenous religion of the Germanic peoples, ended with Christianization in the 11th century.^[8]Elements of Germanic paganism continued into post-Christianization folklore, and today Germanic paganism sees a modern revival in Heathenry, a new religious movement. The descendants of the original Germanic peoples are still known as the Germanic peoples.

- The Alemanni (also Alamanni; Suebi"Swabians"^[2]) were a confederation of Germanic tribes^[3] on the Upper RhineRiver. First mentioned by Cassius Dio in the context of the campaign of Caracalla of 213, the Alemanni captured the Agri Decumates in 260, and later expanded into present-day Alsace, and northern Switzerland, leading to the establishment of the Old High Germanlanguage in those regions, by the eighth century named Alamannia.In 496, the Alemanni were conquered by Frankish leader Clovis and incorporated into his dominions. Mentioned as still pagan allies of the Christian Franks, the Alemanni were gradually Christianized during the seventh century. The Lex Alamannorum is a record of their customary law during this period. Until the eighth century, Frankish suzerainty over Alemannia was mostly nominal. After an uprising by Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia, though, Carloman executed the Alamannic nobility and installed Frankish dukes. During the later and weaker years of the Carolingian Empire, the Alemannic counts became almost independent, and a struggle for supremacy took place between them and the Bishopric of Constance. The chief family in Alamannia was that of the counts of Raetia Curiensis, who were sometimes called margraves, and one of whom, Burchard II, established the Duchy of Swabia, which was recognized by Henry the Fowler in 919 and became a stem duchy of the Holy Roman Empire.The area settled by the Alemanni corresponds roughly to the area where Alemannic Germandialects remain spoken, including German Swabia and Baden, French Alsace, German-speaking Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Austrian Vorarlberg.The French language name of Germany, Allemagne, is derived from their name, from Old French aleman(t),^[5] from French loaned into a number of other languages. Likewise, the Spanish name for Germany is Alemania, the Portuguese is Alemanha, and Welsh is Yr Almaen.

• Denzlingen was already settled during the time of the Roman Empire. It was named after the Alemannic tribal chief Denzilo who lived here in the 5th century. The first explicit mention of the town dates back to the year 984. Medieval Denzlingen consisted of two separate settlements, Niederdorf and Oberdorf (Lower Village and Upper Village), both on the Glotter and alongside an old road from Riegel to the Glottertal. The two settlements eventually grew together into one stretched-out town, which led to the sobriquet of Langendenzlingen, meaning "Long Denzlingen".The town was destroyed during the Thirty Years' War. The Thirty Years' War veteran Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen described the battle between Imperial and Swedish troops at Denzlingen in the novel Simplicius Simplicissimus.The town has grown rapidly since the 19th century, especially after being connected to the Baden railroad system in 1845.

• oriental daily 24mar2020 ice coating to protect cherry blossum

- goths

• The Goths were a Germanic people that lived beyond the Danube during classical history. The first comes into the history books during Rome’s wars with Greece and would remain a presence in Roman history going forward.They were vultures- clever and cruel. When the Empire was weak, when the border forts were unmanned, the Goths would strike. The loved invading Rome, sacking towns, and then heading back for home.During the crisis of the 3rd century, they would go from annoyance to critical threat. Their invasions became massive and they were a significant threat to Italy itself. A few emperors like Claudius Gothicus and Aurelien would defeat the Goths and send them back to their side of the river.However soon the Goths would return. Displaced by the invading Huns almost all of the Goths would be conquered and incorporated into the Hunnic army.A large number migrated to the Eastern Empire. Emperor Valens approved their migration and allowed them to settle along the Danube. With the Huns approaching the Romans hoped to to use the Goths as a buffer state.https://www.quora.com/How-would-you-compare-the-Visigoths-and-the-Romans

- The Teutons (Latin: Teutones, Teutoni) were a Germanic tribe or Celtic tribe mentioned by Greek and Romanauthors, notably Strabo and Marcus Velleius Paterculus. According to a map by Ptolemy, they originally lived in Jutland, which is in agreement with Pomponius Mela, who placed them in Scandinavia (Codanonia),^{[citation needed]}although there was disagreement by these scholars whether or not they were related to the Celts. Rather than relating directly to this tribe, the broad term, Teutonic peoples or Teuton in particular, is used now to identify members of a people speaking languages of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. In the late second century BC, many of the Teutones, under their leader Teutobod as well as the Cimbri, migrated from their original homes in southern Scandinavia and on the Jutland peninsula of Denmark, south and west to the Danube valley, where they encountered the expanding Roman Republic. The Teutones and Cimbri were recorded as passing west through Gaul before attacking Roman Italy. After decisive victories over the Romans at Noreia and Arausio in 105 BC, the Cimbri and Teutones divided forces and were then defeated separately by Gaius Marius in 102 BC and 101 BC respectively, ending the Cimbrian War. The defeat of the Teutones occurred at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (near present-day Aix-en-Provence). Some of the surviving captives were reported to have been among the rebelling Gladiators in the Third Servile War. The linguistic affinities of the Teutones are a matter of dispute amongst historians. Their name is Celtic in form and many writers believe that the Teutones really were Celts, however, a people of this name are mentioned by the early traveller, Pytheas, as inhabitants of the northern ocean coasts. Strabo and Marcus Velleius Paterculus, moreover, classify them as Germanic peoples, and this is perhaps a more probable view, although the distinction between Celts and Teutones^[which?][3] is not clearly realized by some earlier historians.^{[clarification needed][3]} If the Teutones really came from the same quarter as the Cimbri, it is possible that their name may have been preserved in the Thyland or Thythsyssel regions, found in the far north-west of Jutland.

- The Varangian Guard (Greek: Τάγμα των Βαράγγων, Tágma tōn Varángōn) was an elite unit of the Byzantine Army, from the 10th to the 14th centuries, whose members served as personal bodyguards to the Byzantine Emperors. They are known for being primarily composed of Germanic peoples, specifically Scandinavians (the Guard was formed approximately 200 years into the Viking age) and Anglo-Saxons (after the Norman Conquest of England created an Anglo-Saxon emigration, part of which found employment in Byzantium). The Rus' provided the earliest members of the Varangian Guard. They were in Byzantine service from as early as 874. The Guard was first formally constituted under Emperor Basil IIin 988, following the Christianization of Kievan Rus' by Vladimir I of Kiev. Vladimir, who had recently usurped power in Kiev with an army of Varangian warriors, sent 6,000 men to Basil as part of a military assistance agreement. Basil's distrust of the native Byzantineguardsmen, whose loyalties often shifted with fatal consequences, as well as the proven loyalty of the Varangians, many of whom had previously served in Byzantium, led the Emperor to employ them as his personal guardsmen. Immigrants from Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland kept a predominantly Norse cast to the organization until the late 11th century. In these years, Scandinavian men left to enlist in the Byzantine Varangian Guard in such numbers that a medieval Swedish law fromVästergötland declared no one could inherit while staying in Greece—the then Scandinavian term for the Byzantine Empire—to stop the emigration.^[5] Especially as two other European courts simultaneously also recruited Scandinavians: Kievan Rus' c. 980–1060 and London1018–1066 (the Þingalið). Composed primarily of Norsemen and Rus for the first 100 years, the Guard began to see increased inclusion of Anglo-Saxons after the Norman conquest of England. By the time of the Emperor Alexios Komnenos in the late 11th century, the Varangian Guard was largely recruited from Anglo-Saxons and "others who had suffered at the hands of the Vikings and their cousins the Normans". The Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic peoples shared with the Vikings a tradition of faithful (to death if necessary) oath-bound service, and after the Norman invasion of England there were many fighting men who had lost their lands and former masters and looked for a living elsewhere. The Varangian Guard not only provided security for the Byzantine Emperors, but also participated in many wars, often playing a decisive role, since they were usually deployed at critical moments of a battle. By the late 13th century Varangians were mostly ethnically assimilated by Byzantine Greeks, though the Guard operated until at least mid-14th century. In 1400 there were still some people identifying themselves as "Varangians" in Constantinople.

- Heathenry, also termed Heathenism or Germanic Neopaganism, is a modern Pagan religion. Classified as a new religious movement, its practitioners model their faith on the pre-Christian belief systems adhered to by the Germanic peoples of Iron Age and Early Medieval Europe. To reconstruct these past belief systems, Heathenry uses surviving historical, archaeological, and folkloric evidence as a basis, although approaches to this material vary considerably. Heathen communities are currently present in various parts of Europe, the Americas, and Australasia. Although lacking a unified theology, Heathenry is typically polytheistic, centering on a pantheon of deities from pre-Christian Germanic Europe which includes both gods and goddesses. It adopts cosmological views from these pre-Christian religions, including an animistic view of the cosmos in which the natural world is imbued with spirits. The faith's deities and these spirits are honored in sacrificial rites known as blóts in which food and libations are offered to them. These are often accompanied by symbel, the act of ceremonially toasting the gods with an alcoholic beverage. Some practitioners also engage in rituals designed to induce an altered state of consciousness and visions, most notably seiðr and galdr, with the intent of gaining wisdom and advice from the deities. Although there are many solitary practitioners who follow the religion alone, members of the Heathen community often assemble in small groups, usually known as kindreds or hearths, to perform their rites in specially constructed buildings or outdoors. Heathen ethical systems place great emphasis on honor, personal integrity, and loyalty, while beliefs about an afterlife are varied and rarely emphasized. The primary division within the Heathen movement surrounds the issue of race. Many groups eschew racialist ideas, adopting a universalist perspective which holds that the religion is open to all, irrespective of ethnic or racial identity. Conversely, others adopt a racialist attitude – termed "folkish" within the community – by viewing Heathenry as a religion with intrinsic links to a Germanic race that should be reserved explicitly for people of Northern European descent. Some folkish Heathens further combine the religion with explicitly racist and white supremacist perspectives. Although the term "Heathenry" is used widely to describe the religion as a whole, many groups prefer different forms of designation, influenced by their regional focus and their attitude to race. While a number of groups venerating Scandinavian deities use Ásatrú or Forn Sed, those adopting folkish perspectives tend to favor the terms Odinism or Wotanism. The religion's origins lie in the 19th and early 20th century Romanticist movement which glorified the pre-Christian beliefs of Germanic societies. Organised groups venerating the Germanic gods developed in Germany and Austria, which were often part of the Völkisch movement and which typically exhibited a racialist interpretation of the religion, resulting in the movement largely dissolving following the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II. In the 1970s, new Heathen groups emerged in Europe and North America, developing themselves into formalized organizations in order to promote their faith. In recent decades, the Heathen movement has been the subject of academic study by scholars active in the field of Pagan studies.

- [manuscript hunter] fortresses and castles located in the clouds - germanic customs

- The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (German: Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald, Hermannsschlacht, or Varusschlacht, Italian: Disfatta di Varo), described as the Varian Disaster (Clades Variana) by Roman historians, took place in the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE, when an alliance of Germanic tribes ambushed and decisively destroyed three Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus. The alliance was led by Arminius, a Germanic officer of Varus' auxilia. Arminius had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses.

- origin

• https://www.quora.com/When-did-some-Indo-Europeans-turn-into-Germanic-people

- germanic heritage

• in the early 1900s, a pageant in honour of german emperor wilhelm II at Saalburg at a totally reconstructed roman fort, the re-enactments of the so-called germanic prehistory; such anniversary celebrations were held at different places in 1909 to remember varusschlacht between roman legions under varus and german tribes under the leadership of arminius of the cherusci (herman) which took place in AD9.  The largest festival involved several hundred participants in a germanic pageant that was held in detmold, a city at the edge of the teutoburg forest where a monumental bronze statue of herman as liberator of germany has been standing since 1875

- germanic language

• 盧恩字母  Runes are the letters in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets, which were used to write various Germanic languages before the adoption of the Latin alphabet and for specialised purposes thereafter. The Scandinavian variants are also known as futhark or fuþark (derived from their first six letters of the alphabet: F, U, Þ, A, R, and K); the Anglo-Saxon variant is futhorc or fuþorc (due to sound-changes undergone in Old English by the names of those six letters).
• 在北歐，文字最早出現在丹麥，這種文字 充滿神秘性，就是由北歐神話主神——「奧 丁」所創的盧恩符文（Runes）。據說每個 字母都有魔力，只要善加組合就能產生奇 跡，可說是魔術師咒語的前身。這些文字大 多刻在石碑、器具（如號角）上，或是紀念 某事，或是戀愛之詞，或是頌神之語，還有 一些還未破解的文字敘述，學者們則認為是 巫師所使用的各種咒語。地理學上的北歐，包括今天的瑞典、挪 威、丹麥、冰島和芬蘭等國，不過芬蘭有其 獨特發展的神話，因為他們的祖先是來自東 方的匈奴人—─芬族。根據考古發現及人類 學者的研究，雖然經過多次民族融合，但是 斯堪的納維亞人並沒有出現明顯的種族變 化。他們的身體結構都和今日的挪威人和瑞 典人（真正意義上的斯堪的納維亞人）、丹 麥人和冰島人很相似。這說明了斯堪的納維 亞人和盎格魯薩克遜人（包括德國人、荷蘭 人）等同屬一個種族，都是日耳曼民族的不 同分支。盎格魯薩克遜人使用北歐的沃登 （Woden，即奧丁）、索爾（Thor）、芙蕾 雅（Freya）分別命名他們的星期三、星期 四、星期五，就是最顯著的例子。相反的， 文化發展水平較高的南方也刺激了北歐的文 學發展。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/03/02/a25-0302.pdf
• 太陽神弗雷菲胡（Fehu） 財富，代表字母「Ｆ」 菲胡這個符文對北歐人而言代表 「牛」，古時人們將牛、羊等牲畜作為 資產與財富，也代表豐收豐盛、希望 等含意。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/04/13/a24-0413.pdf
• http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/04/13/a24-0413.pdf 烏魯茲（Uruz） 權力與改變，代表字母「Ｖ、Ｕ」 烏魯茲這個符文是代表「野牛」的符號，與代 表「牛」的財富符文不同，「野牛」烏魯茲象徵 健康、強壯與抵抗力、耐力，卻又同時擁有財 富符號的帶動力量，但不是牛的猛烈衝勁，而是 溫馴、和緩、穩定的推動事態，並給予動力、驅使願望實現的符 號。
• ᚷ  基輔（Gifu）禮物，代表字母「Ｇ」關鍵字：禮物、幸運的結果、施與受的平衡、身心靈三層面的和諧。
• ᚹ  悟究（Wunjo）喜悅，代表字母「Ｗ、Ｖ」關鍵字：真誠換禮物、付出有回饋、當下的祝福。
• 希葛（Sowilo） 太 陽 ， 代 表 字 母 「Z、S、X」 太陽是一個非常強力 的意向，代表光明、 勝利與能量的意思http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/08/03/a20-0803.pdf
•  提爾（Tir） 戰神，代表字母「T」 戰神是一個極具正面意 義的符文，和太陽符文一 樣，同樣帶有「勝利」的 意思。它也代表一種「競 爭的力量」。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/08/03/a20-0803.pdf

• The Elder Futhark Odal rune (ᛟ), also known as the Othala rune, represents the o sound. Its reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is *ōþalan "heritage; inheritance, inherited estate".It was in use for epigraphy during the 3rd to the 8th centuries. It is not continued in the Younger Futhark, disappearing from the Scandinavian record around the 6th century, but it survived in the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc, and expressed the Old English œ phoneme during the 7th and 8th centuries. Its name is attested as ēðel in the Anglo-Saxon manuscript tradition.The Common Germanic stem ōþala- or ōþila- "inherited estate" is an ablaut variant of the stem aþal-. It consists of a root aþ- and a suffix -ila- or -ala-. The suffix variant accounts for the umlauted form ēþel. Germanic aþal‑ had a meaning of (approximately) "nobility", and the derivation aþala‑ could express "lineage, (noble) race, descent, kind", and thus "nobleman, prince" (whence Old English ætheling), but also "inheritance, inherited estate, property, possession". Its etymology is not clear, but it is usually compared to atta "father" (cf. the name Attila, ultimately baby talk for "father").There is an apparent, but debated, etymological connection of Odal to Adel (Old High German adal or edil), meaning nobility, noble family line, or exclusive group of superior social status; aristocracy, typically associated with major land holdings and fortifications.^{[1][self-published source?]}The term oþal (Old High German uodal) is a formative element in some Germanic names, notably Ulrich and variants;, the stem aþal is more frequent, found in Gothic names such as Athalaric, Ataulf, etc. and in Old High German names such as Adalbert,^[2] and Adel. Unrelated, but difficult to separate etymologically, is the root aud- "wealth, property, possession, prosperity";^[3] from this root are names such as Edmund and other English names with the ed prefix (from Old English ead), German Otto and various Germanic names beginning with ed- or od-. Possibly related is euþa, euþu a word for "child, offspring" (attested in Old Norse jóð, and possibly in the name of the Iuthungi).Odal was associated with the concept of inheritance in ancient Scandinavian property law. Some of these laws are still in effect today, and govern Norwegian property. These are the Åsetesrett (homestead right), and the Odelsrett (allodial right). The tradition of Udal law found in Shetland and Orkney in Scotland, and also in Manx law on the Isle of Man, is from the same origin.

• ************https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Cf33137_960_Ja-vi-elsker-frihet_MINUS-FEM_Utstillingsfil_symboler_(Lill-Ann_Chepstow-Lusty,_Kulturhistorisk_museum_2014,_UiO_-_CC_BY-SA_4.0).jpg Symboler som de nazistiske nyhedningene mente hadde røtter i eldgamle runer og tegn fra en overlegen germansk kulturtradisjon skapt av arier, en påstått hvit «herrerase»: hakekors, irminsul-søyle, odal-rune, solkors, hagal-rune, «viking-hakekors» og keltisk kors.
• https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/mar/01/cpac-2021-stage-design-nazi-sign-odal-othala-rune-hyatt-hotels-hate-symbol-abhorrent 
• 而在二戰時期，Othala符文被德 國納粹納入，納粹黨衛軍有一個山地 師使用Othala符文作為部隊標識。在 現代，Othala符文常被視為象徵白人 至上主義的標識之一。而2016年特 朗普當選美國總統後，美國納粹黨宣 布用Othala符文取代標誌納粹的萬字 符文。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210302/PDF/a22_screen.pdf
• https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Germanic-word-France-replace-the-Latin-name-Gaul-but-the-Latin-name-Germany-survive-against-the-German-name-Deutschland 
• consonants of different germanic languages https://www.quora.com/Is-English-a-highly-unconserved-Germanic-language-Is-it-a-bad-example-of-a-Germanic-language
• https://www.quora.com/As-a-Germanic-language-speaker-how-do-other-Germanic-languages-sound-to-you
• https://www.quora.com/If-Romance-languages-have-a-Latin-root-what-is-the-original-language-of-Germanic-languages The North Germanic was the stem language of Old Norse, which later broke into Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Gutnish, Elfdalian and Faroese. The West Germanic later became Dutch, Frisian, English, Afrikaans,Lalland Scots, Low German, High German, Schwyzertütsch and Yiddish.The East Germanic languages are today extinct. They consisted of Gothic, Rugian, Burgundian, Heruli and Vandalian languages.The oldest documentation over the Germanic languages date to AD 160, but the first literary source is the Gothic translation of Bible by Wulfila, 4th century.
• English did not start off with the German alphabet and then lose letters—they haven’t shared an alphabet since both were using Runes. https://www.quora.com/English-is-a-West-Germanic-language-Why-does-it-only-have-26-letters-in-its-alphabet-while-the-German-language-itself-has-30
• https://www.quora.com/Why-do-many-other-languages-have-partner-languages-that-are-extremely-similar-like-German-and-Dutch-yet-English-doesn-t Both English and Frisian belong to the so called North Sea Germanic aka Ingvaeonic languages. In the coastal areas of the Netherlands and Belgium most dialects spoken there also still have remains or traces of Ingvaeonic. If you look up questions about Frisian on Quora you will find lots of posts of English and Frisian speaker people telling about the similarities between the languages. Notable Scots speaking people.
• proto germanic
• https://www.quora.com/How-did-Proto-Germanic-language-emerge-What-Indo-European-languages-is-it-most-closely-related-to Sometime back in prehistory a group of people(s) speaking an Indoeuropean dialect or closely related dialects moved into West-Central-North Europe around the Balitc and the North Sea area. There they encountered a people, possibly nonIndoeuropean, whose language had a lot of sibilants or fricatives. These people picked up the IE of the newcomers but with a heck of an accent, leading among other things to the First Germanic Sound Shift, also known as Grimm’s Law. They also brought a number of words from their language(s) into Germanic, thus giving modern Germanic languages an array of words that are cognate among them but do not have obvious cognates in other Indoeuropean languages, or cognates in the other families that are identifiable without controversy. And, as with all or most languages left alone long enough, there were internal changes too that may have had nothing to do with contact with other languages.As to close relations with other IE families, there is some uncertainty and controversy about that also. Germanic and Slavic share some characteristics but whether those are due to a common intermediate ancestor *Proto Germano-Slavic or due to long periods of association and some language changes moving out in waves from a source is problematic. There is even a fairly recent theory, or proposal anyway, that there was an ancient association of some kind between Germanic and what eventually became Albanian. I wouldn’t dismiss that out of hand, but I’m not well enough versed in the details of that to have an opinion that would be worth much.

- weapons

• https://www.quora.com/How-could-the-Germanic-people-fabricate-so-many-iron-weapons-to-allow-them-to-face-such-military-force-as-that-of-the-Roman-Empire-Rome-was-a-highly-organized-society-while-the-Germanics-led-a-tribal-way-of-life-How

- kiv - germanic club

• The Germania Club House was a notable building located in Brooklyn, New York. Designed by Frank Freeman and completed in 1890, it was considered one of Brooklyn's finest examples of Romanesque Revival architecture. It was demolished in the 1920s to make way for a subway. The Germania Club of Brooklyn was first organized in 1859. Its original clubhouse was located on the northwest corner of Clinton St. and Atlantic Avenue, Brooklyn. In 1865 the club moved to 164 Atlantic Avenue. By 1888, the club's prosperity and membership had increased to such an extent that the board decided to raise funds for the construction of an entirely new clubhouse, expressly designed to accommodate the club's diversity of activities.

• The Germania Club Building, located at 108 W. Germania Place in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois, is the historic headquarters of the Germania Club, the oldest German-American organization in the city. The Germania Club was founded in 1865 as the Germania Männerchor, which formed to sing at Abraham Lincoln's funeral. 
• https://gwulo.com/node/6118 Club Germania (German Club) (Wyndham St)
• also mentioned in the history of la salle college singtao 3may18 f2

- https://www.quora.com/Why-were-ancient-Slavic-people-less-developed-than-Germanic-tribes

- https://www.quora.com/What-Germanic-tribes-from-the-time-period-of-the-Roman-Empire-are-the-direct-ancestors-of-modern-German-people The Alamanni are the ancestors of Swiss-Germans, & Alsatians. The Suebi are the ancestors of Schwabians. The Chatti are the ancestors of Hessians. The Bavarians were originally the Celtic tribe of Boii. They started speaking German when the Danube froze in Dec 406. The Austrians were also originally Celtic, the Noricum tribe. The Saxons are now in the German states of Niedersachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, & Sachsen. They are also in England, and Romania. The Franks are the ancestors of Franconians, Ripuarians (Cologne), Flemings, Afrikaaners and Dutch. The ones in France started speaking French.
- https://www.quora.com/Was-there-any-point-in-history-when-all-Germanic-tribes-could-understand-each-other

- https://www.quora.com/Why-were-the-Germanic-people-more-capable-of-resisting-invasion-and-invading-themselves-than-the-Celts

- 當年西歐的日耳曼族後裔的貴族武士修士，與威尼斯的商人一起掠奪東地中海地區的財富，以及「絲綢之路」的深厚貿易利潤。上世紀90年代之後，卻是歐美官商把蘇聯東歐積累幾十年的盈餘，用私有化名目劫掠走，開啟其後美國侵略伊拉克、利比亞，把當地積累的千億美元以上的石油收入儲備搶奪而去。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20210329/00184_001.html

- https://www.quora.com/If-the-Anglo-Saxons-largely-came-from-what-is-now-Denmark-why-weren-t-the-Danes-who-invaded-England-a-few-centuries-later-the-same-people-as-them-Did-the-Danes-only-move-to-Denmark-after-the-Anglo-Saxons-left-or

myth

- In Norse and Celtic mythology, selkies (also spelled silkies, sylkies, selchies) or selkie folk (Scots: selkie fowk) meaning "seal folk" are mythological beings capable of therianthropy, changing from seal to human form by shedding their skin. They are found in folktales and mythology originating from the Northern Isles of Scotland.The folk-tales frequently revolve around female selkies being coerced into relationships with humans by someone stealing and hiding their sealskin, thus exhibiting the tale motif of the swan maiden type.There are counterparts in Faroese and Icelandic folklore that speak of seal-women and seal-skin.The Scots language word selkie is diminutive for selch which strictly speaking means "grey seal" (Halichoerus grypus). There is further confusion with the Norse concept of the Finns as shapeshifters,^[7] "Finns" (synonymous with finfolk) being the Shetland dialect name for dwellers of the sea who could remove their seal-skin and transform into humans according to one native correspondent.In Gaelic stories, specific terms for selkies are rarely used. They are seldom differentiated from mermaids. They are most commonly referred to as maighdeann-mhara in Scottish Gaelic, maighdean mhara in Irish, and moidyn varrey in Manx  ("maiden of the sea" i.e. mermaids) and clearly have the seal-like attributes of selkies. The only term which specifically refers to a selkie but which is only rarely encountered is maighdeann-ròin, or "seal maiden". In scotland, many of the folk-tales on selkie folk have been collected from the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland).In Orkney lore, selkie is said to denote various seals of greater size than the grey seal; only these large seals are credited with the ability to shapeshift into humans, and are called "selkie folk". The type of large seals that might have been seen on the islands include the Greenland seal (also known as the Harp Seal) and the crested seal (also known as the hooded seal).^[15] Something similar is stated in Shetland tradition, that the mermen and mermaids prefer to assume the shape of larger seals, referred to as "Haaf-fish".

literature
- The Poetic Edda
- The Prose Edda
- Heimskringla
- The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem in Middle High German. The story tells of dragon-slayer Siegfried at the court of the Burgundians, how he was murdered, and of his wife Kriemhild's revenge. The Nibelungenlied is based on pre-Christian Germanic heroic motifs (the "Nibelungensaga"), which include oral traditions and reports based on historic events and individuals of the 5th and 6th centuries.
- Völsunga Saga

Ingrid is a feminine given name. It continues the Old Norse name Ingiríðr, which was a short form of Ingfríðr, composed of the theonym Ing and the element fríðr "beloved; beautiful" common in Germanic feminine given names.The name Ingrid (more rarely in the variant Ingerid or Ingfrid; short forms Inga, Inger, Ingri) remains widely given in all of Scandinavia, with the highest frequency in Norway.Ingrid es un nombre escandinavo. Proviene del nombre del Nórdico antiguo, Ingiríðr, una abreviatura de Ingfríðr, compuesto por el teónimo Yngvi y el elemento fríðr "querida; preciosa", muy común entre los nombres femeninos germánicos.¹​El nombre Ingrid (en ocasiones Ingerid o Ingfrid; abreviado como Inga, Inger, Ingri) sigue siendo un nombre muy común en Escandinavia, siendo el país de uso más generalizado, Noruega.




historical document, reference, artefacts
- 歐北五國志 （清）林則徐譯;（清）魏源輯 上海樂善堂藏版 https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk/_ss?fz=歐北五國志&c=林則徐

france
- [tr berg] expedition to sapmi in the border areas between sweden and finland in 1736


china
- 三家中國企業於今年夏天，承包連接芬蘭首都赫爾辛基與愛沙尼亞首都塔林的海底隧道工程，主要合作夥伴為開發遊戲《憤怒鳥》（Angry Birds）的「Rovio娛樂」始創人韋斯特巴卡（Peter Vesterbacka）。韋斯特巴卡表示，倘無中國資本，相關工程永遠不會建成。早在今年三月，中資企業中國點石基金（Touchstone Capital Partners）已與芬蘭愛沙尼亞灣區發展有限公司簽署諒解備忘錄，融資一百五十億歐元（約一千三百二十三億港元）興建該條全球最長的海底鐵路隧道。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191019/00178_004.html