- ********https://www.quora.com/Why-didn%E2%80%99t-ancient-and-powerful-civilizations-such-as-the-Maya-Aztecs-and-Incas-exist-in-what-is-now-the-United-States In Mexico they teach us this map created by Mexican historian Paul Kirchhof in the 1940s, where “arid” refers not only to the weather but also to the technological and developmental level of the people. They usually explain to us that in Arid-america the weather was rough, it was harder to cultivate (without modern machinery), and it had less bodies of freshwater, making access to fresh water difficult.
All of these factors combined so humans in these areas continued doing primarily hunting-gathering activities, rather than large civilizations (which require a large agricultural supply to survive). They traded with the larger civilizations, but did not necessarily make large cities as it would have been unsustainable. However, take a look at the anomaly at the top left. What we call Oasisamérica(most of it now in the US) did have advanced civilization - perhaps not of the level of the Aztecs and Mayans, but pretty close. This ruin is from the Anasazi people, who were native to modern day Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. It’s pretty impressive. If it looks like the type of architecture you find in Arizona, that’s not a coincidence.
Association
- Pan-American Union, Organization formed in 1890 to promote cooperation among the countries of Latin America and the U.S. It was established (as the International Union of American Republics) at the first Pan-American conference, which was called by U.S. secretary of state James Blaine in order to reach agreements on various common commercial and juridical problems among the countries of the Americas. In 1948 it was reconstituted as the Organization of American States.
- The Conferences of American States, commonly referred to as the Pan-American Conferences, were meetings of the Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade. James G. Blaine, a United States politician, Secretary of State and presidential contender, first proposed establishment of closer ties between the United States and its southern neighbors and proposed international conference.[1] Blaine hoped that ties between the United States and its southern counterparts would open Latin American markets to US trade.
- 1928 Havana conference - codification of law of treaties was tackled on a regional level in the draft submitted at the conference
- Convention on Private International Law (February 20, 1928)
- Convention regarding the Status of Aliens in the respective Territories of the Contracting Parties (February 20, 1928)
- Convention concerning the Duties and Rights of States in the event of Civil Strife (February 20, 1928)
- Convention on Maritime Neutrality (February 20, 1928)
- Convention regarding Diplomatic Officers (February 20, 1928)
- Established the Inter-American Commission of Women
- The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States is a treaty signed at Montevideo, Uruguay, on December 26, 1933, during the Seventh International Conference of American States. The Convention codifies the declarative theory of statehood as accepted as part of customary international law. At the conference, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull declared the Good Neighbor Policy, which opposed U.S. armed intervention in inter-American affairs. The convention was signed by 19 states. The acceptance of three of the signatories was subject to minor reservations. Those states were Brazil, Peru and the United States. The convention became operative on December 26, 1934. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on January 8, 1936.
- hkej 14dec17 shum article
- The Summits of the Americas (SOA) is a series of international summit meetings bringing together the leaders of countries in the OAS. All countries have sent representatives to all meetings except for Cuba, who was expelled from the OAS under US pressure after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Cuba participated in the 7th Summit held in Panama in 2015 and sent its foreign minister to the subsequent 2018 summit. In the early 1990s, what were formerly ad hoc summits came to be institutionalized into a regular "Summit of the Americas" based on the principles of democracy and free trade. The meetings, organized by a number of multilateral bodies led by the Organization of American States, provide an opportunity for discussions about a variety of issues and topics.
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/summit-americas-begins-regional-tumult-180410122908232.html The eighth Summit of the Americas, a conference that draws together the leaders of North, Central and South America, begins in Lima, Peru, on Friday amid continued political instability throughout the region.Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro was not invited to the summit but has said he will attend.
- The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (Spanish: Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños, CELAC; Portuguese: Comunidade de Estados Latino-Americanos e Caribenhos; French: Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens; Dutch: Gemeenschap van Latijns-Amerikaanse en Caraïbische Staten) is a regional bloc of Latin American and Caribbean states thought out on February 23, 2010, at the Rio Group–Caribbean Community Unity Summit,[5][6][7] and created on December 3, 2011, in Caracas, Venezuela, with the signature of The Declaration of Caracas.[8] It consists of 33 sovereign countries in the Americas representing roughly 600 million people. Due to the focus of the organization on Latin American and Caribbean countries, other countries and territories in the Americas, Canada and the United States, as well as the overseas territories in the Americas of France (Overseas departments and territories of France), the Netherlands (Dutch Caribbean), Denmark (Greenland) and the United Kingdom (British Overseas Territories) are not included. CELAC is an example of a decade-long push for deeper integration within Latin America.[10] CELAC was created to deepen Latin American integration and by some to reduce the significant influence of the United States on the politics and economics of Latin America. It is seen as an alternative to the Organization of American States (OAS), the regional body that was founded by United States and 21 other Latin American nations originally as a countermeasure to potential Soviet influence in the region. CELAC is the successor of the Rio Group and the Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development (CALC).
people
- The Fanjul brothers — Cuban born Alfonso "Alfy" Fanjul, José "Pepe" Fanjul, Alexander Fanjul, and Andres Fanjul — are owners of Fanjul Corp., a vast sugar and real estate conglomerate in the United States and the Dominican Republic. It comprises the subsidiaries Domino Sugar, Florida Crystals, C&H Sugar, Redpath Sugar, Tate & Lyle European Sugar, La Romana International Airport, and resorts surrounding La Romana, Dominican Republic.
- The Fanjul brothers were born in Cuba and are descendants of Lebanese immigrants. Alfonso Fanjul married the daughter of Spaniard Andres Gomez-Mena who immigrated to Cuba in the 19th century and built up an empire of sugar mills and property by the time he died in 1910. The couple's holdings were then combined to create a large business of cane sugar mills, refineries, distilleries, and significant amounts of real estate. Due to Fidel Castro's 1959 Marxist Cuban Revolution, the family moved to Florida along with other wealthy, dispossessed Cuban families. In 1960, Alfonso Sr., the father of the current CEO of Fanjul Corp. Alfonso Jr., bought 4,000 acres (16 km2) of property near Lake Okeechobee along with some sugar mills from Louisiana and started over in the US. Alfonso Sr. and his son Alfy Fanjul got the firm off its feet and Pepe, Alexander and Andres joined in the late 1960s and 1970s. Pepe Fanjul Jr. joined the sugar firm in 2002. As of 2008, the company owned 155,000 acres (63,000 ha) in Palm Beach County. In October 1984, Alfonso Fanjul and J. Pepe Fanjul along with Gulf and Western Industries announced they had reached a deal for Gulf and Western to sell its sugar businesses in Florida and the Dominican Republic, along with associated operations, to the Fanjul companies, for an undisclosed amount. In the Dominican Republic, the transaction included 240,000 acres of land, a sugar mill, two hotels in the capital of Santo Domingo and a resort area in the eastern region of La Romana. Assets included in the Florida purchase were 90,000 acres of land in Palm Beach County, a sugar mill and a sugar refinery. In 2001, the family expanded into the charter school business. They established a religious elementary school, Glades Academy, which accepts taxpayer-funding for 200 students. They also established a high school Everglades Preparatory Academy, which serves 600 taxpayer-funded students. The Fanjul family focus their philanthropic activities on the rural communities of western Palm Beach County, including the creation of one single family strengthening center offering limited day care, after-school care and food assistance programs. In 2013, New Hope Charities celebrated 25 years of service to the communities and honored J. Pepe Fanjul, its longtime chairman. With the region’s desire for expanded economic development in the agricultural area, the Fanjul brothers partnered with the Business Development Board to assist full-time with the recruitment of economic opportunities.The Fanjuls began vertically integrating their sugar holdings in 1991 with the creation of the company’s own sugar marketing arm. Previously, their Florida sugar was marketed by Savannah Foods & Industries of Georgia. In a turn of diversification, in 1994, Flo-Sun broke ground on a joint venture with U.S Generating Co. to construct a cogeneration power plant adjacent to the company’s Okeelanta sugar mill in western Palm Beach County. The Fanjul brothers were large shareholders and directors of Southeast Bank before its takeover and liquidation by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1991. In addition, they are the majority shareholders and directors of FAIC Securities, which was investigated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission for regulatory violations.
- Alphonse Pinart (1852–1911) was a French explorer, philologist, and ethnographer. He was an early champion of the theory that the Americas were first populated by migration across the Bering Strait. To support his research, he made extensive travel in the Pacific, from Alaska and the Aleutian Islands[1][2] to Easter Island.
A Jesuit reduction was a type of settlement for indigenous people in North and South America established by the Jesuit Order from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The Spanish and Portuguese Empires[citation needed]adopted a strategy of gathering native populations into communities called "Indian reductions" (Spanish: reducciones de indios) and Portuguese: "redução" (plural "reduções""). The objectives of the reductions were to organize and exploit the labor of the native indigenous inhabitants (archaic term "Indians") while also imparting Christianity and European culture.[citation needed] Secular as well as religious authorities created reductions. The Jesuit reductions, also called missions, were most extensive and successful in an area straddling the borders of present-day Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina (the triple frontera) amongst the Guarani peoples. These missions are often called collectively the Rio de la Platamissions or the Paraguay reductions. The Jesuits attempted to create a theocratic "state within a state" in which the native peoples in the reductions, guided by the Jesuits, would remain autonomous and isolated from Spanish colonists and Spanish rule.[1] A major factor attracting the natives to the reductions was the protection they afforded from enslavement and the forced labor of encomiendas. Under the leadership of both the Jesuits and native caciques, the reductions achieved a high degree of autonomy within the Spanish colonial empire. With the use of native labour, the reductions became economically successful. When the incursions of Brazilian Bandeiranteslave-traders threatened the existence of the reductions, "Indian" militia were set up which fought effectively against the Portuguese colonists.[1] In 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from the Guaraní missions and the Americas by order of the Spanish king, Charles III, and the era of Jesuit reductions ended. The reasons for the expulsion related more to politics in Europe than the activities of the Jesuit missions. The Jesuit reductions have been lavishly praised as a "socialist utopia"[5] and a "Christian communistic republic" as well as criticized for their "rigid, severe and meticulous regimentation" of the lives of the Indian people they ruled with a firm hand through Guaraní intermediaries.
before "discovery" by europeans- https://www.quora.com/When-Columbus-discovered-the-Americas-was-the-continent-already-inhabited-by-90-million-people-which-was-a-third-of-the-worlds-population
food and drinks
- In South and Central America, chicha is a fermented (alcoholic) or non-fermented beverage usually derived from grains, maize, or fruit. Chicha includes corn beer, known as chicha de jora, and non-alcoholic beverages such as chicha morada. Archaeobotanists have found evidence for chicha made from maize, the fruit of Schinus molle and Prosopis pods.[3] Chichas can also be made from quinoa, kañiwa, peanut, manioc root (also called yuca or cassava), palm fruit, potato, Oxalis tuberosa, chañaror various other fruits. While chicha is most commonly associated with maize, the word is used in the Andes for almost any homemade fermented drink, and many unfermented drinks. Many different maize landraces, grains or fruits have been and can be used to make chicha in different regions. The way in which chicha is made and defined is likely to change depending on the region.
precious metals
- ******https://www.quora.com/If-native-Americans-such-as-the-Mississipian-era-culture-had-no-knowledge-of-mining-or-smelting-how-did-they-have-such-large-amounts-of-gold-silver-electrum-and-copper First, while Native Americans didn’t do smelting in what’s now the US, they did have some knowledge of mining. They were able to extract native copper and gold (which usually appears in a native state) where they could be found. Native copper deposits in Michigan were particularly important, and copper from there was traded great distances. And natives in Peru and Mexico did figure out smelting and were able to produce some fairly complicated alloys. On the other hand, they didn’t have large quantities of those materials. They made relatively modest use of metals, almost entirely for decorative purposes. And in what’s now the US, they had no silver at all. Unlike gold and copper, silver is almost never found in a native state. They only started using silver when it was introduced by the Spanish.
music
- omás de Torrejón y Velasco Sánchez (23 December 1644 – 23 April 1728) was a Spanish composer, musician and organist based in Peru, associated with the American Baroque. La púrpura de la rosa (The Blood of the Rose) is an opera in one act, composed by Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco to a Spanish libretto by Pedro Calderón de la Barca, the last great writer of the Spanish Golden Age. It is the first known opera to be composed and performed in the Americas[2] and is Torrejón y Velasco's only surviving opera.
- Juan de Araujo (1646–1712) was a musician and composer of the Early to Mid Baroque. Araujo was born in Villafranca, Spain. By 1670 he was nominated maestro di capella of Lima Cathedral, Peru. In the following years he travelled to Panama and most probably to Guatemala. On his return to Peru, he was hired as maestro de capilla of Cuzco Cathedral, and in 1680 of Sucre Cathedral (then the Cathedral of La Plata) in Upper Peru (now in Bolivia), where he stayed until his death, and where he trained up to four notable música criolla composers including Blas Tardío de Guzmán.
christianity
- The G12 Vision is a Christian evangelism and discipleship strategy established by Pastor César Castellanos, the founder of International Charismatic Mission Church. G12 has been adopted worldwide by different churches. However, it has been met with criticism because of its financial and/or hierarchical pyramid scheme, teachings of prosperity gospel, causing church split, and spiritual abuse. The G12 Vision was formulated in 1991 by Pastor César Castellanos, after attending the Yoido Full Gospel Church in 1983. Seeing that their cell group model fosters church growth, he revamped David Yonggi Cho's South Korean church growth strategy. It grew into another church growth enterprise that churches around the world came to study in their own attempts to foster growth, including mainline Pentecostal denominations like the Assemblies of God and the Church of God (Cleveland).[4] Over the past several years, the application of the G12 model as zealously advanced by Castellanos' organization has become a source of division, contention and even spiritual abuse. The G12 model has been prominently adopted by different churches in Canada, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea and the United States.
creoles
- [manuscript hunter] sons of spaniards born in america - for those who came directly from spain. When the hispanic-american states declared their independence, a conflict immediately flared up based on resentment on the part of creole population. The creoles were barred - as is still the case today in cuba - from administrative or government positions and were naturally envious of those born in spain, who had exclusive hold on these offices. Following independence, the pure blood creoles, or those who considered themselves such, formed a sort of aristocracy and attempted to take over the government. In turn, the mestizos, who were born from the association of conquering races with indians and blacks, and had been instrumental in helping the more privileged classes overthrow the spanish, became envious. Consequently, they worked to supplant the creoles. More recently, the indians in certain provinces have been exposed to thus intellectual movement and are joining the struggle, which they hope will lead to complete freedom for their race
Indigenous people
- There has been 500 years of contact with the rest of the world. I have known Natives of remote areas of New Mexico who look just like pictures of Natives I have seen from Peru.
- "Indian giver" is an American expression, used to describe a person who gives a "gift" and later wants it back, or who expects something of equivalent worth in return for the item. [1] It is based on cultural misunderstandings that took place between early European explorers (like Lewis and Clark)[2] and the Indigenous people with whom they traded. Often the Europeans would view an exchange of items as gifting, believing they owed nothing in return to the Natives who were generous with them, while the Indigenous people saw the exchange as a form of trade or equal exchange, so had differing expectations of their guests. The phrase is still in colloquial use to describe a negative act or shady business dealings.The phrase originated, according to researcher David Wilton, in a cultural misunderstanding that arose when Europeans first encountered Native Americans on arriving in North America in the 15th century. Europeans thought they were receiving gifts from Native Americans, while the Native Americans believed they were engaged in what was known to Europeans as bartering; this resulted in the Native Americans finding European behaviour ungenerous and insulting.The phrase was first noted in 1765 by Thomas Hutchinson, who characterized an Indian gift as "a present for which an equivalent return is expected,"[4][5] which suggests that the phrase originally referred to a simple exchange of gifts. In 1860, however, in John Russell Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms, Bartlett said the phrase was being used by children in New York to mean "one who gives a present and then takes it back."[6] Luke Campbell demonstrates this by using the Christmas present he had given, for himself the day before it was booked for the recipient.
- Pueblo Indians, North American Indian peoples known for living in compact permanent settlements known as pueblos. Representative of the Southwest Indian culture area, most live in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. Pueblo peoples are thought to be the descendants of the prehistoric Ancestral Pueblo(Anasazi) culture. Just as there was considerable regional diversity among the Ancestral Puebloans, there is similar diversity, both cultural and linguistic, among the contemporary Pueblo peoples. Contemporary Puebloans are customarily described as belonging to either the eastern or the western division. The eastern Pueblo villages are in New Mexico along the Rio Grande and comprise groups who speak Tanoan and Keresan languages. Tanoan languages such as Tewa are distantly related to Uto-Aztecan, but Keresan has no known affinities. The western Pueblo villages include the Hopi villages of northern Arizona and the Zuni, Acoma, and Laguna villages, all in western New Mexico. Of the western Pueblo peoples, Acoma and Laguna speak Keresan; the Zuni speak Zuni, a language of Penutian affiliation; and the Hopi, with one exception, speak Hopi, a Uto-Aztecan language. The exception is the village of Hano, composed of Tewa refugees from the Rio Grande.
From my experience, the less contact a group has had with the outside world, the more they look alike. There is especially a “Dora the Explorer” shape to the head and jaw that I find attractive in adult women (not children like Dora). I have seen that characteristic in groups from the Huicholes in Mexico to the Odawa in Canada. I have seen it in pictures from South America. https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Native-Americans-look-different-when-allegedly-all-of-them-came-together-Natives-in-South-America-and-North-America-all-have-different-features-as-though-they-werent-related-at-all
- https://www.quora.com/Why-didnt-the-various-Native-American-tribes-unite-in-their-fight-against-European-encroachment-and-invasion-Was-there-ever-a-unity-of-consciousness-among-them
- literature- The Song of Hiawatha is an 1855 epic poem in trochaic tetrameter by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow which features American Indian characters. The epic relates the fictional adventures of an Ojibwe warrior named Hiawatha and the tragedy of his love for Minnehaha, a Dakota woman. Events in the story are set in the Pictured Rocks area on the south shore of Lake Superior. Longfellow's poem is based on oral traditions surrounding the figure of Manabozho, but it also contains his own innovations. Longfellow drew some of his material from his friendship with Ojibwe Chief Kahge-ga-gah-bowh, who would visit at Longfellow's home. He also had frequent encounters with Black Hawk and other Sauk people on Boston Common, and he drew from Algic Researches (1839) and other writings by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, an ethnographer and United States Indian agent, and from Heckewelder's Narratives.
- loan words to english
- https://www.quora.com/Are-there-common-words-in-American-English-that-come-from-indigenous-languages-words-that-are-not-100-related-to-indigenous-cultures
- **** https://www.quora.com/Were-any-indigenous-languages-of-the-New-World-Americas-in-written-form-also sample of Maya script was written in blocks sort of like Korean
- "Indian giver" is an American expression, used to describe a person who gives a "gift" and later wants it back, or who expects something of equivalent worth in return for the item. [1] It is based on cultural misunderstandings that took place between early European explorers (like Lewis and Clark)[2] and the Indigenous people with whom they traded. Often the Europeans would view an exchange of items as gifting, believing they owed nothing in return to the Natives who were generous with them, while the Indigenous people saw the exchange as a form of trade or equal exchange, so had differing expectations of their guests. The phrase is still in colloquial use to describe a negative act or shady business dealings.The phrase originated, according to researcher David Wilton, in a cultural misunderstanding that arose when Europeans first encountered Native Americans on arriving in North America in the 15th century. Europeans thought they were receiving gifts from Native Americans, while the Native Americans believed they were engaged in what was known to Europeans as bartering; this resulted in the Native Americans finding European behaviour ungenerous and insulting.The phrase was first noted in 1765 by Thomas Hutchinson, who characterized an Indian gift as "a present for which an equivalent return is expected,"[4][5] which suggests that the phrase originally referred to a simple exchange of gifts. In 1860, however, in John Russell Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms, Bartlett said the phrase was being used by children in New York to mean "one who gives a present and then takes it back."[6] Luke Campbell demonstrates this by using the Christmas present he had given, for himself the day before it was booked for the recipient.
- Pueblo Indians, North American Indian peoples known for living in compact permanent settlements known as pueblos. Representative of the Southwest Indian culture area, most live in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. Pueblo peoples are thought to be the descendants of the prehistoric Ancestral Pueblo(Anasazi) culture. Just as there was considerable regional diversity among the Ancestral Puebloans, there is similar diversity, both cultural and linguistic, among the contemporary Pueblo peoples. Contemporary Puebloans are customarily described as belonging to either the eastern or the western division. The eastern Pueblo villages are in New Mexico along the Rio Grande and comprise groups who speak Tanoan and Keresan languages. Tanoan languages such as Tewa are distantly related to Uto-Aztecan, but Keresan has no known affinities. The western Pueblo villages include the Hopi villages of northern Arizona and the Zuni, Acoma, and Laguna villages, all in western New Mexico. Of the western Pueblo peoples, Acoma and Laguna speak Keresan; the Zuni speak Zuni, a language of Penutian affiliation; and the Hopi, with one exception, speak Hopi, a Uto-Aztecan language. The exception is the village of Hano, composed of Tewa refugees from the Rio Grande.
- https://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-civilization-that-picked-up-and-move-to-a-new-place
- uk
history
- The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history of the Americasbefore the appearance of significant European influences on the American continent, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period. While the phrase "pre-Columbian era" literally refers only to the time preceding Christopher Columbus's voyages of 1492, in practice the phrase is usually used to denote the entire history of indigenous American cultures until those cultures were extinguished, diminished, or extensively altered by Europeans, even if this happened long after Columbus. The alternative terms precontact, precolonial, or prehistoric Americas are also used; in Latin America, the usual term is pre-Hispanic. Many pre-Columbian civilizations were marked by permanent settlements, cities, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, major earthworks, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first permanent European colonies and the arrival of enslaved Africans (c. late 16th–early 17th centuries), and are known only through archaeological investigations and oral history. Other civilizations were contemporary with the colonial period and were described in European historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Maya civilization, had their own written records. Because many Christian Europeans of the time viewed such texts as pagan, men like Diego de Landa burned them, even while seeking to preserve native histories. Only a few hidden documents have survived in their original languages, while others were transcribed or dictated into Spanish, giving modern historians glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.
- New Spain (Spanish: Nueva España) was a colonial territory of the Spanish Empire in the New World north of the Isthmus of Panama. It was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521, and following additional conquests, it was made a viceroyalty (Spanish: virreinato) in 1535. The first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas, it comprised Mexico, Central America, much of the Southwestern and Central United States, andSpanish Florida as well as the Philippines, Guam, Mariana and Caroline Islands. After 1535 the colony was governed by the Viceroy of New Spain, an appointed minister of the King of Spain, who ruled as monarch over the colony from its capital, Mexico City.[1][2] New Spain lost parts of its territory to other European powers and independence, but the core area remained under Spanish control until 1821, when it achieved independence as the Mexican Empire – when the latter dissolved, it became modern Mexico and Central America. New Spain developed highly regional divisions, reflecting the impact of climate, topography, the presence or absence of dense indigenous populations, and the presence or absence of mineral resources. The areas of central and southern Mexico had dense indigenous populations with complex social, political, and economic organization. The northern area of Mexico, a region of nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous populations, was not generally conducive to dense settlements, but the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the 1540s drew settlement there to exploit the mines. Silver mining not only became the engine of the economy of New Spain, but vastly enriched Spain and transformed the global economy. New Spain was the New World terminus of the Philippine trade, making the viceroyalty a vital link between Spain's New World empire and its Asian empire.
old world
- The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.[1]Invasive species, including communicable diseases, were a byproduct of the Exchange. The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations. The most significant immediate impact of the Columbian exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents. The new contact between the global population circulated a wide variety of crops and livestock, which supported increases in population in both hemispheres, although diseases initially caused precipitous declines in the numbers of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Traders returned to Europe with maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which became very important crops in Europe by the 18th century.
europe
- comparison
uk
- jesuits
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-so-many-German-officers-flee-to-Argentina-after-World-War-2 During the course of the 19th and early 20th century, many Germans emigrated into the new world in search of a better life. For example, in the US German-Americans still constitute the largest single ethnic group with more or less 46 million people.And South America isn't particularly different in that regard. Both Brazil and Argentina had both sizable German communities, and they still identified themselves strongly with their German ancestry. Considering that Argentina was moreover a military dictatorship under Peron with close ideological ties to Italian Fascism, Argentina seemed like the most obvious choice.
africa
- african american music
- Sansei (三世, "third generation") is a Japanese and North American English term[1] used in parts of the world such as South America and North America to specify the children of children born to ethnic Japanese in a new country of residence. The nisei are considered the second generation; grandchildren of the Japanese-born immigrants are called Sansei; and the fourth generation yonsei.[2] The children of at least one nisei parent are called Sansei. Sansei are usually the first generation of whom a high percentage are mixed race, since their parents were usually born and raised in America themselves.Although the earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897,[5] the four largest populations of Japanese and descendants of Japanese immigrants live in Brazil, the United States, Canada and Peru.彼らの子供達は「四世」、孫達は「五世」と称される。
china
- singtao 4feb2020 康子article zheng ho discovered america before columbus did, records showed that during ming dynasty, there were large number of people emigrating overseas from fujian and guangdong province
taiwan
- 台軍的三艘軍艦近日到訪中美洲和加勒比地區，藉此加強與邦交國的關係。三艦周一停泊在中美洲邦交國尼加拉瓜，停留的三日期間將與尼國軍方進行聯合訓練。之後台艦將駛往馬紹爾群島、薩爾瓦多、洪都拉斯、危地馬拉和多明尼加。
http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180411/00178_008.html
event
- The Pan-American Exposition was a World's Fairheld in Buffalo, New York, United States, from May 1 through November 2, 1901. The fair occupied 350 acres (0.55 sq mi) of land on the western edge of what is now Delaware Park, extending from Delaware Avenue to Elmwood Avenue and northward to Great Arrow Avenue. It is remembered today primarily for being the location of the assassination of President William McKinley.The event was organized by the Pan-American Exposition Company, formed in 1897. Cayuga Island was initially chosen as the place to hold the Exposition because of the island's proximity to Niagara Falls, which was a huge tourist attraction. When the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898, plans were put on hold. After the war, there was a heated competition between Buffalo and Niagara Falls over the location. Buffalo won for two main reasons. First, Buffalo had a much larger population—with roughly 350,000 people, it was the eighth-largest city in the United States. Second, Buffalo had better railroad connections—the city was within a day's journey by rail for over 40 million people. In July 1898, Congress pledged $500,000 for the Exposition to be held at Buffalo. The "Pan American" theme was carried throughout the event with the slogan "commercial well being and good understanding among the American Republics."
Website of different ethnic americans
- http://www.asamnews.com/
- uk
- [1776 chron] london chronicle mentioned a very shrewed american indian (probably joseph brant)
history
- The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history of the Americasbefore the appearance of significant European influences on the American continent, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period. While the phrase "pre-Columbian era" literally refers only to the time preceding Christopher Columbus's voyages of 1492, in practice the phrase is usually used to denote the entire history of indigenous American cultures until those cultures were extinguished, diminished, or extensively altered by Europeans, even if this happened long after Columbus. The alternative terms precontact, precolonial, or prehistoric Americas are also used; in Latin America, the usual term is pre-Hispanic. Many pre-Columbian civilizations were marked by permanent settlements, cities, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, major earthworks, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first permanent European colonies and the arrival of enslaved Africans (c. late 16th–early 17th centuries), and are known only through archaeological investigations and oral history. Other civilizations were contemporary with the colonial period and were described in European historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Maya civilization, had their own written records. Because many Christian Europeans of the time viewed such texts as pagan, men like Diego de Landa burned them, even while seeking to preserve native histories. Only a few hidden documents have survived in their original languages, while others were transcribed or dictated into Spanish, giving modern historians glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2019-07/03/content_37487299.htm Chaco Culture National Historical Park, known locally as Chaco Canyon, preserves a significant find of pre-Columbian culture that is still being studied by archaeologists who are trying to solve the mysteries of its purpose and the reason for its inhospitable desert location.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-didn-t-Pre-Columbian-North-America-have-great-civilizations-like-their-Mesoamerican-and-Andean-counterparts North America—or rather, the parts of North America north of the Rio Grande, what with North America usually including Mexico—did see short-lived civilization with one or two sites like Cahokia, but no widespread or enduring civilizations. Why that didn’t happen isn’t clear, but that’s at least partly because we don’t really understand why civilizations do arise in the first place.We can identify some preconditions, though. One is well-developed agriculture, producing sufficient surpluses to support significant populations of non-farmers. The territory encompassing the US and Canada was a relative latecomer to agriculture. We didn’t have maize until about 4000 years ago, whereas the various cradles of civilization had already been through several thousand years of Neolithic technology. Another is that it appears that certain conditions favor the development of civilization, notably river valleys passing through deserts. The concentration of valuable land surrounded by inhospitable wastes tends to lead to dense populations which can’t spread out to reduce conflicts, which in turn sometimes but not inevitably leads to the rise of complex society (and in at least one case, notably southern Mexico, civilization arose in a different kind of environment; interestingly, Cahokia also arose outside of a river valley in a desert). Most of North America is rather more hospitable terrain than that, but the American Southwest, along the Colorado and other rivers, fits that description. And, indeed, we do see relatively complex pueblo societies there, though not full-blown civilization.
- https://www.quora.com/Columbus-didnt-discover-the-new-world-until-1492-Did-Europeans-have-the-shipbuilding-proficiency-to-make-the-trip-much-sooner-If-so-what-year-could-a-European-vessel-have-theoretically-made-a-trip-from-Spain-to-the Europeans had the shipbuilding proficiency to make a Spain to Bahamas trip earlier than 1492. The trip probably started on 22 March 530AD, by the great Irish Catholic priest and Abbot, Saint Brendan the Navigator
- New Spain (Spanish: Nueva España) was a colonial territory of the Spanish Empire in the New World north of the Isthmus of Panama. It was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521, and following additional conquests, it was made a viceroyalty (Spanish: virreinato) in 1535. The first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas, it comprised Mexico, Central America, much of the Southwestern and Central United States, andSpanish Florida as well as the Philippines, Guam, Mariana and Caroline Islands. After 1535 the colony was governed by the Viceroy of New Spain, an appointed minister of the King of Spain, who ruled as monarch over the colony from its capital, Mexico City.[1][2] New Spain lost parts of its territory to other European powers and independence, but the core area remained under Spanish control until 1821, when it achieved independence as the Mexican Empire – when the latter dissolved, it became modern Mexico and Central America. New Spain developed highly regional divisions, reflecting the impact of climate, topography, the presence or absence of dense indigenous populations, and the presence or absence of mineral resources. The areas of central and southern Mexico had dense indigenous populations with complex social, political, and economic organization. The northern area of Mexico, a region of nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous populations, was not generally conducive to dense settlements, but the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the 1540s drew settlement there to exploit the mines. Silver mining not only became the engine of the economy of New Spain, but vastly enriched Spain and transformed the global economy. New Spain was the New World terminus of the Philippine trade, making the viceroyalty a vital link between Spain's New World empire and its Asian empire.
- The Kingdom of New Spain was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521 as a New World kingdom dependent on the Spanish Crown, since the initial funds for exploration came from Queen Isabella. Although New Spain was a dependency of Spain, it was a kingdom not a colony, subject to the presiding monarch on the Iberian Peninsula.[5][6] The monarch had sweeping power in the overseas territories,
- Junípero Serra y Ferrer, O.F.M., (/huːˈnɪpɛroʊ ˈsɛrə/; Spanish: [xuˈnipeɾo ˈsera], Catalan: Juníper Serra i Ferrer) (November 24, 1713 – August 28, 1784) was a Roman Catholic Spanish priest and friar of the Franciscan Order who founded a mission in Baja California and the first nine of 21 Spanish missions in California from San Diego to San Francisco, in what was then Alta California in the Province of Las Californias, New Spain. Serra was beatified by Pope John Paul II on September 25, 1988, in Vatican City. Pope Francis canonised him on September 23, 2015, at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., during his first visit to the United States.[3] Because of Serra's recorded acts of piety combined with his missionary efforts, he was granted the posthumous title Apostle of California. The declaration of Serra as a Catholic saint by the Holy See is controversial with some Native Americans who criticize Serra's treatment of their ancestors and associate him with the suppression of their culture.
- colonization history
- 年前獲教宗封聖的十八世紀西班牙傳教士塞拉（Junipero Serra），屢被視為壓迫加州印第安人的象徵人物，其位於美國洛杉磯的雕像，日前再度遭人塗污破壞。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170822/00180_028.html
- Francisco López de Gómara (c. 1511 - c. 1566) was a Spanish historian who worked in Seville, particularly noted for his works in which he described the early 16th century expedition undertaken by Hernán Cortés in the Spanish conquest of the New World. Although Gómara himself did not accompany Cortés, and had in fact never been to the Americas, he had firsthand access to Cortés and others of the returning conquistadores as the sources of his account. However other contemporaries, among them most notably Bernal Díaz del Castillo, criticised his work as being full of inaccuracies, and one which unjustifiably sanitised the events and aggrandised Cortés' role. As such, the reliability of his works may be called into question; yet they remain a valuable and oft-cited record of these events.
- columbus letter concerning first voyage
- Letter from pero vaz de caminha, hernan cortes
- Florentine cidex
- La Malinche (Spanish pronunciation: [la maˈlintʃe]; c. 1496 or c. 1501 – c. 1529), known also as Malinalli [maliˈnalːi], Malintzin [maˈlintsin] or Doña Marina [ˈdoɲa maˈɾina], was a Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, acting as an interpreter, advisor, mistress, and intermediary for the Spanish conquistador, Hernán Cortés. She was one of 20 women slaves given to the Spaniards by the natives of Tabasco in 1519.[1] Later, she became a mistress to Cortés and gave birth to his first son, Martín, who is considered one of the first Mestizos (people of mixed European and indigenous American ancestry).
- Jean de lery - history of a voyage to land of brazil
- Sonnets of garcilaso de la vega
- Letter from gauman poma de ayala
- Fray Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa (born in Jerez de la Frontera and died Seville, 1630) was a Spanish friar of the Discalced Carmelites originally from Jerez de la Frontera whose Compendio y Descripcion de las Indias Occidentales has become a source of detail for the history of South America, since the manuscript's discovery in the Vatican Library in 1929. Travelling in Mexico and Peru where he proselytized among the Native Americans, he returned to Spain in 1622, where he continued to move about, in Málaga, Madrid, Seville and other places.
- [tr berg] the vinland map, on which america is represented as an island - vinlandia insula - was revealed to public in 1965, after experts concluded that it was drawn at somebtime around year 1440, 50 years before columbus set out across the atlantic.
old world
- The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.[1]Invasive species, including communicable diseases, were a byproduct of the Exchange. The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations. The most significant immediate impact of the Columbian exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents. The new contact between the global population circulated a wide variety of crops and livestock, which supported increases in population in both hemispheres, although diseases initially caused precipitous declines in the numbers of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Traders returned to Europe with maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which became very important crops in Europe by the 18th century.
europe
- comparison
- https://www.quora.com/Was-there-any-piece-of-technology-the-Native-Americans-had-that-the-Europeans-didn-t-which-were-adopted-by-the-Europeans Most medicines today have their roots in Native American medicine. One of the most famous is aspirin. First Nations people taught Europeans how to cure and prevent scurvy. Europeans were taught medicine by the Aboriginal people and wrote it down, and thus ‘discovered’ it.Hunting, camouflage and animal calls, animals scents to draw in the prey Rubber, and amalgamized rubber Forest management especially sustainable burning for the protection of communities Cotton clothing, advanced colors. Petroleum jelly 3000 varieties of potatoes, and almost as many varieties of corn, (squash, beans, peppers) causing a population boom in Europe as they gained access to the higher nutrient value; this even caused a change in the balance of world powers, a shift from the Mediterranean countries, to Great Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union, the rise of these countries would not have been possible without the New World nutrition and technology ‘Modern’ grid pattern for cities and towns. Roman and ancient Greek cities used the grid pattern, but European cities and towns didn’t use it, though there were notable exceptions. When the Europeans settled in America, they used the grid pattern the Native Americans used, as they settled on the townships and cities of the ‘ousted’ Native people. It became the new standard in this ‘new’ land. The common European design layout of cities and towns were rarer in America. The following were used about 1000 years before Europeans, and about 600 years before the Mediterranean countries: ‘zero’, advanced mathematics, astronomy, ‘farmers almanac’, anesthesia for surgery.
uk
- Britain plans to double financing for British companies trading with Panama and Colombia, Britain's embassy in Panama said on Sunday. Britain's Trade Secretary Liam Fox was expected to arrive in the Central American country later in the day to announce the new incentive, the embassy said in a press release. The move is part of Britain's effort to bolster trade around the world as it prepares for Brexit, its withdrawal from the European Union. http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2017-08/21/content_41446805.htm
spain- jesuits
- Padre Bernabé Cobo (born at Lopera in Spain, 1582; died at Lima, Peru, 9 October 1657) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer. He played a part in the early history of quinine by his description of cinchona bark; he brought some to Europe on a visit in 1632. He was a thorough student of nature and man in Spanish America. His long residence (61 years), his position as a priest and, several times, as a missionary, gave him unusual opportunities for obtaining reliable information. The Spanish botanist Cavanilles gave the name of Cobaea to a genus of plants belonging to the Polemoniaceae of Mexico, Cobaea scandens being its most striking representative.He went to America in 1596, visiting the Antilles and Venezuela and landing at Lima in 1599. Entering the Society of Jesus, 14 October 1601, he was sent by his superiors in 1615 to the mission of Juli, where, and at Potosí, Cochabamba, Oruro, and La Paz, he laboured until 1618. He was rector of the college of Arequipa from 1618 until 1621, afterwards at Pisco, and finally at Callao in the same capacity, as late as 1630. He was then sent to Mexico, and remained there until 1650, when he returned to Peru.He wrote two works, one of which is incomplete. It is also stated that he wrote a work on botany in ten volumes, which, it seems, is lost. Of his main work, to which biographers give the title Historia general de las Indias, and which he finished in 1653, only the first half is known and has appeared in print (four volumes, at Seville, 1890 and years succeeding).[2][3] The remainder, in which he treats, or claims to have treated, of every geographical and political subdivision in detail, was either never finished, or is lost. His other book appeared in print in 1882, and forms part of the History of the Inca Empire mentioned, but he made a separate manuscript of its in 1639, and so it became published as Historia de la fundación de Lima,[4] a few years before the publication of the principal manuscripts. The History of the Inca Empire may, in American literature, be compared with one work only, the General and Natural history of the Indies by Oviedo. On the animals and plants of the continent, it is more complete than Nieremberg, Hernandez, and Monardes. In regard to the pre-Columbian past and vestiges, Cobo is, for the South American west coast, a source of primary importance, for close observations of customs and manners, and generally accurate descriptions of the principal ruins of South America.
- El Dorado (pronounced [el doˈɾaðo], English: /ˌɛl
dəˈrɑːdoʊ/; Spanish for "the golden one"), originally El Hombre Dorado ("The Golden Man") or El Rey Dorado ("The Golden King"), was the term used by the Spanish Empire to describe a mythical tribal chief (zipa) of the Muisca people, an indigenous people of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense of Colombia, who, as an initiation rite, covered himself with gold dust and submerged in Lake Guatavita. The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time, as it went from being a man, to a city, to a kingdom, and then finally to an empire.A second location for El Dorado was inferred from rumors, which inspired several unsuccessful expeditions in the late 1500s in search of a city called Manõa on the shores of Lake Parime. Two of the most famous of these expeditions were led by Sir Walter Raleigh. In pursuit of the legend, Spanish conquistadors and numerous others searched Colombia, Venezuela, and parts of Guyana and northern Brazil for the city and its fabulous king. In the course of these explorations, much of northern South America, including the Amazon River, was mapped. By the beginning of the 19th century, most people dismissed the existence of the city as a myth.Several literary works have used the name in their titles, sometimes as "El Dorado", and other times as "Eldorado".
黄金国（西班牙文：El Dorado）为一个古老传说，最早是始于一个南美仪式，部落族长会在自己的全身涂满金粉，并到山中的圣湖中洗净，而祭司和贵族会将珍贵的黄金和绿宝石投入湖中献给神。印第安人与加勒比海盗关于“黄金国”的传说流传了好几个世纪，吸引无数探险家前来寻宝
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-so-many-German-officers-flee-to-Argentina-after-World-War-2 During the course of the 19th and early 20th century, many Germans emigrated into the new world in search of a better life. For example, in the US German-Americans still constitute the largest single ethnic group with more or less 46 million people.And South America isn't particularly different in that regard. Both Brazil and Argentina had both sizable German communities, and they still identified themselves strongly with their German ancestry. Considering that Argentina was moreover a military dictatorship under Peron with close ideological ties to Italian Fascism, Argentina seemed like the most obvious choice.
africa
- african american music
- economist "the blues had a baby" - originally kumbaya and later as come by here, the lyrics were taken by american missionaries to belgian congo and angola, where christian choirs sang them in a local dialect as "kum ba ya"
- Sansei (三世, "third generation") is a Japanese and North American English term[1] used in parts of the world such as South America and North America to specify the children of children born to ethnic Japanese in a new country of residence. The nisei are considered the second generation; grandchildren of the Japanese-born immigrants are called Sansei; and the fourth generation yonsei.[2] The children of at least one nisei parent are called Sansei. Sansei are usually the first generation of whom a high percentage are mixed race, since their parents were usually born and raised in America themselves.Although the earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897,[5] the four largest populations of Japanese and descendants of Japanese immigrants live in Brazil, the United States, Canada and Peru.彼らの子供達は「四世」、孫達は「五世」と称される。
china
- singtao 4feb2020 康子article zheng ho discovered america before columbus did, records showed that during ming dynasty, there were large number of people emigrating overseas from fujian and guangdong province
taiwan
- 台軍的三艘軍艦近日到訪中美洲和加勒比地區，藉此加強與邦交國的關係。三艦周一停泊在中美洲邦交國尼加拉瓜，停留的三日期間將與尼國軍方進行聯合訓練。之後台艦將駛往馬紹爾群島、薩爾瓦多、洪都拉斯、危地馬拉和多明尼加。
http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180411/00178_008.html
event
- The Pan-American Exposition was a World's Fairheld in Buffalo, New York, United States, from May 1 through November 2, 1901. The fair occupied 350 acres (0.55 sq mi) of land on the western edge of what is now Delaware Park, extending from Delaware Avenue to Elmwood Avenue and northward to Great Arrow Avenue. It is remembered today primarily for being the location of the assassination of President William McKinley.The event was organized by the Pan-American Exposition Company, formed in 1897. Cayuga Island was initially chosen as the place to hold the Exposition because of the island's proximity to Niagara Falls, which was a huge tourist attraction. When the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898, plans were put on hold. After the war, there was a heated competition between Buffalo and Niagara Falls over the location. Buffalo won for two main reasons. First, Buffalo had a much larger population—with roughly 350,000 people, it was the eighth-largest city in the United States. Second, Buffalo had better railroad connections—the city was within a day's journey by rail for over 40 million people. In July 1898, Congress pledged $500,000 for the Exposition to be held at Buffalo. The "Pan American" theme was carried throughout the event with the slogan "commercial well being and good understanding among the American Republics."
Website of different ethnic americans
- http://www.asamnews.com/
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