- Yohannes IV (Tigrinya: ዮሐንስ ፬ኛ, Rabaiy Yōḥānnis; horse name "Abba Bezba"; born Lij Kaśa Mercha; 11 July 1837 – 10 March 1889) was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1871 to his death in 1889 at the Battle of Gallabat and ruler of Tigray from 1867 to 1871. He is remembered as one of the leading architects of the modern state of Ethiopia.On the side of his father, Mercha Wolde Kidan, Yohannes descended from the ruling dynasty of Tembien where both his father and grandfather bore the traditional title of šum Tembien, while his mother, Silass Dimtsu, was a daughter of balgäda Demsu of Enderta and Tabotu Woldu of Agame, hence a niece of Sabagadis Woldu. He thus descended from the ruling families of Tembien, Agame, and Enderta. He also had connubial connections with some notables who came to his aid in the early stages: his cousin, Amlasu Araya Selassie, married ras Alula Engida who remained loyal to Yohannes throughout his life, another cousin Altash Wahad married ras Woldemichael Solomon who fought on his side in the second half of the 1860s, though later he became his opponent.[5] His sister, Dinqnesh, was married first to Gobez (later atse Tekle Giyorgis) who supported his rebellion against atse Tewodros II in the late 1860s and later to ras bitwädäd Gebre Kidan, one of the leading supporters of Yohannes. His chroniclers further remotely connect him genealogically to the branches of the Solomonic dynasty in Gondar and Shewa. All these relationships contributed toward Yohannes's rise to power in the 1860s and 70s.
- The Solomonic dynasty was a bastion of Judaism and later of Ethiopian OrthodoxChristianity. It is claimed that this dynasty ruled Ethiopia as early as the 10th century BC, although there is no historical evidence to support this claim. Records of the dynasty's history were supposedly maintained by the Ethiopian Orthodox monasteries to near antiquity; however, if such records existed, most were lost as a result of the destruction of Orthodox monasteries by the resurgent Judaic Judith I. Yekuno Amlak I re-established the dynasty, tracing his ancestry to the last Solomonic King of Axum, Dil Na'od. The Dynasty re-established itself on 10 Nehasé 1262 EC (10 August 1270 CE) when Yekuno Amlak overthrew the last ruler of the Zagwe dynasty.
- Fasilides (Ge'ez: ፋሲልደስ Fāsīladas, modern Fāsīledes; 20 November 1603 – 18 October 1667), also known as Fasil or Basilide, was emperor of Ethiopia from 1632 to 18 October 1667, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. His throne name was ʿAlam Sagad (Ge'ez: ዓለም ሰገድ ʿĀlam Sagad, modern ʿĀlem Seged), meaning "to whom the world bows". He was the son of Emperor Susenyos I and Empress Sultana Mogassa, born at Magazaz in Shewa before 10 November 1603. His paternal grandfather's name was also Fasilides.
Haile Selassie I (Ge'ez: ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ, romanized: Qädamawi Haylä Səllasé,[nb 2] Amharic pronunciation: [ˈhaɪlə sɨlˈlase] ;[nb 3] born Lij Tafari Makonnen; 23 July 1892 – 27 August 1975)[3] was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974, and Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia from 1916. He is a defining figure in modern Ethiopian history.[4][5] He was a member of the Solomonic dynasty who traced his lineage to Emperor Menelik I.Selassie attempted to modernize the country through a series of political and social reforms, including the introduction of Ethiopia's first written constitution and the abolition of slavery. He led the failed efforts to defend Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and spent the period of Italian occupation in exile in England. He returned to lead Ethiopia in 1941 after the British Empire defeated the Italian occupiers in the East African campaign. He dissolved the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea, which was established by the UN General Assembly in 1950, and integrated Eritrea as a province of Ethiopia while fighting to prevent their independence.His internationalist views led to Ethiopia becoming a charter member of the United Nations.[6] In 1963, he presided over the formation of the Organisation of African Unity, the precursor of the African Union, and served as its first chairman. He was overthrown in a 1974 military coup by a Soviet Union-backed junta and was murdered by the junta on 27 August 1975.Among some members of the Rastafari movement (which was founded in Jamaica in the 1930s and whose followers are now estimated to number between 700,000 and one million) Haile Selassie is referred to as the returned messiah of the Bible, God incarnate. This distinction notwithstanding, Haile Selassie was a Christian and adhered to the tenets and liturgy of the Ethiopian Orthodox church.He has been criticized by some historians for his suppression of rebellions among the landed aristocracy (the mesafint), which consistently opposed his reforms; some critics have also criticized Ethiopia's failure to modernize rapidly enough.[9][10] During his rule the Harari people were persecuted and many left the Harari Region.Haile Selassie was known as a child as Lij Tafari Makonnen (Amharic: ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን; Lij Teferī Mekōnnin). Lij is translated as "child" and serves to indicate that a youth is of noble blood. His given name, Tafari, means "one who is respected or feared." Like most Ethiopians, his personal name "Tafari" is followed by that of his father Makonnen and that of his grandfather Woldemikael. His Ge'ez name Haile Selassie was given to him at his infant baptism and adopted again as part of his regnal name in 1930.
- Woyane rebellion (Ge'ez: ቀዳማይ ወያነ) was a rebellion in Tigray Province, Ethiopia against the government of Emperor Haile Selassie which took place in September–November 1943[citation needed]. The rebels were defeated with the support of aircraft from the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force.In an Imperial determination to weaken the power of the regional nobles and elites of Ethiopia, the Haile Selassie government in 1941 introduced a new regional administration. The law or edict provided for fourteen provinces, around 100 counties, and 600 districts.[1] This then enabled Haile Sellasie to centralize his authority and in effect rendered these nobles with their administrations dependent on the central government. Historians agree that "the basic policy of Haile Sellasie was a centralizing one continuing the tradition of the great centralizing Emperors from 1855 onwards."[2] The provision reduced the many provinces of Tigray into eight counties: Raya Azebo, Enderta, Tembien, Kilete Awla'lo, Agame, Adowa, Axum and Shiere along with many districts under each of the counties' jurisdictions. After the liberation of Ethiopia from Italian occupation by British forces in the East African Campaign in 1941, Ethiopia saw many rebellions break out in different parts of the empire.The Woyane uprising in Tigray seems to have arisen when administrative corruption and greed ignited a situation of existing instability and insecurity, one awash with weaponry in the wake of the Italian defeat.
- Lalibela (Ge'ez: ላሊበላ), throne name Gebre Meskel (Ge'ez: ገብረ መስቀል, lit. 'Servant of the Cross'; 1162 – 1221) was Emperor of Ethiopia from Zagwe dynasty, reigning from 1181 to 1221. According to Taddesse Tamrat, he was the son of Jan Seyum and brother of Kedus Harbe. Perhaps the most well-known of the Zagwe monarchs, the namesake monolithic churches of Lalibela are attributed to his reign, although recent scholarship has suggested origins as early as the late Aksumite period, with the complex reaching its present form during his time. He is venerated as a saint by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
- Prince Joel, the great-grandson of Haile Selassie I, Ethiopia's last emperor.
- Born in Rome, his parents Prince David Makonnen and Princess Adey Imru Makonnen, had been forced to live in exile after a communist coup in his homeland. His father had escaped the bloodshed in his homeland because he was studying abroad at the time. The family subsequently settled in Switzerland.Mr Makonnen is related to Haile Selassie I through the emperor’s second son Prince Makonnen.Haile Selassie was the 225th and last in the line of King of the Kings of Ethiopia, ruling the east African country for 40 years until he was overthrown in 1974. He died the following year of “circulatory failure” – though many believe he had been murdered days earlier. The royal family traces its roots back to the Biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. The pair married in a lavish Ethiopian Orthodox Christian wedding with 13 priests, two crowns and a pair of capes on 9 September. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/merican-woman-princess-marries-ethiopian-prince-met-nightclub-washington-dc-ariana-austin-joel-a8004751.html
Government
- The Ministry of Transport of Ethiopia is a department of the executive branch of the Government of Ethiopia. It was formerly known as the Ministry of Transport. Modern service delivery of transport emerged for the first time during the regime of Emperor Menelik. After the invading Italian army was driven out of Ethiopia, an office known as “Ministry of Works and Communications” is formed to lead the service of transport and communications by proclamation No 1/1953 promulgated to define powers and duties of the ministries.After staying until 1958 E.C, the communications sector was detached from this Ministry with order No 46/1958 and established bearing the name “Ministry of Communications”. In 1962, E.C the Ministry of Communications, Telecommunication and Post” was established so as to supervise transport and communication services in the centralized manner. Then, in 1966 E.C, the name was changed to “Ministry of Communication and post” and after a couple of years (in 1968); it was again renamed Ministry of Transport and Communications”. The ministry merged with the sector of construction and energy and named “Ministry of Infrastructure” in 1994 E.C with proclamation No 256/2001. Once again it gained its name “Ministry of Transport and Communication” with proclamation No 471/2005 in 1998E.C.
- The Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency is the part of the Ethiopian government which regulates the telecommunication sector of Ethiopia. Its objective is to promote the development of high quality, efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication services in Ethiopia. It is accountable to the Ministry of Transport and Communication
- Ethiopian Urban Job Creation and Food Security Council
- http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-07/21/c_136462721.htm Ethiopia has created over 1.7 million job opportunities through the government's job-creation initiative during the just completed 2016 / 2017 Ethiopian fiscal year, according to the Ethiopian Urban Job Creation and Food Security Council.
Adama (Oromo: Adaamaa or Hadaamaa; Amharic: አዳማ, Ädama, Ādama), also known as Nazret or Nazreth (Amharic: ናዝሬት?, Nazret), is a city in central Ethiopia and the previous capital of the Oromia Region. Adama forms a Special Zone of Oromia and is surrounded by Misraq Shewa Zone.
- Adama is a busy transportation center. The city is situated along the road that connects Addis Ababa with Dire Dawa. A large number of trucks use this same route to travel to and from the seaports of Djibouti and Asseb (though the latter is not currently used by Ethiopia, following the Eritrean-Ethiopian War). Additionally, the new Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway runs through Adama. Adama University (formerly Adama Technical Teachers College) is located in Adama. Adama Stadium is the home of Adama City FC, a member of the Ethiopian Football Federation league. The city name Adama may have been derived from the Oromo word adaamii, which means a cactus or a cactus-like tree. More specifically, adaamii means Euphorbia candelabrum,[8] a tree of the spurge family, while hadaamii would mean Indian fig.
- Following World War II, Emperor Haile Selassie renamed the town after Biblical Nazareth, and this name was used for the remainder of the twentieth century. In 2000, the city officially reverted to its original Oromo language name, Adama, though "Nazareth" is still widely used. In 2000, the government moved the regional capital of Oromia from Addis Ababa to Adama, sparking considerable controversy. Critics of the move believed that the Ethiopian government wished to deemphasize Addis Ababa's location within Oromia. On the other hand, the government maintained that Addis Ababa "has been found inconvenient from the point of view of developing the language, culture and history of the Oromo people." On June 10, 2005, the Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization (OPDO), part of the ruling EPRDF coalition, officially announced plans to move the regional capital back to Finfinne (the Oromo name for Addis Ababa).
Adwa (Italian: Adua; Tigrinya: ዓድዋ; also spelled Aduwa) is a market town and separate woreda in Tigray, Ethiopia. It is best known as the community closest to the decisive Battle of Adwa fought in 1896 with Italian troops; the Ethiopian soldiers, aided by Russia and France, won the battle, thus being one of the few African nations to thwart European colonialism. Adwa is home to several notable churches: Adwa Gebri'el Bet (built by Dejazmach Wolde Gebriel), Adwa Maryam Bet (built by Ras Anda Haymanot), Adwa Medhane `Alem Bete (built by Ras Sabagadis), Adwa Nigiste Saba Huletenya Dereja Timhirt Bet, and Adwa Selasse Bet. Near Adwa is Abba Garima Monastery, founded in the sixth century by one of the Nine Saints and known for its tenth century gospels. Also nearby is the village of Fremona, which had been the base of the 16th century Jesuits sent to convert Ethiopia to Catholicism.According to Richard Pankhurst, Adwa derives its name from Adi Awa (or Wa), "village of the Awa". The Awa are a tribe that was mentioned in the anonymous Monumentum Adulitanum that once stood at Adulis.[2] Francisco Alvares records that the Portuguese diplomatic mission passed Adwa, which he called "Houses of St. Michael," in August 1520.[3] Despite this claim of antiquity, Adwa only acquired major importance following the establishment of a permanent capital at Gondar. As the traveler James Bruce noted, Adwa was situated on a piece of "flat ground through which every body must go in their way from Gondar to the Red Sea". The person who controlled this plain could levy profitable tolls on the caravans which passed through.By 1700, it had become the residence for the governor of Tigray province and grew to overshadow Debarwa, the traditional seat of the Bahr negus, as the most important town in northern Ethiopia. Its market was important enough to need a nagadras. The earliest known person to hold this office was the Greek immigrant Janni of Adwa, a brother of Petros, chamberlain to Emperor Iyoas I. Adwa was home to a small colony of Greek merchants into the 19th century.
Alamata (Amharic: ኣላማጣ ) is a town and separate woreda of ("Alamata Town") in Ethiopia. On 14 December 1895, Emperor Menilek's passed through Alamata on their way northwards against the Italians. Arbegnoch under British leadership, liberated the town from Italian control during the Second World War on 5 May 1941; it was at the southern edge of the Woyane rebellion of 1943.
哈勒爾 Harar (Harari: ሐረር ; Oromo : Adare Biyyo), and known to its inhabitants as Gēy (Harari: ጌይ),[2] is a walled city in eastern Ethiopia.For centuries, Harar has been a major commercial center, linked by the trade routes with the rest of Ethiopia, the entire Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and, through its ports, the outside world. Harar Jugol, the old walled city, was listed as a World Heritage Site in 2006 by UNESCO in recognition of its cultural heritage.[4] It is sometimes known in Arabic as "the City of Saints" (مدينة الأَوْلِيَاء, madinat al-awliyaʾ). According to UNESCO, it is "considered 'the fourth holy city' of Islam" with 82 mosques, three of which date from the 10th century, and 102 shrines. The Fath Madinat Harar records that the cleric Abadir Umar ar-Rida and several other religious leaders settled in Harar circa 1216 (612 AH).[7] Harar was later made the new capital of the Adal Sultanate in 1520 by the Somali SultanAbu Bakr ibn Muhammad. The city saw a political decline during the ensuing Emirate of Harar, only regaining some significance in the Khedivate of Egyptperiod. During the Ethiopian Empire, the city decayed while maintaining a certain cultural prestige. Today, it is the seat of the Harari Region.
吉吉加 Jijiga (Amharic: ጂጂጋ; Somali: Jigjiga) is a city in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. It became the capital of the Somali Regional State in 1995 after it was moved from Godey.In the medieval times, Jigjiga was under the Adal Sultanate domain.Jijiga was mentioned by W.C. Barker in 1842 as one of the mahalla or halting-places of the caravan route between Zeila and Harar.A British hunter Colonel Swayne passed through Jijiga in February 1893, which he described as a stockaded fort with a garrison of 25 men next to a group of wells.[4]According to I. M. Lewis, Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's men invaded Jijiga in March 1900. Although the attackers suffered heavy losses, which allowed the Ethiopian authorities to declare a victory, Sayyid Mohammed's men recovered livestock that the Ethiopians had taken from the Somalis and proved that his was a force to be reckoned with.[5] However, Richard Pankhurst states that Jijiga was founded in 1916 by Fitawrari Tekle Hawariat Tekle Mariyam, who had the town methodically organized in a square grid of streets.During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Jijiga served for some time as Dejazmach Nasibu Emmanual's headquarters and a supply center for the Ethiopian army. An Italian force under Colonel Navarra occupied the city on the evening of 5 May 1936.[7] Two days later, while inspecting a ruined Ethiopian Orthodox church in the city, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani fell into a concealed hole, which he was afterwards convinced was a mantrap; Anthony Mockler suggests this mishap contributed to his murderously paranoid mindset which led to the atrocities that followed the attempt on Graziani's life 19 February 1937.On 17 March 1941, during the East African Campaign of World War II, Jijiga was occupied by the 23rd Nigerian Brigade of the British 1st African Division. This was after the Italian garrison had already abandoned the city.[9]Once they had possession of Jijiga, however, the British were slow in returning the city to the Ethiopians. At first, it was included as part of The Reserved Area, as defined in the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement of 31 January 1942, which also included much of the Haud. Only after patient pressure from Emperor Haile Selassie, in 1948 the two countries began to discuss an agreement for the evacuation of the British from this territory. Although Ethiopian officers began to take over the administration from British officers in May–July, the protocol agreeing to the transfer was not signed until 24 July of that year. A brief demonstration of overt Somali nationalism occurred in Jijiga when the Somali Youth League (SYL) raised their flag before their headquarters in defiance of the law and the new Ethiopian administrators. Major Demeka, the governor-designate of the Ogaden Province, requested the British military administration, which was still in charge, to remove the flag. When the leaders refused to pull down their flag, the police brought it down with a machine gun mounted on an armored car. In the disturbances that followed, one policeman was killed and another wounded while the police opened fire on the crowd and killed 25 of them. The SYL was proscribed shortly afterwards in Ethiopia.Germame Neway, one of the leaders of the unsuccessful 1960 coup, served as governor over Jijiga in 1959. He had been transferred there for his civic responsibility and concern for the underprivileged while administering a district in Sidamo Province. The obstruction he encountered, not only in Sidamo but in Jijiga, convinced him of the need for radical measures. In the early stage of the Ethiopian Revolution individual units from the Third Division put the local governor under house arrest around 13 April 1974.[7]During the Ogaden War, Jijiga experienced the Battle of Jijiga and was occupied by the Western Somali Liberation Front's Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi division led by Col. Yusuf Dheere, later with the Somali National Army, from September 1977 until February/March 1978.
- economist 5cot19 "lessons from an open-air prison" the most dramatic change in ethiopia is happening in the least expected place
Lalibela
- http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/16/travel/lalibela-ethiopia-genna-tariq-zaidi/index.html In the 12th century AD King Lalibela, Ethiopian leader and Christian, ordered the building of a second Jerusalem when the original was captured by Muslims in 1187 AD. The result was 11 interconnected churches, carved into the mountain by hand. But unusually, Lalibela's churches were dug straight into the ground. Hewn out of solid rock, perhaps best known is the Church of St George, shaped in a Greek Orthodox cross.
默克萊Mekelle (Tigrinya: መቐለ, mäqälle, Amharic: መቀሌ, mek’elē, Italian: Macallé), or Mekele, is the capital city of Tigray Region in Ethiopia. Mekelle was formerly the capital of Enderta awraja in Tigray.Mekelle is believed to have evolved from a 13th-century hamlet called Enda Meseqel (later Enda Medhane Alem), becoming a town by the early 19th century, when ras Wolde Selassie of Enderta made Antalo his seat of power, and the region of Mekelle (40 kilometres (25 mi) to the north) his recreational center.[3][4] In the tax records of atse Tewodros II, Mekelle appears as a tributary district within Enderta with a negarit of its own.The credit for Mekelle's growth into a regional capital goes to atse Yohannes IV who made Mekelle political capital of his expanding state. He must have chose the place for its strategic proximity both to rich agricultural areas (of Raya Azebo) and to the Afar salt country. Mekelle's position on the route to Shewa, the power base of Yohannes's main rival Menelik could have been another factor. Three institutions still important for modern Mekelle were founded by Yohannes. The grand palace built in 1882-84 by engineer tigrayans Engedashet Kassa Sehul (takes as an example the construction technique of other buildings present in the Tigrai at the time of the Axumite kingdom and the buildings of the peasants and sacred churches of the Tigrai) and forms the historic center of Mekelle. The large market Edaga Senuy ("Monday Market"). The church, at Debre Gennet Medhane Alem, built after the return from Raya Azebo campaign in 1871.In the 1880s, Mekelle became the Emperor's capital city. Among the factor that further accelerated Mekele's growth and urbanization were the establishment of residential quarters by the "nobility" and court servants, the prominence of the amole salt market and the subsequent establishment of local and foreign trading and occupational communities, and Mekelle'a strategic position as a transit center for commodities of the long-distance trade routes of north eastern Ethiopia, attached to the Red Sea ports, and to northern and central Ethiopia.[9] By establishing a market in Mekelle, Yohannes could draw on the norther trade routes as well as the salt caravan routes to the town, capitalizing on his political leverage.The succession of atse Menelik II of Shewa signaled a trading reorientation from northern to southern Ethiopia (centered in Shewa). The new capital Addis Ababa quickly outstripped Mekelle, which, however, retained its political importance as the district and regional administration center of Enderta and Tigray respectively through the 20th century, and its economical role in the Ethiopian salt trade.
omo valley
- The Omo River (also called Omo-Bottego) is an important river of southern Ethiopia. Its course is entirely contained within the boundaries of Ethiopia, and it empties into Lake Turkana on the border with Kenya. It is the principal stream of an endorheic drainage basin; the Omo's drainage basin includes part of the western Oromia Region and the middle of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region.The lower valley of the Omo is currently believed by some to have been a crossroads for thousands of years as various cultures and ethnic groups migrated around the region.[citation needed] To this day, the people of the Lower Valley of the Omo, including the Mursi, Suri, Nyangatom, Dizi and Me'en, are studied for their diversity. Italian explorer Vittorio Bottego first reached the Omo river on 29 June 1896 during his second African expedition (1895–97), dying during this expedition on 17 March 1897. The Omo river was renamed Omo-Bottego in his honour. Herbert Henry Austin and his men reached the Omo delta on 12 September 1898, and found that an Ethiopian expedition, led by Ras Wolda Giyorgis, had previously planted Ethiopian flags on the northern shore of Lake Turkana on 7 April, as well as having plundered the locals and reduced them to poverty[citation needed]. Lieutenant Alexander Bulatovich led a second Ethiopian expedition which reached the lake August 21, 1899, and was equally destructive. Despite this, the Frenchmen in the party accurately mapped for the first time many of the meanders of the Omo River delta. This rendition of the Omo River remained in use until the 1930s when Italian colonial cartographers made a new and more accurate rendition of the river and its delta.
提格雷州The Tigray Region (Tigrinya: ክልል ትግራይ; Amharic: ትግራይ ክልል, kilil Tigrāy; official name: Tigrinya: ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግስቲ ትግራይ, Bəh̩erawi Kəllelawi Mängəśti Təgray, English: Tigray National Regional State") is the northernmost region of Ethiopia. Tigray is the homeland of the Tigrayan, Irob and Kunama peoples. Tigray is also known as Region 1 according to the federal constitution. Its capital and largest city is Mekelle. Tigray is the 5th largest by area, the 5th most populous, and the 5th most densely populated of the 9 Regional States.Tigray's official language is Tigrigna.
- Given the presence of a large temple complex and fertile surroundings, the capital of Dʿmt may have been present day Yeha, in Tigray, Ethiopia.The kingdom developed irrigation schemes, used plows, grew millet, and made iron tools and weapons.Some modern historians including Stuart Munro-Hay, Rodolfo Fattovich, Ayele Bekerie, Cain Felder, and Ephraim Isaac consider this civilization to be indigenous, although Sabaean-influenced due to the latter's dominance of the Red Sea, while others like Joseph Michels, Henri de Contenson, Tekletsadik Mekuria, and Stanley Burstein have viewed Dʿmt as the result of a mixture of Sabaeans and indigenous peoples.[9][10] The most recent research, however, shows that Ge'ez, the ancient Semitic language spoken in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia in ancient times, is not derived from Sabaean.[11] There is evidence of a Semitic-speaking presence in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia at least as early as 2000 BC.[10][12] It is now believed that Sabaean influence was minor, limited to a few localities, and disappeared after a few decades or a century, perhaps representing a trading or military colony in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Aksumite state.After the fall of Dʿmt in the 5th century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller unknown successor kingdoms. This lasted until the rise of one of these polities during the first century BC, the Aksumite Kingdom. The ancestor of medieval and modern Eritrea and Ethiopia, Aksum was able to reunite the area.
- The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia.[16] It existed from approximately 100–940 AD, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD.According to the Book of Aksum, Aksum's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush. The capital was later moved to Aksum in northern Ethiopia. The Kingdom used the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century.The Empire of Aksum at its height at times extended across most of present-day Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Sudan, Egypt, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. The capital city of the empire was Aksum, now in northern Ethiopia. Today a smaller community, the city of Aksum was once a bustling metropolis, cultural and economic center. Two hills and two streams lie on the east and west expanses of the city; perhaps providing the initial impetus for settling this area. Along the hills and plain outside the city, the Aksumites had cemeteries with elaborate grave stones called stelae, or obelisks. Other important cities included Yeha, Hawulti-Melazo, Matara, Adulis, and Qohaito, the last three of which are now in Eritrea. By the reign of Endubis in the late 3rd century, it had begun minting its own currency and was named by Mani as one of the four great powers of his time along with Persia, Rome, and China. It converted to Christianity in 325 or 328 under King Ezana and was the first state ever to use the image of the cross on its coins
- In the 14th century the Tigrinya-speaking lands (Tigray-Mereb Melash) were divided into two provinces, separated by the Mereb River by the newly enthroned Amhara Emperors. The governor of the northern province received the title Bahre Negash (Ruler of the sea), whereas the governor of the southern province was given the title of Tigray Mekonen (Lord of Tigray). The Portuguese Jesuit, Emanuele Baradas' work titled "Do reino de Tigr" and written in 1633-34 states that the "reino de Tigr" extended from Hamasien to Temben, from the borders of Dankel to the Adwa mountain. He also stated that Tigray-Mereb Melash was divided into twenty-four smaller political units (principalities), twelve of which were located south of the Mereb and governed by the Tigray Mekonen based in Enderta.[22] The other twelve were located north of the Mereb under the authority of the Bahre Negash, based in the district of Serae.The Book of Aksum, written and compiled probably before the 15th century, shows a traditional schematic map of Tigray with the city of Aksum at its center surrounded by the 13 principal provinces: "Tembien, Shire, Serae, Hamasien, Bur, Sam’a, Agame, Amba Senayt, Garalta, Enderta, Sahart and Abergele."During the Middle Ages, the position of Tigray Mekonnen ("Governor of Tigray") was established to rule over the area. Other districts included Akele Guzay (now part of Eritrea), and the kingdom of the Bahr negus, who ruled much of what is now Eritrea and Shire district and town in Western Tigray. At the time when Tigray Mekonnen existed simultaneously with that of Bahr negus, their frontier seems to have been the Mareb River, which is currently constitutes the border between the Ethiopian province of Tigray and Eritrea. After the loss of power of the Bahr negus in the aftermath of Bahr negus Yeshaq's rebellions, the title of Tigray mekonnen gained power in relation to the Bahr negus and at times included ruling over parts of what is now Eritrea, especially in the 19th century.[24] By the unsettled Zemene Mesafint period ("Era of the Princes"), both titles had sunken to little more than empty titles, and the Lord who in his turn dominated the region, used (and received from Emperor) the title of either Ras or Dejazmach, beginning with Ras Mikael Sehul. Rulers of Tigray such as Ras Wolde Selassie alternated with others, chiefly those of Begemder or Yejju, as warlords to rule in fact the Ethiopian monarchy during the Zemene Mesafint.In the mid-19th century, the lords of Tembien and Enderta managed to create an overlordship of Tigray to their dynasty. One of its members, Dejazmach Kahsay Mercha, ascended the imperial throne in 1872 under the name Yohannes IV. Following his death in the Battle of Metemma, the Ethiopian throne came under the control of the king of Shewa, and the center of power shifted south and away from Tigray.
- 西部城鎮邁卡拉（Mai-Kadra）
Association
- The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent. It was established on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and launched on 9 July 2002 in South Africa, with the aim of replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union, a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states. The AU's secretariat, the African Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa.
- 西部城鎮邁卡拉（Mai-Kadra）
Association
- The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent. It was established on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and launched on 9 July 2002 in South Africa, with the aim of replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union, a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states. The AU's secretariat, the African Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa.
- The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; French: Organisation de l'unité africaine (OUA)) was established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, with 32 signatory governments. It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairperson, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union (AU).
- note ad in ft 25may17
- 2020年12月5日，非盟召開特別會議通過了關於在非洲大陸自由貿易區協議框架下開展貿易的決定。非盟輪值主席南非總統拉馬福薩宣布，非洲自貿區將於明年1月1日正式啟動。 http://www.takungpao.com.hk/opinion/233121/2020/1224/534981.html
- ethiopian leather industry association http://www.elia-aalf.com/
- leather industry development institute
Company
- ethiopian airline
industry
- coffee
Investment environment
- http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204639.htm
- http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/trade_and_investment/General%20report-final.pdf
- privatisation
- industrial parks
politics
- 埃塞俄比亞九個自治州之一的阿姆哈拉地區，早前傳出發生軍事政變，總理阿比‧艾哈邁德周日在全國電視宣布，軍方參謀長梅孔寧中槍，傷重不治，另有數名官員在阿姆哈拉首府巴赫達爾被殺。美國駐該國大使館發出警報，建議使領館人員到安全地方暫避。政變最終事敗，被指策動事件的阿姆哈拉保安隊長齊杰生死未卜。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190624/00180_017.html
- economist 2nov19 "the clash of nationalisms" ethnic violence threatens to tear ethiopia apart
economy
people
- Abiy Ahmed Ali (Ph.D.) (Amharic: አብይ አህመድ አሊ, Oromo: Abiyyi Ahimad Alii; born 15 August 1976) is the Prime Minister Designate of Ethiopia. He is Chairman of both the ruling EPRDF (Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front) and the OPDO (Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization), which is one of the four coalition parties of the EPRDF.[2] Abiy is also currently an elected member of the Ethiopian parliament, and a member of the EPRDF executive committee. Until 2018, he served as head of both the OPDO Secretariat and Oromia Housing and Urban Development Office with the title of Deputy President of Oromia Region, one of the nine regions of Ethiopia.
- Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (Ge'ez: ቴዎድሮስ አድሓኖም ገብረኢየሱስ; born 1965) is an Ethiopian politician, academic, and public health authority who served in the government of Ethiopia as Minister of Health from 2005 to 2012 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2016. In January 2016, the twenty-sixth ordinary session of the Assembly of the African Union endorsed his candidature for the next election of the Director-General of the World Health Organisation as a sole African candidate. On 23 May 2017, the 70th World Health Assembly elected him to serve as the WHO's Director-General. He will take office on 1 July 2017 and will be the first Director-General from Africa. Tedros was born in 1965 in Asmara[6] to Adhanom Gebreyesus and Melashu Weldegabir. The family had its roots in the Enderta awrajja of the province of Tigray and, as a child, he recalls being "fully cognisant of the needless suffering and deaths" caused by malaria.[4] In 1986 he received his Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in Biology from the University of Asmara and joined the Ministry of Health of the Derg as a junior public health expert. After the fall of Mengistu Haile Mariam, Tedros returned to university to pursue a Master of Science (MSc) degree in Immunology of Infectious Diseases from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.[1] He subsequently received a Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) in Community Health from the University of Nottingham in 2000, with a doctoral dissertation on "The effects of dams on malaria transmission in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia, and appropriate control measures".
Festival
- Enkutatash (Ethiopic: እንቁጣጣሽ) is the first day of the New Year in Ethiopia. It occurs on Meskerem 1 on the Ethiopian calendar, which is 11 September (or, during a leap year, 12 September) according to the Gregorian calendar.The Ethiopian calendar is based on the Ethiopian calendar, which was fixed to the Julian calendar in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus of Rome with a start date of 29 August J.C., thus establishing the New Year on this day. The date marks the approximate end of the "rainy season". It has also been associated traditionally with the return of the Queen of Sheba to Ethiopia following her visit to King Solomon in Jerusalem in ca. 980 BC. The Ethiopian counting of years begins in the year 8 of the common era. This is because the common era follows the calculations of Dionysius, a 6th-century monk, while the non-Chalcedonian countries continued to use the calculations of Annius, a 5th-century monk, which had placed the Annunciation of Christ exactly 8 years later. For this reason, on Enkutatash in the year 2016 of the Gregorian calendar, it became 2009 in the Ethiopian calendar.
Ethic groups
Eritrea
- The Eritrean–Ethiopian War took place from May 1998 to June 2000 between Ethiopiaand Eritrea, forming one of the conflicts in the Horn of Africa. While Eritrea and Ethiopia spent hundreds of millions of dollars on the war and suffered tens of thousands of casualties as a direct consequence of the conflict, only minor border changes resulted. According to a ruling by an international commission in The Hague, Eritrea broke international law and triggered the war by invading Ethiopia. At the end of the war, Ethiopia held all of the disputed territory and had advanced into Eritrea.After the war ended, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission, a body founded by the UN, established that Badme, the disputed territory at the heart of the conflict, belongs to Eritrea.
- Ethiopia's surprise announcement that it will abide by a 2002 border ruling raises the prospect of a final end to what was Africa's deadliest border war and peace with its long-time rival, Eritrea. Tens of thousands of people were killed in the two-year conflict and Eritrea remains on a war footing, demanding that Ethiopia withdraws from the "occupied territory".https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44381701
Usa
- http://www.economist.com/node/10979876
- hkej 4mar16 shum article on little ethiopia in usa (fairfax avenue, u street)
italy
- The Abyssinia Crisis was a crisis in 1935 originating in the so-called Walwal incident in the ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia (then commonly known as "Abyssinia" in Europe). The League of Nations ruled against Italy and voted for economic sanctions, but they were not fully applied. Italy ignored the sanctions, quit the League, made special deals with Britain and France and ultimately established control of Ethiopia. The crisis discredited the League and moved Fascist Italy closer to an alliance with Nazi Germany.
- ??One million Ethiopians were massacred by aerial bombardment using chemical weapons, by execution, by hanging, by firing squads and by crucifixion. 35,000 of the victims died in concentration camps. Out of the total Ethiopians killed by the Italians, 24,000 patriots were executed by Summary Courts.https://www.quora.com/How-cruel-was-Benito-Mussolini
Saudi Arabia
- https://ig.ft.com/sites/land-rush-investment/ethiopia/ Tom Burgis reports from Ethiopia, where a tycoon has planted a vast rice farm in soils tainted by years of conflict
chinese
- 埃塞俄比亞周日晚傳出華人劫殺案，七名於奧羅米亞州（Oromiya）工作的中國公民，突遭多人持刀搶劫，其中一人重傷送院，最終不治身亡。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190716/00178_018.html
China
- !!!!埃塞俄比亞有 「東非小中國」 之稱http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191012/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
- senior officials visit
- ties
- aerospace
- railway
- mobile phones
- investors from China
- leather industry development institute
Company
- bank
- The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) is the largest commercial bank in Ethiopia. The bank also operates two branches in South Sudan, and is contemplating opening re-opening a branch in Djibouti, andopening branches in Dubai and Washington, DC, all to serve the Ethiopian diaspora.After the Ethiopian victory over Fascist Italy, the new government issued a proclamation in August 1942 that established the State Bank of Ethiopia (SBE). SBE commenced full operations on 15 April 1943 with two branches and 43 staff. It served both as Ethiopia's central bank, with the power to issue banknotes and coins as the agent of the Ministry of Finance, and as the principal commercial bank in the country. In 1945 the Ethiopian government granted the bank the sole right of issuing currency. The first governor of the bank was an American, George Blowers. He inaugurated the new national currency, which owed its successful introduction to the United States. The United States provided the silver for 50-cent coins, whose intrinsic value ensured popular acceptance of the new paper money to a population used to the circulation of the silver Maria Theresa thaler.In 1991, when Eritrea achieved its independence, the Eritrean government nationalized the branches there. In 1994 these branches formed the basis for what became the Commercial Bank of Eritrea. Also in 1994, the Ethiopian government reorganized and reestablished CBE.[
- http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21716036-not-transformative-its-founders-hoped-ethiopias-state-art-commodity
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-09/ethiopia-could-sell-majority-stake-in-state-telecom-monopoly Ethiopia may give up majority control over its telecommunications monopoly in a second phase of privatization once it’s sold 49% of the company next year.The government could also issue more mobile-phone network licenses over the long term beyond the two already planned for March 2020, Balcha Reba, director-general at the Ethiopian Communications Authority, said in an interview in Addis Ababa.
- ethiopian airline
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21709075-why-one-national-airline-bucking-continent-wide-trend-well-connected
- Ae alemet ethiopia
- tannery
- Exhibited at ite 2017
- Batu tannery
- Exhibited at aplf 2018
industry
- coffee
- https://www.ft.com/content/020bc846-393a-11e7-821a-6027b8a20f23 Ethiopia, the world’s fifth largest coffee producer and home of arabica, has overhauled the way it markets the commodity in a bid to increase export earnings and clamp down on a thriving domestic black market. Experts say the reforms, which centre on improving traceability of beans and stimulating higher quality production, could transform the global speciality coffee market because of the expected increased supply from one of the world’s premier producers. Arkebe Oqubay, the government minister overseeing the reform, said he hopes the changes, which are modelled on Colombia’s experience, will see Ethiopia’s annual coffee exports soar from their current $1bn.
Investment environment
- http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204639.htm
- http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/trade_and_investment/General%20report-final.pdf
- privatisation
- Ethiopia’s decision to sell stakes in its lucrative telecoms monopoly and other assets could open one of the world’s largest untapped markets to huge potential investments by firms willing to work with a government still wary of private enterprise.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-privatisation/ethiopia-loosens-throttle-on-many-key-sectors-but-privatization-still-far-off-idUSKCN1J21QV
- ft 7jun2021 foreign bidders flinch at risks involved in ethiopia specturm auction
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-08/ethiopia-grants-first-financial-license-to-foreign-lease-company Ethiopia’s central bank granted its first financial services license to a leasing company that plans to bring into the east African country equipment worth $600 million. Ethio Lease, a unit of New York-based Africa Asset Finance Company Inc., said it will purchase equipment from agricultural machinery to medical equipment and drilling rigs, and receive payment in Ethiopian Birr. The licensing is part of a plan Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed announced to open up large swathes of the economy to more foreign capital shortly after winning power in the former communist country last year. The financial services sector is among the most attractive with 18 commercial banks serving more than 100 million people.
- industrial parks
- https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/4875/Ethiopia-to-Inaugurate-Two-Industrial-Parks The Adama and Dire Dawa industrial parks, whose construction was launched in 2016, will be inaugurated at the end of this month, reports Ethiopian News Agency. The industrial parks will specialize in textile, apparel, and agro-processing and will increase the number of parks with similar sector to five next to Hawassa, Mekele and Kombolcha, according to Ethiopian Investment commision. The industrial park in Hawassa, which was inaugurated last year, started operation. Companies have also shown keen interest to open shop at the recently inaugurated industrial parks in Mekele and Kombolcha.
- telecom
- ft 24may2021 ethiopia raises 850m in first telecoms auctions
- 埃塞俄比亞九個自治州之一的阿姆哈拉地區，早前傳出發生軍事政變，總理阿比‧艾哈邁德周日在全國電視宣布，軍方參謀長梅孔寧中槍，傷重不治，另有數名官員在阿姆哈拉首府巴赫達爾被殺。美國駐該國大使館發出警報，建議使領館人員到安全地方暫避。政變最終事敗，被指策動事件的阿姆哈拉保安隊長齊杰生死未卜。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190624/00180_017.html
- economist 2nov19 "the clash of nationalisms" ethnic violence threatens to tear ethiopia apart
economy
- development
- Starting in the 1940s, there is great emphasis on elite education, sending pupils overseas for technical education. These promising students were then incorporated into a growing bureaucracy which Haile Selassie used as a political counter-balance against the landed nobility. He also promulgated a new constitution in 1955 (his second constitution, after one in 1931). These actions all had the effect of further centralizing power around the Emperor.Ditto, the 1950s to early 1970s saw efforts to appeal for foreign commercial investment in commercial agricultural schemes, petrochemical refining, and textile manufactures. Also, the regime happily accepted humanitarian and developmental assistance in the form of support for education, hospitals/health, and experimental agricultural schemes. So, you could say that Ethiopia was becoming more prosperous in this period. Although, I would note that industrial development, education, and health spending became tools for further reinforcing imperial authority and centralization of power. There were stark inequalities in terms of number of schools and doctors per 100,000 people in the different provinces, with areas like Addis Ababa, Shewa, Tigre, Eritrea having more schools and doctors, but areas like Hararge, Sidamo, or Wollega having only one or two hospitals and a handful of high schools for the whole province.https://www.quora.com/Ethiopia-for-many-years-was-a-centralised-large-prosperous-monarchy-little-different-from-Middle-Eastern-or-European-states-It-was-able-to-fight-off-European-invaders-Yet-today-it-s-poor-corrupt-and-wracked-with
people
- Abiy Ahmed Ali (Ph.D.) (Amharic: አብይ አህመድ አሊ, Oromo: Abiyyi Ahimad Alii; born 15 August 1976) is the Prime Minister Designate of Ethiopia. He is Chairman of both the ruling EPRDF (Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front) and the OPDO (Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization), which is one of the four coalition parties of the EPRDF.[2] Abiy is also currently an elected member of the Ethiopian parliament, and a member of the EPRDF executive committee. Until 2018, he served as head of both the OPDO Secretariat and Oromia Housing and Urban Development Office with the title of Deputy President of Oromia Region, one of the nine regions of Ethiopia.
- Abiy Ahmed was born in Agaro, Jimma Zone, Oromia Region on August 15, 1976[disputed ] in Ethiopia. He grew up in a multilingual and multireligious family with a Muslim father and a Christian mother. He went to the local elementary school, middle school and High School. As a teenager and in 1991, he joined the armed struggle against the Derg Socialist Regime and was a soldier in the coalition army that resulted in Derg's fall in 1991. After the fall of the Derg, he took formal military training from Assefa Brigade in West Wollega and was stationed there. His military post was in intelligence and communications.
- ft 6jun19 ethiopia installs young technocrats to lead reform drive
- Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (Ge'ez: ቴዎድሮስ አድሓኖም ገብረኢየሱስ; born 1965) is an Ethiopian politician, academic, and public health authority who served in the government of Ethiopia as Minister of Health from 2005 to 2012 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2016. In January 2016, the twenty-sixth ordinary session of the Assembly of the African Union endorsed his candidature for the next election of the Director-General of the World Health Organisation as a sole African candidate. On 23 May 2017, the 70th World Health Assembly elected him to serve as the WHO's Director-General. He will take office on 1 July 2017 and will be the first Director-General from Africa. Tedros was born in 1965 in Asmara[6] to Adhanom Gebreyesus and Melashu Weldegabir. The family had its roots in the Enderta awrajja of the province of Tigray and, as a child, he recalls being "fully cognisant of the needless suffering and deaths" caused by malaria.[4] In 1986 he received his Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in Biology from the University of Asmara and joined the Ministry of Health of the Derg as a junior public health expert. After the fall of Mengistu Haile Mariam, Tedros returned to university to pursue a Master of Science (MSc) degree in Immunology of Infectious Diseases from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.[1] He subsequently received a Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) in Community Health from the University of Nottingham in 2000, with a doctoral dissertation on "The effects of dams on malaria transmission in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia, and appropriate control measures".
Festival
- Enkutatash (Ethiopic: እንቁጣጣሽ) is the first day of the New Year in Ethiopia. It occurs on Meskerem 1 on the Ethiopian calendar, which is 11 September (or, during a leap year, 12 September) according to the Gregorian calendar.The Ethiopian calendar is based on the Ethiopian calendar, which was fixed to the Julian calendar in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus of Rome with a start date of 29 August J.C., thus establishing the New Year on this day. The date marks the approximate end of the "rainy season". It has also been associated traditionally with the return of the Queen of Sheba to Ethiopia following her visit to King Solomon in Jerusalem in ca. 980 BC. The Ethiopian counting of years begins in the year 8 of the common era. This is because the common era follows the calculations of Dionysius, a 6th-century monk, while the non-Chalcedonian countries continued to use the calculations of Annius, a 5th-century monk, which had placed the Annunciation of Christ exactly 8 years later. For this reason, on Enkutatash in the year 2016 of the Gregorian calendar, it became 2009 in the Ethiopian calendar.
Ethic groups
- economist 1agu2020 "urban brawl" how land disputes fuel ethnic conflict in ethiopia
- hamar
- mursi
- karo
- erbore
- surma
- nyangatom
- agnnuak
- nuer
- 奧羅莫人The Oromo people (pron. /ˈɒrəmoʊ/ or /ɔːˈroʊmoʊ/; Oromo: Oromoo) are a Cushitic ethnic group and nation native to Ethiopia who speak the Oromo language.They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia and represent 34.5% of Ethiopia's population.[11] Oromos speak the Oromo language as their mother tongue (also called Afaan Oromoo and Oromiffa), which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. The word Oromo appeared in European literature for the first time in 1893 and slowly became common in the second half of the 20th century.[12][13]Some Oromo people still follow their traditional religion, Waaqeffanna,[14] and they used the gadaa system of governance.[15][16] A leader elected by the gadaa system remains in power for 8 years, with an election taking place at the end of those 8 years.[17][18][19] From the 18th to the 19th centuries, Oromos were the dominant influence in northern Ethiopia, during the Zemene Mesafint period.
Eragrostis tef, teff, Williams lovegrass, annual bunch grass, taf (Amharic: ጤፍ? ṭēff; Tigrinya: ጣፍ? ṭaff), orxaafii (Oromo), is an annual grass, a species oflovegrass native to Eritrea and Ethiopia. The word "teff" is connected by folk etymology to the Ethio-Semitic root "ṭff", which means "lost" (because of the small size of the grain).
language
-
catholicism
- Meskel (Ge'ez: መስቀል, mäsqäl) is an annual religious holiday in the Ethiopian Orthodox and Eritrean Orthodox churches, which commemorates the discovery of the True Crossby the Roman Empress Helena (Saint Helena) in the fourth century. Meskel occurs on the 17 Meskerem in the Ethiopian calendar (September 27, Gregorian calendar, or on 28 September in leap years). "Meskel" (or "Meskal" or "Mesqel", there are various ways to transliterate from Ge'ez to Latin script) is Ge'ez for "cross".The festival is known as Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in other Orthodox, Catholic or Protestant churches. The churches that follow the Gregorian calendar celebrate the feast yearly on September 14.The feast is held in Meskel Square, named after the festival, in the capital city of Addis Ababa. Religious and civil leaders preside over the celebration, and public figures give speeches and reference biblical themes and stories. Many Ethiopians who live in cities return to their villages to celebrate the national event. When it gets darker, the Demera is burned.Mesqel (ge'ez: መሰቀል, français: Fête de la Vraie Croix) est une fête célébrée le 27 septembre par l'Église éthiopienne orthodoxe et par l'Église érythréenne orthodoxe. Célébrée depuis plus de 1600 ans1 en Éthiopie, elle commémore la découverte de la Vraie Croix par l'Impératrice Hélène.
islam
- according to ica(hk), 賈法爾·本·艾比·塔里卜and some 80 muslims fleed from mecca and came to 阿比西尼亞(nowadays ethiopia) and sought asylum from the christian king
history
- The Kingdom of Aksum or Axum, also known as the Aksumite Empire, was a trading nation in the area of Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia. It existed from approximately 100–940 AD. It grew from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD, and was a major player in the commercial route between the Roman Empire and Ancient India. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency, the state established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian Peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. The Persian Prophet Mani regarded Axum as one of the four great powers of his time, with the other three being Persia, Rome, and China.The Axumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320–360) Aksum adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims from Mecca also sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijra. Its ancient capital, also called Aksum, was in northern Ethiopia. The Kingdom used the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century. It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.
- hamar
- mursi
- karo
- erbore
- surma
- nyangatom
- agnnuak
- nuer
- 奧羅莫人The Oromo people (pron. /ˈɒrəmoʊ/ or /ɔːˈroʊmoʊ/; Oromo: Oromoo) are a Cushitic ethnic group and nation native to Ethiopia who speak the Oromo language.They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia and represent 34.5% of Ethiopia's population.[11] Oromos speak the Oromo language as their mother tongue (also called Afaan Oromoo and Oromiffa), which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. The word Oromo appeared in European literature for the first time in 1893 and slowly became common in the second half of the 20th century.[12][13]Some Oromo people still follow their traditional religion, Waaqeffanna,[14] and they used the gadaa system of governance.[15][16] A leader elected by the gadaa system remains in power for 8 years, with an election taking place at the end of those 8 years.[17][18][19] From the 18th to the 19th centuries, Oromos were the dominant influence in northern Ethiopia, during the Zemene Mesafint period.
Eragrostis tef, teff, Williams lovegrass, annual bunch grass, taf (Amharic: ጤፍ? ṭēff; Tigrinya: ጣፍ? ṭaff), orxaafii (Oromo), is an annual grass, a species oflovegrass native to Eritrea and Ethiopia. The word "teff" is connected by folk etymology to the Ethio-Semitic root "ṭff", which means "lost" (because of the small size of the grain).
language
-
Ethiopians and Eritreans generally don’t speak Arabic. They speak a lot of languages and limiting Ethiopia to Amharic alone (as one answer here did) is a mistake, given that the country has well over 80 spoken languages on its territory. Among them, Oromo, Amharic, Sidamo, Afar, Somali, Tigrinya have the most speakers, but they are not the only languages spoken nonetheless.In Eritrea, Tigrinya, Tigre, Afar, Beja, Saho and others are also spoken. Arabic is taught in schools (as far as my information goes), but the only group in Eritrea that has it as its native language are the Rashaida people.https://www.quora.com/Which-dialect-s-of-Arabic-do-Arabic-speakers-from-Ethiopia-and-Eritrea-tend-to-use
- Amharic (/æmˈhærɪk/ or /ɑːmˈhɑːrɪk/; Amharic: አማርኛ, Amarəñña, IPA: [amarɨɲːa]) is one of the Ethiopian Semitic languages, which are a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is spoken as a first language by the Amharasand as a lingua franca by other populations residing in major cities and towns of Ethiopia.The language serves as the official working language of Ethiopia, and is also the official or working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system. With 21,811,600 total speakers as of 2007, including around 4,000,000 L2speakers, Amharic is the second-most commonly spoken Semitic language in the world, after Arabic. Amharic is written left-to-right using a system that grew out of the Ge'ez script, called, in Ethiopian Semitic languages, Fidäl (ፊደል), "writing system", "letter", or "character" or abugida (አቡጊዳ), from the first four symbols, which gave rise to the modern linguistic term abugida. There is no agreed way of romanisingAmharic into Latin script.
- Israel’s public and jury have picked Eden Alene and the song “Feker Libi” to represent Israel at the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 in May in Rotterdam.Born and raised in Jerusalem, 19-year-old Eden won Israel over with her powerful voice and electrifying performances. With her parents both hailing from Ethiopia, Eden will bring a fresh and contemporary combination of sounds and influences to the Eurovision Song Contest. A song with lyrics in Amharic, Arabic, English and Hebrew, “Feker Libi” is Amharic for “My beloved” or “The love of my life.”(israel in hk facebook)
- oromo
- Amharic (/æmˈhærɪk/ or /ɑːmˈhɑːrɪk/; Amharic: አማርኛ, Amarəñña, IPA: [amarɨɲːa]) is one of the Ethiopian Semitic languages, which are a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is spoken as a first language by the Amharasand as a lingua franca by other populations residing in major cities and towns of Ethiopia.The language serves as the official working language of Ethiopia, and is also the official or working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system. With 21,811,600 total speakers as of 2007, including around 4,000,000 L2speakers, Amharic is the second-most commonly spoken Semitic language in the world, after Arabic. Amharic is written left-to-right using a system that grew out of the Ge'ez script, called, in Ethiopian Semitic languages, Fidäl (ፊደል), "writing system", "letter", or "character" or abugida (አቡጊዳ), from the first four symbols, which gave rise to the modern linguistic term abugida. There is no agreed way of romanisingAmharic into Latin script.
- Israel’s public and jury have picked Eden Alene and the song “Feker Libi” to represent Israel at the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 in May in Rotterdam.Born and raised in Jerusalem, 19-year-old Eden won Israel over with her powerful voice and electrifying performances. With her parents both hailing from Ethiopia, Eden will bring a fresh and contemporary combination of sounds and influences to the Eurovision Song Contest. A song with lyrics in Amharic, Arabic, English and Hebrew, “Feker Libi” is Amharic for “My beloved” or “The love of my life.”(israel in hk facebook)
- oromo
- https://www.quora.com/Are-Oromo-and-Arabic-linguistically-related
jews
- economist 17oct2020 "from gondar to jerusalem" a secret operation in 1991 carried some 14000 members of beta israel, the largest community of ethiopian jews to israel. On 12oct2020 israel decided to admit 2000 members of falash mura, descendats of ethiopian jews who converted to christianity over a century ago. For nearly 30 years israel lets a few thousand in every now and then, but roughly 8000 lanquish in camps in addis ababa and gondar. Ethiopia jews claim their ancestors belonged to the lost tribe of dan (which dispersed when the ancient kingdom of israel fell over 2700 years ago. But their practices differ from those of mainstream jews. Falash mura are not considered fully jewish as israel's high court long ago ruled that jews who converted to another religion (and their descendants) are not eligible under the law of return.
- Meskel (Ge'ez: መስቀል, mäsqäl) is an annual religious holiday in the Ethiopian Orthodox and Eritrean Orthodox churches, which commemorates the discovery of the True Crossby the Roman Empress Helena (Saint Helena) in the fourth century. Meskel occurs on the 17 Meskerem in the Ethiopian calendar (September 27, Gregorian calendar, or on 28 September in leap years). "Meskel" (or "Meskal" or "Mesqel", there are various ways to transliterate from Ge'ez to Latin script) is Ge'ez for "cross".The festival is known as Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in other Orthodox, Catholic or Protestant churches. The churches that follow the Gregorian calendar celebrate the feast yearly on September 14.The feast is held in Meskel Square, named after the festival, in the capital city of Addis Ababa. Religious and civil leaders preside over the celebration, and public figures give speeches and reference biblical themes and stories. Many Ethiopians who live in cities return to their villages to celebrate the national event. When it gets darker, the Demera is burned.Mesqel (ge'ez: መሰቀል, français: Fête de la Vraie Croix) est une fête célébrée le 27 septembre par l'Église éthiopienne orthodoxe et par l'Église érythréenne orthodoxe. Célébrée depuis plus de 1600 ans1 en Éthiopie, elle commémore la découverte de la Vraie Croix par l'Impératrice Hélène.
islam
- according to ica(hk), 賈法爾·本·艾比·塔里卜and some 80 muslims fleed from mecca and came to 阿比西尼亞(nowadays ethiopia) and sought asylum from the christian king
history
- The Kingdom of Aksum or Axum, also known as the Aksumite Empire, was a trading nation in the area of Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia. It existed from approximately 100–940 AD. It grew from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD, and was a major player in the commercial route between the Roman Empire and Ancient India. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency, the state established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian Peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. The Persian Prophet Mani regarded Axum as one of the four great powers of his time, with the other three being Persia, Rome, and China.The Axumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320–360) Aksum adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims from Mecca also sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijra. Its ancient capital, also called Aksum, was in northern Ethiopia. The Kingdom used the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century. It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.
- Ruled by the Aksumites, it existed from approximately 80 BC to AD 825. The polity was centered in the city of Axum and grew from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period around the 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD. Aksum became a major player on the commercial route between the Roman Empire and Ancient India. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency, with the state establishing its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush. It also regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian Peninsula and eventually extended its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. The Manichaei prophet Mani (died 274 AD) regarded Axum as one of the four great powers of his time, the others being Persia, Rome and China.[4][8][9][10] It ruled the South Arabia of Yemen for half a century in the 6th century.The kingdom's ancient capital, also called Axum, is now a town in Tigray Region (northern Ethiopia). The Kingdom used the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century.[14][15] Tradition claims Axum as the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.
- Aksum is mentioned in the first-century AD Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for the trade in ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. It states that the ruler of Aksum in the first century was Zoskales, who, besides ruling the kingdom, likewise controlled land near the Red Sea: Adulis (near Massawa) and lands through the highlands of present-day Eritrea. He is also said to have been familiar with Greek literature.
- Aksum was the centre of the marine trading power known as the Aksumite Empire, which predated the earliest mentions in Roman-era writings. Around 356 CE, its ruler was converted to Christianity by Frumentius. Later, under the reign of the Emperor Kaleb, Aksum was a quasi-ally of Byzantium against the Sasanian Empire which had adopted Zoroastrianism. The historical record is unclear with ancient church records being the primary contemporary sources.It is believed the empire began a long and slow decline after the seventh century due partly to the Persians and then the Arabs contesting old Red Sea trade routes. Eventually Aksum was cut off from its principal markets in Alexandria, Byzantium and Southern Europe and its trade share was captured by Arab traders of the era. The Aksumite Empire was finally destroyed by Empress Gudit[citation needed], and eventually some of the people of Aksum were forced south and their old way of life declined. As the empire's power declined so did the influence of the city, which is believed to have lost population in the decline, similar to Rome and other cities thrust away from the flow of world events. The last known (nominal) emperor to reign was crowned in about the 10th century, but the empire's influence and power ended long before that.Its decline in population and trade then contributed to the shift of the power center of the Ethiopian Empire south to the Agaw region as it moved further inland. The city of Axum was the administrative seat of an empire spanning one million square miles. Eventually, the alternative name (Ethiopia) was adopted by the central region, and subsequently, the present modern state.Aksum appears as an important centre on indigenous maps of the northern Horn of Africa in the 15th Century.
- The Aksumite Empire is portrayed as the main ally of Byzantium in the Belisarius series by David Drake and Eric Flint published by Baen Books. The series takes place during the reign of Kaleb, who in the series was assassinated by the Malwa in 532 at the Ta'akha Maryam and succeeded by his youngest son Eon bisi Dakuen.In the Elizabeth Wein series The Lion Hunters, Mordred and his family take refuge in Aksum after the fall of Camelot. Kaleb is the ruler in the first book; he passes his sovereignty onto his son Gebre Meskal, who rules during the Plague of Justinian.The Book of Enoch, a pre-Christian work, is written in Ge'ez.
- Abyssinia - has a lot of meaning in different contexts
- in M*A*S*H (an American war comedy-drama television series that aired on CBS from 1972 to 1983. It was developed by Larry Gelbart, adapted from the 1970 feature film M*A*S*H) ヘンリー役のマクリーン・スティーブンソンは、第3シーズンが始まる頃には、アラン・アルダ、ウェイン・ロジャースに次ぐ第三の外科医を演じることに次第に嫌気がさし、途中で降板したいとプロデューサーに告げた。ヘンリーの別れの回を準備する時間はたっぷりあったので、ヘンリー・ブレイクは第3シーズンの最終回で除隊し、家に帰ることに決まった。彼の最後のエピソードのタイトルは、"Abyssinia, Henry"である。Abyssiniaは発音のよく似たI'll be seein' yaの俗語で、「さよなら」「また会おう」の意である。
- https://www.quora.com/Ethiopia-for-many-years-was-a-centralised-large-prosperous-monarchy-little-different-from-Middle-Eastern-or-European-states-It-was-able-to-fight-off-European-invaders-Yet-today-it-s-poor-corrupt-and-wracked-with the period from 1870-1935, (i.e. the reigns of Yohannes IV, Menelik II, Empress Zewditu, and Haile Selassie’s first reign) was a time where there was a comparatively smooth transition of power between claimants to the throne, unlike the earlier tumultuous Zemene Mesafint (circa 1750-1850) where there was effectively no central authority, and power was contested by multiple sub-kings.Still, I would not call the Ethiopian state from 1890-1935 as either prosperous or centralized. Yes, Menelik II was able to command enough authority to call out a well-armed force of 100,000 soldiers to resist invasion, and canny enough to secure diplomatic recognition of Ethiopian independence from powers like Russia, the UK, France, and the US.However, Menelik II was still very reliant on the support and loyalty of powerful regional lords and the traditional landlord class. Of course, he and Haile Selassie made strong efforts to assert their own power, and to centralize power, but that was very much an unfinished process by 1935. revisionist school highlights the Ethiopian state from 1855-1974 as promoting an Amharic court culture and working to assimilate and subordinate other communities like the Oromo, Somali, Sidama, Afar and others.So, where traditional historiography will applaud Menelik II as the victor at Adowa and savior of Ethiopia, revisionist historians will note that Menelik launched the conquest of Oromo, Sidama, and Somali lands in the south of the Empire and established settlements of Tigray or Amhara neftegna (literally “gun men”) as local landlords and settlers in the newly conquered south. Other historians will focus on the period from 1941-1973 and examine the ethnic dimensions of Haile Selassie’s national developmental schemes. I mentioned above about the geographic inequality in hospitals, doctors, and schools in the 1960s and 1970s. It bears mentioning that areas with good provisions, like Shewa and Gondar, were considered Amhara areas, while Hararge, Sidamo, and Wollega were Somali and Oromo provinces.
Eritrea
- The Eritrean–Ethiopian War took place from May 1998 to June 2000 between Ethiopiaand Eritrea, forming one of the conflicts in the Horn of Africa. While Eritrea and Ethiopia spent hundreds of millions of dollars on the war and suffered tens of thousands of casualties as a direct consequence of the conflict, only minor border changes resulted. According to a ruling by an international commission in The Hague, Eritrea broke international law and triggered the war by invading Ethiopia. At the end of the war, Ethiopia held all of the disputed territory and had advanced into Eritrea.After the war ended, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission, a body founded by the UN, established that Badme, the disputed territory at the heart of the conflict, belongs to Eritrea.
- Ethiopia's surprise announcement that it will abide by a 2002 border ruling raises the prospect of a final end to what was Africa's deadliest border war and peace with its long-time rival, Eritrea. Tens of thousands of people were killed in the two-year conflict and Eritrea remains on a war footing, demanding that Ethiopia withdraws from the "occupied territory".https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44381701
- https://www.ft.com/content/18d6674e-7ace-11e8-bc55-50daf11b720dWhen Abiy Ahmed, Ethiopia’s prime minister, accompanied by Olympic athletes and pop stars, personally welcomed an Eritrean delegation at Addis Ababa’s international airport last week it showed how much he felt was at stake. The group including Osman Saleh, Eritrea’s foreign minister, and Yemane Gebreab, one of President Isaias Afewerki’s closest advisers, were leading the country’s first political representation to Ethiopia in more than two decades. The neighbours have been in an state of “no war, no peace” since the end of a two-year war in 2000 that left tens of thousands of people dead and the border between them in dispute. But last week’s delegation from Eritrea, one of the world’s most reclusive and repressive regimes, was a response to Mr Abiy’s unexpected overture to end the conflict.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-eritrea/leaders-of-bitter-foes-ethiopia-eritrea-meet-for-historic-peace-talks-idUSKBN1JY05X The leaders of Ethiopia and Eritrea announced on Sunday they would re-open their embassies, hailing a stunningly swift rapprochement between bitter regional enemies at their first summit since a war two decades ago. The two leaders personally symbolized the breakthrough, embracing warmly and swaying side by side to live traditional music at a lavish state dinner in the Eritrean capital. They opened phone lines between the two countries that had been cut for two decades, and land-locked Ethiopia said it would be given access to the sea at an Eritrean port. The talks were the product of an unexpected peace initiative by Ethiopia’s new reformist Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, which could transform the Horn of Africa region, ending decades of animosity during which both countries remained isolated and dominated by their security forces.
- A week after reaching an agreement with the Ethiopian prime minister to withdraw from the country’s Tigray region, the Eritrean forces haven’t showed signs of leaving.The forces haven’t vacated the area or shown any intention to leave, according to Getachew Reda, spokesperson for the Tigray People’s Liberation Front, whose forces have been fighting against a coalition of Ethiopian federal forces, Amhara regional and Eritrean forces in Tigray for the past five months.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-02/eritrea-has-no-plans-to-exit-tigray-after-ethiopia-pact-tplf
Usa
- http://www.economist.com/node/10979876
- hkej 4mar16 shum article on little ethiopia in usa (fairfax avenue, u street)
italy
- The Abyssinia Crisis was a crisis in 1935 originating in the so-called Walwal incident in the ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia (then commonly known as "Abyssinia" in Europe). The League of Nations ruled against Italy and voted for economic sanctions, but they were not fully applied. Italy ignored the sanctions, quit the League, made special deals with Britain and France and ultimately established control of Ethiopia. The crisis discredited the League and moved Fascist Italy closer to an alliance with Nazi Germany.
- ??One million Ethiopians were massacred by aerial bombardment using chemical weapons, by execution, by hanging, by firing squads and by crucifixion. 35,000 of the victims died in concentration camps. Out of the total Ethiopians killed by the Italians, 24,000 patriots were executed by Summary Courts.https://www.quora.com/How-cruel-was-Benito-Mussolini
Saudi Arabia
- https://ig.ft.com/sites/land-rush-investment/ethiopia/ Tom Burgis reports from Ethiopia, where a tycoon has planted a vast rice farm in soils tainted by years of conflict
chinese
- 埃塞俄比亞周日晚傳出華人劫殺案，七名於奧羅米亞州（Oromiya）工作的中國公民，突遭多人持刀搶劫，其中一人重傷送院，最終不治身亡。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190716/00178_018.html
China
- !!!!埃塞俄比亞有 「東非小中國」 之稱http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191012/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
- senior officials visit
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/nation/2017-03/22/content_15589525.html China hopes to make ties with Ethiopia a leading example of China-Africa and South-South cooperation, State Councilor Yang Jiechi said on Monday while meeting Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn. Yang met Hailemariam in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa during an African trip that also includes a stop in Guinea. Hailemariam praised China's role in international affairs and voiced appreciation for China's support and assistance to his country.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2018-05/14/content_36193484.htm China's top legislator, Li Zhanshu, made an official visit to Ethiopia from Wednesday to Saturday to promote bilateral ties between the two countries. In Addis Ababa, the capital, Li, chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, met with Ethiopian President Mulatu Teshome and Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed on Friday.
- ties
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-07/13/content_21255469.htm Following a visit from Chinese Premier Li Keqiang to Ethiopia last year, when 16 bilateralagreements were signed, the African country is continuing to seek out mutually satisfyingpartnership arrangements. Ethiopia holds great opportunities and potential and plans to become a middle-income countryby 2025. It has successfully achieved all its growth targets, with the industrial sector growing by20 percent during the past four years. Construction, mining, energy and manufacturing are allcontributing to the building of a sustainable economy. "Agriculture is our major source of economic growth at the moment, but over the coming yearswe plan to support industrialization through the development of light manufacturing, shoeproduction, textiles and agro- processing, in particular," said Ethiopia's prime minister,Hailemariam Desalegn. "We also want to gradually transition into the high-tech and chemicalsectors. Our main focus however will remain light manufacturing, so this is where we would like tosee more Chinese investment. We have a skilled and plentiful labor force, but we need financingfor infrastructure, power generation and tourism." While telecommunications and financial services remain under state control, there has been arecognizable shift in Ethiopia's focus since the government introduced its growth andtransformation plan. China remains a committed ally in terms of development. "We are very thankful to China for its presence in Ethiopia, and the fact it is fully committed to ourdevelopment," said Redwan Hussein, minister of government communication affairs. "We wouldlike to see more in the way of technology transfer and capacity building from Chinesecompanies, which would be in the best interests of both countries. "If Ethiopia grows faster, the internal market will be profitable for other companies. We could alsoincrease the production of goods that are needed in China," he said. Former minister of industry, Ahmed Abtew described how government investment ininfrastructure has helped attract private investors. "Foreign investment in Ethiopia is growing very fast," he said. "We have cheap, sustainableenergy so we would like to attract energy-intensive industries, such as petrochemicals orpharmaceuticals. Last year, we developed a national framework for Special Economic ZoneDevelopment and identified four different zones. "One has been set up in Addis Ababa and another in Bole Lemi. Built as a pilot scheme, this hasabout 360 hectares of land with 20 buildings, some of them are 10,000 square meters. All ofthem are rented, some of them by companies that have already started to export. It was a WorldBank-funded project and as a result, we decided to conduct feasibility studies for two otherzones. Construction is already starting on one and we began a feasibility study last year at a site300 kilometers from Djibouti. The consulting company was Chinese and we would like to give thecontractors the possibility of designing their own zone," he said. In the meantime, mines minister Tolesa Shagui is keen to introduce the mining potential ofEthiopia to Chinese financial institutions. "We know the funding capacity is huge in China and it is time for them to become familiar withour policies. Our relationship with the Chinese government is very important. We need genuinecompanies and genuine finance," he said. Canadian-owned East Africa Metals, a mineral exploration company, has already partnered withChina's Sinotech and is investing in the Harvest and Adyabo sites in Ethiopia and the Handeniproject in Tanzania. When we came to Ethiopia, we made a discovery at the third hole we dug,which eliminated a lot of the risk intrinsic to mineral exploration," said the company's directorAndrew Lee Smith.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191012/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
- http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/weekly/2015-07/17/content_21309023.htm Eastern Industry Zone is winning plaudits from Ethiopian and Chinese officials, but entrepreneur say much more needs to be done to make it a true success An industrial park that has become an African showcase - Ethiopia's Eastern Industry Zone - started with a man from China's Jiangsu province who had a pipe dream.
- aerospace
- ??????? 內地官媒近日報道，中國航天科工集團有限公司（下稱航天科工）以數百萬歐元，購買非洲埃塞俄比亞境內一個商業對地觀測衞星信號接收站。惟該文章隨後被刪除，其他轉載的內媒亦刪除文章，暫未知原因。報道指航天科工官方宣布，將連同旗下子公司法國HEAD Technology，與埃塞俄比亞太空科技與技術研究所正式簽訂該合約，並與中國資源衞星數據與應用中心共同出資。至於其他參與競標的公司，則包括有中國長城工業在內的九家企業，惟該文章隨後被刪除。報道又指，此地面觀測站集合地面衞星接收、處理軟件於一身，經升級後將可成為埃塞俄比亞內能獨立處理各項分析研究的重點機構，在農業、礦業等方面協助當地經濟增長。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190131/00178_007.html
- 近日， 埃塞俄比亞創新和技術部發布消息，埃塞 俄比亞將在中國幫助下，於2019年12月 17日發射第一顆衛星 「ETRSS-1」 。 此衛星由埃塞俄比亞與中國共同設計 、開發和製造，用於手機與水、農業、氣 候變化和環境保護相關的數據。這顆衛星 將從中國發射，控制和指揮站將設在埃塞 俄比亞。埃塞俄比亞近年積極開發太空科 技，雖然仍然大幅落後於科技大國，不過 今次的人造衛星發射計劃則是他們的一個 里程碑。 另據商務部網站消息，埃塞俄比亞太 空科學技術研究所（ESSTI）表示，埃塞 俄比亞將於2019年12月17日發射該國首 顆衛星。埃塞俄比亞創新和技術部長格塔 洪近期表示，該國將與中國合作發射首顆 衛星——多光譜遙感衛星ETRSS-1。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191201/PDF/a6_screen.pdf
- 上月曾發生空難的埃塞俄比亞航空周三公布，正考慮採購中國國產大型客機C919，埃塞航空行政總裁加布雷馬里亞姆透露，公司已和中國各大航空公司組建聯合委員會，就採購客機事宜協商。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190420/00178_020.html
- railway
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150922/PDF/a11_screen.pdf 由中國中鐵股份有限公司承建的埃塞俄比亞首都亞的斯亞貝巴城市輕軌20日正式通車，成為非洲大陸首條正式投入運營的現代化城市輕軌。 參加開通儀式的埃塞俄比亞交通部長沃克內説，亞的斯亞貝巴城市交通翻開了歷史性一頁，從此進入了輕軌時代，首都日益嚴重的交通擁堵也將得到緩解。 中國中鐵股份有限公司總裁張宗言説，這條輕軌使埃塞俄比亞在非洲率先跨入“現代城市軌道交通”新時代，具有劃時代的歷史意義。 他説，城市輕軌的開通將大大提高亞的斯亞貝巴居民的出行效率，帶動整個城市經濟的發展。亞的斯亞貝巴是非洲的政治中心，是非盟總部所在地，全世界有100多個國家在此設有各類辦事機構，輕軌通車將大幅提升亞的斯亞貝巴的城市形象。
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160216/PDF/a15_screen.pdf 華工程師守護非洲鐵路線
- Nothing could be more symbolic of the decline of Europe and the rise of Eurasia than the construction of a modern railway from the Ethiopian capitol of Addis Ababa to a port on the Red Sea in Djibouti. The Rail line is being built by Chinese Civil Engineering Construction Corporation and China Railway Group (CREC). It replaces an old delapidated rail line built by the French during the period of European colonization of Africa at the end of the 19th Century. The Chinese rail company is going to make the entirely new 656-kilometer electric rail line from the Ethiopian capitol of Addis Ababa to the Red Sea Port of Djibouti fully operational at most any moment now. The project will create 5,000 local jobs, and allow Ethiopia to boost exports of key commodities such as coffee and sesame. It also offers the opportunity to get Ethiopian workers trained by engineers from the Chinese Civil Engineering Construction Corporation. To date 250 Ethiopian students have been trained in China in the railway sector, a good address as China today is the world’s leading builder of railways. It will cost $1.2 billion with the Export-Import Bank of China financing 70 per cent and the Ethiopian government 30 per cent. It will be one of the first electric trains in East Africa, with a speed of 120 kilometres an hour. It will reportedly be easier and cheaper to maintain than the former French diesel locomotives, the last of which shut down in 2008, as it will be mechanised, relying on locally-produced hydropower to run. http://journal-neo.org/2016/04/13/china-railway-links-ethiopia-to-red-sea/
- 報道，本周一，由中國中鐵、中土集團承建並運營維護的埃塞俄比亞至吉布提標準軌距鐵路（亞吉鐵路）商業運營開通儀式在亞的斯亞貝巴拉布火車站舉行。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/01/03/a15-0103.pdf
- 埃塞俄比亞對水泥、混泥土製品等建材領域禁止 外國人投資。而中國企業三聖建材經埃塞俄比亞總理 府和投資委員會特批，於2017年11月投產，是首家由 外國人在埃塞俄比亞投資的建材公司。三聖埃塞總經 理胡向博透露， 「埃塞政府高層、社會精英參訪後感 到驚訝，他們國家的混凝土攪拌站塵土飛揚、污水橫 流，而三聖在埃塞的全封閉工廠 『三廢』排放經內部 循環處理，無任何廢物排放。」http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190425/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
- mobile phones
- No matter how many phones you sell, Yu Weiguo has learned, it’s tough to keep to a schedule when the government declares martial law. During his eight years in Ethiopia, Yu has helped turn little-known Transsion Holdings, owner of the sleepy Chinese brand Tecno Mobile, into Africa’s leading mobile device maker. Having sold at least 200 million phones on the continent, he picked the outskirts of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital, as the site for a 280,000-square-foot factory.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/this-chinese-phone-maker-has-taken-over-africa-for-better-and-worse
- health/medical
- Transsion achieves rare feat in Ethiopia. China Daily - 2018-11-22
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/weekend/2017-08/19/content_30817120.htm 16-member Chinese medical team working at TBGH to treat Ethiopian patients over the past year with services ranging from neurosurgery to Chinese traditional acupuncture.
- 重慶三聖實業股份有限公司於 2016年在埃塞俄比亞建立了三聖藥業有限公司，極大 緩解埃塞進口藥品的壓力。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190425/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
- investors from China
- China is scaling back investment in Ethiopia in the face of rising foreign exchange shortages and government debt, highlighting the fragility of the African nation’s economy as the new prime minister prioritises political reform to quell three years of deadly social unrest. For much of the last decade Ethiopia has been a leading investment destination in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly for China. But Beijing’s waning enthusiasm for the region’s fastest-growing economy reflects the challenges facing Abiy Ahmed, the prime minister, as he juggles demands from a public hungry for both democracy and development and myriad vested interests. https://www.ft.com/content/06b69c2e-63e9-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56 (4jun18)
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/01/30/b09-0130.pdf 東莞鞋業龍頭華堅集團將投資 32億元人民幣在埃塞俄比亞建設中國華堅國際輕工業城。該項 目建成後，埃塞俄比亞鞋業、服裝、手袋等產品的 6成以上將出自華堅鞋業。Huajian International Shoe City, putting its best foot forward in africa http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2014-09/15/content_15166200.html
East Steel http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-10/13/content_18729563.htm- http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/2029117/soaring-costs-force-more-chinese-firms-look-overseas-latestFellow textile company Jiangsu Sunshine, which specialises in woollens manufacturing and is also listed in Shanghai, also has African expansion plans.Chairman and CEO Chen Lifen said it took the company five years to plan its move, also to Ethiopia, where it has now invested almost US$1 billion in a factory.
- https://www.nazret.com/2017/04/24/ethiopia-taps-chinese-firms-to-employ-a-burgeoning-youth-population/
- 中國駐埃塞俄比亞大使館網站發布消息，一名在當地中資企業任職的中國公民，本月十四日在羅米亞州阿達瑪工業園附近，遭劫匪持刀暴力搶劫殺害，數人受傷，劫匪共搶走三部手機。警方於上周六拘捕五名涉案疑犯。駐埃塞使館敦促埃方依法嚴懲兇徒。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190724/00178_017.html
- 來自非洲埃塞俄比亞的廿五歲女子莎莎，早前到中國四川廣安遊玩，遇上卅二歲的阿偉火速於九月廿七日結婚。惟這段異地閃婚情緣，僅四天便告玩完，莎莎因未能適應中國生活提出離婚。但因莎莎語言不通，也找不到專業翻譯，離婚至今還未搞得成。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181103/00178_027.html
Hong kong
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20160803/00176_115.html 早前我哋見到中華廠商聯合會副會長吳宏斌，講起原來佢係埃塞俄比亞駐港澳名譽領事，究竟佢同埃國有乜淵源？佢就話其實係多年前埃塞俄比亞航空開辦香港航線，於是就搵咗佢擔任該國名譽領事，依家已經做咗十幾年。
- ip promotion in hk
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20160803/00176_115.html 早前我哋見到中華廠商聯合會副會長吳宏斌，講起原來佢係埃塞俄比亞駐港澳名譽領事，究竟佢同埃國有乜淵源？佢就話其實係多年前埃塞俄比亞航空開辦香港航線，於是就搵咗佢擔任該國名譽領事，依家已經做咗十幾年。
- 廠商會會長吳宏斌（斌哥）咁啱九月亦會帶隊去非洲國家埃塞俄比亞考察，事關佢係該國駐港澳名譽領事。斌哥話，埃塞俄比亞嘅咖啡好出名，依家就全力發展輕工業，佢已經十幾年冇去過，此行主要係去睇工業園，為港商尋找新商機。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20180707/00176_096.html
- cma delegation http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20181002/00176_057.html, http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/10/03/a14-1003.pdf 考察團先後拜訪了埃塞俄比亞投資委員 會及埃塞俄比亞工業部，獲當地官員親自 接待，雙方就如何促進兩地經貿合作，以 及如何推動兩地工業合作等議題進行交 流。隨後，考察團參觀了中國華堅國際輕 工業園和 Bole Lemi工業園，並與多名工 業園內的外資企業代表會面，加深對該 國的工業發展和規劃，以及投資環境的 認識。 同時亦參觀了港商在當地投資的鞋廠與 埃國的零售市場，進一步了解港商於當地 的生產及經營環境，以及當地人民的生活 水平及消費力。
- ip promotion in hk
- Arkebe Oqubay (Ge'ez: ኣርከበ ዑቕባይ) is a senior Ethiopian politician, a Minister and Special Advisor to the Prime Minister of Ethiopia, Hailemariam Desalegn. Giving speech in 2016 (http://www.smlc.hku.hk/news/detail.php?id=683, http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/apparel-news/ethiopian-minister-keynote-speaker-at-psf-177416-newsdetails.htm) and 2017 (hket 15mar17 a18)
- investors from hk
- 新翼國際hket 31may16 a17
- 早前見到香港紡織商會永遠榮譽會長顏金煒，佢都去咗非洲埃塞俄比亞起新廠。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20181110/00176_085.html
- 有「手套女王」之稱嘅香港手套業商會會長林曉盈，近年多次遠赴埃塞俄比亞尋找投資設廠嘅機會。雖然當地係有唔錯嘅發展勢頭，但三個月前嘅埃航空難，距離林曉盈離開該國返抵香港僅三天，震驚之餘，到當地設廠嘅計劃亦要重新評估。林曉盈話埃塞俄比亞嘅設廠大計之所以暫時畫上休止符，主要原因係當地製造業配套仲未完善。佢話當地儘管勞動力充裕，工資低廉，以及該國享有零關稅待遇等等有利條件，然而礙於該國工業發展起步較遲，供應鏈尚在形成階段，以致部分材料或配件都要由外國輸入，導致生產流程未能一氣呵成，對準時交貨可能構成阻滯。衡量得失之後，還是觀察一段日子再作打算。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190621/00176_081.html
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