Thursday, January 3, 2019

royalty

hierarchy
- medieval europe

  • ******* https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-lowest-rank-of-the-nobility-in-medieval-Europe-in-any-given-country


System
- An appanage or apanage (pronounced /ˈæpənɪdʒ/) or French: apanage (French pronunciation: ​[a.pa.naʒ]) is the grant of an estate, title, office, or other thing of value to a younger male child of a sovereign, who would otherwise have no inheritance under the system of primogeniture. It was common in much of Europe. The system of appanage greatly influenced the territorial construction of France and theGerman states, and explains why many of the former provinces of France had coats of armswhich were modified versions of the king's arms.
- A lady-in-waiting or court lady is a female personal assistant at a court, royal or feudal, attending on a royal woman or a high-ranking noblewoman. Historically, in Europe, a lady-in-waiting was often a noblewoman, but of lower rank than of the woman on whom she attended. Although she may either have been a retainer or may not have received compensation for the service she rendered, a lady-in-waiting was considered more of a courtier or companion to her mistress than a servant. In other parts of the world outside Europe, the lady-in-waiting, often referred to as palace woman, was often in practice a servant or a slave rather than a high-ranking woman, but still had about the same tasks, functioning as companion and secretary to her mistress. In courts where polygamy was practiced, a court lady was formally available to the monarch for sexual services, and she could become his wife or concubine.[citation needed] Lady-in-waiting or court lady is often a generic term for women whose relative rank, title, and official functions varied, although such distinctions were also often honorary. A royal woman may or may not be free to select her ladies, and, even when she has such freedom, her choices are usually heavily influenced by the sovereign, her parents, her husband, or the sovereign's ministers (for example, in the Bedchamber Crisis).The development of the office of lady-in-waiting in Europe is connected to that of the development of a royal court. During the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century, Hincmar describes the royal household of Charles the Bald in the De Ordine Palatii from 882, in which he states that court officials took orders from the queen as well as the king. Already Merovingian queens are assumed to have had their personal servants, and in the 9th century it is confirmed that Carolingian queens had an entourage of guards from the nobility as a sign of their dignity, and some officials are stated to belong to the queen rather than the king. In the late 12th century, the queens of France are confirmed to have had their own household, and noblewomen are mentioned as ladies-in-waiting.[1] During the Middle Ages, however, the household of a European queen consort was normally small and the number of actually employed ladies-in-waiting, rather than wives of noblemen accompanying their husbands to court, was very small: in 1286, the queen of France had only five ladies-in-waiting in her employ, and it was not until 1316 that her household was separated from that of the royal children. The role of ladies-in-waiting in Europe changed dramatically during the age of the Renaissance, when a new ceremonial court life, where women played a significant part, developed as representation of power in the courts of Italy and spread to Burgundy, from Burgundy to France, and to the rest of the courts of Europe.[1] The court of the Duchy of Burgundy was the most elaborate in Europe in the 15th century and became an example to France when the French royal court expanded in the late 15th century and introduced new offices for both men and women to be able to answer to the new renaissance ideal.[1] From small circle of married femmes and unmarried filles, with a relatively humble place in the background during the Middle Ages, the number of French ladies-in-waiting were rapidly expanded, divided into an advanced hierarchy with several offices and given an important and public role to play in the new ceremonial court life in early 16th-century France.[1] This example was followed by other courts in Europe, where courts expanded and became more ceremonial during the 16th century, and the offices, numbers and visibility of women expanded in the early modern age. During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, however, most European courts started to reduce their court staff, often due to new economic and political circumstances which made court representation more questionable.

  • uk
  • https://www.quora.com/Does-the-Queen-still-have-Ladies-in-Waiting-If-so-what-is-their-function


privatisation of assets
- 泰国新王去年登基的同时，继承了高达三百至六百亿美元之间的巨大财富。泰国军政府上月十七日通过新法，赋予泰王全权掌控王室财富，不再由财政部长兼任王室资产管理局局长，换句话说，政府放弃了对泰王室财富的监督，王室财富完全私有化了。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170825/PDF/b17_screen.pdf

titles, decorations
- your majesty

  • https://www.quora.com/Why-was-Henry-VIII-the-first-English-monarch-to-be-addressed-as-Your-Majesty-What-are-the-origins-of-the-term Charles V of Spain, upon his elevation to Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, decided that he should be styled Your Majesty rather than Highness.Prior to Henry VIII, kings and queens were styled Your Grace or Your Highness. However, not to be outdone by Charles V, Henry also styled himself Your Majesty and Your Highness. He was the first English king to do so. The titles Your Majesty, Your Highness, and Your Grace were used arbitrarily, even on legal or official documents. For example, one legal judgement issued by Henry VIII uses all three indiscriminately; Article 15 begins with, "The Kinges Highness hath ordered," Article 16 with, "The Kinges Majestie" and Article 17 with, "The Kinges Grace."Henry VIII actually had five different styles of address during his lifetime. After writing The Defense of the Seven Sacraments (Asserto Septem Sacramentorum) in 1521, Pope Leo X granted Henry the title “Defender of the Faith”. After the break with Rome in 1533, Pope Paul III rescinded the title, but Henry continued to use it. In 1535 Henry added “of the Church of England in Earth, under Jesus Christ, Supreme Head" to his style. A reference to the Church of Ireland was added in 1536, which he then changed to King of Ireland in 1542.Henry VIII’s full title was:Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme HeadThis remained in effect until his death in 1547.However, according to Robert Lacey, in his book Great Tales from English history, Richard II, King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399, was the first English King to demand the title of 'Highness' or 'Majesty.' He also noted that, '...previous English Kings had been content to be addressed as "My Lord" '.Majesty is an English word derived from the Latin maiestas meaning greatness. It is used as a style by many monarchs, usually kings and queens. When used, the style outranks the style of Highness, but is inferior to Imperial Majesty.


marriage
- https://www.quora.com/Why-didnt-incestuous-sibling-marriages-affect-the-Ptolemaic-dynasty-to-the-same-degree-as-it-affected-the-mildly-less-incestuous-Habsburgs
- union of crowns

  • ***********https://www.quora.com/What-would-have-happened-in-medieval-Europe-if-a-a-king-and-a-queen-of-two-different-kingdoms-married-Would-the-kingdoms-merge A more common outcome was an Union of Crowns, in which many separate and independent realms had the same monarch.
    This is something people very often do not understand with the Iberic peninsula.There was no Spanish state as we understand that notion in the 15th century.Sometimes more aware people think there was three states like the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom of Navarre but even this is a wrong way to understand.In fact, there were 16 different independent states in the Iberic peninsula with the same common monarch. “Crown” means an “Union of Crowns”, but one that existed before a single dynasty ruled on all the Iberic peninsula.ALL these states are distinct from each other and have their own separate laws. In each of these states, that same person is sovereign with a different title.So Carlos V was for example not “King” in Catalonia, from their point of view, but their “Prince” (and also their “Count” of Barcelona). Sometimes it was the King of Burgundy that ruled in Provence, and he was still a “Count” there.Same with the “Good King René”. René was King of Naples, and he also ruled in Provence, but he was a “Count” in Provence.Titles such as Counts, Dukes, etc. do not follow a pyramid hierarchy. There were very small Duchies and enormous Counties, there were Counts more powerful than neighbor “Kings” or even “Emperors”. These titles do not form a hierarchy between them. The only hierarchy that matters in the feudal one : who is vassal to whom, who is the liege of whom. Any sovereign can have any title and it says nothing of the power of that sovereign.When the King of France was also King of Navarre, Navarre was still a distinct country. In fact, even within the Kingdom of France, all the provinces, that were almost all independent states at some point, all had their own laws and their own separate courts of justice that were completely different from the capital. “Province” is a bit of a misnomer. The “provinces” of France were all Counties, Duchies, and so on. There was not one administrative system common to all of them at the local level.So any notion of a modern nation-state do not exist in the sense that a Kingdom is often a multinational state that has a great variety of laws, a great variety of languages and personal unions of distinct realms almost never mean that these realms are merged together.Creating many of the modern nation-states in fact required great oppressions, because actual nation-states before then would have been much much smaller.


costume
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-Roman-emperors-often-depicted-wearing-laurels-while-Byzantine-emperors-depicted-wearing-crowns

The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.[2] The name "Carolingian" (Medieval Latin karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German word *karling, kerling, meaning "descendant of Charles", cf. MHG kerlinc)[3] derives from the Latinised name of Charles Martel: Carolus.[4] The dynasty consolidated its power in the mid 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary, and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the Merovingian throne. In 751 the Merovingian dynasty, which had ruled the Germanic Franks was overthrown with the consent of the Papacyand the aristocracy, and a Carolingian Pepin the Short was crowned King of the Franks. The Carolingian dynasty reached its peak in 800 with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first Emperor of Romans in over three centuries. His death in 814 began an extended period of fragmentation of the Carolingian empire and decline that would eventually lead to the evolution of the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire.It was after Charlemagne's death that the dynasty began to slowly crumble. His kingdom would end up splitting into three, each being ruled over by one of his grandsons. Out of the three, only the kingdoms of the eastern and western portions survived. These two surviving kingdoms would go on to become the countries we know today as Germany and France.[8] The Carolingians were displaced in most of the regna of the Empire by 888. They ruled in East Francia until 911 and held the throne of West Francia intermittently until 987. Carolingian cadet branches continued to rule in Vermandoisand Lower Lorraine after the last king died in 987, but they never sought thrones of principalities and made peace with the new ruling families. One chronicler of Sens dates the end of Carolingian rule with the coronation of Robert II of France as junior co-ruler with his father, Hugh Capet, thus beginning the Capetian dynasty.[9] The dynasty became extinct in the male line with the death of Eudes, Count of Vermandois. His sister Adelaide, the last Carolingian, died in 1122.The Carolingian dynasty has five distinct branches:
  1. The Lombard branch, or Vermandois branch, or Herbertians, descended from Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne. Though he did not outlive his father, his son Bernard was allowed to retain Italy. Bernard rebelled against his uncle Louis the Pious, and lost both his kingdom and his life. Deprived of the royal title, the members of this branch settled in France, and became counts of Vermandois, Valois, Amiens and Troyes. The counts of Vermandois perpetuated the Carolingian line until the 12th century. The Counts of Chinyand the lords of Mellier, Neufchâteau and Falkenstein are branches of the Herbertians. With the descendants of the counts of Chiny, there would have been Herbertian Carolingians to the early 14th century.
  2. The Lotharingian branch, descended from Emperor Lothair, eldest son of Louis the Pious. At his death Middle Francia was divided equally between his three surviving sons, into Italy, Lotharingia and Lower Burgundy. The sons of Emperor Lothair did not have sons of their own, so Middle Francia was divided between the western and eastern branches of the family in 875.
  3. The Aquitainian branch, descended from Pepin of Aquitaine, son of Louis the Pious. Since he did not outlive his father, his sons were deprived of Aquitaine in favor of his younger brother Charles the Bald. Pepin's sons died childless. Extinct 864.
  4. The German branch, descended from Louis the German, King of East Francia, son of Louis the Pious. Since he had three sons, his lands were divided into Duchy of Bavaria, Duchy of Saxony and Duchy of Swabia. His youngest son Charles the Fat briefly reunited both East and West Francia — the entirety of the Carolingian empire — but it split again after his death, never to be reunited again. With the failure of the legitimate lines of the German branch, Arnulf of Carinthia, an illegitimate nephew of Charles the Fat, rose to the kingship of East Francia. At the death of Arnulf's son Louis the Child in 911, Carolingian rule ended in East Francia.
  5. The French branch, descended from Charles the Bald, King of West Francia, son of Louis the Pious. The French branch ruled in West Francia, but their rule was interrupted by Charles the Fat of the German branch, two Robertians, and a Bosonid. Carolingian rule ended with the death of Louis V of France in 987. Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, the Carolingian heir, was ousted out of the succession by Hugh Capet; his sons died childless. Extinct c. 1012.

The House of Habsburg (/ˈhæpsbɜːrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhaːpsbʊʁk]), also called House of Austria (los austrias in spanish), was one of the most influential and outstanding royal houses of Europe. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs between 1438 and 1740. The house also produced emperors and kings of the Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of England (Jure uxoris King), Kingdom of Germany, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Croatia, Second Mexican Empire, Kingdom of Ireland (Jure uxoris King), Kingdom of Portugal, and Spain, as well as rulers of several Dutch and Italian principalities.[dubious – discuss] From the 16th century, following the reign of Charles V, the dynasty was split between its Austrian and Spanish branches. Although they ruled distinct territories, they nevertheless maintained close relations and frequently intermarried. The House takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a fortress built in the 1020s in present-day Switzerland, in the canton of Aargau, by Count Radbot of Klettgau, who chose to name his fortress Habsburg. His grandson Otto II was the first to take the fortress name as his own, adding "Count of Habsburg" to his title. The House of Habsburg gathered dynastic momentum through the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. By 1276, Count Radbot's seventh generation descendant Rudolph of Habsburg had moved the family's power base from Habsburg Castle to the Duchy of Austria. Rudolph had become King of Germany in 1273, and the dynasty of the House of Habsburg was truly entrenched in 1276 when Rudolph became ruler of Austria, which the Habsburgs ruled until 1918. A series of dynastic marriages enabled the family to vastly expand its domains to include Burgundy, Spain and its colonial empire, Bohemia, Hungary, and other territories. In the 16th century, the family separated into the senior Habsburg Spain and the junior Habsburg Monarchy branches, who settled their mutual claims in the Oñate treaty. The House of Habsburg became extinct in the 18th century. The senior Spanish branch ended upon the death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 and was replaced by the House of Bourbon. The remaining Austrian branch became extinct in the male line in 1740 with the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, and completely in 1780 with the death of his eldest daughter Maria Theresa of Austria. It was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine. The new successor house styled itself formally as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Habsburg-Lothringen), and because it was often confusingly still referred to as the House of Habsburg, historians use the unofficial appellation of the Habsburg Monarchy for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918.
- The House of Lorraine (German: Haus Lothringen) originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz. It inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473 after the death of duke Nicholas I without a male heir. By the marriage of Francis of Lorraine to Maria Theresa in 1736, and with the success in the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession, the House of Lorraine was joined to the House of Habsburg, and was now known as Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Habsburg-Lothringen). Francis, his sons Joseph II and Leopold II, and grandson Francis II were the last four Holy Roman Emperors from 1745 to the dissolution of the empire in 1806. Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918.Although its senior agnates are the Dukes of Hohenberg, the house is currently headed by Karl von Habsburg-Lothringen(born 1961), oldest grandson of the last emperor Charles I.The house claims descent from Gerard I of Paris (Count of Paris) (died 779) whose immediate descendants are known as the Gerardides. The Matfridings of the 10th century are thought to have been a branch of the family;[2] at the turn of the 10th century they were Counts of Metz and ruled a set of lordships in Alsace and Lorraine. The Renaissance dukes of Lorraine tended to arrogate to themselves claims to Carolingian ancestry, as illustrated by Alexandre Dumas, père in the novel La Dame de Monsoreau (1846);[3] in fact, so little documentation survives on the early generations that the reconstruction of a family tree for progenitors of the House of Alsace involves a good deal of guesswork.

  • Marie de Lorraine (15 August 1615 – 3 March 1688) was the daughter of Charles de Lorraine, Duke of Guise and Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse and the last member of the House of Guise, a branch of the House of Lorraine. Marie de Lorraine de Guise was a "foreign princess naturalized in France" (that is, the daughter of a foreign prince of a junior branch of the House of Lorraine). After the death of the last male of the House of Guise in 1675, Marie became duchess of Guise, duchess of Joyeuse, and princess of Joinville and enjoyed the vast revenues from these duchies and principalities.[1] People addressed her formally as "Your Highness"; she signed legal documents as "Marie de Lorraine"; and after 1675, as "Marie de Lorraine de Guise", but she ended personal letters with "Guise".Exiled to Florence with her family, 1634–43, Marie (whom the French knew as "Mademoiselle de Guise") became close to the Medicis and came to love Italy and especially Italian music. As guardian for her nephew, Louis Joseph, Duke of Guise, she was preoccupied with returning the House of Guise to its former glory. This meant giving the young man a fine residence and a prestigious bride. In 1666 Marie therefore commissioned Jacques Gabriel (the father of royal architect Jacques Gabriel) to carry out extensive renovations for the family's urban residence, known as the Hôtel de Guise. She also ordered a total reworking of the garden by the famous garden designer, André Le Nôtre.[4] The old stable wing that stretched along the garden was also renovated and subdivided into comfortable apartments to be occupied by what might be likened to today's artists and intellectuals in residence: Philippe Goibaut, Roger de Gaignières, and, a bit later,Marc-Antoine Charpentier.Starting in 1670, Marc-Antoine Charpentier began composing for the three Guises, sometimes singing haute-contre lines. Mlle de Guise protected him and advanced his career by soliciting commissions from people or establishments who were seeking her continued patronage. Indeed, for eighteen years her patronage fostered a number of major works, most of them devotional[5] and strongly influenced by Italian music.[6] For example, she was probably one of the "enraged virgins" and "heroines" who swooped down on Molière in late 1672 and forced him to give Charpentier the chance to write the music for Molière's the forthcoming theatrical spectacle, the Malade Imaginaire.
- https://www.quora.com/What-civilizations-throughout-history-had-the-highest-amount-of-inbreeding
- Philip I[a] (22 July 1478 – 25 September 1506), called the Handsome or the Fair, was the first member of the house of Habsburg to be King of Castile. The son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I by his first wife Mary, Philip was less than four years old when his mother died, and upon her death, he inherited the greater part of the Duchy of Burgundy and the Burgundian Netherlandsas Philip IV. In 1496, his father arranged for him to marry Joanna of Castile, second daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, rulers of Aragon and Castile respectively. Around the same time, Philip's sister Margaret was given in marriage to Joanna's brother John, as part of an agreement between their fathers. Within four years after the wedding, Joanna became heir presumptive to Aragon and Castile, following the deaths of her brother, elder sister and infant nephew during that period. In 1504, aged 27, Philip became king of Castile jure uxoris when his mother-in-law died and Joanna succeeded her. He died only two years later, leaving his wife distraught with grief. Philip was the first Habsburg monarch in Spain, and is the progenitor of every later monarch of Spain, even up to today. 
- Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain[note 1] (1556–98), King of Portugal (1580–98, as Philip I, Portuguese: Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554 to 1558).[1] He was also Duke of Milan, and from 1555, lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.
  • Philip II was the first Habsburgs whose native language was Spanish instead of French (or German before that).https://www.quora.com/What-languages-did-Philip-II-of-Spain-speak-1
- the austrian branch gave shape and definition to the political forces of catholic revival in central and eastern europe
-  Archduchess Margaretha of Austria German: Margaretha, Erzherzogin von Österreich-Toskana;(8 May 1894 – 21 January 1986) was a daughter of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria and Infanta Blanca of Spain. She was member of the Tuscan branch of the Imperial House of Habsburg, an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Tuscany by birth. After the fall of the Austro Hungary Empire, she lived in exile, first in Barcelona and from the 1930s until the end of her life in Italy. In 1937, she married an Italian diplomat, Marchese Francesco Maria Taliani de Marchio. The couple, who had married in their forties, did not have children. Archduchess Margaretha was born on 8 May 1894 at Lemberg, Galicia, (modern day Lviv, in western Ukraine), then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[1] She was the third among the ten children of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria and of his wife Infanta Blanca of Spain. She was christened Margarita Raineria Maria Antonia Blanka Leopoldine Beatrix Anna Josephina. Called Meg within her family, she received the name Margarethe in honor of her maternal grandmother, Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma, who had died a year earlier.
  •  At the fall of Habsburg monarchy, the republican government of Austria confiscated the properties of the Habsburgs. The family lost all their fortune.[7] Margaretha's two eldest brothers, Archdukes Rainer and Leopold, decided to remain in Austria and recognized the new republic. The rest of the family moved to Spain in January 1919. They lived in Barcelona, with simplicity for more than fifteen years. The unleash of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 forced Archduchess Margaretha, her mother and her unmarried siblings to leave Spain. Archduchess Margaretha married late in life. Her husband, Francesco Maria Taliani, Marchese di Marchio (22 October 1887 - 16 March 1968), was an Italian diplomat. The wedding took place on 27 November 1937 at Schloss Sonnberg, property of her brother Archduke Anton and his wife Princess Ileana of Romania. Archduchess Margaretha and her husband settled in Nanjing, then capital of China, where Taliani served as the Italian ambassador to China between 1938 and 1943.[2] It was a turbulent period. In December 1937, Japanese troops occupied Nanjing. In June 1940, Italy entered World War II siding with Germany and Japan. When, in September 1943, Italy surrendered to the Allied forces, Archduchess Margaretha and her husband were detained and interned in a Japanese concentration camp until the summer of 1945.[8] Early in 1946, Archduchess Margaretha and her husband returned to Italy. Margaretha's husband was very wealthy and avid art collector. They bought a house in Venice. In February 1951, they moved to Spain, where Margaretha's husband served as the Italian Ambassador to Francisco Franco's government until 1952, when Taliani was forced to retire.[2] The couple settled in Rome. After twenty years of marriage, Francesco Maria Taliani de Marchio died in 1968, age 80. In her widowhood Archduchess Margaretha lived between Rome and la Tenuata reale, a rural property near Viareggio that she shared with her sisters Dolores and Immaculata. Archduchess Margaretha outlived her two sisters. At her death in Rome on 21 June 1986, at age 92, she bequested la Tenuata reale to the commune of Viareggio to serve as public and cultural center. Her nephew, Archduke Dominik, inherited her fortune.
- Karl von Habsburg (Karl Thomas Robert Maria Franziskus Georg Bahnam; born 11 January 1961), also known as Karl of Austria and referred to by his ancestral titles as Archduke of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia,[4] is an Austrian politician, the current head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine which used to rule the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Empire of Austria, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and the Kingdom of Hungary as well as the Crown lands of Bohemia and Croatia by hereditary right until the end of World War I. Born in Starnberg, Germany, in 1961, he is the son of Archduke Otto von Habsburg, Crown Prince of Austria and Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen, and the grandson of the last Austrian emperor, Charles I. He served as a Member of the European Parliamentfor the Austrian People's Party 1996–1999. Like his father, he is known as an advocate for the Pan-European movement.At the time of his birth, his father was de facto stateless and possessed a Spanish diplomatic passport(he had grown up in Spain), while his mother was a German citizen. Like his father and siblings, he was banished from Austria for the first years of his life. However, the administrative court of Austria later ruled that applying to return to the country was legal, and his family was granted visa entrance in June 1966.

  • 五十九歲奧地利大公卡爾‧馮‧哈布斯堡（Archduke Karl von Habsburg）昨向國內傳媒稱自己染疫，現正家居隔離，相信是全球首名中招的皇室成員。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200318/00180_017.html

- 奧地利的哈布斯堡王朝顯赫一時，最終因近親通婚而衰落。歐洲學術期刊《人類生物學年鑑》（Annals of Human Biology）近日發表新的研究結果指，經過遺傳學家和外科醫生的詳細分析，其皇室成員下顎大多比上顎凸出的特徵，是因近親通婚導致的面部畸形疾病，首度表明兩者間存在明顯的積極關聯性。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191203/00180_028.html
- history
  • Most people seem to have forgotten the Habsburgs originate from Switzerland.The original castle Habsburg is still there. It is probably a Swiss/Alemannic word for Habichtsburg= Hawksburg. Not much was left of it in the 19th century but history buffs restored it to its former glory in the 19th century. https://www.quora.com/What-European-country-did-the-Habsburgs-originate-from  note also the maps!

The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century.The House of Welf is the older branch of the House of Este, a dynasty whose earliest known members lived in Lombardy in the late 9th/early 10th century, sometimes called Welf-Este. The first member was Welf I, Duke of Bavaria; he inherited the property of the Elder House of Welfwhen his maternal uncle Welf III, Duke of Carinthia and Verona, the last male Welf of the Elder House, died in 1055. Welf IV was the son of Welf III's sister Kunigunde of Altdorf and her husband Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan. In 1070, Welf IV became duke of Bavaria. Welf II, Duke of Bavaria married Countess Matilda of Tuscany, who died childless and left him her possessions, including Tuscany, Ferrara, Modena, Mantua, and Reggio, which played a role in the Investiture Controversy. Since the Welf dynasty sided with the Pope in this controversy, partisans of the Pope came to be known in Italy as Guelphs (Guelfi).
- 在意大利被称为圭尔夫家族（guelfo）
- Henry the Lion (German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129/1131[1] – 6 August 1195[1]) was a member of the Welf dynasty and Duke of Saxony, as Henry III, from 1142, and Duke of Bavaria, as Henry XII, from 1156, the duchies of which he held until 1180. He was one of the most powerful German princes of his time, until the rival Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating him and eventually deprived him of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony during the reign of his cousin Frederick I Barbarossa and of Frederick's son and successor Henry VI. At the height of his reign, Henry ruled over a vast territory stretching from the coast of the North and Baltic Seas to the Alps, and from Westphalia to Pomerania. Henry achieved this great power in part by his political and military acumen and in part through the legacies of his four grandparents.Born in Ravensburg, in 1129 or 1131,[1] he was the son of Henry the Proud,[1] Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, who was the son of Duke Henry the Black and an heir of the Billungs, former dukes of Saxony. Henry's mother was Gertrude,[1] only daughter of the Emperor Lothair III and his wife Richenza of Northeim, heiress of the Saxon territories of Northeim and the properties of the Brunones, counts of Brunswick.


The House of Este ([ˈɛste] Italian: Casa d'Este, originally House of Welf-Este) is a Europeanprincely dynasty.The elder branch of the House of Este included the dukes of Brunswick and Lüneburg (1208–1218) and produced Britain's Hanoverian monarchs and one Emperor of Russia (Ivan VI). The younger branch of the House of Este included rulers of Ferrara (1240–1597), and of Modena and Reggio (1288–1796).According to Edward Gibbon the family originated from the Roman Attii family, which migrated from Rome to Este[2] to defend Italy against the Ostrogoths. However, there is little evidence to support this hypothesis. The names of the early members of the family indicate that a Frankish origin is much more likely. The first known member of the house was Margrave Adalbert of Mainz, known only as the father of Oberto I, Count palatine of Italy, who died around 975. Oberto's grandson, Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan (996–1097) built a castle at Este, near Padua, and named himself after the location. 

The Most Serene House of Braganza (Portuguese: Sereníssima Casa de Bragança), or the Brigantine Dynasty (Dinastia Brigantina), also known in the Empire of Brazil as the Most August House of Braganza (Portuguese: Augustíssima Casa de Bragança), is a dynasty of emperors, kings, princes, and dukes of Portuguese origin, a branch of the House of Aviz. Founded by Afonso I, 1st Duke of Braganza, illegitimate son of King John I of Portugal, the Braganzas were one of the wealthiest and most powerful noble houses of the Iberian Peninsula of the Renaissance period. The house came to rule the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves following the successful deposition of the Philippine Dynasty by John IV of Portugal, in 1640. With the creation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, in 1815, and the subsequent independence of the Empire of Brazil, in 1822, the Braganzas came to rule as the monarchs of Brazil. The House of Braganza produced 15 Portuguese monarchs and 4 Brazilian monarchs, numerous consorts to various European kingdoms, such as Catherine of Braganza (wife of Charles II of England) and Maria Isabel of Braganza (wife of Ferdinand VII of Spain), as well as sometime candidates for the thrones of Poland and Greece, Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém and Pedro, Duke of Braganza, respectively, and numerous other notable figures in the histories of Europe and the Americas. The Braganzas were deposed from their thrones at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, when Emperor Pedro II was deposed in Brazil, in 1889, and when King Manuel II was deposed in Portugal, in 1910. Following the reign of King John VI of Portugal, the Braganzas were split into three main branches of the family: the Brazilian branch, headed by King John VI's eldest son, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, the Constitutional branch, headed by Emperor Pedro I's eldest daughter, Queen Maria II of Portugal, and the Miguelist branch, headed by King John VI's second eldest son, King Miguel I of Portugal. The Brazilian branch, following 1921, became the House of Orléans-Braganza, whose leadership is disputed by two branches of its own: the Vassouras branch, headed by Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza, and the Petrópolis branch, headed by Prince Pedro Carlos of Orléans-Braganza. The Constitutional branch died out with the death of King Manuel II in 1932, passing its claim to the Portuguese throne to the Miguelist Branch, by way of Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza. The claim to the Portuguese Crown, and thus to the leadership of the House of Braganza, passed to Duarte Nuno's son, Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, who is currently the most recognized pretender to the Portuguese throne.

The House of Vasa (Swedish: Vasaätten, Polish: Wazowie, Lithuanian: Vaza) was an early modern royal house founded in 1523 in Sweden, ruling Sweden 1523–1654, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1587–1668 and the Tsardom of Russia 1610–1613 (titular until 1634). Its agnatic line became extinct in Poland with the death of King John II Casimir of Poland in 1672. The House of Vasa descended from a Swedish 14th century noble family, tracing agnatic kinship to Nils Kettilsson (Vasa) (died 1378), fogde of the castle Three Crowns in Stockholm. Several members held high offices during the 15th century. In 1523, after the abolishment of the Kalmar Union, Gustav Eriksson (Vasa) became King Gustav I of Sweden and the royal house was founded. His reign is sometimes referred to as the beginning of the modern state of Sweden, along with the foundation of the Protestant Church of Sweden during the Protestant reformation as a result of the King's break with the Roman Catholic Church, usurping its property on Swedish soil. Yet, his son, King John III of Sweden, married a Catholic Polish Queen Catherine Jagiellon, eventually spreading the House of Vasa to Poland. The catholic King Sigismund III Vasa, then ruler of a short-lived Polish–Swedish union, was attacked by his brother in the war against Sigismundand was dethroned in 1599, replaced by the Protestant King Charles IX of Sweden. As a result, the dynasty was split into a Protestant Swedish branch and a Catholic Polish one, which would rival for royal titles in subsequent wars. The involvement of the famous Protestant General and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in the Thirty Years' War gave rise to the saying that he was the incarnation of "the Lion of the North" (German: "Der Löwe von Mitternacht"). Yet, notably, his daughter and heiress Queen Christina of Sweden (1632–1654) abdicated from the Swedish throne in 1654 after converting to Roman Catholicism and emigrating to Rome. In Poland,John II Casimir of Poland abdicated from the throne in 1668. With his death, the royal House of Vasa became extinct in 1672.

Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (German: Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha), or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, was an Ernestine duchy ruled by a branch of theHouse of Wettin, consisting of territories in the present-day states of Bavaria and Thuringia in Germany. It lasted from 1826 to 1918. The name Saxe-Coburg-Gotha also refers to the family of the ruling House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which played many varied roles in the dynastic and political history of Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the early part of the 20th century, before the First World War, it was the family of the sovereigns of the United Kingdom, Belgium, Portugal, Bulgaria, and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. In 1910, the Portuguese king was deposed, and the same thing occurred in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1918 and in Bulgaria in 1946. As of 2015, branches of the family still reign in Belgium, the United Kingdom, and the other Commonwealth realms. The former Tsar of Bulgaria, Simeon II(reigned 1943–46), kept his surname while serving as the Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 2001 to 2005.

The House of Giorgi (in the sources also De Giorgi, Georgio, Zorzi, or, during late Renaissance also Latinized as de Georgiis; later in Croatian also Žurgović, more recently Đurđević)[3] is a princely and ruling dynasty and one of the most prestigious noble families of the Republic of Ragusa that first began to gather prominence in Rome and the Republic of Venice. The family is listed in theAlmanach de Gotha and is currently one of the oldest European continuous noble lineage and aristocratic families. The House was founded in 1169 and its main branch still survives in Italy.

  • One of its member a notable alumni of mount kelly
波吉亞家族   The House of Borgia (/ˈbɔːr(d)ʒə/ BOR-zhə, BOR-jə,[2][3][4] Italian: [ˈbɔrdʒa]; Spanish and Aragonese: Borja [ˈboɾxa]; Valencian: Borja [ˈbɔɾdʒa]) was an Italo-Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during the Italian Renaissance. They were from Aragon, the surname being a toponymic from the town of Borja, then in the Crown of Aragon, in Spain. The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 15th and 16th centuries, producing two popes: Alfons de Borja, who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455–1458, and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492–1503.Especially during the reign of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, incest, simony, theft, bribery, and murder (especially murder by arsenic poisoning).[5] Because of their grasping for power, they made enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, and the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola, among others. They were also patrons of the arts who contributed to the Renaissance art.The Borja (spelled in Italian as Borgia) was a noble house with origin in the town of Borja (Zaragoza) in the then Crown of Aragon. There were numerous unsubstantiated claims that the family was of Jewish origin. These underground rumours were propagated by, among others, Giuliano della Rovere, and the family was frequently described as marranos by political opponents. The rumours have persisted in popular culture for centuries, listed in the Semi-Gotha of 1912.[8][9][10] The family themselves propagated a spurious genealogical descent from a 12th-century claimant to the crown of the Kingdom of Aragon, Pedro de Atarés, Lord of Borja, who actually died childless.
- notable people


The Duchy of Lorraine (French: Lorraine, IPA: [lɔʁɛn]; German: Lothringen), originally Upper Lorraine, was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France. Its capital was Nancy. It was founded in 959 following the division of Lotharingia into two separate duchies: Upper and Lower Lorraine, the westernmost parts of the Holy Roman Empire. The Lower duchy was quickly dismantled, while Upper Lorraine came to be known as simply the Duchy of Lorraine. The Duchy of Lorraine was coveted and briefly occupied by the Dukes of Burgundy and the Kings of France. In 1737, the Duchy was given to Stanisław Leszczyński, the former king of Poland, who had lost his throne as a result of the War of the Polish Succession, with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine was annexed by France and reorganized as a province.
Lorraine's predecessor, Lotharingia, was an independent Carolingian kingdom under the rule of King Lothair II (855–869). Its territory had originally been a part of Middle Francia, created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun, when the Carolingian empire was divided between the three sons of Louis the Pious. Middle Francia was allotted to Emperor Lothair I, therefore called Lotharii Regnum. On his death in 855, it was further divided into three parts, of which his son Lothair II took the northern one. His realm then comprised a larger territory stretching from the County of Burgundy in the south to the North Sea. In French, this area became known as Lorraine, while in German, it was eventually known as Lothringen. In the Alemannic language once spoken in Lorraine, the -ingen suffix signified a property;[citation needed] thus, in a figurative sense, "Lotharingen" can be translated as "Land belonging to Lothair". As Lothair II had died without heirs, his territory was divided by the 870 Treaty of Meerssen between East and West Francia and finally came under East Frankish rule as a whole by the 880 Treaty of Ribemont. After the East Frankish Carolingians became extinct with the death of Louis the Child in 911, Lotharingia once again attached itself to West Francia, but was conquered by the German king Henry the Fowler in 925. Stuck in the conflict with his rival Hugh the Great, in 942 King Louis IV of France renounced all claims to Lotharingia.
-  The Cross of Lorraine (French: Croix de Lorraine) was originally a heraldic cross. The two-barred cross consists of a vertical line crossed by two shorter horizontal bars. In most renditions, the horizontal bars are "graded" with the upper bar being the shorter, though variations with the bars of equal length are also seen. The Lorraine name has come to signify several cross variations, including the patriarchal cross with its bars near the top. The Cross of Lorraine came from the Kingdom of Hungary to the Duchy of Lorraine.[1] In Hungary, Béla III was the first monarch to use the two-barred cross as the symbol of royal power in the late 12th century.[2] He probably adopted it from the Byzantine Empire, according to historian Pál Engel. René II, Duke of Lorraine inherited the two-barred cross as a symbol from his ancestors from the House of Anjou.[1] His grandfather, René the Good, who used it as his personal sigil,[3] laid claim to four kingdoms, including Hungary.[1] The cross was still known as the "cross of Anjou" in the 16th century.[4] René II placed the symbol on his flag before the Battle of Nancy in January 1477.[5] In the battle, René defeated the army of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, who had occupied the Duchy of Lorraine, and regained his duchy.[6] All coins struck for René bore the symbol thereafter.
  • hkej 30nov17 shum article


mountbatten
- https://www.quora.com/Does-Prince-Philip-feel-closer-to-Denmark-or-Greece Philip’s father was Andrew, the fourth son of King George I of Greece. Andrew served as a major- and then lieutenant-general of the Greek Army during the Asia Minor Campaign against Kemal’s Turkish National Movement. He was fairly unpopular, took some dubious decisions and after the defeat he was court martialled for disobeying orders (not treason, as it’s often said). He was sentenced to permanent exile. Philip was 1–2 years old at the time and, naturally, followed his father abroad.
-Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, GCB, OM, GCSI,GCIE, GCVO, DSO, PC, FRS (born Prince Louis of Battenberg; 25 June 1900 – 27 August 1979) – known informally as Lord Mountbatten – was a British statesmanand naval officer, an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and second cousin once removed to Elizabeth II. During theSecond World War, he was Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia Command(1943–46). He was the last Viceroy of India (1947) and the first Governor-Generalof the independent Dominion of India(1947–48), from which the modernRepublic of India was to emerge in 1950. From 1954 until 1959 he was First Sea Lord, a position that had been held by his father, Prince Louis of Battenberg, some forty years earlier. Thereafter he served asChief of the Defence Staff until 1965, making him the longest serving professional head of the British Armed Forces to date. During this period Mountbatten also served as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee for a year. In 1979, Mountbatten, his grandson Nicholas, and two others were killed by theProvisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), which had placed a bomb in his fishing boat, the Shadow V, at Mullaghmore, County Sligo, in Ireland.

  • 新加坡慈善機構善糧社開設的第一間「善糧小舖」，上周六在蒙巴登區舊機場路開張，貨架的商品全由善心人士捐贈，有需要人士每月可憑卡免費「選購」十二件貨品，讓他們有選擇權接受社會援助，重獲生活尊嚴。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200210/00180_027.html

- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3794495/I-m-gay-says-Queen-s-cousin-m-not-100-comfortable-Royal-godfather-Prince-Edward-s-eldest-child-introduces-new-man-life-does-yoga-ex-wife.html

Ramnulfid dynasty
- The Ramnulfids, or the House of Poitiers, were a French dynasty ruling the County of Poitou andDuchy of Aquitaine in the 9th through 12th centuries. Their power base shifted fromToulouse to Poitou. In the early 10th century, they contested the dominance of northern Aquitaine and the ducal title to the whole with the House of Auvergne. In 1032, they inherited the Duchy of Gascony, thus uniting it with Aquitaine. By the end of the 11th century they were the dominant power in the southwestern third of France. The founder of the family was Ramnulf I, who became count in 835.
- Eleanor of Aquitaine (French: Aliénor, Éléonore,Latin: Alienora; 1122 or 1124 – 1 April 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe during the High Middle Agesand a member of the Ramnulfid dynasty of rulers in southwestern France. She inherited the Duchy of Aquitaine from her father, William X, in 1137, and later became queen consort of France(1137–1152) and of England (1154–1189). She was the patron of literary figures such as Wace,Benoît de Sainte-Maure, and Bernart de Ventadorn.

germans in royalty
- https://www.quora.com/Are-there-any-Byzantine-family-members-that-still-exist-now-Who-is-the-current-head-of-the-Byzantine-Empire-Where-are-current-Byzantine-family-members As Germany had upto 39 more or less royal houses from 1815 to 1866 there is German blood in every royal house of Europe and Brazil. But your answer smacks of propaganda and that is very wrong! The German royals -except some of Prussia - were often no fans of German nationalism as it endangered their small countries. Princes like the Saxe-Coburgs as Prince Albert of Britain and King Leopold I of Belgium were anything but German. Same goes for the Guelphs of Hanover and Brunswick and the Hesse-Darmstadt dynasty to which belonged Czarina Alexandra/Alix and her sister Grandduchess Elizabeth/Ella. Be so kind not to repeat stale propaganda!

 不敬罪 Lèse-majesté (/ˌlɛzˌmæʒɛsˈteɪ/[1] or /ˌliːz ˈmædʒɪsti/;[2]), a French term meaning "to do wrong to majesty", is an offence against the dignity of a reigning sovereign or against a state.
This behaviour was first classified as a criminal offence against the dignity of the Roman Republic of ancient Rome.[3] In the Dominate, or Late Empire period, the emperors eliminated the Republican trappings of their predecessors and began to identify the state with their person.[4] Although legally the princeps civitatis (his official title, meaning, roughly, 'first citizen') could never become a sovereign because the republic was never officially abolished, emperors were deified as divus, first posthumously but by the Dominate period while reigning. Deified emperors enjoyed the same legal protection that was accorded to the divinities of the state cult; by the time it was replaced by Christianity, what was in all but name a monarchical tradition had already become well-established. Narrower conceptions of offences against Majesty as offences against the crown predominated in the European kingdoms that emerged in the early medieval period. In feudal Europe, some crimes were classified as lèse-majesté even if they were not intentionally directed against the crown. An example is counterfeiting, so classified because coins bore the monarch's effigy and/or coat of arms.With the disappearance of absolute monarchy in Europe (with exception of Vatican City), lèse-majesté came to be viewed as less of a crime. However, certain malicious acts that would have once been classified as the crime of lèse-majesté could still be prosecuted as treason. Future republics that emerged as great powers generally still classified as a crime any offence against the highest representatives of the state. These laws are still applied as well in monarchies outside of Europe, such as modern Thailand and Cambodia.

royalty members endorsing/promoting commercial products
- The Queen's grandson is using his royal connections to sell milk on Chinese TV.
In a fresh twist to the row over Harry and Meghan seeking 'financial independence', Peter Phillips appears in two adverts for a state-owned dairy firm. The 42-year-old son of Princess Anne is seen holding a glass of milk in front of a stately home, with the caption: 'British Royal Family member Peter Phillips.' https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7909309/As-Harry-flies-Canada-earn-millions-Peter-Phillips-advertising-milk-TV.html

resources
- http://www.theroyalforums.com/
- monarchy abolition in europe https://www.facebook.com/SimonIRBasilica/photos/a.202036720170686.1073741828.193368377704187/476767546030934
- monarchy abolition in asia https://www.facebook.com/SimonIRBasilica/photos/a.202036720170686.1073741828.193368377704187/476767669364255


trivial
- https://www.quora.com/What-was-historys-longest-dynasty
- https://www.quora.com/Which-dynasty-has-had-the-greatest-number-of-monarchs-in-the-world
- https://www.quora.com/Which-is-the-oldest-European-state-that-still-exists
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-most-European-monarchies-cease-to-exist-after-WW1-but-the-British-monarchy-remains
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