Friday, January 4, 2019

lebanon

Baalbek (/ˈbɑːlbɛk/), properly Baʿalbek (Arabic: بعلبك‎‎) and also known as Balbec, Baalbec or Baalbeck, is a town in the Anti-Lebanon foothills east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, about 85 km (53 mi) northeast of Beirut and about 75 km (47 mi) north of Damascus. It has a population of approximately 82,608,[citation needed] mostly Shia Muslims, followed by Sunni Muslims and a minority of Christians. It is reckoned a stronghold of the Hezbollahmovement. It is home to the annual Baalbeck International Festival. In Greek and Roman antiquity, it was known as Heliopolis. It still possesses some of the best-preserved Roman ruins in Lebanon, including one of the largest temples of the empire. The gods that were worshipped there (Jupiter, Venus, and Bacchus) were equivalents of the Canaanite deities Hadad, Atargatis, and another young male fertility god. Local influences are seen in the planning and layout of the temples, as they vary from the classic Roman design.

Byblos, in Arabic Jubayl (Arabic: جبيل‎‎  Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [ʒbejl]; Phoenician: 𐤂𐤁𐤋 Gebal), is a Mediterranean city in the Mount Lebanon Governorate, Lebanon. It is believed to have been occupied first between 8800 and 7000 BC, and according to fragments attributed to the semi-legendary pre-Homeric Phoenician priest Sanchuniathon, it was built by Cronus as the first city in Phoenicia.

Gubal was a Canaanite city during the Bronze Age, at which time it also appears as Gubla in the Amarna letters. During the Iron Age the city is called Gebal in Phoenician (𐤂𐤁𐤋) and appears in the Hebrew Bible under the name Geval (Hebrew: גבל‎‎). It was much later referred to as Gibelet, during the Crusades. The city's Canaanite/Phoenician name (GBL, i.e. Gubal, Gebal, etc.) can be derived from gb, meaning "well" or "origin", and El, the name of the supreme god of Byblos' pantheon. The present-day city is known by the Arabic name Jubayl or Jbeil (جبيل), a direct descendant of the Canaanite name. However, the Arabic name is most likely derived from the Phoenician word GBL [clarification needed] meaning "boundary", "district" or "mountain peak"; in the Ugaritic GBL can mean "mountain", similarly to Arabic jabal. The Ancient Greek Βύβλος, whence we get our Byblos, was the interpretation of Gubla/Gebal. Papyrus received its early Greek name βύβλος (bublos) from its importation to the Aegean through this city. The Ancient Greek words βίβλος, diminutive βιβλίον (biblos, biblion), plural βίβλοι, diminutive βιβλία (bibli, biblia), and ultimately the word "Bible" ("the (papyrus) book") hence the Holy Bible, derive from that name.
- writing system
  •  Byblos syllabary was discovered in Byblos, Lebanon and was used between (1800 B.C - 1400 B.C). The writing system itself is considered to be related to the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, but more to the cursive version of them that was used by the Pharaohs.https://www.quora.com/How-many-ancient-civilizations-have-a-written-language-we-cant-decipher/answer/Lara-Novakov


Enfeh(Arabic: انفه), or Enfe, Anfeh, Anfe, is a town in the Koura district of the North Governorate of Lebanon. The people are primarily Greek Orthodox and Maronite Christians, and Sunni Muslim.

Sidon or Saïda (Arabic: صيدا‎‎, صيدون, Ṣaydā; Phoenician: 𐤑𐤃𐤍, Ṣdn; Biblical Hebrew: צִידוֹן‎, Ṣīḏōn; Greek: Σιδών; Latin: Sidon) In Genesis, Sidon is a son of Canaan, a grandson of Noah. Its name coincides with the modern Arabic word for 'fishery'.It was one of the most important Phoenician cities, and it may have been the oldest. From there and other ports a great Mediterranean commercial empire was founded. Homer praised the skill of its craftsmen in producing glass, purple dyes, and its women's skill at the art of embroidery. It was also from here that a colonizing party went to found the city of Tyre. Tyre also grew into a great city, and in subsequent years there was competition between the two, each claiming to be the metropolis ('Mother City') of Phoenicia. Glass manufacturing, Sidon's most important enterprise in the Phoenician era, was conducted on a vast scale, and the production of purple dye was almost as important. The small shell of the Murex trunculus was broken in order to extract the pigment that was so rare it became the mark of royalty.

的黎波里Tripoli (Arabic: طرابلس‎ / ALA-LC: Ṭarābulus;[a] Lebanese Arabic: Ṭrāblos;[2] Turkish: Trablusşam) is the largest city in northern Lebanonand the second-largest city in the country. Even though the history of Tripoli dates back at least to the 14th century BCE, the city is famous for having the largest Crusader fortress in Lebanon (the Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles), and it has the second largest amount of Mamluk architectural heritage on earth (behind Cairo). With the formation of Lebanon and the 1948 breakup of the Syrian-Lebanese customs union, Tripoli, once on par in economic and commercial importance to Beirut, was cut off from its traditional trade relations with the Syrian hinterland and therefore declined in relative prosperity.Tripoli had a number of different names as far back as the Phoenician age. In the Amarna letters the name "Derbly", possibly a Semitic cognate of the city's modern Arabic name Ṭarābulus, was mentioned, and in other places "Ahlia" or "Wahlia" are mentioned (14th century BCE).[4] In an engraving concerning the invasion of Tripoli by the Assyrian King Ashurnasirpal II (888–859 BCE), it is called Mahallata or Mahlata, Mayza, and Kayza. Under the Phoenicians, the name Athar was used to refer to Tripoli.[6] When the Ancient Greeks settled in the city they called it Τρίπολις (Tripolis), meaning "three cities," influenced by the earlier phonetically similar but etymologically unrelated name Derbly. The Arabs called it Ṭarābulus and Ṭarābulus al-Šām (referring to bilād al-Šām, to distinguish it from the Libyan city with the same name). Today, Tripoli is also known as al-fayḥā′ (الفيحاء), which is a term derived from the Arabic verb faha which is used to indicate the diffusion of a scent or smell. Tripoli was once known for its vast orange orchards.
- https://www.ft.com/content/386b3fd2-01db-11e9-99df-6183d3002ee1 As Bashar al-Assad’s regime retakes control of most of Syria and aims to rebuild devastated cities, cash-strapped Lebanon wants to tap into a reconstruction effort that is forecast to cost about $200bn. Tripoli, just 35km from the Syrian border, is marketing itself as a logistics hub for reconstruction. China, one of the few countries with the cash and diplomatic clout to drive the rebuilding of Syria, has shown interest in getting involved and sent delegations to Syria and Lebanon. But despite high hopes in Beirut, it has not yet made any firm commitments.

 扎赫勒  Zahlé (Arabic: (زحلة‎ is the capital and the largest city of Beqaa Governorate, Lebanon.  Zahlé is known as the "Bride of the Beqaa" and "the Neighbor of the Gorge" for its geographical location and attractiveness, but also as "the City of Wine and Poetry"[4] It is famous throughout Lebanon and the region for its pleasant climate, numerous riverside restaurants and quality arak. Its inhabitants are predominantly Greek Catholic and are known as Zahlawis.The name Zahlé is a Syriac[citation needed] word that refers to "moving places". The occasional landslides that take place on deforested hills around the town are probably at the origin of the name.


Association
- hezbollah (pronounced/ˌhɛzbəˈlɑː/; Arabic: حزب الله‎‎ Ḥizbu 'llāh, literally "Party of Allah" or "Party of God")—also transliterated Hizbullah,Hizballah, etc.—is a Shi'a Islamistmilitant group and political party based in Lebanon. Hezbollah'sparamilitary wing is the Jihad Council, and its political wing isLoyalty to the Resistance Bloc party in the Lebanese parliament. After the death of Abbas al-Musawi in 1992, the group has been headed by Hassan Nasrallah, its Secretary-General. After the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, Israel occupied a strip of south Lebanon, which was controlled by theSouth Lebanon Army (SLA), a militiasupported by Israel. Hezbollah was conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by Iran primarily to harass the Israeli occupation.[4] Its leaders were followers of Ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of 1,500 Revolutionary Guards that arrived from Iran with permission from the Syrian government, which was in occupation of Lebanon at the time. Hezbollah waged a guerilla campaign in South Lebanon—SLA collapsed and surrendered, and Israel withdrew from Lebanon on May 24, 2000.
  • hkej 15nov17 shum article
- Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Lebanon Branch

  • nayla comair- obeid, president visited cgcc in ict 2017


- christianity




Company
- Bank of Beirut is a commercial bank in Beirut, Lebanon. It was founded in 1963 as Realty Business Bank S.A.L. and 10 years later, in 1973, changed its name to Bank of Beirut. In 1993, a group of bankers and businessmen headed by Salim Sfeir, the current Chairman and CEO, acquired the five branches bank, which ranked 35 out of the 71 banks operating that year, and in 1997, Bank of Beirut was listed on the Beirut Stock Exchange. 

  • The 1990s was a significant decade for the bank when it started acquiring other banks to boost its own presence; in 1994, Banque Libano-Bresilienne SAL was acquired, followed by Mebco Bank SAL in 1998, Transorient Bank SAL in 1999 and Beirut Riyadh Bank SAL in 2002. In 2008, the 11-branch network, Al-Madina Bank SAL was acquired and in 2011, Bank of Beirut acquired Laiki Bank (Australia) Ltd which was later renamed to Bank of Sydney.
  • In 1997, a strategic alliance was formed with Emirates Bank NBD, later in 2001 Bank of Beirut opened a representative office in Dubai, UAE to serve expatriates in the GCC. In 2002, a branch was opened in Limassol, Cyprus regulated by the Central Bank of Cyprus, followed by the opening of a representative office in Lagos, Nigeria in 2004 and in Accra, Ghana in 2014. 5 branches opened in Oman, Muscat in 2006, Sohar in 2008, Ghobra in 2012, the Wave in 2014 and Barka in 2016. In 2002, Bank of Beirut (UK) Ltd a fully owned subsidiary was established which opened a branch in Frankfurt, Germany in 2009 and following the acquisition of Bank of Sydney in 2011, branches opened in Adelaide, Melbourne in addition to Sydney.
  • https://www.wort.lu/de/business/fortuna-bank-wechselt-besitzer-5be1d57a182b657ad3b98f14 Die Bank of Beirut übernimmt das Luxemburger Traditionshaus Fortuna Banque, wie am Dienstag bekannt wurde.
- Société Générale de Banque au Liban
- Elie Saab (Arabic: إيلي صعب) (born 4 July 1964) is a Lebanese fashion designer. His main workshop is in Lebanon, with additional workshops in Milan and Paris.Elie Saab is the eldest son of a wood merchant who raised five children in Damour, a southern coastal Beirut suburb, part of Greater Beirut. Born to Maronite Catholic parents in Beirut
- optimum sal
  • Exhibited at tdc jan16 fashion week
- jewelery
  • ouzounian (exhibited at sep19 ubm jewellery fr)
  • arakelian sarl (exhibited at sep19 ubm jewellery fr)
  • antoine hakim sal
  • exhibited at ubm sep19 jewellery fr
  • arakelian sarl
  • Exhibited at tdc 2018 jewellery fair 
- mavlian international
  • exhibited at tdc 2018 and 2019 watch & clock fr


Industry
- agriculture
  • economist 30may2020 "devaluation gardens" hobbyists hope to halt hunger in lebanon by growing their own crops
- wine making

  • Bekaa valley

People
- Charles Helou (Arabic: شارل الحلو‎) (25 September 1913 – 7 January 2001) was President of Lebanon from 1964 to 1970.Born in Beirut on 25 September 1913, Helou was the scion of a powerful Maronite family from Baabda. He graduated with honours from St. Joseph's University in Beirut in 1929, and went on to complete a Law degree in 1934. Helou worked in his early years as a journalist at the French language newspaper L'Eclair du Nord. He was also at one time the political editor of Le Jour, a French daily newspaper owned by his close friend Michel Chiha.[1] In 1936, he made his first foray into politics, when he joined with Pierre Gemayel and three others in launching the Kataeb (Phalangist) Party. Differences with Gemayel later led Helou to quit the party, however. Helou's first governmental appointment was as ambassador to the Vatican in 1947. In 1949 he took part in the Israel/Lebanese armistice negotiations where Israel tried to gain diplomatic concessions in exchange for the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanese Sovereign territory.[2] He later served in the Cabinet as minister of justice and health (1954–1955) and as minister of education (1964). Initially Helou's lack of political affiliation gave him the appearance of a leader able to unite Lebanon and he was chosen to succeed Fuad Chehabas President by the National Assembly in 1964.     The alliance between Chehab and Lebanese prime minister Rashid Karami, a staunch Arab nationalist, soon left Karami in effective control of the Lebanese government.[4] Helou founded and launched the Institute for Palestine Studiesin 1963.[citation needed] The most pressing issue that was first to cause problems for Helou was the Israeli diversion of the Jordan river. The impressive economic growth that characterized Helou's presidency translated into a cultural and lifestyle belle époque in Lebanon (perhaps this gained the name for Beirut as the 'Paris of the Orient' and Lebanon as the 'Switzerland of the East'). However this period was also partly marred by the Intra Bank crisis of 1966 and Lebanon's increasing inability to avoid involvement in the Arab–Israeli conflict. The Six-Day Warof 1967, strained sectarian relations in Lebanon. Many Muslims wanted Lebanon to join the Arab war effort, while many Christians wished to eschew participation. Helou managed to keep Lebanon from entanglement, apart from a brief air strike, but found it impossible to put the lid on the tensions that had been raised. Parliamentary elections in 1968 revealed an increasing polarization in the country, with two major coalitions, one pro-Arab Nationalism, led by Rashid Karami and the other pro-Western, led jointly by former President Camille Chamoun, Pierre Gemayel and Raymond Eddé, both made major gains and won 30 of the 99 seats each. In addition, government authority was challenged by the presence of armed Palestinianguerrillas in the south of the country, and clashes between the Lebanese army and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) became increasingly frequent. For a long time, Helou resisted their demands, but in 1969, after failing to end the rebellion militarily, he finally gave in, hoping that the Palestinian guerrillas would confine their operations to cross-border attacks against Israel and would stop challenging the Lebanese government. As it turned out, the clashes only intensified. In 1970, Helou endorsed Elias Sarkis as his chosen successor,[6] but the latter lost the election in the National Assembly by one vote to Suleiman Frangieh. Unlike other former Presidents, who remained politically active after retirement, Helou faded from the scene. He was involved in a philanthropic venture, founding a number of restaurants to provide free hot meals to elderly people.
- Rafic Baha El Deen Al Hariri (Arabic: رفيق بهاء الدين الحريري‎; Arabic pronunciation: [rafiːq ħariːriː] 1 November 1944 – 14 February 2005) was a Lebanese business tycoon and the Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until his resignation on 20 October 2004. He headed five cabinets during his tenure. Hariri is widely credited with his role in constructing the Taif Agreement that ended the 15 year Lebanese Civil War and reconstructing the capital Beirut. He was the first post-civil war Prime Minister and the most influential and wealthiest Lebanese politician until his assassination.Hariri was assassinated on 14 February 2005 by a suicide truck bomb in Beirut. Four Hezbollah members were indicted for the assassination and are currently being tried in absentia by the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, but others have linked the assassination to the Syrian government.Hariri's assassination was a catalyst for dramatic political change in Lebanon. The massive protests of the Cedar Revolution helped achieve the withdrawal of Syrian troops and security forces from Lebanon, and a change in governments.Hariri was born on 1 November 1944 to a modest Sunni Muslim family in the Lebanese port city of Sidon. 

  • Saad El-Din Rafik Al-Hariri (Arabic: سعد الدين رفيق الحريري‎; born 18 April 1970)[6] is a Lebanese politician who was the Prime Minister of Lebanon since December 2016.[7]He was also the Prime Minister from November 2009 to June 2011. He is the second son of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri, who was assassinated in 2005. Hariri has also been the leader of the Future Movement party since 2005. He is seen as "the strongest figurehead" of the March 14 Alliance.[8] After three years living overseas, he returned to Lebanon on 8 August 2014[7][9][10] and was designated Prime Minister on 3 November 2016. Hariri's surprise announcement of an intent to resign, broadcast on 4 November 2017 on Saudi state TV, has widely been seen as part of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict in Lebanon,[11] and triggered a dispute between Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. The resignation was later suspended, following President Michel Aoun's request to "put it on hold ahead of further consultations". On October 29, 2019, amid the 2019 Lebanese protests, Hariri announced his resignation, and that of his cabinet.Saad Hariri was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia[13][14] on 18 April 1970, and is the son of Rafic Hariri and his first wife Nidal Bustani, an Iraqi.


- Kahlil Gibran (/dʒɪˈbrɑːn/; sometimes spelled Khalil; full Arabic name Gibran Khalil Gibran, Arabic: جبران خليل جبران‎‎ / ALA-LC: Jubrān Khalīl Jubrān or Jibrān Khalīl Jibrān) (January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931) was a Lebanese-American artist, poet, and writer of the New York Pen League.Gibran was born in the town of Bsharri   (born into a Maronite Catholic family) in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, Ottoman Empire (north of modern-day Lebanon), to Khalil Gibran and Kamila Gibran (Rahmeh). As a young man Gibran immigrated with his family to the United States, where he studied art and began his literary career, writing in both English and Arabic. In the Arab world, Gibran is regarded as a literary and political rebel. His romantic style was at the heart of a renaissance in modern Arabic literature, especially prose poetry, breaking away from the classical school. In Lebanon, he is still celebrated as a literary hero.

- Said Akl (Arabic: سعيد عقل‎‎, saʿīd ʿaql, alsotransliterated Saïd Akl, Said Aql and Saeed Akl; 4 July 1911 or 1912 – 28 November 2014) was a Lebanese poet, philosopher, writer, playwright and language reformer. He was considered one of the most important modern Lebanese poets. He was also an advocate of Lebanese identity and nationalism and the Lebanese language, designing a Latin-based "Lebanese alphabet" made up of 36 letters. His writings include poetry and prose both inLebanese dialect and in classical Arabic language. He has also written theatre pieces and authored many popular songs.
- Raya Haffar El Hassan (born January 1967) is a Lebanese politician who is the Minister of Interior and Municipalities, and former finance minister. She is the first woman in Lebanon to be appointed in such posts in the government.Hassan was born in January 1967 into a Sunni family.[4][5] She received a bachelor's degree in business administration from the American University of Beirut in June 1987.[4][6] She then obtained a Master of Business Administration in finance in investments from George Washington University in 1990.Hassan is a member of the March 14 Alliance and an ally of Saad Hariri.[14][10] In 2016, she served on the advisory board of the Arab Human Develoment Reports.[15] Hassan is a member of the board of directors at MedInvestment Bank (BankMed), where she also serves on the audit committee. Hassan is the chairman and general manager of the Tripoli Special Economic Zone (TSEZ).


Politics
- Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri unexpectedly resigned Saturday during a trip to Saudi Arabia, saying his life was in danger, and creating a leadership vacuum in an already politically fractured country.
In a televised address from Riyadh, Hariri said he feared an assassination plot and accused Iran of meddling in the region, causing "devastation and chaos." "Iran controls the region and the decision-making in both Syria and Iraq," he said. "I want to tell Iran and its followers that it will lose in its interventions in the internal affairs of Arab countries. Iran dismissed the reports, accusing the United States and Saudi Arabia of orchestrating the resignation. "Hariri's resignation was coordinated with US President Donald Trump and Saudi Arabia's Mohammad bin Salman," Iranian Foreign Ministry official Hossein Sheikholeslam told the semiofficial Fars News Agency. "The resignation was aimed at creating tension in Lebanon and the region. This resignation was also meant to compensate the US for its failures after the defeat of the Daesh (ISIS)."http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/04/middleeast/lebanese-prime-minister-saad-hariri-resigns/index.html
  • There was no line-up of Saudi princes or ministry officials, as would typically greet a prime minister on an official visit to King Salman, senior sources close to Hariri and top Lebanese political and security officials said. His phone was confiscated, and the next day he was forced to resign as prime minister in a statement broadcast by a Saudi-owned TV channel. The move thrust Lebanon back to the forefront of a struggle that is reshaping the Middle East, between the conservative Sunni monarchy of Saudi Arabia and Shi‘ite revolutionary Iran.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-politics-hariri-exclusive/exclusive-how-saudi-arabia-turned-on-lebanons-hariri-idUSKBN1DB0QL
  • https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/hariri-resigned-as-lebanons-premier-but-is-he-headed-for-a-comeback-1.67579647 Lebanese politicians are eying the premier’s position in Beirut, which has been suddenly left vacant by the October 31 resignation of Prime Minister Saad Hariri.
    Speculation is rife on who might replace him, with the names of ex-premiers Najib Mikati and Tammam Salam making the rounds, along with that of ex-Interior Minister Raya Al Hassan, a member of Hariri’s Future Movement.A fourth name—with little surprise—is Hariri himself, who stands a very high chance of being asked to form a new government, for lack of acceptable alternatives within the Sunni community.“It’s almost certain that Hariri will be re-appointed premier,” said prominent Lebanese analyst Fadi Akoum.
- foreigners ordered to leave

  • http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/05/bahrain-orders-citizens-leave-lebanon-saudi-arabia-iran-spar/
  • https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/the-latest-saudi-arabia-tells-its-citizens-to-leave-lebanon/2017/11/09/a8a77806-c55a-11e7-9922-4151f5ca6168_story.html?utm_term=.3544fcf4ee3a
  • http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-10/saudi-arabia-advises-its-citizens-to-leave-lebanon/9136322
economy
- economist 5cot19 "falling apart" a long feared currency has begun to bite. Worse is still to come
- national debt

  • 黎巴嫩政府高層昨日召開緊急會議後，宣佈拒絕償還債務，包括明日到期的一筆12億美元(約93.2億港元)國際債券，意味將會違約，事件將進一步加深黎巴嫩的經濟危機。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/03/08/a16-0308.pdf, economist 14mar2020 "resilient no more" for the first time, lebanon defaults on its debts


monetary policy
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/lebanon-central-bank-secure-dollars-191001130300019.html Bank of Lebanon aims to buy the foreign currency at a fixed rate to pay for imported goods and ease food and fuel shortages.Lebanon's central bank says it will secure US dollars at a fixed rate to pay for imported goods, in a bid to ease food and fuel shortages, as well as demand on the dollar. But many now fear a drop in the value of the local currency will worsen an already dire economic situation.


Food market
- Souk el Tayeb
sharing economy
- bike
  • http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170502/00180_035.html貝魯特每日有約五十萬車輛在路面行駛，塞車問題困擾該市多時。有見及此，政府決定推行單車共享計劃。政府暫時在貝魯特中部設立一個單車租用點，民眾可以時租三美元（約廿四港元）租用單車，或以月租形式租借。


christianity
- Maronite Christianity in Lebanon (Arabic: المسيحية المارونية في لبنان) refers to adherents of the Maronite Church in Lebanon, which is the largest Christian denomination in the country.
The Lebanese Maronite Christians are believed to constitute about 22% of the total population of Lebanon. Lebanon's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation's ethno-religious groups.Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, the president of the country must be a Maronite.
  •  The followers of Jesus Christ first became known as "Christians" in the ancient Greek city of Antioch (Acts 11:26), and the city became a center for Christianity - especially after the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD. According to Catholic tradition, the first Bishop was Saint Peter before his travels to Rome. The third Bishop was the Apostolic Father Ignatius of Antioch. Antioch became one of the five original Patriarchates (the Pentarchy) after Constantine recognized Christianity. The Maronite Christianity derived its name and religious identity from Saint Maron whose followers migrated to the area of Mount Lebanon (present day Republic of Lebanon) from their previous location of residence around the area of Antioch (an ancient Greek city within present day Hatay Province, Turkey), establishing the nucleus of the Maronite Church. More specifically, Maron, a fourth-century monk and the contemporary and friend of St. John Chrysostom, left Antioch for the Orontes River to lead an ascetic life, following the traditions of Anthony the Great of the Desert and Pachomius. Many of his followers also lived a monastic lifestyle. Following the death of Maron in 410 AD, his disciples built a monastery in his memory and formed the nucleus of the Maronite Church. The Maronites held fast to the beliefs of the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD. When the Monophysites of Antioch slew 350 monks, the Maronites sought refuge in the mountains of Lebanon. Correspondence concerning the event brought the Maronites papal and orthodox recognition, which was solidified by Pope Hormisdas (514-523 AD) on February 10, AD 518. A monastery was built around the shrine of St. Maro (Marun) after the Council of Chalcedon. 
    The martyrdom of the Patriarch of Antioch in the first decade of the seventh century, either at the hands of Persian soldiers or local Jews, left the Maronites without a leader, a situation which continued because of the final and most devastating Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628. In the aftermath of the war, the Emperor Heraclius propagated a new Christological doctrine in an attempt to unify the various Christian churches of the east, who were divided over accepting the Council of Chalcedon. This doctrine, monothelitism, was meant as a compromise between supporters of Chalcedon, such as the Maronites, and opponents, such as the Jacobites. Monothelitism was actually endorsed by Pope Honorius I (625-638) of the Catholic Church to win back the Monophysites.

lebanese (people)
-  https://www.quora.com/Are-Lebanese-white
- The Lebanese are not originally Arabs. They, like the Syrians, for example, were Arabized. That means their original language wasn’t Arabic. Until the 1700’s, the Catholics of Lebanon didn’t speak Arabic as their first language. These Catholics are called Maronites or Mawarneh (which is the Syriac plural of their ethnicity); they spoke a form of Aramaic called Syriac. They’re named after Mar Maron (Saint Maron) who was born in Syria. Mar Youhanna (Saint John), who came after him, took them into the mountains of Lebanon. Many Aramaic speaking Christians fled into the Lebanese mountains to be safe from the advancing Muslim Arab armies. It was mostly these Catholics that rejected the idea of being Arabs because the Arabic language came with Islam mainly, and they were oppressed under Muslim rule, so they prefer to relate to their ancient Canaanite/Phoenician ancestors.https://www.quora.com/If-Lebanese-people-speak-Arabic-why-dont-they-consider-themselves-Arab-people

language
- https://www.quora.com/Since-youre-Lebanese-do-you-know-French The Lebanese public education system has two tracks, an English and a French track. Humanities and social sciences are taught in Arabic while math and natural sciences etc are taught in the second language. If you go to an English track school and dont live in an area where people speak French, there’s really no reason or expectation for you to pick it up. A lot of the time it might seem like there is French everywhere, but Lebanon is an extremely provincial country and French is integrated into some areas but not others, especially across sectarian lines. Some Lebanese people actively nurture a francophone sensibility within their families because it is important to them for religious and sociocultural reasons. Others don’t. I notice a huge difference in the amount of french loanwords in Lebanese dialects from region to region, for example.

lebanese (language)
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-differences-between-the-Arabic-and-Lebanese-languages/answer/Hussein-Kandil-1

phoenician
- https://www.quora.com/How-many-Lebanese-are-interested-in-reviving-the-Phoenician-language

Diaspora
- Lebanese diaspora refers to Lebanese migrants and their descendants who, whether by choice or coercion, emigrated from Lebanon and now reside in other countries. There are more Lebanese living outside Lebanon (8-14 million),[2] than within (4 million). The majority of the diaspora population consists of Lebanese Christians; however, others are Muslim, Druze, or Jewish. They trace their origin to several waves of Christian emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman Syria. Under the current Lebanese nationality law, diaspora Lebanese do not have an automatic right to return to Lebanon. Due to varying degrees of assimilation and high degree of interethnic marriages in the Lebanese diaspora communities, regardless of religious affiliation; most diaspora Lebanese have not passed on the Arabic language to their children, while still maintaining a Lebanese ethnic identity. Although there are no reliable figures, the diaspora is estimated to be around 14 million people, far more than the internal population of Lebanon of around 4 million.  The Americas have long been a destination for Lebanese migration, with Lebanese arriving in some countries at least as early as the nineteenth century. The largest concentration of Lebanese outside the Middle East is in Brazil, which has, according to some sources, at least 6 million Brazilians of Lebanese ancestry, making Brazil's population of Lebanese more than twice that of the entire population of Lebanon. The population of Brazil of either full or partial Lebanese descent is estimated at 7 [7] million people by Arab-Brazilian organizations. According to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East.  There are also other large Lebanese communities in Latin American countries, namely Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela, Haiti and Dominican Republic. Many Lebanese have also been settled for quite some time in the United States, Canada, Australia, The United Kingdom, South Africa and in the European Union member states. There are also sizable populations in The United Arab Emirates, Singapore as well as francophone West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast and Ghana. A law passed in 2008 permitted Lebanese abroad to vote in Lebanese elections starting in 2013.  The Lebanese government increasingly sees the diaspora as a critical resource for investment and new immigrants. A 2016 television ad tried to entice Lebanese in the United States to move to Lebanon to help improve the standard of living. The Lebanese government launched the DiasporaID program in August 2017 to better connect Lebanese abroad to Lebanon itself. Funding for the project was provided by USAID with an objective of improving foreign investment in Lebanon. On August 8, 2017, Lebanese President Michel Aoun advocated children of Lebanese in the diaspora take on Lebanese citizenship during a speech to the Maronite Diaspora Institution at Baabda Palace.
- http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/521808/SAUDI-ARABIA/What-has-Saudi-Arabia-extended-to-Lebanon?-How-has-Iran-hurt-it%3F
- switzerland

  • 旅居瑞士的黎巴嫩裔富商夏帝拉（Abdallah Chatila），周一把一批總值六十萬歐元（約五百一十七萬港元）、屬於二戰納粹德國元首希特拉的衣飾遺物，贈予以色列一個猶太慈善基金永久保存。這批文物包括希特拉曾佩戴的禮帽、其情婦伊娃的衣帽和手袋，以及寫有希魔名字的門牌，還有相片、勳章和單車等，在日內瓦經營鑽石及地產生意的夏帝拉，上周三在德國慕尼黑一個拍賣會上，不惜代價把這批有特殊背景的文物全數買下。據稱光是希魔禮帽的售價已是五萬歐元（約四十三萬港元）。夏帝拉原本打算將這批東西銷毀，但後來覺得把它們交給猶太人組織保管更加適合。 https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191127/00180_037.html
- West africa
Economist 12jun2021 "go west, habibi" more than 250000 lebanese probably live in west africa. Many lebanese came to west africa in 19thc, disembarking (some say by mistake) from ships heading for america. The arrivals proved remarkabaly successful, first as middlemen bw locals and colonising powers, later as business owners and commodity traders. Today eg lebanon reportedly control many of the companies in ivory coast that handle exports of coffeee and cocoa. Over a century of conflict, crisis and famine have scattered lebanese all over the world. But these days lebanese find it much easier to obtain visas from west african destinations than from america or european countries.
Jobs are easier to get hold of, too. Someone always knows someone who has an opening, says karim maky, a senegalese of lebanese descent. Skilled workers are paid well. And most west african countries already have lebanese churches, mosques and schools.


History
- The 1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon, code-named Operation Gift (Hebrew: מבצע תשורה‎‎), was an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Special Forces operation at the Beirut International Airport in the evening of December 28, 1968. The operation was in response to the attack on the Israeli Airliner El Al Flight 253 two days earlier by the Palestinian Lebanon-based militant organization Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The commandos from the Israeli army's elite Sayeret Matkal destroyed 12 passenger airplanes1) belonging to Middle East Airlines(MEA), Lebanese International Airways (LIA) and 2 cargo planes belonging to Trans Mediterranean Airways (TMA).
- The Lebanese Civil War (Arabic: الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية‎ – Al-Ḥarb al-Ahliyyah al-Libnāniyyah) was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon, lasting from 1975 to 1990 and resulting in an estimated 120,000 fatalities.[5] As of 2012, approximately 76,000 people remain displaced within Lebanon.[6] There was also an exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon as a result of the war. Before the war, Lebanon was multisectarian, with Sunni Muslims and Christians being the majorities in the coastal cities, Shia Muslims being mainly based in the south and the Beqaa Valley to the east, and with the mountain populations being mostly Druze and Christian. The government of Lebanon had been run under a significant influence of the elites among the Maronite Christians.[8][9] The link between politics and religion had been reinforced under the mandate of the French colonial powers from 1920 to 1943, and the parliamentary structure favored a leading position for the Christians. However, the country had a large Muslim population and many pan-Arabist and left-wing groups opposed the pro-western government. The establishment of the state of Israel and the displacement of a hundred thousand Palestinian refugees to Lebanon during the 1948 and 1967 exoduses contributed to shifting the demographic balance in favor of the Muslim population. The Cold War had a powerful disintegrative effect on Lebanon, which was closely linked to the polarization that preceded the 1958 political crisis, since Maronites sided with the West while leftist and pan-Arab groups sided with Soviet-aligned Arab countries. Fighting between Maronite and Palestinian forces (mainly from the Palestine Liberation Organization) began in 1975, then Leftist, pan-Arabist and Muslim Lebanese groups formed an alliance with the Palestinians.[11] During the course of the fighting, alliances shifted rapidly and unpredictably. Furthermore, foreign powers, such as Israel and Syria, became involved in the war and fought alongside different factions. Peace keeping forces, such as the Multinational Force in Lebanon and UNIFIL, were also stationed in Lebanon. The 1989 Taif Agreement marked the beginning of the end of the fighting. In January 1989, a committee appointed by the Arab League began to formulate solutions to the conflict. In March 1991, parliament passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment.[12] In May 1991, the militias were dissolved, with the exception of Hezbollah, while the Lebanese Armed Forces began to slowly rebuild as Lebanon's only major non-sectarian institution.[13] Religious tensions between Sunnis and Shias remained after the war.

  • https://www.quora.com/What-do-Lebanese-people-think-of-Israel

- The Syrian occupation of Lebanon (Arabic: الاحتلال السوري للبنان‎‎) –1976-2005) began in 1976 as a result of the Syrian Ba'th Regime's bid to control Lebanon, and ended in 26 April 2005 as a result of the Cedar Revolution, after the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister, Rafic Hariri.
- The 1983 Beirut barracks bombings were terrorist attacks that occurred on October 23, 1983, in Beirut, Lebanon, during the Lebanese Civil War when two truck bombs struck separate buildings housing United States and French military forces—members of the Multinational Force in Lebanon (MNF)—killing 241 U.S. and 58 French servicemen, six civilians, and the two suicide bombers. An obscure group calling itself 'Islamic Jihad' claimed responsibility for the bombings and that the bombings were aimed to get the MNF out of Lebanon.[1] The chain of command likely ran from the government of Iran; to Iran's Ambassador to Syria, Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur, located in Damascus; to Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) commander Hossein Dehghan in Beirut as the Iranians drew on assets in Lebanon.[2]Hezbollah, Iran, and Syria have continued to deny any involvement in any of the bombings, even though the Iranian government erected a monument in Tehran to commemorate the 1983 bombings and its "martyrs" in 2004.[3] Two suicide bombers detonated each of the truck bombs. In the attack on the building serving as a barracks for the 1st Battalion 8th Marines (Battalion Landing Team - BLT 1/8), the death toll were 220 Marines, 18 sailors, and three soldiers, making this incident the deadliest single-day death toll for the United States Marine Corps since World War II's Battle of Iwo Jima, the deadliest single-day death toll for the United States Armed Forces since the first day of the Vietnam War's Tet Offensive, the deadliest single terrorist attack on American citizens in general prior to the September 11 attacks, and the deadliest single terrorist attack on American citizens overseas.[4] Another 128 Americans were wounded in the blast. Thirteen later died of their injuries, and they are numbered among the total number who died.[5] An elderly Lebanese man, a custodian/vendor who was known to work and sleep in his concession stand next to the building, was also killed in the first blast. The explosives used were later estimated to be equivalent to as much as 9,525 kg (21,000 pounds) of TNT. In the attack on the French barracks, the nine-story 'Drakkar' building, 55 paratroopers from the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment and three paratroopers of the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment were killed and 15 injured by a second truck bomb. This attack occurred just minutes after the attack on the American Marines. It was France's single worst military loss since the end of the Algerian War. The wife and four children of a Lebanese janitor at the French building were also killed, and more than twenty other Lebanese civilians were injured.[12] These attacks eventually led to the withdrawal of the international peacekeeping force from Lebanon, where they had been stationed since the withdrawal of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982.
- The May 17 Agreement of 1983 was an agreement signed between Lebanon and Israelduring the Lebanese Civil War on May 17, 1983, after Israel invaded Lebanon and besieged Beirut in 1982. It called for withdrawal of the IDF from Beirut and provided a framework for the establishment of normal bilateral relations between the two countries. Lebanon was under both Israeli and Syrian military occupations during its negotiation.

russia
- https://www.ft.com/content/1b933960-2561-11e9-b329-c7e6ceb5ffdf Russia is expanding its ties with Lebanon through energy deals and efforts to mediate in regional politics as it seeks to fill a vacuum left by the US as Washington steps back from the Middle East. The effort accelerated last month when Russia’s Rosneft, a state-controlled oil company, expanded its Mediterranean footprint by signing a 20-year deal to manage and upgrade an oil storage facility in Lebanon’s second city, Tripoli. The deal, whose value has been kept secret, was the latest sign of Russian president Vladimir Putin’s attempts to expand Moscow’s influence as the US reduces its presence in the Middle East, said analysts and diplomats.

uk
- https://www.gov.uk/guidance/summary-of-the-uk-lebanon-association-agreement
- https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-lebanon-sign-trade-continuity-agreement 
Trade Policy Minister, the Rt Hon Conor Burns MP and the Lebanese Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants, Gebran Bassil have today (Thursday 19 September) signed a UK-Lebanon association agreement. It ensures British businesses and consumers will continue to benefit from preferential trading terms with Lebanon after we leave the European Union. The signature of the UK-Lebanon Association Agreement at the UK-Lebanon Tech Forum in London will provide a framework for cooperation on and development of political, economic, social and cultural links. The new UK-Lebanon Association Agreement provides, among other trade benefits, tariff-free trade of industrial products together with liberalisation of trade in agricultural, agri-food and fisheries products. Trading on these preferential terms delivers significant savings, helping to support British jobs and also providing a positive boost for Lebanon’s economy, which continues to be impacted by the Syrian crisis.

syria
- https://www.chinadailyhk.com/articles/133/189/36/1534303716020.html Lebanon has rejected the position of the head of the UN refugee agency, who said it was too early to talk about a mass return of Syrian refugees because the war-torn country is still too dangerous. The Foreign Ministry said Tuesday that conditions in Syria now are stable in many cities and provinces. Lebanon is home to more than 1 million Syrian refugees, who make up nearly a quarter of its population.

china
- 據新華社報道，中國第16批赴黎巴嫩維和部隊授勳儀式於當地時間6日在黎巴嫩南部辛尼亞村的多功能工兵分隊營區舉行，全體410名維和官兵榮獲聯合國「和平榮譽勳章」。 聯合國駐黎巴嫩臨時部隊（聯黎部隊）司令比爾里、聯黎副司令施瓦羅姆、中國駐黎巴嫩大使王克儉等出席儀式，並為官兵們佩戴聯合國「和平榮譽勳章」。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/04/08/a04-0408.pdf

Brazil
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-06/07/content_25632788.htm The Brazilian Foreign Ministry estimates that between 7 million and 10 million Brazilians are ofLebanese descent. Brazil's acting president, Michel Temer, is the son of Lebanese immigrants,though his family is from the northern mountains, not the Bekaa. Many of these emigrants have maintained strong ties with their homeland, including throughmarriage.


Greece
- Achrafieh (Arabic: الأشرفية‎‎) (French: Achrafieh) (Armenian:Աշրաֆիեհ) also spelled Ashrafieh and Ashrafiyeh, is one of the oldest districts of Beirut, Lebanon. It is owned by several Greek Orthodox Christian Beiruti Armenian Orthodox families that had ruled the country and the region for centuries.




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