Lake Titicaca (Spanish: Lago Titicaca, Quechua: Titiqaqa Qucha) is a large, deep lake in the Andes on the border of Bolivia and Peru. By volume of water and by surface area, it is the largest lake in South America.Neither the protohistoric nor prehistoric name for Lake Titicaca is currently known. Given the various Native American groups that occupied the Lake Titicaca region, it is likely that it lacked a single, commonly accepted name in prehistoric times and at the time the Spaniards arrived. The terms titi and caca can be translated in multiple ways. In Aymara, titi can be translated as either puma, lead, or a heavy metal. The word caca (kaka) can be translated as white or gray hairs of the head and the term k’ak’a can be translated as either crack or fissure or, alternatively, comb of a bird. According to Weston La Barre, the Aymara considered in 1948 that the proper name of the lake is titiq’aq’a, which means gray discolored, lead-colored puma. This phrase refers to the sacred carved rock found on the Island of the Sun. In addition to names including the term titi and/or caca, Lake Titicaca was also known as Chuquivitu in the sixteenth century. This name can be loosely translated as lance point. This name survives in modern usage in which the large lake is occasionally referred to as Lago Chucuito. Stanish argues that the logical explanation for the origin of the name Titicaca is a corruption of the term thakhsi cala, which is the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century name of the sacred rock on the Island of the Sun.[22] Given the lack of a common name for Lake Titicaca in the sixteenth century, it is argued that the Spaniards used the name of the site of the most important indigenous shrine in the region, thakhsi cala on the Island of the Sun, as the name for the lake. In time and with usage, this name developed into Titicaca. Locally, the lake goes by several names. The small lake to the south is called Huiñamarca. The large lake also is occasionally referred to as Lago Mayor, and the small lake as Lago Menor. In addition, the southeast quarter of the lake is separate from the main body (connected only by the Strait of Tiquina), and the Bolivians call it Lago Huiñaymarca (also Wiñay Marka, which in Aymara means The Eternal City) and the larger part Lago Chucuito. In Peru, these smaller and larger parts are referred to as Lago Pequeño and Lago Grande, respectively.
The Tiwanaku (Spanish: Tiahuanaco or Tiahuanacu) state was a Pre-Columbian polity based in the city of Tiwanaku in western Bolivia that extended around Lake Titicaca and into present-day Peru and Chile from 300 to 1150. There are many theories about the type of Tiwanaku state. One opinion is that it was a far-reaching military empire, but another theory is that it was the center for regional religious pilgrimages and llama caravan trade routes without much political authority. The Tiwanaku empire was most likely a result of direct colonization of nearby areas and cultural dominance over more distant areas, with Tiwanaku’s influence being based on religion, culture and trade instead of direct military and political control. The empire was more like a federation of autonomous regional communities for which Tiwanaku was the center of religion, culture, and trade. Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the most important civilizations prior to the rise of the Inca Empire; it was the ritual and administrative center of a major culture for approximately five hundred years. The ruins of the ancient city of Tiwanaku are located near the south-eastern shore of Lake Titicaca in Tiwanaku Municipality, Ingavi Province, La Paz Department, about 72 km (45 mi) west of La Paz.
The Wari (Spanish: Huari) were a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the south-central Andes and coastal area of modern-day Peru, from about AD 500 to 1000.[1]
Wari, as the former capital city was called, is located 11 km (6.8 mi) north-east of the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. This city was the center of a civilization that covered much of the highlands and coast of modern Peru. The best-preserved remnants, beside the Wari Ruins, are the recently discovered Northern Wari ruins near the city of Chiclayo, and Cerro Baul in Moquegua. Also well-known are the Wari ruins of Pikillaqta ("Flea Town"), a short distance south-east of Cuzco en route to Lake Titicaca.
- note the four corned hat ft 6mar18
The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Spanish: Virreinato de la Nueva Granada) was the name given on 27 May 1717, to the jurisdiction of the Spanish Empire in northern South America, corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. The territory corresponding to Panama was incorporated later in 1739, and the provinces of Venezuela were separated from the Viceroyalty and assigned to the Captaincy General of Venezuela in 1777. In addition to these core areas, the territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada included Guyana, southwestern Suriname, parts of northwestern Brazil, and northern Peru.The territories of the viceroyalty gained full de facto independence from Spain between 1819 and 1822 after a series of military and political struggles, uniting in a republic now known as Gran Colombia. With the dissolution of Gran Colombia, the states of Ecuador, Venezuela, and the Republic of New Granada were created. The Republic of New Granada, with its capital at Bogotá, lasted from 1831 to 1856. The name "Colombia" reappeared in the "United States of Colombia"; the new name for the country having been introduced by a liberal government after a civil war. The use of the term "New Granada" survived in conservative circles, such as among ecclesiastics. As is typical in Spanish, older adjectives of places are used as demonyms for people from those areas. Today, it is typical in Spanish to refer to Colombians as neogranadinos ("New Granadians"), especially in neighboring Venezuela.
association
- The Contadora support group (Spanish: Grupo de apoyo a contadora, Portuguese: Grupo de Apoio à Contadora) was a group composed by Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay. It provided support for the Contadora group from South America, in the conflict between Nicaragua and the United States. The conflict between the United States and the Sandinista Junta in Nicaragua attracted the attention of fellow Latin American countries Colombia, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela, who started the Contadora group to request a peaceful solution. The Argentine president Raúl Alfonsín met the Peruvian president Alan García in Peru, during his presidential inauguration in 1985. Both of them agreed to make coordinated diplomatic actions in relation to the conflict. According to the Argentine chancellor Dante Caputo, the Contadora group was growing inactive, and required a second group to support it.[2] Chancellors Dante Caputo, Olavo Setúbal from Brazil and Enrique Iglesias from Uruguay met in Punta del Este and had a similar agreement. The creation of a group with the four countries was announced in Lima, on July 29, 1985. The Contadora group and the Contadora support group met in Cartagena, Colombia, on August 24 and 25, 1985. Both groups were collectively known as "the group of eight". The group of eight had a second meeting in Caraballeda, Venezuela, in 1986, and issued the "Caraballeda message". Other Central American countries accepted it. However, the proposals ultimately failed because of the reluctance of both Nicaragua and the United States to change their positions. Later meetings attempted to increase the scope of the group. They discussed about fostering the bilateral relations, creating a Latin American parliament, and a technological club. They also created a "debitors club", to make coordinated actions towards creditors of their foreign debt. According to a proposal by Caputo, they rejected the United Kingdom policy towards the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute. Both groups were eventually replaced by the Rio Group.
- 委內瑞拉總統馬杜羅於去年5月大選成功連任，當時不少反對派候選人被取消資格，導致反對派杯葛選舉，投票率低至46%，國際社會譴責選舉不公，美國更形容為「可恥」。馬杜羅將於下周四宣誓展開第二個6年任期，「利馬集團」成員國加拿大及12個拉美國家外長前日罕有地表示，將不會承認馬杜羅為委國總統，敦促他交出政權，讓委國盡快恢復民主。除墨西哥外，「利馬集團」13個成員國包括加拿大、阿根廷、巴西及秘魯的外長，前日於秘魯開會，商討解決委內瑞拉政治及經濟混亂的措施，非成員國美國亦派出國務卿蓬佩奧出席。秘魯外長波波利齊奧會後發表聲明，敦促馬杜羅取消宣誓，將政權暫時移交反對派控制的國會，讓委國重新舉行公平選舉。波波利齊奧形容這項聲明，是向委國表達強烈的政治訴求。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/01/06/a15-0106.pdf
- Colombia’s foreign Minister Carlos Holmes announced Friday that his country is withdrawing from Unasur, the union of South American countries after months of division between member states. The country suspended its membership in April after months of infighting on the worsening situation in neighboring Venezuela and the succession of Colombian ex-President Ernesto Samper as the South American union’s president.https://colombiareports.com/colombia-to-withdraw-from-unasur-south-america-split-over-venezuela/
trade and investment environment
- labour market
- https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21737088-solving-problem-holds-back-growth-and-productivity-why-its-hard-reduce-informality Latin America is paying a high price for having imported Bismarckian social-security structures to the tropics. Workers and politicians resist labour flexibility in the formal sector because losing a job also once meant losing health care and pensions. But rigid labour rules and high costs keep the formal sector small. Governments, in turn, have launched a patchwork of non-contributory benefits for the mass of informals, undermining the point of enrolling in social security.
Financial crisis
- http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21658142-populist-parallels-between-europe-and-latin-america-transatlantic-reflections Argentina is Exhibit A for those who argue that Greece would be better off outside the euro. Denunciations of austerity and the IMF by Alexis Tsipras, Greece’s prime minister, and his far-left Syriza party attract the sympathy of Latin America’s leftist-populist leaders. Yet the parallel is somewhat misleading: Argentina recovered strongly from 2003 onwards not just because it defaulted and devalued but because world prices for its farm exports surged. And Greece has swallowed vast lumps of concessional credit provided by Europe’s taxpayers, not usurious loans from the financial markets. Mr Tsipras’s last-minute deal suggests he realises that Greece is not Argentina. Less remarked is the political inspiration that Europe’s new far-left movements derive from Latin America. Mr Tsipras’s recourse to a referendum to shore up his domestic support echoes the tactics of Venezuela’s late Hugo Chávez, who called six in 14 years in power. So does the overblown claim that Greece is the victim of a “coup”, the agitprop device thatchavismo uses to disqualify all opposition. In the case of Podemos, Spain’s would-be Syriza, the links with chavismo were much closer, though recently downplayed by both sides. A foundation linked to its leaders received €5.2m ($5.7m) over the 12 years to 2014 from the governments of Venezuela and Ecuador, according to ABC, a Spanish newspaper. “We’ve seen enormous parallels,” Pablo Iglesias, Podemos’s leader, told Ecuador’s president, Rafael Correa, last year. “We will seek your advice on many things.” Mr Iglesias is also a fan of Ernesto Laclau, an Argentine theorist of radical populism who died last year.
Integration
- http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21701788-how-latin-america-may-prosper-different-kind-integration-no-brussels-here
Brands
- ft special supplement 23sep15
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d28f36ee-57d5-11e5-a28b-50226830d644.html
Big name global brands reaped the rewards, in the process triggering a shift in revenue power from North to South America. Coca-Cola is a case in point. As recently as 2005, its sales in Latin America were $8.6bn lower than in North America. Yet, according to Euromonitor, the research group, by 2014 they were $17bn higher. Other groups experienced similarly rapid Latin American growth, while their sales stagnated in developed markets. Unilever, Nestlé, Procter & Gamble, Danone, PepsiCo, Kimberly-Clark, Colgate-Palmolive, Nike, L’Oréal, Samsung, Apple, Microsoft, McDonald’s — all saw retail sales more than double (in US dollars in Latin America over the decade 2005-2014).campaign finance
- http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21717985-unavoidable-trade-offs-paying-democracy-how-latin-america-deals-campaign-finance
Oil
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21657827-latin-americas-oil-firms-need-more-foreign-capital-historic-auction-mexico-shows
Aviation
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21700453-why-continents-airlines-are-losing-so-much-money-no-el-dorado
Journalism
- http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21636048-best-and-worst-times-latin-american-journalism-power-cursor
politics
- "Pink tide" (Spanish: marea rosa, Portuguese: onda rosa) and "turn to the Left" (Sp.: vuelta hacia la izquierda, Pt.: Guinada à Esquerda) are phrases used in contemporary 21st century political analysis in the media and elsewhere to describe the perception of a turn towards left wing governments in Latin American democracies straying away from the neo-liberal economic model. The shift represented a move toward more progressive economic policies and coincides with a parallel trend of democratization of Latin America following decades of inequality. The Latin American countries viewed as part of this ideological trend have been referred to as "Pink Tide nations",[4] with the term post-neoliberalism being used to describe the movement as well.[5] Some pink tide governments[which?] have been varyingly characterized[by whom?] as being anti-American, populist, and authoritarian-leaning.
people
- Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad de Bolívar y Palacios (Spanish: [siˈmon boˈliβar] (
listen);[2] 24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830), generally known as Simón Bolívar and also colloquially as El Libertador,[3] was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played a leading role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama as sovereign states, independent of Spanish rule. Bolívar was born into a wealthy, aristocratic Creole family and, as was common for the heirs of upper-class families in his day, was sent to be educated abroad at a young age, arriving in Spain when he was 16 and later moving to France. The surname Bolívar originated with aristocrats from La Puebla de Bolívar, a small village in the Basque Country of Spain.[7] Bolívar's father came from the female line of the Ardanza family. His maternal grandmother was descended from families from the Canary Islands.- A gaucho (Spanish: [ˈɡautʃo]) or gaúcho (Portuguese: [ɡaˈuʃu]) is a skilled horseman, reputed to be brave and unruly. The gaucho is a national symbol in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Gauchos became greatly admired and renowned in legends, folklore and literature and became an important part of their regional cultural tradition. Beginning late in the 19th century, after the heyday of the gauchos, they were celebrated by South American writers. The gaucho in some respects resembled members of other nineteenth century rural, horse-based cultures such as the North American cowboy(vaquero, in Spanish), the Chilean huaso, the Peruvian chalan, and morochuco, the Venezuelan or Colombian llanero, the Hawaiian paniolo,[1] the Mexican charro or the Portuguese campino. According to the Diccionario de la lengua española, in its historical sense a gaucho was "a mestizo who, in the 18th and 19th centuries, inhabited Argentina, Uruguay, and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, was a migratory horseman, and adept in cattle work" In Argentina and Uruguay today a gaucho is, according to the same source, simply "A country person, experienced in traditional livestock farming".[3] Because historical gauchos were reputed to be brave, if unruly, the word is also applied metaphorically to mean "Noble, brave and generous", but also "One who is skilful in subtle tricks, crafty". In Portuguese the word gaúcho (note the accent) means "An inhabitant of the plains of Rio Grande do Sul or the pampas of Argentina descended from European man and [Amer]Indian woman who devotes himself to lassoing and raising cattle and horses";[6] and in Brazil gaúcho has also acquired a metonymic signification, meaning anyone, even an urban dweller, who is a citizen of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. In its purest sense, gaucho referred to the nomadic, often outlaw inhabitants of the great plains of Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. In current usage, gaucho usually designates the rural working class in general." 高桥人（el gaucho）是生活于南美的一个游牧部落，与大多数的游牧部族一样有着桀骜不驯的性格。主要生活在现在的阿根廷和乌拉圭。他们骑术精湛，性格豪放，简直可以用粗鲁来形容，直到19世纪末仍然过着半游牧的生活。现在，高桥人通常指在阿根廷，巴拉圭，乌拉圭，玻利维亚查科，巴塔哥尼亚沙漠的智利部分，以及南格兰德河和巴西河流域的专职于畜牧业的人。这些熟练的骑手游荡在广阔的潘帕斯草原，他们很乐意和其他游人分享他们的食物。大部分高桥人都是欧洲后裔或者白人印第安混血。高桥是南锥体地区的象征，特别对于阿根廷和乌拉圭。
- There are several hypotheses concerning the origin of the term. It may derive from the Spanish term chaucho, in turn derived from a Turkish low-rank military term Chiaus (added by me - lead to Çavuş, also anglicized Chaush and Chiaus (from Turkish: çavuş, "messenger") , an Ottoman title used for two separate soldier professions), through Arabic Shawsh which became broadly applied to any guard/watcher or aide.[9] The first recorded use of the term dates to Argentine independence in 1816. Another scenario indicates the word may derive from the Portuguese gaudério, which was designated to the inhabitants of the vast regions of Rio Grande do Sul and Río de la Plata in the 18th century or the Portuguese garrucho that points to an instrument used by the gauchos to trap and hamstring cattle. The 18th century chronicler Alonso Carrió de la Vandera speaks of "Gauderios" when it mentions the Gauchos or "Huasos" as poorly dressed men. Another plausible origin is from a South American indigenous language, such as Mapudungun cauchu (“vagrant, wanderer”), kauču (“friend”), or Quechua wahcha (“vagabond, poor person”). It could also derive from Arabic wahcha (وحشة) which means the state of being lonely in the wilderness.
- San Antonio de Areco is a city in northern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, and administrative seat of the partido of San Antonio de Areco. It is located on the Areco River 113 km (70 mi) away from Buenos Aires city, the country's capital. San Antonio de Areco was founded in 1730, under the protection of a chapel inaugurated by José Ruiz de Arellano. It has been declared city of historic national interest by the Argentine Government and is recognized for being the homeland of Don Segundo Sombra, the immortal character of the novel written by Ricardo Güiraldes. The city is the home of the Museo Gauchesco Ricardo Güiraldes. Each year in November, the city holds the Día de la Tradición (Tradition Day) gaucho celebration. Since 2001, San Antonio de Areco is sister city of Laredo, Texas in the United States.
ethnic group
- The Nahuas (/ˈnɑːwɑːz/) are a group of indigenous people of Mexico and El Salvador. Their language of Uto-Aztecan affiliation is called Nahuatl and consists of many more dialects and variants, a number of which are mutually unintelligible. About 1,500,000 Nahua speak Nahuatl and another 1,000,000 speak only Spanish.[citation needed] Less than 1,000 native speakers remain in El Salvador. Evidence suggests the Nahua peoples originated in Aridoamerica, in regions of the present day northwestern Mexico. They split off from the other Uto-Aztecan speaking peoples and migrated into central Mexico around 500 CE. They settled in and around the Basin of Mexico and spread out to become the dominant people in central Mexico.
- The Quechua people are the indigenous peoples of South America who speak any of the Quechua languages. Most Quechua speakers live in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile and Colombia. The most common Quechua dialect is Southern Quechua. The Kichwa people of Ecuador speak the Kichwa dialect; in Colombia, the Inga people speak Inga Kichwa. The Quechua word for a Quechua speaker is runa or nuna ("person"); the plural is runakuna or nunakuna ("people").
Some historical Quechua peoples are:
- The Chanka people, who lived in the Huancavelica, Ayacucho, and Apurímac regions of Peru.
- The Huanca people of the Junín Region of Peru, who spoke Quechua before the Incas did.
- The Inca, who established the largest empire of the pre-Columbian era.
- The Cañari of Ecuador, who adopted the Quechua language from the Inca.
- The Chincha, an extinct merchant kingdom of the Ica Region of Peru.
- https://www.ft.com/content/e027a334-0a46-11e7-ac5a-903b21361b43 Chile’s northernmost region, Arica y Parinacota, is a wide-open landscape of mountains populated by an average of only 11.2 people per sq km. This is the country’s newest region, but its scattered souls nonetheless represent the largest concentration of indigenous people. They include the Quechua, whose best-known branch were the Incas, the great builders of monuments in “pillow-faced” masonry. These interlocking stones of jigsaw precision are renowned at Machu Picchu, Peru. They are barely less impressive at the fortress of Sacsayhuaman near Cuzco, and Ollantaytambo, a town built on terraces in Peru’s Sacred Valley.
- The Aymara or Aimara (Aymara: aymara
listen (help·info)) people are an indigenous nation in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America; about 1 million live in Bolivia, Peru and Chile. Their ancestors lived in the region for many centuries before becoming a subject people of the Inca in the late 15th or early 16th century, and later of the Spanish in the 16th century. With the Spanish American Wars of Independence (1810–25), the Aymaras became subjects of the new nations of Bolivia and Peru. After the War of the Pacific (1879–83), Chile acquired territory occupied by the Aymaras.- https://www.ft.com/content/e027a334-0a46-11e7-ac5a-903b21361b43 Pachama, a village in Arica y Parinacota whose pattern of traditional building was drawn from shakier stuff than solid Inca stonework. “Our village never had a high standard of living,” he says. “We always fought for subsistence, to maintain our territory.” He grew up in a community that continued a centuries-old tradition of creating and taking care of its own buildings, assembled from plant-based materials as much as earth, brick or stone. “The roofs of the houses and the temple in Pachama were made of straw, especially the church. The entire community assisted to change the straw roof of the whole church every three, four years. And everyone contributed their amount of straw. That was the way of conserving our heritage.” He describes the village economy as “agropastoralist”, gleaning its living from the land.
- people
- Túpac Katari or Catari (also Túpaj Katari) (c. 1750–November 15, 1781), born Julián Apasa Nina, was the indigenous Aymara leader of a major insurrection in colonial-era Upper Peru (now Bolivia), laying siege to La Paz for six months. His wife Bartolina Sisa and his sister Gregoria Apaza participated in the rebellion by his side.A member of the Aymara, Apasa took the name "Tupac Katari" to honor two earlier rebel leaders: Tomás Katari, and Túpac Amaru, executed by the Spanish in 1572. Katari's uprising was simultaneous with the Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II, whose cacique leader claimed to be a descendant of the earlier Túpac Amaru. Túpac Katari had no traditional claim to leadership similar to that of Túpac Amaru II, which may well have prompted Katari to associate himself with earlier leaders. Katari claimed authority from Túpac Amaru and proclaimed himself viceroy of the region. ("Katari" means "serpent, large snake" in Aymara; "Amaru" means the same in Quechua, the language of Tupac Amaru. "Tupac" means "brilliant, resplendent" in both languages.)
- the name of satellite china helped bolivia to launch is named tupac katari
- language
- The Lenca are an indigenous people of southwestern Honduras and eastern El Salvador. They once spoke the Lenca language, which is now extinct. In Honduras, the Lenca are the largest indigenous group. The pre-Conquest Lenca had frequent contact with various Maya groups as well as other indigenous peoples of Mexico and Central America. The origin of Lenca populations has been a source of ongoing debate amongst anthropologists and historians. It continues to generate research focused on obtaining more archaeological evidence of pre-colonial Lenca. Some scholars have suggested that the Lenca migrated to the region from South America around 3,000 years ago.Modern Lenca communities are centered on the milpa crop-growing system. Lenca men engage in agriculture, including the cultivation of coffee, cacao, tobacco, varieties of plantains and gourds. Other principal crops are maize, wheat, beans, squash, sugarcane, and chili peppers. In El Salvador peanuts are also cultivated. Within their communities, Lenca traditionally expect all members to participate in communal efforts.Modern Lenca religion is predominantly Roman Catholic, but some Lenca communities still retain and practice many indigenous traditions[citation needed]. Similar to other indigenous beliefs in Mesoamerica, the Lenca consider sacred mountains and hills as holy places. Many Lenca peoples still have profound respect and adoration for the sun. Certain indigenous practices and ceremonies are still observed by the Lenca. During different crop seasons, for instance, Lenca men partake in ceremonies where they consume chicha and burn incense. The Lenca have also incorporated their traditions and beliefs with Catholicism in a process of religious syncretism.
- As far as I know the Aymara language has little or no irregularities. It is actually used as a go-between language for Google translate services. When you search something in let’s say English to Dutch the sequence (I was told, at least) is English-Aymara-Dutch. Aymara is a language with a ton of suffixes, anything from possession to plural and direction is expressed with a suffix and they can be quite numerous.https://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-language-with-no-irregularities
- The Olmecs were the first major civilization in Guatemala and Mexico following a progressive development in Soconusco and modern southwestern pacific lowlands of Guatemala. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in the present-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco. It has been speculated that Olmec derive in part from neighboring Mokaya and/or Mixe–Zoque.
The population of the Olmecs flourished during Mesoamerica's formative period, dating roughly from as early as 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE. Pre-Olmec cultures had flourished in the area since about 2500 BCE, but by 1600–1500 BCE, early Olmec culture had emerged, centered on the San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán site near the coast in southeast Veracruz. They were the first Mesoamerican civilization, and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed. Among other "firsts", the Olmec appeared to practice ritual bloodletting and played the Mesoamerican ballgame, hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies.The aspect of the Olmecs most familiar now is their artwork, particularly the aptly named "colossal heads".
- writing system
- The Uru or Uros (Uru: Qhas Qut suñi) are an indigenous people of Peru and Bolivia. They live on forty-two self-fashioned floating islandsin Lake Titicaca near Puno. They form three main groups: Uru-Chipayas, Uru-Muratos and the Uru-Iruitos. The latter are still located on the Bolivian side of Lake Titicaca and Desaguadero River. The Uru descend from a millennial town that, according to legends, are "pukinas" who speak Uru or Pukina and that believe they are the owners of the lake and water. Uru used to say that they have black blood because they did not feel the cold. They have historically called themselves Lupihaques ("Sons of the Sun"). Nowadays, Uru do not speak the Uru language, nor practice their old beliefs, but they do keep some old customs. The purpose of the island settlements was originally defensive; if a threat arose the floating islands could be moved. The largest island retains a watchtower almost entirely constructed of reeds.[citation needed] The Uru traded with the Aymara tribe on the mainland, intermarrying with them and eventually abandoning the Uru language for that of the Aymara. About 500 years ago they lost their original language. When conquered by the Inca empire, they had to pay taxes to them, and often were made slaves.
- https://www.quora.com/How-many-ancient-civilizations-have-a-written-language-we-cant-decipher/answer/Lara-Novakov
- The Guna, formerly known as Kuna, following an orthographic reform in 2010[2], and historically as Cuna, are an indigenous people of Panama and Colombia. The Congreso General de la Nación Gunadule since 2010 promotes the spelling Guna. In the Kuna language, they call themselves Dule or Tule, meaning "people", and the name of the language in Kuna is Dulegaya, literally "people-mouth".The Guna live in three politically autonomous comarcas or reservations in Panama, and in a few small villages in Colombia. There are also communities of Kuna people in Panama City, Colón, and other cities. The most Gunas live on small islands off the coast of the comarca of Kuna Yala known as the San Blas Islands. The other two Guna comarcas in Panama are Kuna de Madugandí and Kuna de Wargandí. They are Guna speaking people who once occupied the central region of what is now Panama and the neighboring San Blas Islands and still survive in marginal areas.The Guna Swastika flag was adopted after 1925 rebellion against Panamanian suppression. Horizontal stripes have a proportion of 1:2:1 and the central swastika is an ancestral symbol called Naa Ukuryaa. According to one explanation, it symbolizes the four sides of the world or the origin from which peoples of the world emerged.[5] Also known as the flag of Guna Yala island today, the flag is used for the province of San Blas and also as Kuna ethnic flag. The central stripe, meaning peace and purity, is white on the official flag of the reservation, officially adopted by Guna National Congress, while yellow stripe is used on ethnic flag (it was introduced on the flag at about 1940). In 1942 the flag was modified with a red ring encompassing the center of the swastika because of Nazi associations. The ring was later abandoned.The Guna are famous for their bright molas, a colorful textile art form made with the techniques of appliqué and reverse appliqué. Mola panels are used to make the blouses of the Kuna women's national dress, which is worn daily by many Guna women. Mola means "clothing" in the Kuna language. The Guna word for a mola blouse is Tulemola, (or "dulemola") "Kuna people's clothing."
- history
- amazon tribe
- At the time of the Spanish invasion, they were living in the region of Uraba and near the borders of what are now Antioquia and Caldas. Alonso de Ojeda and Vasco Núñez de Balboa explored the coast of Colombia in 1500 and 1501. They spent the most time in the Gulf of Urabá, where they made contact with the Gunas. In far Eastern Guna Yala, the community of New Caledonia is near the site where Scottish explorers tried, unsuccessfully, to establish a colony in the "New World". The bankruptcy of the expedition has been cited as one of the motivations of the 1707 Acts of Union. There is a wide consensus regarding the migrations of Gunas from Colombia and the Darien towards what is now Guna Yala. These migrations were caused partly by wars with the Catio people, but some sources contend that they were mostly due to bad treatment by the Spanish invaders. The Guna themselves attribute their migration to Guna Yala to conflicts with the native peoples, and their migration to the islands to the excessive mosquito populations on the mainland. During the first decades of the twentieth century, the Panamanian government attempted to suppress many of the traditional customs. This was bitterly resisted, culminating in a short-lived yet successful revolt in 1925 known as the Dule Revolution (or people revolution), led by Iguaibilikinya Nele Kantule of Ustupu and supported by American adventurer and part-time diplomat Richard Marsh - and a treaty in which the Panamanians agreed to give the Guna some degree of cultural autonomy. The San Blas Islands could be rendered uninhabitable by sea level rise in the late 21st century.
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/19/footage-sole-survivor-amazon-tribe-emerges-brazil Loggers, farmers and land grabbers murdered and expelled indigenous populations in the area in the 1970s and 1980s, and the man is believed to be the only survivor of a group of six killed during an attack by farmers in 1995. He was first located in 1996 and has been monitored by Funai ever since. A glimpse of his face filmed in 1998 was shown in the Brazilian documentary Corumbiara.
- https://www.quora.com/How-many-languages-are-there-in-South-America
Religion
- http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21632573-what-driving-advance-evangelical-protestantism-latin-america-southern Since around 1970 the world’s most Roman Catholic continent has become steadily less so. This trend, much remarked, shows no sign of slowing down, according to an exhaustive new study by the Pew Research Centre, a self-described “fact tank” based in Washington.* This found that only 69% of adult Latin Americans are now Catholics, down from 92% in 1970. Protestants now account for 19%, up from 4%. Over the same period the share of those with no religious affiliation has grown from 1% to 8%—though most of these people still believe in God.
dance
- Candombe is an Uruguayan music and dance that comes from African slaves. It is considered an important aspect of the culture of Uruguay and was recognized by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage of humanity.[1] To a lesser extent, Candombe is practiced in Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. In Argentina, it can be found inBuenos Aires, Santa Fe, Paraná, and Corrientes. In Paraguay is continued this tradition in Kamba Kua (Camba Cua) in Fernando de la Mora near to Asuncion. Also in Brazil, it still retains its religious character and can be found in Minas Gerais State. This Uruguayan music style is based on three different drums: chico, repique and piano drums. This music style is usually played in February during carnival in Montevideo, Uruguay at dance parades called "Llamadas" and "Desfile Innaugural del Carnaval".
Poverty
- http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21700677-escaping-poverty-was-easy-enough-staying-out-it-looks-harder-dont-look-down
globalisation/international position
- http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21707588-latin-america-wants-rejoin-world-will-world-reciprocate-growth-and-globalisation Mexico and brazil
- http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21653632-if-only-latin-americas-two-giants-co-operated-more-mixing-tequila-and-caipirinha
History
- The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Spanish: Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata), earlier known as the United Provinces of South America (Spanish: Provincias Unidas de Sudamérica), a union of provinces in the Río de la Plata region of South America, emerged from the May Revolution in 1810 and the Argentine War of Independence of 1810–1818. It comprised most of the former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata dependencies and had Buenos Aires as its capital. It is best known in Spanish-language literature as Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata ("United Provinces of the River of Silver"), this being the most common (occasionally the official) name in use for the country until the enactment of the 1826 Constitution. The Argentine National Anthem refers to the state as "the United Provinces of the South". The Constitution of Argentina recognises Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata as one of the official names of the country, referred to as "Argentine Nation" (Nación Argentina) in modern legislation.
- hkej 14dec17 shum article
- The War of the Pacific (Spanish: Guerra del Pacífico) (1879 to 1884) was the result of Chile’s border claims of coastal Bolivian territory of the Atacama Desert. Bolivia was allied with Peruagainst Chile. The war ended with victory for Chile, which gained a significant resource-rich territory from Peru and Bolivia. Chile’s army took Bolivia’s nitrate rich coastal region and Peru was defeated by Chile’s navy. Battles were fought in the Pacific Ocean, the Atacama Desert, Peru’s deserts, and mountainous regions in the Andes. For the first five months the war played out in a naval campaign, as Chile struggled to establish a sea-based resupply corridor for its forces in the world’s driest desert. In February 1878, Bolivia imposed a new tax on a Chilean mining company (“Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta”, CSFA) despite Bolivian express warranty in the 1874 Boundary Treaty that it would not increase taxes on Chilean persons or industries for twenty-five years. Chile protested and solicited to submit it to mediation, but Bolivia refused and considered it a subject of Bolivia’s courts. Chile insisted and informed the Bolivian government that Chile would no longer consider itself bound to the 1874 Boundary Treaty if Bolivia did not suspend enforcing the law. On February 14, 1879 when Bolivian authorities attempted to auction the confiscated property of CSFA, Chilean armed forces occupied the port city of Antofagasta. Peru, bound with Bolivia by their secret treaty of alliance between Peru and Bolivia of 1873, tried to mediate, but on 1 March 1879 Bolivia declared war on Chile and called on Peru to activate their alliance, while Chile demanded that Peru declare its neutrality. On April 5, after Peru refused this, Chile declared war on both nations. The following day, Peru responded by acknowledging the casus foederis.Chile and Peru signed the Treaty of Ancón on October 20, 1883. Bolivia signed a trucewith Chile in 1884. Chile acquired the Peruvian territory of Tarapacá, the disputed Bolivian department of Litoral (cutting Bolivia off from the sea), as well as temporary control over the Peruvian provinces of Tacna and Arica. In 1904, Chile and Bolivia signed the “Treaty of Peace and Friendship” establishing definite boundaries. The 1929 Tacna–Arica compromise gave Arica to Chile and Tacna to Peru.
- 從二○○○年開始，拉美掀起一股左派運動風潮，委內瑞拉、巴西、阿根廷、玻利維亞等國紛紛出現左派政權，推行反美遠美的外交戰略，歡迎中俄等國進入拉美。美國眼看後院失火，從奧巴馬時代便開始發力，從經濟、政治、外交等多方面下手，期望將拉美拉回到美國的軌道。而特朗普上台後，仍然秉持「臥榻之旁豈容他人酣睡」戰略，今次蒂勒森出訪拉美五國，就是要實現獨霸拉美的目標。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180205/00192_001.html
usa
- expert on latin amercia
- Ephraim George Squier (June 17, 1821 – April 17, 1888), usually cited as E. G. Squier, was an American archaeologist and newspaper editor. Squier was born in Bethlehem, New York, the son of a minister of English heritage and his Palatine Germanwife.[1] In early youth he worked on a farm, attended and taught school, studied engineering, and became interested in American antiquities. He was appointed special chargé d'affaires to all the Central American states in 1849, and negotiated treaties with Nicaragua, Honduras, and San Salvador. In 1853 he made a second visit to Central America to examine a line for a projected interoceanic railroad, and to make further study of the archaeology of the country. In 1856 he received the medal of the French Geographical Society for his researches. In 1858, he married Miriam Florence Folline who had recently had a previous marriage annulled. About 1860, he became editor-in-chief for Frank Leslie's publishing house, and supervised the publication of the first two volumes of Frank Leslie's Pictorial History of the American Civil War.[1] In 1863 Squier was appointed U. S. commissioner to Peru, where he made an exhaustive investigation of Inca remains and took numerous photographs of them. He later gave a series of 12 lectures on "The Inca Empire" for the Lowell Institute for their 1866-67 season. In 1868 he was appointed consul-general of Honduras at New York, and in 1871 he was elected the first president of the Anthropological Institute of New York. He conducted ethnological studies, especially in Nicaragua, Honduras and Peru. On returning from Peru, he continued working for Frank Leslie, but gave it up when his health failed. In 1873, his wife divorced him, and married Leslie a year later. In 1874 his health became so seriously impaired as to preclude further original research, and though he subsequently recovered sufficiently to direct the final preparation and revision of his work on Peru for publication, the affection resulted in his death. He was a member of numerous historical, archaeological, and scientific societies.[2] He died in Brooklyn, New York.
prussia
- expert on latin america
- Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (/ˈhʌmboʊlt/;[5] German: [ˈhʊmbɔlt] ( listen); 14 September 1769 – 6 May 1859) was a Prussian polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and influential proponent of Romantic philosophy and science.[6] He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835).[7][8][9] Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography. Humboldt's advocacy of long-term systematic geophysical measurement laid the foundation for modern geomagnetic and meteorological monitoring. Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled extensively in Latin America, exploring and describing it for the first time from a modern scientific point of view. His description of the journey was written up and published in an enormous set of volumes over 21 years. Humboldt was one of the first people to propose that the lands bordering the Atlantic Ocean were once joined (South America and Africa in particular). Humboldt resurrected the use of the word cosmos from the ancient Greek and assigned it to his multi-volume treatise, Kosmos, in which he sought to unify diverse branches of scientific knowledge and culture. This important work also motivated a holistic perception of the universe as one interacting entity.[12] He was the first person to describe the phenomenon and cause of human-induced climate change, in 1800 and again in 1831, based on observations generated during his travels.
Greece
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-07/08/content_21213568.htm Latin American governments celebrated Greece's landslide rejection of a EuropeanUnion bailout offer that required continued austerity measures. Cuba, Venezuela, Argentina and Nicaragua hailed the Greeks' overwhelming voteagainst the EU plan in a referendum as a clear protest against neoliberal financialpolicies and the developing world's resulting debt burden. Cuban President Raul Castro congratulated Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras ina brief letter dated July 5, saying "the result shows the majority of the Greek peoplesupport the brave policy of the government that you lead".
East Asia
- Andean connection to East Asia goes back to the mid-19th century china daily report 22nov16
japan
- https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/news/releases/2018/7b656ac2b2ad904f.html
- Results of JETRO’s 2017 Survey on Business Conditions of Japanese Companies in Latin America
China
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1675912/latin-america-comes-beijing-first-cooperation-forum Beijing will flex its financial muscles to strengthen ties with Latin America as the Chinese capital hosts its first cooperation forum with nations in a region seen as the US' backyard.
The two-day forum starting tomorrow is the latest move by China to engage Latin American and Caribbean states, some of which have diplomatic ties with Taiwan, after a series of high-level exchanges over the past month. http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/01/08/a15-0108.pdf 首屆部長級會議今日（8日）和明日（9日）在北京舉行，新華社昨發表題為《中拉關係邁入整體合作新時期》的國際時評指出，拉丁美洲成了世界經濟發展最活躍的地區之一，同時也正成為多極世界中的重要一極，許多拉美國家積極參與解決世界政治問題，在國際事務中的作用明顯上升。http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201501/0109/HA03109CGAA.pdf, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150109/PDF/a9_screen.pdf, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1676842/china-pledges-nearly-double-trade-latin-america President Xi Jinping pledged yesterday to double annual trade between China and Latin America to US$500 billion over the next 10 years, saying the partnership would have a significant impact on the world economy. Xi vowed to increase China's direct investment in the region - seen as the United States' backyard - to US$250 billion within that time frame as he opened a forum with leaders and ministers from about 30 nations from Latin America and the Caribbean.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20151209/00182_001.html 拉美政局劇變，一些原本與中國友好的左派政府在選舉中紛紛失利，政局向右轉，導致中美兩國在當地的影響力呈此消彼長態勢。委內瑞拉今次國會選舉，反對黨贏得壓倒性勝利。這是反對派聯盟十六年來首次從執政的統一社會主義黨手中贏得國會的控制權，從而具修改憲法、彈劾官員的權力，委國政局進入多事之秋。
- new model of cooperation http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201506/0603/HA04603CLEB.pdf
- China and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (china-celac) forum
- China and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (china-celac) forum
- To enhance the communication between them, China and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, or CELAC, have established the China-CELAC forum. Leaders of CELAC countries agreed in 2014 during the second CELAC Summit held in Havana to set up the forum.http://english.gov.cn/premier/news/2016/09/24/content_281475449846246.htm
- 11th China-Latin America and the Caribbean (China-LAC) Business Summit http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-12/03/content_35181354.htm
- 中国─拉美国际博览会9日在广东珠海举行，吸引墨西哥、巴西、智利等24个拉美国家和地区企业参会。在当日的开幕式上，有50多个重点企业项目签约，总金额超过30亿元人民币（约35亿港元）。粤港澳大湾区规划备受拉美客商关注，展馆有89家香港企业摆展，带来滑水机器人装备、大数据监控仪等科创产品让人眼前一亮。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171110/PDF/a10_screen.pdf
- hkcd 2nov18 a17
- launched in 2007 china daily3nov18
- 中拉產能合作專項基金
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150521/PDF/a16_screen.pdf 正在巴西訪問的中國國務 院總理李克強，19日在巴西利亞出席中巴工 商界峰會時提出中拉產能合作的 「3乘3」 新 模式，以產能合作為突破口，打造中拉合作 升級版。中方將設立中拉產能合作專項基金 ，提供300億美元（約2300億港元）融資， 支持中拉在產能和裝備製造領域的項目合作 。同時，中巴雙方決定啟動橫跨南美洲大陸 的 「兩洋鐵路」 可行性研究。
- maritime
- railway
- 中國「科學」號海洋科學綜合考察船，前日搭載卅一名科學家從山東青島出發，赴西太平洋海山區展開四十五日海山生態系統科考任務，為史上首次在麥哲倫海山鏈進行有關研究。首席科學家徐奎棟稱，本航次擬對麥哲倫海山區進行地貌、底質環境、生物生態、理化環境等綜合調查，以提升中國對深海大洋的探索能力。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180312/00178_017.html
- railway
- 兩洋鐵路
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-railways-bolivia-idUSKBN12E2FC Peru's new government said on Friday that a proposed railway to bridge Atlantic and Pacific ports in South America might be feasible if it took a direct route through Bolivia. China and Peru agreed last year to study the possibility of building a 3,000-mile-long railway that would cross the Amazon and Andes to slash the cost of shipping Latin American goods to Asia. In September, Peru said China estimated that the railway, which would link the southern Brazilian port of Acu with one of Peru's ports, would cost $60 billion, dampening prospects of the project coming to fruition. Peru's Transportation Minister Martin Vizcarra told local broadcaster RPP in an interview on Friday that a more direct route that crosses Bolivia would cost about $13.5 billion, including $3.5 billion for the Peruvian portion.
- legal
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/09/25/a21-0925.pdf ）中拉關係突飛 猛進，中國企業在拉美掀起投資高潮。在此背景下，由中 國法學會與上海財經大學合作建立的「中國—拉美法律 研究中心」、「中國—拉美法律培訓基地」昨日在上海 正式揭牌，旨在打造中國拉美法律智庫。同日並舉行了 「中國—拉美法律研究中心」首批研究員聘任儀式。 據商務部統計，中國對拉美地區的投資合作快速發 展，截至去年底，中國對拉美的直接投資存量 989億美 元，累計在拉美工程承包實際完成營業額 676億美元。 據中國國家主席習近平表示，未來 10年，中國將在拉美 地區投資2,500億美元。 不過，中國和拉美在政治背景和法制規則上存在很大 差異，對於想要走進拉美的中國企業來講，最重要的就 是學會如何適應當地的法律、以及商業規則。 據透露，「中國—拉美法律培訓基地」的主要任務則 包括培養熟悉拉丁美洲各國法律制度的高端法律人才； 為拉美國家培訓中國法律高端人才
- exports from china
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-05/04/content_25041652.htm A State-owned space institute has sold its 3-D printers to Argentina, markingChina's first 3-D printer exports to South America, said a senior engineer at theinstitute. Tang Xiaoyu, who heads the 3-D printer development at the Tianjin Jinhang PhysicsResearch Institute under China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, told ChinaDaily that a consumer electronics wholesaler in Argentina has placed orders for1,000 3-D printers developed by the institute and the first batch of 100 weredelivered to the buyer in December. "The client would sell our products to retailers in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay,"Tang said. He did not reveal the contract's value and his products' prices.
- media
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-11/24/content_27475695.htm At the first China-Latin America Media Summit, held in Chile's capital of Santiago on Tuesday, some 27 media representatives from Latin American and Caribbean countries sat with theirChinese counterparts from more than 30 mainstream Chinese media outlets. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-11/24/content_27475971.htm
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201811/22/WS5bf5e904a310eff30328a444.html Representatives from more than 100 media outlets from China, Latin America and the Caribbean agreed to boost cooperation. Participants of the China-Latin America and the Caribbean Media Forum, held in Argentina's capital Buenos Aires, discussed ways on Monday to promote cooperation for their mutual benefit.Organized by China's Xinhua News Agency and Argentina's Federal System of Media and Public Content, the three-day event drew representatives from 13 Chinese media outlets and over a hundred news agencies from more than 20 Latin American and Caribbean nations. The forum tabled such topics as the media's role in pragmatic cooperation between China, Latin America and the Caribbean, and participants discussed creating a media communication platform between China-Latin America and the Caribbean through new cooperation.
- education
- 27日，拉美安第斯国家研究中心在大连外国语大学正式成立，这是目前全国唯一一家安第斯国家研究中心。厄瓜多尔驻华大使博尔哈、中国驻古巴前任大使张拓等嘉宾出席开幕式。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171028/PDF/a19_screen.pdf
- investors from china
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161118/PDF/a6_screen.pdf 中企對拉美投資急增七成, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2016-11/18/content_27416351.htm
- http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2016-02/01/content_15380948.html Broad Homes, a subsidiary of Hunan-based Broad Homes Industrial Co Ltd, will supply 18,000 precast residential houses to Suriname this year. It also plans to deploy more resources and manpower in South American countries such as Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia over the next three years, to diversify its global sales platform. As living standards improve across the continent, more and more South Americans desire to own homes, hence the steady demand for real estate. "Clients want their houses to reflect their lifestyle changes," said Tang Fen, president of Broad Homes. For more than two decades, the company has been a specialist in pre-fabricated concrete structures like residential buildings, commercial buildings, public facilities, industrial facilities and infrastructure. Its operations span South America and members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, including Indonesia and Laos. Tang said growth opportunities abound in South America's surging demand for housing infrastructure projects, especially in fast-growing markets such as Suriname, Guyana and Brazil where focus is on sustainable development amid urbanization and industrialization. Broad Homes invested $20 million on a plant in Suriname in 2014. Supported by more than 200 Chinese and local employees, the factory's total production capacity has reached 200,000 square meters per year. Its Suriname project involves building 18,000 precast residential units in coastal cities and towns. As per the agreement between Broad Homes and the Surinamese authorities, 65 percent of these precast houses will be bought by Suriname to provide low-cost homes to financially weaker sections of the local society. The rest 35 percent will be sold as commercial properties, which is expected to help develop the local real estate sector. Compared with China, the housing construction business in many South American countries is unusual in that contractors are required to deliver the houses to clients much earlier than anywhere else. Strict quality checks are carried out by a number of government branches, usually over a period of two months, putting enormous pressure on contractors' cash flow.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2017-05/02/content_29160272.htm
- culture
- 「中拉文化交流年」將於2016年全年在中國與拉丁美洲和加勒比地區舉辦，這將是新中國成立以來中國同拉美地區共同舉辦的最大規模的年度文化盛事。中國文化部外聯局副局長朱琪前日透露，活動覆蓋範圍廣、持續時間長、層次水平高，涉及墨西哥、阿根廷、巴西、古巴、智利、哥斯達黎加、哥倫比亞、秘魯、厄瓜多爾等近30個拉美國家。據介紹，此次交流年將「請進來」和「走出去」作為兩大主線，將在藝術、文學、文物、電影、圖書、傳媒、旅遊等領域開展廣泛的交流，舉辦包括演出、展覽、論壇、電影展映、圖書節、文明對話、經典互譯、人文交流、旅遊推介等多方面活動，場所涵蓋劇院、博物館、藝術機構、大學等。此次交流年特邀郎朗擔任形象大使，參與「交流年」活動的宣傳與推廣。郎朗將於2016年8月份在智利、阿根廷等拉美地區國家進行巡演，屆時他還將走進「中華文化講堂」，為喜愛鋼琴和中國傳統文化的拉美青少年傳藝授課。http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-03/16/content_23887894.htm The China-Latin America and Caribbean 2016 Year of Cultural Exchange will offerlocal audiences a closer look at the more colorful aspects of their cultures and helpforge a deeper understanding between the regions. Chen Nan reports. Latin American and Caribbean art will be in the limelight in China for the rest of theyear. And the first event to kick off this extravaganza will be a two-day gala atBeijing's Tianqiao Performing Arts Center on March 24 and 25. Organized by the China Arts and Entertainment Group, which was founded in 1957as the country's first performing arts group to engage in cultural-exchangeprograms, the gala will cover various art forms, including tango, ballet, opera andchorus, presented by hundreds of artists from China, Latin America and theCaribbean.
- literature
hong kong
- aviation
- china daily 11feb19 "targeting latin america"
hong kong
- aviation
- http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/economy/article/2109523/non-stop-flights-latin-america-hong-kong-could-be-reality-5
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