marxism
- dialectical materialism
The International Working men's Association (IWA, 1864–1876), often called the First International, was an international organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade union organizations that were based on the working class and class struggle. It was founded in 1864 in a workmen's meeting held in St Martin's Hall, London. Its first congress was held in 1866 in Geneva. In Europe, a period of harsh reaction followed the widespread Revolutions of 1848. The next major phase of revolutionary activity began almost twenty years later with the founding of the IWA in 1864. At its peak, the IWA reported having 8 million members, while police reported 5 million. In 1872 the organization split in two over conflicts between communist and anarchist factions. It dissolved in 1876.
- dialectical materialism
- [oxford illustrated encyclopedia edited by richard hoggart and published in 1993 by oup] the philosophy of marxism as developed by marx's followers, especially in germany and the former soviet union. It unites two central claims - (1) human consciousness is a reflex of processes occurring in the natural world (2) these processes display a dialectical pattern in which each developing force generate its opposite or negation, leading to a period of revolutionary change in which a higher synthesis of the two opposing forces is achieved
Anarcho-communism, also referred to as anarchist communism,[6][7] communist anarchism,[8][9] free communism,[10] libertarian communism and stateless communism, is a political philosophy and anarchist school of thought which advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism, wage labour and private property (while retaining respect for personal property, along with collectively-owned items, goods and services)[18] in favor of common ownership of the means of production[19][20] and direct democracy as well as a horizontal network of workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs".[21][22]Some forms of anarcho-communism such as insurrectionary anarchism are strongly influenced by egoism and radical individualism, believing anarcho-communism to be the best social system for the realization of individual freedom. Most anarcho-communists view anarcho-communism as a way of reconciling the opposition between the individual and society.[27][28][29][30][31]Anarcho-communism developed out of radical socialist currents after the French Revolution,[32][33] but it was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the First International.[34] The theoretical work of Peter Kropotkin took importance later as it expanded and developed pro-organizationalist and insurrectionary anti-organizationalist sections.[35] To date, the best-known examples of an anarcho-communist society (i.e. established around the ideas as they exist today and achieving worldwide attention and knowledge in the historical canon) are the anarchist territories during the Spanish Revolution and the Free Territoryduring the Russian Revolution, where anarchists such as Nestor Makhno worked to create and defend anarcho-communism through the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukrainefrom 1918 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921.In 1929, anarcho-communism was achieved in Korea by the Korean Anarchist Federation in Manchuria (KAFM) and the Korean Anarcho-Communist Federation (KACF), with help from anarchist general and independence activist Kim Chwa-chin, lasting until 1931, when Imperial Japan assassinated Kim and invaded from the south, while the Chinese Nationalists invaded from the north, resulting in the creation of Manchukuo, a puppet state of the Empire of Japan. Through the efforts and influence of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Revolution within the Spanish Civil War starting in 1936, anarcho-communism existed in most of Aragon, parts of the Levante and Andalusia as well as in the stronghold of anarchist Catalonia before being crushed in 1939 by the combined forces of the Francoist Nationalists (the regime that won the war), Nationalist allies such as Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini and even Spanish Communist Party repression (backed by the Soviet Union) as well as economic and armaments blockades from the capitalist states and the Spanish Republic itself governed by the Republicans.
The International Working men's Association (IWA, 1864–1876), often called the First International, was an international organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade union organizations that were based on the working class and class struggle. It was founded in 1864 in a workmen's meeting held in St Martin's Hall, London. Its first congress was held in 1866 in Geneva. In Europe, a period of harsh reaction followed the widespread Revolutions of 1848. The next major phase of revolutionary activity began almost twenty years later with the founding of the IWA in 1864. At its peak, the IWA reported having 8 million members, while police reported 5 million. In 1872 the organization split in two over conflicts between communist and anarchist factions. It dissolved in 1876.
- Following the January Uprising in Poland in 1863, French and British workers started to discuss developing a closer working relationship. Henri Tolain, Perrachon, and Limousin visited London in July 1863, attending a meeting held in St. James's Hall in honour of the Polish uprising. Here there was discussion of the need for an international organization, which would, amongst other things, prevent the import of foreign workers to break strikes. In September, 1864, some French delegates again visited London with the concrete aim of setting up a special committee for the exchange of information upon matters of interest to the workers of all lands.
The Second International (1889–1916), the original Socialist International, was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. At the Paris meeting delegations from 20 countries participated. It continued the work of the dissolved First International, though excluding the still-powerful anarcho-syndicalist movement and unions, and existed until 1916.Among the Second International's famous actions were its 1889 declaration of May 1, May Day, as International Workers' Day and its 1910 declaration of the International Women's Day, first celebrated on March 19 and then on March 8 after the main day of the women's marches in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. It initiated the international campaign for the 8-hour working day.
- The 5th International Socialist Congress of the Second International era was held in Paris from September 23 to 27 in Paris. It was originally supposed to be held in Germany in 1899, but difficulties with the German authorities prevented this. The Congress is notable for establishing the International Socialist Bureau, the permanent organization of the International, as well as with dealing with the questions of the socialist attitude toward reformism and colonialism. On reformism, the Congress specifically addressed the question of socialists entering bourgeois governments. In 1899 the socialist Alexandre Millerand had taken a ministerial position in the French government of Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, alongside the Marquis de Galliffet, who had led the suppression of the Paris Commune. Karl Kautsky proposed a compromise resolution to the effect that the entry of a socialist into a bourgeois government was not a normal but a transitional and exceptional emergency measure, and that Millerand’s action was not a matter of principle but of tactics, acceptable if it had the mandate of his party.
- The International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904 was the Sixth Congress of the Second International. It was held from 14 to 18 August 1904. The Congress was held in the Gebow, Amsterdam. This congress called on "all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of Mayfor the legal establishment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace."
- The International Socialist Congress, Stuttgart 1907 was the Seventh Congress of the Second International. The gathering was held in Stuttgart, Germany from 18 to 24 August 1907 and was attended by nearly 900 delegates from around the globe. The work of the congress dealt largely with matters of militarism, colonialism, and women's suffrage and marked an attempt to centrally coordinate the policies of the various socialist parties of the world on these issues.The main agenda item of the 1907 Congress was the construction of a unified policy to deal with what was seen as the growing menace of "militarism and international conflicts".[2] Debate on the matter was held for five consecutive days in the commission named to decide the question, with a sixth day of debate taking place on the floor of the Congress. This was the most hotly contested topic of discussion, called by one observer "a royal battle, into which the European countries sent their best representatives". In the Militarism Commission there were three competing resolutions presented, including two by the French delegation and one by the German.[2] The majority French draft noted the right of the working class to defend its national sovereignty in the event of invasion and proclaimed that war would cease only with the elimination of capitalism and its inherent need for the expansion of markets and the construction of military machine to bolster the territorial designs of the various nations. In contrast the majority French and German draft resolutions stood a third perspective held by Jean Jaurès and Édouard Vaillant, which called for the working class to fight war through "every means available, from parliamentary intervention and public agitation to the general strike and the armed uprising" — brazen language deemed "impossible and undiscussible" in German conditions by representatives of the recently legalized German Social-Democratic Party (SPD).The Communist International, abbreviated asComintern and also known as the Third International (1919–1943), was an international communist organization that advocated world communism. The International intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State." The Comintern was founded after the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference in which Vladimir Lenin had organized the "Zimmerwald Left" against those who refused to approve any statement explicitly endorsing socialist revolutionary action, and after the 1916 dissolution of the Second International. The Comintern had seven World Congresses between 1919 and 1935. It also had thirteen "Enlarged Plenums" of its governing Executive Committee, which had much the same function as the somewhat larger and more grandiose Congresses. The Comintern was officially dissolved by Joseph Stalin in 1943.
The Labour and Socialist International (LSI; German: Sozialistische Arbeiter-Internationale, SAI) was an international organization of socialist and labour parties, active between 1923 and 1940. The group was established through a merger of the rival Vienna International and the former Second International, based in London, and was the forerunner of the present-day Socialist International. The LSI had a history of rivalry with the Communist International (Comintern), with which it competed over the leadership of the international socialist and labour movement. However, unlike the Comintern, the LSI maintained no direct control over the actions its sections, being constituted as a federation of autonomous national parties. The LSI functioned as a continuation of the Second International.The Social Democratic Party of Germany was the dominant party within the LSI. 1939年9月第二次世界大战全面爆发前夕，该组织已经处于瘫痪状态。1940年4月，该组织的执行局在布鲁塞尔召开最后一次会议，任命一个委员会准备草拟“重建欧洲的纲领”，还通过了庆祝五一节宣言，但没有谴责德国纳粹，没有号召各国工人奋起开展反法西斯的斗争。5月17日德军占领布鲁塞尔后，该组织完全停止活动。第二次世界大戦に際して解散したが、その活動は戦後、1951年に結成される社会主義インターナショナルにつながった。
The 4th World Congress of the Communist International was an assembly of delegates to the Communist International held in Petrograd and Moscow, Soviet Russia, between November 5 and December 5, 1922. A total of 343 voting delegates from 58 countries were in attendance. The 4th World Congress is best remembered for having amplified the tactic of the United Front into a fundamental part of international Communist policy. The gathering also elected a new set of leaders to the Comintern's governing body, the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI).
The Fourth International (FI) is the Communist international organisation consisting of followers of Leon Trotsky, or Trotskyists, with the declared goal of helping the working class bring about socialism and work toward international communism. The Fourth International was established in France in 1938: Trotsky and his supporters, having been expelled from the Soviet Union, considered the Comintern or Third International to have become "lost to" Stalinism and incapable of leading the international working class to political power. Thus, Trotskyists founded their own, competing "Fourth International". Today, there is no longer a single, cohesive Fourth International. Britainnica - Fourth International, a multinational body composed of Trotskyist organizations that was first formed in opposition to the policies of the Stalin-dominated Third International, or Comintern.
- stalinism
- [situationist int] indonesian stalinism, japanese stalinism; denunciation of stalinism - in france eg "stalinism must be destroyed" (the original text cites latin phrase delenda carthago ("carthage must be destroyed") with which the ancient roman senator cato the elder ended al his speeches.
- Socialisme ou Barbarie (French for '"Socialism or Barbarism"') was a French-based radical libertarian socialist group of the post-World War II period whose name comes from a phrase which was misattributed to Friedrich Engels by Rosa Luxemburg in The Junius Pamphlet, but which probably was most likely first used by Karl Kautsky. It existed from 1948 until 1967.[3] The animating personality was Cornelius Castoriadis, also known as Pierre Chaulieu or Paul Cardan.[4] Socialisme ou Barbarie (S. ou B.) is also the name of the group's journal.
1963 conference on kafka's oeuvre organised by reform communist intellectual eduard goldstucker
??????2019 socialism conference in chicago https://socialismconference.org
- Sir Victor Gollancz (/ɡəˈlæns, -ˈlænts/; 9 April 1893 – 8 February 1967) was a British publisher and humanitarian. Gollancz was often noted as a supporter of left-wing causes. His loyalties shifted between Liberalism and Communism, but he defined himself as a Christian Socialist and Internationalist. Although he gained high credibility by forecasting the Nazi extermination of Jews, he campaigned for friendship with both Germany and Soviet Russia. He used his publishing house chiefly to promote pacifist and socialist non-fiction, and also launched the Left Book Club. Born in Maida Vale, London, to a family of German Jewish/Polish Jewish background, he was the son of a wholesale jeweller and nephew of Rabbi Professor Sir Hermann Gollancz and Professor Sir Israel Gollancz. His grandfather, Rabbi Samuel Marcus Gollancz, had immigrated to the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century from Witkowo (near Gnesen, in then-Prussia), to become cantor of the Hambro Synagogue in London. After being educated at St Paul's School, London and taking a degree in classics at New College, Oxford, he became a schoolteacher. Gollancz was commissioned into the Northumberland Fusiliers in October 1915, although he did not see active service. In March 1916 he transferred to Repton School Junior Officers' Training Corps. Gollancz proved to be an innovative and inspirational teacher; he introduced the first civics class to be taught at an English public school and many of his students went on to become teachers themselves, including James Harford and James Darling. In 1917 he became involved in the Reconstruction Committee, which was planning for post-war Britain. There he met Ernest Benn, who hired him to work in his publishing company, Ernest Benn Limited. Starting with magazines, Gollancz then brought out a series of art books, after which he started signing novelists.Gollancz formed his own publishing company in 1927, publishing works by writers such as Ford Madox Ford and George Orwell, who wrote that "Gollancz is of course part of the Communism-racket," to Rayner Heppenstall in July 1937 (Orwell went to Secker and Warburgfrom Homage to Catalonia on). The firm, Gollancz Ltd., published pacifist and socialist nonfiction as well as, by the mid-1930s, a solid selection of contemporary fiction, including authors such as Elizabeth Bowen, Daphne du Maurier, and Franz Kafka. While Gollancz published The Red Army Moves by Geoffrey Cox on the Winter War in 1941, he omitted some criticisms of the USSR.People
- Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden, PC (/ˈsnoʊdən/; 18 July 1864 – 15 May 1937) was a British politician. A strong speaker, he became popular in trade union circles for his denunciation of capitalism as unethical and his promise of a socialist utopia. He was the first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer, a position he held in 1924 and again between 1929 and 1931. He broke with Labour policy in 1931, and was expelled from the party and excoriated as a turncoat, as the Party was overwhelmingly crushed that year by the National Government coalition that Snowden supported. He was succeeded as Chancellor by Neville Chamberlain. Snowden was born in Cowling in the West Riding of Yorkshire. His father John Snowden had been a weaver and a supporter of Chartism, and later a Gladstonian liberal. Snowden joined the Liberal Party, and followed his parents in becoming a Methodist and a teetotaller. In 1893, in the aftermath of the formation of the Independent Labour Party (ILP) in neighboring Bradford, he was asked to give a speech for the Cowling Liberal Club on the dangers of socialism. Whilst researching the subject, Snowden instead became convinced by the ideology. He eventually joined the executive committee of the Keighley ILP in 1899, and went on to chair the ILP from 1903 to 1906. He became a prominent speaker for the party, and wrote a popular Christian socialist pamphlet with Keir Hardiein 1903, entitled The Christ that is to Be. His strident rhetoric, well-laced with statistics and evangelical themes, contrasted the evil conditions under capitalism with the moral and economic utopia of future socialism. He condemned as "bloodsuckers and parasites" local textile company executives. In 1898, he launched the Keighley Labour Journal, using it to denounce waste, pettiness, and corruption. However, he ignored the concerns of the trade unions, which he judged to be conservative and fixated on wages.[3] By 1902, he had moved his base to Leeds and toured Britain as a lecturer on politics and corruption, with his own syndicated column and short essays in numerous working class outlets. By the time he was elected Labour MP for Blackburn in 1906, he had become a well-known socialist figure, standing at the national level alongside both Keir Hardie, Professor Arnold Lupton and Ramsay MacDonald. Snowden married Ethel Annakin, a campaigner for women's suffrage, in 1905. He supported his wife's ideals, and he became a noted speaker at suffragette meetings and other public meetings.- Penelope Mary Mordaunt (/ˈmɔːrdənt/; born 4 March 1973)[3] is a British Conservative politician serving as Secretary of State for Defence since 2019. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Portsmouth North since 2010and was Secretary of State for International Development from 2017 to 2019.Mordaunt was born on the 4 March 1973 in Torquay, Devon. The daughter of a former paratrooper, one of twins, she was named after the Leander-class frigateHMS Penelope. Her father, who had been born in Hilsea Barracks, had left the Parachute Regiment and trained as a teacher. Mordaunt has two brothers: James, and a younger brother, Edward.[8] Through her mother, Jennifer (née Snowden),[9] she is a relative of Philip Snowden, the first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer. Angela Lansbury is her grandmother's cousin.[10][11] Mordaunt was educated at Oaklands Roman Catholic School Academy, Waterlooville, Hampshire, and studied drama at the Victoryland Theatre School.
- Antonio Francesco Gramsci (Italian: [anˈtɔːnjo franˈtʃesko ˈɡramʃi]; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher and communist politician. He wrote on political theory, sociology and linguistics. He attempted to break from the economic determinism of traditional Marxist thought and so is considered a key neo-Marxist. He was a founding member and one-time leader of the Communist Party of Italy and was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime. He wrote more than 30 notebooks and 3,000 pages of history and analysis during his imprisonment. His Prison Notebooks are considered a highly original contribution to 20th century political theory. Gramsci drew insights from varying sources – not only other Marxists but also thinkers such as Niccolò Machiavelli, Vilfredo Pareto, Georges Sorel and Benedetto Croce. The notebooks cover a wide range of topics, including Italian history and nationalism, the French Revolution, fascism, Fordism, civil society, folklore, religion and high and popular culture. Gramsci is best known for his theory of cultural hegemony, which describes how the state and ruling capitalist class – the bourgeoisie – use cultural institutions to maintain power in capitalist societies. The bourgeoisie, in Gramsci's view, develops a hegemonic culture using ideology rather than violence, economic force, or coercion. Hegemonic culture propagates its own values and norms so that they become the "common sense" values of all and thus maintain the status quo. Hegemonic power is therefore used to maintain consent to the capitalist order, rather than coercive power using force to maintain order. This cultural hegemony is produced and reproduced by the dominant class through the institutions that form the superstructure.
- Edward Gierek (Polish pronunciation: [ˈɛdvart ˈɡʲɛrɛk]; 6 January 1913 – 29 July 2001) was a Polish communist politician. Gierek replaced Władysław Gomułka as first secretary of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) in the Polish People's Republic in 1970. He is known for opening communist Poland to Western influence and for his economic policies based on foreign loans, which ultimately failed. He was removed from power after labor strikes led to the Gdańsk Agreement between the communist state and workers of the emerging Solidarity free trade union movement. Edward Gierek was born in Porąbka near Sosnowiec, into a coal mining family.[1] He lost his father to a mining accident in a pit at the age of four. His mother remarried and emigrated to northern France, where he lived from the age of 10 and worked in a coal mine from the age of 13. Gierek joined the French Communist Party in 1931 and in 1934 was deported to Poland for organizing a strike. After completing compulsory military service in Stryi in southeastern Poland (1934–1936), Gierek married Stanisława Jędrusik, but was unable to find employment. The Giereks went to Belgium, where Edward worked in the coal mines of Waterschei, contracting pneumoconiosis (black lung disease) in the process. In 1939 Gierek joined the Communist Party of Belgium. During the German occupation, he participated in communist anti-Nazi Belgian resistance activities.[3][4] After the war Gierek remained politically active among the Polish immigrant community. He was a co-founder of the Belgian branch of the Polish Workers' Party (PPR) and a chairman of the National Council of Poles in Belgium.
- Edward Gierek (Polish pronunciation: [ˈɛdvart ˈɡʲɛrɛk]; 6 January 1913 – 29 July 2001) was a Polish communist politician. Gierek replaced Władysław Gomułka as first secretary of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) in the Polish People's Republic in 1970. He is known for opening communist Poland to Western influence and for his economic policies based on foreign loans, which ultimately failed. He was removed from power after labor strikes led to the Gdańsk Agreement between the communist state and workers of the emerging Solidarity free trade union movement. Edward Gierek was born in Porąbka near Sosnowiec, into a coal mining family.[1] He lost his father to a mining accident in a pit at the age of four. His mother remarried and emigrated to northern France, where he lived from the age of 10 and worked in a coal mine from the age of 13. Gierek joined the French Communist Party in 1931 and in 1934 was deported to Poland for organizing a strike. After completing compulsory military service in Stryi in southeastern Poland (1934–1936), Gierek married Stanisława Jędrusik, but was unable to find employment. The Giereks went to Belgium, where Edward worked in the coal mines of Waterschei, contracting pneumoconiosis (black lung disease) in the process. In 1939 Gierek joined the Communist Party of Belgium. During the German occupation, he participated in communist anti-Nazi Belgian resistance activities.[3][4] After the war Gierek remained politically active among the Polish immigrant community. He was a co-founder of the Belgian branch of the Polish Workers' Party (PPR) and a chairman of the National Council of Poles in Belgium.
- Polish society is divided in its assessment of Gierek. His government is fondly remembered by some for the improved living standards the Poles enjoyed in the 1970s under his rule. Uniquely among the PZPR leaders, the Polish public has shown signs of Gierek nostalgia, discernible especially after the former first secretary's death.Others emphasize that the improvements were only made possible by the unwise and unsustainable policies based on huge foreign loans, which led directly to the economic crises of the 1970s and 1980s. Judged by hindsight, the total sum of over 24 billion borrowed (in 1970s dollars) was not well-spent.Upon becoming first secretary in December 1970, Gierek promised himself that under his watch people would not be shot on streets. In 1976 the security forces did intervene in strikes, but only after giving up their firearms. In 1980, they did not use force at all.According to sociologist Maciej Gdula, the social and cultural transformation that took place in Poland in the 1970s was even more fundamental than the one which occurred in the 1990s, following the political transition. Regarding the politics of alliance of the political and later also money elites with the middle class at the expense of the working class, he said "the general idea of the relationship of forces in our society has remained the same from the 1970s, and the period of mass solidarity was an exception" ("mass solidarity" being the years 1980–81). Since the time of Gierek, Polish society has been hegemonized by cultural perceptions and norms of the (at that time emerging) middle class. Terms like management, initiative, personality, or the individualistic maxim "get educated, work hard and get ahead in life", combined with orderliness, replaced class consciousness and the socialist egalitarian concept, as workers were losing their symbolic status, to be eventually separated into a marginalized stratum.
- Donald Sassoon (Il Cairo, 25 novembre 1946) è uno storico, scrittore e saggista britannico, professore emerito di Storia Europea Comparata alla Queen Mary University of London.
- wrote books on socialism
organisation structure
- general secretary
- https://www.quora.com/Why-didnt-Vladimir-Lenin-want-Stalin-to-succeed-him
- 政治委員，簡稱政委，在部分國家，尤其是社會主義國家由於以「黨指揮槍」為治軍綱領，通常在營、團、旅、師、獨立支隊及相當機關設立政治委員，政治委員主要負責處理執政黨（共產黨）的主要工作及思想政治工作的特殊職位，目的是確保軍隊接受共產黨的領導。政治委員與同級的司令員或指揮員同為同級首長，實行的是雙首長制（如同中國一級行政區的首長與黨委書記）。所以，政治委員與軍事指揮員或司令員擁有相同的權力，政治委員與指揮員等互相制衡。政治委員是共產黨在軍隊的代表。歷史上，政委（commissaire politique）首先出現在法國大革命，以幫助它對抗反革命思想和行為，確保共和黨人（the Republican）的勝利。In the military, a political commissar or political officer (or politruk, from Russian: политический руководитель, "political leader"), is a supervisory officer responsible for the political education (ideology) and organization of the unit they are assigned to, and intended to ensure civilian control of the military. The function first appeared as commissaire politique (political commissioner) in the French army after the Revolution (1789–99). It also existed, with interruptions, in the Soviet Red Army from 1918 to 1942, as well as in the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1943 to 1945. The function remains in use in China's People's Liberation Army.
- 中国人民解放軍では、紅軍当初から党の軍隊として組織された経緯から、一般軍人と政治委員の関係は良好であった。1927年の南昌蜂起以来、軍には党代表が置かれていたが、1929年の「古田会議」において毛沢東の主導により「政治委員」に改称され、強力な政治委員制度が成立した[1]。政治委員にはソビエト軍同様に作戦命令に対する副署権が与えられた。
-党官僚 An apparatchik (/ˌɑːpəˈrɑːttʃɪk/; Russian: аппара́тчик [ɐpɐˈratɕɪk]), was a full-time, professional functionary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union or the Soviet government apparat (аппарат, apparatus), someone who held any position of bureaucratic or political responsibility, with the exception of the higher ranks of management called nomenklatura. James Billington describes an apparatchik as "a man not of grand plans, but of a hundred carefully executed details."[1] The term is often considered derogatory, with negative connotations in terms of the quality, competence, and attitude of a person thus described.Members of the apparat (apparatchiks or apparatchiki) were frequently transferred between different areas of responsibility, usually with little or no actual training for their new areas of responsibility. Thus, the term apparatchik, or "agent of the apparatus" was usually the best possible description of the person's profession and occupation.[3] Not all apparatchiks held lifelong positions. Many only entered such positions in middle age.
- people
- Emomali Rahmon (Tajik: Эмомалӣ Раҳмон, romanized: Emomalî Rahmon/Emomalī Rahmon;[1] born 5 October 1952) is a Tajikistani politician who has served as President of Tajikistan (or its equivalent post) since 1994.Rahmon was born as Emomali Sharipovich Rakhmonov (Russian: Эмомали́ Шари́пович Рахмо́нов, romanized: Emomali Šaripovič Rahmonov)[6] to Sharif Rahmonov and Mayram Sharifova, a peasant family in Danghara, Kulob Oblast (present-day Khatlon province). As rising apparatchik in Tajikistan, he became a chairman of the collective state farm of his native Danghara. In March 2007, Rahmonov changed his surname to Rahmon, getting rid of the Russian-style "-ov" ending. He also removed the patronymic, Sharipovich, from his name altogether. Rahmon explained that he had done so out of respect for his cultural heritage.[22][23] Following the move, scores of governments officials, members of parliament, and civil servants around the country removed Russian-style patronymics and "-ov" endings from their surnames. In April 2016, Tajikistan officially banned the giving of Russian-style patronymics and surnames to newborn children.
青年領巾
- east germany - blue in colour
Terminology
- cosmonaut vs astronaut (west)
fascism
- according to communist ideology, fascism was the logical outcome of capitalism. Consequently, soviet propaganda saw us as moving on the path toward fascism most recently trodden by germany.
socialist realism
- Andrei Alexandrovich Zhdanov (Russian: Андре́й Алекса́ндрович Жда́нов, IPA: [ɐnˈdrej ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕˈʐdanəf]; 26 February [O.S. 14 February] 1896 – 31 August 1948) was a Soviet Communist Party leader and cultural ideologist. After World War II, Zhdanov was thought to be the successor-in-waiting to Joseph Stalin, but he died before Stalin. He has been described as the ‘propagandist-in-chief’ of the Soviet Union in the period 1945 to 1948.Zhdanov was appointed by Stalin to direct the Soviet Union's cultural policy in 1946. His first action (in December 1946) was to censor Russian writers such as Anna Akhmatova and Mikhail Zoshchenko. He formulated what became known as the Zhdanov Doctrine ("The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best"). During 1946–1947, Zhdanov was Chairman of the Soviet of the Union. In 1947, he organized the Cominform, designed to coordinate and control the communist parties around the world. At a famous speech at Szklarska Poręba in September 1947 Zhdanov warned his fellow communists that the world was now split into two hostile camps and that the Cominform was needed to oppose the ‘frank expansionist programme’ of the US.
- *********Originating in 1946 and lasting until the late 1950s, Zhdanov's ideological code, known as the Zhdanov Doctrine or Zhdanovism (zhdanovshchina) 日丹诺夫主义 , defined cultural production in the Soviet Union. Zhdanov intended to create a new philosophy of artistic creation valid for the entire world. His method reduced all of culture to a sort of chart, wherein a given symbol corresponded to a simple moral value. Zhdanov and his associates further sought to eliminate foreign influence from Soviet art, proclaiming that "incorrect art" was an ideological diversion.[18] This doctrine suggested that the world was split into two opposing camps, namely the "imperialistic", led by the United States; and the "democratic", led by the Soviet Union. The one sentence that came to define his doctrine was "The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best". This cultural policy became strictly enforced, censoring writers, artists and the intelligentsia, with punishment being applied for failing to conform to what was considered acceptable by Zhdanov’s standards. This policy officially ended in 1952, seen as having a negative impact on culture within the Soviet Union.[19] The origins of this policy can be seen before 1946 when critics proposed (wrongly according to Zhdanov) that Russian classics had been influenced by famous foreign writers, but the policy came into effect specifically to target "apolitical, 'bourgeois', individualistic works of the satirist Mikhail Zoshchenko and the poet Anna Akhmatova", respectively writing for the literary magazines Zvezda and Leningrad. On 20 February 1948, Zhdanovshchina shifted its focus towards anti-formalism, targeting composers such as Dmitri Shostakovich. That April, many of the persecuted composers were pressed into repenting for displaying formalism in their music in a special congress of the Union of Soviet Composers. Zhdanov was the most openly cultured of the leadership group and his treatment of artists was mild by Soviet standards of the time. He even wrote a satirical sketch ridiculing the attack on modernism.
- 日丹诺夫主义三十年代进入中国后，一直是中共主导的文艺界的理论经典、不可违抗的法规。周扬最早介绍了社会主义现实主义和革命浪漫主义，[5]1952年，时任中共中央宣傳部副部長的周扬表示斯大林和日丹诺夫等关于文艺的指示具有最丰富和价值的经验，是最正确的、最重要的指南。[6]1949年10月，《人民文学》强调“最大的要求是苏联和新民主主义国家的文艺理论”，将苏联文学视为整个世界进步文学运动的核心，是“人类最先进的、最富有生命力的文学”。从此，文学的党性和社会主义现实主义成为中国文学的政策性概念。此前，毛泽东发表的《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》被胡風认为是日丹諾夫講話的庸俗化了的中文翻版。人民文學出版社編譯了《蘇聯文學藝術問題》，收入了俄共（布）中央1925年和1932年的兩個有關文藝的決議、蘇聯作家協會章程、日丹諾夫在第一次蘇聯作家代表大會上的講話、聯共（布）中央在40年代有關文藝问题的四个决议，成为中國文藝工作者的必讀文件。日丹诺夫的报告及联共中央关于文学艺术的决议成为1951年文艺界整风学习的官方文件。日丹诺夫的话得以在当代文学批评界经常被引用。从1949年5月到1950年3月，北京哲学界多次学习日丹诺夫讲话，对其表示完全认同。20世纪50年代初，苏联专家还到北京大学、中国人民大学、中共中央高级党校讲课，重申日丹诺夫定义并细化，其发言成了中国研究哲学史的唯一指导方针，不允许讨论商榷。[8]中国新哲学研究会同时批判亚历山大洛夫拥护日丹诺夫。从此，哲学上“两军对战”便成为中国哲学家长期遵循的“经典”。在教育方面，中国中小学语文教材的编选受到日丹诺夫的资产阶级上升时期的文学作品具有进步性，而进入帝国主义阶段的文学则是完全反动这一理论的影响。[10]1959年4月，中共中央宣传部将中学政治课分为“形势任务”课和“马列主义基础知识”课两部分，在教科书中不断强调唯物主义和唯心主义的斗争以及辩证法和形而上学的对立。 [11]其中重复日丹诺夫的论断“唯物主义和唯心主义、辩证法和形而上学的斗争一直贯穿着哲学发展的历史。”“唯心主义和唯物主义的对立是世界本原问题上的对立，凡是涉及世界本原问题，唯心主义一定是错误和非科学的。”
literature, academic studies
- quatrieme internationale journal https://www.worldcat.org/title/quatrieme-internationale/oclc/64215746
- International Marxist Review was the English-language theoretical and analytical journal of the reunified Fourth International. IMR was launched in 1982 alongside Quatrième Internationale, which was relaunched in the same year. Fifteen issues of the journal were produced until 1995, when IMR was merged into International Viewpoint. At the same time Quatrième Internationale, IMR's sister magazine in French, was merged into Critique Communiste, the theoretical journal of the Revolutionary Communist League (France). It operated under the ISSN numbers ISSN 0269-3739 and ISSN 1024-8234.
The key themes and articles of each issue are listed below.
- 1 The need for a revolutionary International; France under Mitterrand
- 2 Black revolt in South Africa; The land question in Latin America
- 3 New faces of feminism; Anti-apartheid struggles & class struggles
- 4 The legacy of Antonio Gramsci; Lessons of Grenada
- 5 The significance of Gorbachev; Revolutionary strategy in Europe
- 6 Latin America after Che Guevara; Morality and revolution in everyday life
- 7 50 years of the Fourth International; Reasons for FI remain valid
- 8 Europe: the big bluff of 1992; Dynamics of European integration
- 9 The national question in the history of the USSR and today
- 10 Central America; Environment; The national question in the Spanish state, and Ireland
- 11/12 Double issue: Documents of the 1991 World Congress of the Fourth International
- 13 After perestroika – What next? USSR; Poland; China (Swedish translation); Yugoslavia
- 14 Defending Marxism Today: Market ideology; Feminism; US left
- 15 Capitalism’s new economic order; Restructuring the labor process
usa
- [situationist int]since the great crisis of 1929, state intervention has been more and more conspicuous in market mechanisms; the economy can no longer function steadily without massive expenditures by the state, the main consumer of all noncommerical production.
- [situationist int]since the great crisis of 1929, state intervention has been more and more conspicuous in market mechanisms; the economy can no longer function steadily without massive expenditures by the state, the main consumer of all noncommerical production.
-紐約時報》前日報道，美國即日起收緊中共黨員及其直系家屬的簽證有效期，從10年大幅削減至只有一個月，料影響包括9,200萬名中共黨員在內的2.7億人。此前中共黨員可與一般中國公民申請最長10年的赴美旅行簽證，但新措施不影響中共黨員申請移民簽證等其他簽證資格。在實際操作中，除了中方高級官員外，美方可能很難判斷申請人是否中共黨員。新指引允許美國官員根據中國公民的簽證申請及面談，以及對中共黨籍的認知判斷對方是否黨員，意味將對中國政界及商界領袖造成打擊，而非數百萬為了在商業及藝術等領域獲得優勢而入黨的較低級別黨員。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201204/00180_001.html
- association
- association
- right to the city
- mentioned at hku-wes symposium on work on 9-11sep19
- people
- Sidney Rittenberg (李敦白; pinyin: Lǐ Dūnbái; August 14, 1921 – August 24, 2019) was an American journalist, scholar, and Chinese linguist who lived in China from 1944 to 1980.[citation needed] He worked closely with Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, and other leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Chinese Communist Revolution, and was with these central Communist leaders at Yan'an.[citation needed] He witnessed first-hand much of what occurred at upper levels of the CCP and knew many of its leaders personally.[citation needed] Later, he was imprisoned in solitary confinement, twice, for a total of 16 years. He was the first American citizen to join the CCP. Rittenberg's connections and experience enabled him to run a consultancy business representing some of the world's biggest brands, such as Intel, Levi Strauss, Microsoft, Hughes Aircraft and Teledesic.Rittenberg was born into a Jewish family in Charleston, South Carolina and he lived there until his college studies. He was the son of Muriel (Sluth) and Sidney Rittenberg, who was president of the Charleston City Council. After attending Porter Military Academy, he turned down a full scholarship to Princeton University and instead attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he majored in philosophy.[citation needed] While attending Chapel Hill, he became a member of the Dialectic Society and the US Communist Party.[6] In 1942, following the entry of the US into World War II—and after leaving the Communist Party—Rittenberg joined the Army and was sent to Stanford's Army Far Eastern Language and Area School to learn Japanese.[citation needed] Rittenberg did not wish to be assigned to study Japanese, and was able to be assigned to learn Chinese instead.[citation needed] This led to his being sent to China in 1944.[citation needed] Rittenberg said that one of the turning points in his life came shortly after he arrived in China.[citation needed] He was sent to bring a $26 check to the family of a girl who was killed by a drunken US soldier.[citation needed] Despite the family's devastation, they gave Rittenberg $6 for his help.[citation needed] It was at that point that "something inside Sidney Rittenberg shifted."[7] After the end of the war, he decided to stay in China as part of the United Nations famine relief program.[citation needed] This led to his meeting the leaders of the Communist movement at Yan'an in 1946.1949年在苏联任报纸编辑的李敦白被指控为间谍，并组织了一个国际间谍网。约瑟夫·斯大林说他是美帝国主义派来破坏中国革命的间谍，要求毛泽东逮捕李敦白。李敦白于是被投入监狱，有一年时间都被关在终年不见阳光的狱室里。李敦白回忆说：狱卒对他用药，让他一直焦虑暴躁、无法入睡。“他们以为你会崩溃，然后招供，”他说。“我崩溃了，可我没什么好招供的。所以场面有点尴尬。”期间第一任中国妻子与他离婚。1955年斯大林死后，李敦白获得平反，他才被释放。在中央人民广播电台担任外国专家，与王玉琳结识，1956年结婚。文化大革命期间，表现得非常激进。1967年他成为有约70名成员的白求恩-延安造反团头目，并在中国国际广播电台掌权。同年4月8日《人民日报》发表了他的文章《中国文化大革命打开了通向共产主义的航道》。4月10日，他作为外国人代表在清华大学批斗王光美。他还批斗了当时居住在北京的一些其他外国人，包括马海德（George Hatem）。1967年9月，中国国际广播电台和很多外国人所住的友谊宾馆出现针对李敦白的大字报，将他划为“五一六分子”。1968年2月, 李敦白和白求恩-延安造反团的许多成员如爱泼斯坦和丘茉莉夫妇等被逮捕。他的妻子王玉琳则被派往五七干校。1973年在押的外国人基本都被释放，但李敦白仍然被视为王力、关锋和戚本禹分子继续关押。1977年11月他才被释放并平反。1979年回到美国度假，并曾为《纽约时报》撰文讲述自己的第一印象。1979年《纽约时报》也曾报道过他引人入胜的故事。1980年，李敦白携家人彻底地离开了中国。最初，他寄居在姐姐家，靠妻子织毛衣、教中文和中国烹调勉强维持生活。现和妻子王玉琳居住在美国华盛顿州福克斯岛，他们有三子一女。他一面在太平洋路德大學做中国研究，一面经营自己的中国事务咨询公司“Rittenberg & Associates”。他的儿子小悉尼·里滕伯格（Sidney Rittenberg Jr.）作为商业顾问曾在2002年与习近平一起，介入美国柏克德公司和其他一些外国投资者在福建的一个发电厂投资项目。2019年8月24日，李敦白去世。
- 居留中國期間，他成為新華總社英語專家，後在延安認識毛澤東。他奉命為共產黨領袖的講話潤飾及翻譯，也曾翻譯過毛澤東一些文章。其後他獲得中國國籍，並加入中國共產黨。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190826/00178_008.html
- appledaily 26aug19 friends of rittenberg
- hkej 17sep19 c1
- Cesar Chavez (born César Estrada Chávez, locally [ˈsesaɾ esˈtɾaða ˈtʃaβes]; March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was an American labor leader, community organizer, and Latino Americancivil rights activist. Along with Dolores Huerta, he co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), which later merged to become the United Farm Workers (UFW) union. Ideologically, his world-view combined leftist politics with Roman Catholic social teachings. Cesar Estrada Chavez was born in Yuma, Arizona on March 31, 1927.[2] He was named for his paternal grandfather, Cesario Chavez, a Mexican who had crossed into Texas in 1898.Chavez was a controversial figure. During his life, many farm-owners considered him a communist subversive and the Federal Bureau of Investigation monitored him. He nevertheless became an icon for organized labor and leftist politics, as well as for the Hispanic American community; he posthumously became a "folk saint" among Mexican Americans.[1] His birthday, March 31, is a federal commemorative holiday (Cesar Chavez Day) in several U.S. states, while many schools, streets, and parks are named after him, and in 1994, he posthumously received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
latin america
- people
- José Carlos Mariátegui La Chira (14 June 1894 – 16 April 1930) was a Peruvian intellectual, journalist, political philosopher, and communist. A prolific writer before his early death at the age of 35, he is considered one of the most influential Latin American socialists of the 20th century. Mariátegui's Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (1928) is still widely read in South America, and called "one of the broadest, deepest, and most enduring works of the Latin American century".[1] An avowed self-taught Marxist, he insisted that a socialist revolution should evolve organically in Latin America on the basis of local conditions and practices, not the result of mechanically applying a European formula. One of three children, José Carlos Mariátegui was born in Moquegua, although his pious Catholic mother, María Amalia La Chira Ballejos, led him to believe he was born in Lima.[3] His father, Francisco Javier Mariátegui Requejo, abandoned his family when José Carlos was young. To support her children, José Carlos' mother, moved first to Lima, then to Huacho, where she had more relatives who helped her make a living. José Carlos had a brother and a sister: Julio César and Guillermina. In 1902, as a young schoolboy, he badly injured his left leg in an accident, and was moved to a hospital in Lima. Despite a four-year-long convalescence, his leg remained fragile and he was unable to continue his studies. This was the first of a series of health problems that plagued him throughout his life. Although he was unable to continue formal schooling, Mariátegui read widely and taught himself French. Though he hoped to become a Roman Catholic priest, at the age of fourteen he started working at a newspaper, first as an errand boy, then as a linotypist, then eventually as a writer. The linotypist he assisted, Juan Manuel Campos, introduced him to an anarchist intellectual, Manuel González Prada. González Prada had made a name for himself in a denunciation of the corruption and incompetence of Peru's rulers, and especially the condition of Peruvian peasants due the monopolization of land by a small group of gamonales (land owners), an analysis that influenced Mariátegui's later writings.[5] Mariátegui worked in daily journalism for La Prensa and also for the magazine Mundo Limeño. In 1916, he left his first employer to join a new daily, El Tiempo, which had a more leftist orientation. Two years later he launched his own magazine, only to find that the owners of El Tiempo refused to print it. This led him to break with El Tiempo and launch a newspaper called La Razón, which became his first major venture in left wing journalism. In 1918, "nauseated by Creole politics," he wrote in an autobiographical note, "I turned resolutely toward socialism". In different ways, organizations like Shining Path, and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, and the Peruvian Communist Party all look towards Mariátegui and his writings. Mariátegui's ideas have recently seen a major revival due to the rise of leftist governments all over South America, in particular in Bolivia where in 2005 Evo Moralesbecame that country's first ever indigenous president since the Conquest 500 years earlier (following Mexico's Benito Juárez). The rise of popular indigenous movements in Ecuador and Peru have also sparked a renewed interest in Mariátegui's writings concerning the role of indigenous peoples in a Latin American revolution. The current ruling party in Peru, the Peruvian Nationalist Party, claims Mariátegui as one of its ideological founders.
chile
- Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens (US: /ɑːˈjɛndeɪ, -di/, UK: /æˈ-, aɪˈɛn-/,[4][5] American Spanish: [salβaˈðoɾ ɣiˈʝeɾmo aˈʝende ˈɣosens]; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean democratic socialist[6][7][8] politician and physician, President of Chile from 1970 until 1973, and head of the Popular Unity political coalition government; he was the first ever Marxist to be elected president in a country with liberal democracy.Allende was born on 26 June 1908[18] in Valparaíso.[19][20] He was the son of Salvador Allende Castro and Laura Gossens Uribe. Allende's family belonged to the Chilean upper middle class and had a long tradition of political involvement in progressive and liberal causes. His grandfather was a prominent physician and a social reformist who founded one of the first secular schools in Chile. Salvador Allende was of Basque[22] and Belgian (Walloons)[23] descent.El gobierno de Allende fue apoyado por Unidad Popular, una coalición de partidos de izquierda, y destacó tanto por el intento de establecer un Estado socialista aferrándose a los medios democráticos y constitucionales del Poder Ejecutivo —la vía chilena al socialismo—, como por proyectos como la nacionalización del cobre, la estatización de las áreas «claves» de la economía y la profundización de la reforma agraria iniciada por su antecesor Eduardo Frei Montalva,5 en medio de la polarización política internacional de la Guerra Fría.- The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was a British communist party which was the largest communist party in Great Britain, although it never became a mass party like those in France and Italy. It existed from 1920 to 1991. Founded in 1920 by the merger of several smaller Marxist parties, the party gained the support of many socialist organisations and worker's committees during the period after World War I and the Russian October Revolution. Many miners joined the party through 1926 and 1927 after the General Strike of 1926. In 1945 two Communist Party MPs won seats in the general election. From 1945 to 1956 the party was at the height of its influence. It experienced its greatest loss of membership after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the party's Eurocommunist leadership decided to disband the party, establishing the Democratic Left think tank. The anti-Eurocommunist faction had launched the Communist Party of Britainin 1988.
- (After the split in the CPGB leading to the creation of the Communist Party of Britain in 1988 (and the dissolution of the CPGB in 1991), the YCL was re-established in 1991, based on the CPB Youth Section. The YCL is organisationally autonomous and decides its own activities and priorities, but is constitutionally committed to support for the CPB's programme, Britain's Road to Socialism. The YCL is a member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY). Communist Students is the student section of the Young Communist League. It was launched in 2005 in coordination with several overseas Communist parties and Young Communist organisations, with members studying in this country. This reflects the close relationship between the CPB and its fraternal parties that is developed in the Co-ordinating Committee of Communist Parties in Britain.
- Arthur Scargill (born 11 January 1938) is a British trade unionist. He was President of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) from 1982 to 2002. Joining the NUM at the age of nineteen in 1957, he became one of its leading activists in the late 1960s. He led an unofficial strike in 1969, and played a key organising role during the strikes of 1972 and 1974, the latter of which helped in the downfall of Edward Heath's Conservative government.
A decade later, he led the union through the 1984–85 miners' strike, a major event in the history of the British labour movement. It turned into a confrontation with the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher in which the miners' union was heavily suppressed. A former Labour Party member, he is now the party leader of the Socialist Labour Party (SLP), which he founded in 1996.Scargill was born in Worsbrough Dale near Barnsley, West Riding of Yorkshire. His father, Harold, was a miner and a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. His mother, Alice (née Pickering), was a professional cook. He did not take the Eleven-Plus exam and went to Worsbrough Dale School (now called the Elmhirst School). He left school in 1953 at fifteen years old to work as a coal miner at Woolley Colliery where he worked for nineteen years.Scargill joined the Young Communist League in 1955, becoming its Yorkshire District Chair in 1956 and shortly after a member of its National Executive Committee.[4] In 1957 he was elected NUM Yorkshire Area Youth Delegate, and attended the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow as a representative of the Yorkshire miners. In 1958, he attended the World Federation of Trade Unions youth congress in Prague.
- Martin Jacques (born 1945) is a British journalist and academic. Jacques was born in October 1945 in the city of Coventry (then in Warwickshire, now in the West Midlands), and was brought up there.Jacques was educated at King Henry VIII School, an independent school in Coventry (at the time a partly fee-paying boys' direct grant grammar school), followed by the University of Manchester, where he graduated with a first-class Honours degree, and subsequently at King's College, Cambridge, where he studied for a PhD.Jacques was a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, becoming "a member of its Executive Committee, probably the youngest member ever at about twenty-two".[3]He was editor of the party's journal, Marxism Today, from 1977 until its closure in 1991. He co-edited the anthology The Forward March of Labour Halted? (1981) with Francis Mulhern, and co-authored The Politics of Thatcherism (1983) and New Times (1989) with Stuart Hall. Jacques was a co-founder of the think-tank Demos. He has been a columnist for The Times and The Sunday Times and was deputy editor of The Independent. Jacques was a visiting fellow at the London School of Economics Asia Research Centre from 2008-09.[4] He was also a senior visiting research fellow at the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. Jacques' wife Harinder Kaur Veriah, a Malaysian lawyer, died in January 2000 aged 33 at Ruttonjee Hospital in Hong Kong after suffering epileptic fits and then cardiac arrest. Jacques and their son Ravi, who was aged 16 months when she died, sued the Hospital Authority for negligence and racism. The hospital settled the case in 2010. Her death led to the introduction of anti-racism laws in 2008. In 2009, his book about modern Asia and the rise of China entitled When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order was published.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171023/PDF/b10_screen.pdf
- only polski and chinese wikipedia versions
- The Tomb of Karl Marx stands in the Eastern cemetery of Highgate Cemetery, north London, England. It commemorates the burial sites of Marx, of his wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and other members of his family. Originally buried in a different part of the Eastern cemetery, the bodies were disinterred and reburied at their present location in 1954. The tomb was designed by Laurence Bradshaw and was unveiled in 1956, in a ceremony led by Harry Pollitt, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain, which funded the memorial. The tomb consists of a large bust of Marx in bronze set on a marble pedestal. The pedestal is inscribed with quotes from Marx's works including, on the front, the final words of The Communist Manifesto, "Workers of all lands unite". Since its construction, the tomb has become a place of pilgrimage for followers of Marxist theory. It has also been a target for Marx's opponents, suffering vandalism, and two bomb attacks in the 1970s. It is a Grade I listed structure, the highest listing reserved for buildings and structures of "exceptional interest".
- The Marx Memorial Library in London opened in 1933 at 37a Clerkenwell Green, formerly home to many radical organisations, and base of an important publishing operation. The Library now also houses "The Printers Collection" consisting of the archives of the printing and papermaking unions of the UK and Ireland. The collection includes union documents, magazines, photographs, badges and memorabilia. The archive was opened in March 2009 by Derek Simpson Joint General Secretary of Unite and Tony Burke, Assistant General Secretary of Unite.
- The building now occupied by the library was originally built in 1738 to house the Welsh Charity School. It was designed by James Steer, and the construction funded by subscriptions. The school moved out to a new home in Gray’s Inn Lane (now Gray's Inn Road) in 1772. The building subsequently became (in part) a public house, the Northumberland Arms; and was put to other commercial uses. Part of it was occupied from 1872 onwards by the radical London Patriotic Society; and from 1893 (with the financial backing of William Morris) by the Twentieth Century Press Ltd, publishers of Justice, the newspaper of the Social Democratic Federation. The Press expanded to take over the whole building in 1908–9, and remained until 1922. It was during this period, in 1902–3, that the exiled V.I. Lenin worked in the building, publishing seventeen issues of his newspaper Iskra (Spark) from here. The office he allegedly used has been preserved as a memorial to him: in fact, this room did not exist at the time he was there, although he may have worked in an earlier office partly on its site. Following a further period of commercial use, the Marx Memorial Library occupied part of the building in 1933, eventually taking over the whole. Through these changes of use, the fabric had undergone numerous alterations and dilapidations, and in 1968-9 the building underwent a major programme of work to restore the 18th-century appearance of the front. The work was necessarily so drastic that the result is described as "a modern quasifacsimile—of the original only the outer quoins can have survived".
- people
- John Peter McGrath (1 June 1935 – 22 January 2002) was a British playwright and theatre theorist who took up the cause of Scottish independence in his plays. From an Irish Catholic background, McGrath was born in Birkenhead, and educated in Mold and, after his National Service, at St John's College, Oxford.[1] During the early 1960s he worked for the BBC, and wrote and directed many of the early episodes of the Corporation's police series Z-Cars which began in 1962. He is remembered as a playwright and for his theoretical formulation of the principles of a radical, popular theatre. The 7:84 Theatre Company was established in 1971 by McGrath, his wife (Elizabeth MacLennan) and her brother (David MacLennan), and The Cheviot, the Stag, and the Black Black Oil (1973), his best-known play, was created with these principles in mind. It utilizes some of the dramaturgical and theatrical techniques of epic theatre – actors take on multiple roles and frequently slip out of character – of the type associated with the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht, but which McGrath argued have a genealogy that stretches far further back through the history of popular traditions of performance. The title of the play refers to three pivotal periods in the history of class struggle in Scotland: the clearing of the Scottish highlands to make way for grazing land, the subsequent use of this land by the wealthy for shooting, and its current exploitation in the oil market. These changes are identified as forming a recurrent pattern of abuse of the land and the exploitation of the people by outsiders and by wealthier locals. It was broadcast in the BBC's Play for Today series in 1974.
- ft 6nov19 RBS plans social bond to support economically deprived uk regions
- 《星期日郵報》報道，通訊應用程式Telegram近日流傳195萬名中共登記黨員的資料，包括姓名、出生地、所屬族裔、地址及電話號碼，至9月有一名中國異見人士傳給由多國議員組成的「對華政策跨國議會聯盟」（IPAC）。IPAC在網絡安全公司協助確認數據真確後，把資料交給4間英國傳媒，包括《星期日郵報》。部分為敏感領域教授數據庫於2016年建立，名單上的黨員分為7.9萬個分支，大部分與個別企業或機構有關。報道調查後發現，一名畢業於英國聖安德魯斯大學的中共黨員曾在上海多間外國領事館工作，包括英國駐上海總領事館。部分在英國的大學任教航天工程、化學等敏感領域的中國籍教授亦是黨員，而滙豐銀行及渣打銀行在2016年時，合共在英國僱用逾600名中共黨員，他們被分派到19個部門工作。公共衞生領域亦有中共黨員滲透，近日正研發新冠肺炎疫苗的輝瑞和阿斯利康僱用了123名中共黨員，波音、空中巴士和勞斯萊斯等國防企業則合共聘用數以百計中共黨員。報道又披露，上述提及的總領事館員工是在中國國營的「上海對外服務公司」登記成為黨員，而數據庫中至少有249名中共黨員與此公司有關。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201214/00180_010.html
Russia
- history
- ****official short course (kratkii kurs) onnthebhistory of communist party of ussr by stalin in 1938 and revised after ww2 (commission of central committee 1939)
- The All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Russian: Всесою́зный ле́нинский коммунисти́ческий сою́з молодёжи (ВЛКСМ)), usually known as Komsomol (/ˌkɒmsəˈmɒl/; Russian: Комсомо́л, a syllabic abbreviation of the Russian kommunisticheskiy soyuz molodyozhi), was a political youth organization in the Soviet Union. It is sometimes described as the youth division of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union(CPSU), although it was officially independent and referred to as "the helper and the reserve of the CPSU". The Komsomol in its earliest form was established in urban centers in 1918. During the early years, it was a Russian organization, known as the Russian Young Communist League, or RKSM. During 1922, with the unification of the USSR, it was reformed into an all-union agency, the youth division of the All-Union Communist Party. It was the final stage of three youth organizations with members up to age 28, graduated at 14 from the Young Pioneers, and at nine from the Little Octobrists.此外位於北極地區北地群島的共青團員島和位於哈巴羅夫斯克邊疆區的阿穆爾河畔共青城都以本團命名。
- https://www.rbth.com/history/333153-why-did-soviet-people-join-komsomol-ussr
- Komsomolskaya Square (Russian: Комсомо́льская пло́щадь), known as Kalanchyovskaya before 1932, is a square in Moscow, with a blend of revivalist Tsarist and Stalinist architecture. It is referred to informally as Three Station Square (Russian: Пло́щадь трёх вокза́лов; lit. "Ploshchad' tryokh vokzalov") after the three rail termini situated there: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky, and Kazansky. These stations connect Moscow with Saint Petersburg, northwestern Russia, the Volga region, and Siberia via the Trans-Siberian Railway.
- Its origins lay with the construction of the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Railway in the 1840s, when Kalanchyovskoye Field outside the Garden Ring was selected to allocate the Nicholas Railway Station (later renamed Leningradsky). In 1862 the Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal, a terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, was constructed nearby. On the opposite side of the field the Kazansky Rail Terminal was inaugurated two years later. Until 1909, a railway line leading to Kursky Rail Terminal traversed the square; it is now elevated so as not to interfere with street traffic. In 2003, at the behest of the Ministry of Transportation, a bronze statue of Pavel Melnikov (1804–1880) was erected on the square. Melnikov was the Russian minister of transportation who oversaw the construction of the first railways in Russia.
- there is a 共青團站 Komsomolskaya (Russian: Комсомо́льская) Moscow Metro station
- A kolkhoz (Russian: колхо́з; IPA: [kɐˈlxos], Russian plural kolkhozy, anglicized plural kolkhozes) was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union. Kolkhozes existed along with state farms or sovkhoz (plural sovkhozy or sovkhozes). These were the two components of the socialized farm sector that began to emerge in Soviet agriculture after the October Revolution of 1917, as an antithesis both to the feudal structure of impoverished serfdomand aristocratic landlords and to individual or family farming.
france
- The French Communist Party (French: Parti communiste français, PCF ; French pronunciation: [paʁti kɔmynist fʁɑ̃sɛ]) is a communist party in France. Although its electoral support has declined in recent decades, the PCF retains a strong influence in French politics, especially at the local level. In 2012, the PCF claimed 138,000 members including 70,000 who have paid their membership fees.[4] This would make it the third largest party in France in terms of membership after The Republicans (LR) and the Socialist Party (PS). Founded in 1920 by the majority faction of the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), it participated in three governments: in the provisional government of the Liberation (1944–1947);at the beginning of François Mitterrand's presidency (1981–1984); andin the Plural Left cabinet led by Lionel Jospin (1997–2002).
- The French Communist Party (French: Parti communiste français, PCF ; French pronunciation: [paʁti kɔmynist fʁɑ̃sɛ]) is a communist party in France. Although its electoral support has declined in recent decades, the PCF retains a strong influence in French politics, especially at the local level. In 2012, the PCF claimed 138,000 members including 70,000 who have paid their membership fees.[4] This would make it the third largest party in France in terms of membership after The Republicans (LR) and the Socialist Party (PS). Founded in 1920 by the majority faction of the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), it participated in three governments: in the provisional government of the Liberation (1944–1947);at the beginning of François Mitterrand's presidency (1981–1984); andin the Plural Left cabinet led by Lionel Jospin (1997–2002).
- L'Humanité (pronounced [l‿y.ma.ni.te]; English: "The Humanity"), is a French daily newspaper. It was an organ of the French Communist Party, and maintains links to the party. Its slogan is "In an ideal world, L'Humanité would not exist."
Germany
- The Bavarian or Munich Soviet Republic (German: Räterepublik Baiern, Münchner Räterepublik)[1][2][3] was a short-lived unrecognised socialist state in Bavaria during the German Revolution of 1918–19.[4][5] It took the form of a workers' council republic. Its name is also sometimies rendered in English as the Bavarian Council Republic;[6] the German term Räterepublik means a republic of councils or committees: council or committee is also the meaning of the Russian word soviet.[3] It was established in April 1919 after the demise of Kurt Eisner's People's State of Bavaria and sought to establish a socialist soviet republic in Bavaria. It was overthrown less than a month later by elements of the German Army and the paramilitary Freikorps. Its collapse helped the Nazi Party in its subsequent rise to power.
- The Bavarian or Munich Soviet Republic (German: Räterepublik Baiern, Münchner Räterepublik)[1][2][3] was a short-lived unrecognised socialist state in Bavaria during the German Revolution of 1918–19.[4][5] It took the form of a workers' council republic. Its name is also sometimies rendered in English as the Bavarian Council Republic;[6] the German term Räterepublik means a republic of councils or committees: council or committee is also the meaning of the Russian word soviet.[3] It was established in April 1919 after the demise of Kurt Eisner's People's State of Bavaria and sought to establish a socialist soviet republic in Bavaria. It was overthrown less than a month later by elements of the German Army and the paramilitary Freikorps. Its collapse helped the Nazi Party in its subsequent rise to power.
- the japanese and spanish wiki versions showed the use of red star as emblem
- Friedrich Ebert (German pronunciation: [ˈeːbɐt]; 4 February 1871 – 28 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first President of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925.Ebert was a pivotal figure in the German Revolution of 1918–19. When Germany became a republic at the end of World War I, he became its first chancellor. His policies at that time were primarily aimed at restoring peace and order in Germany and containing the more extreme elements of the revolutionary left. In order to accomplish these goals, he allied himself with conservative and nationalistic political forces, in particular the leadership of the military under General Wilhelm Groener and the right-wing Freikorps. With their help, Ebert's government crushed a number of socialist and communist uprisings as well as those from the right, including the Kapp Putsch.Ebert was born in Heidelberg, Baden, German Empire on 4 February 1871 as the seventh of nine children of the tailor Karl Ebert (1834–92) and his wife Katharina (née Hinkel; 1834–1897).
- https://www.ft.com/content/1c069c91-1c05-4943-a7cc-b794f9a4ee01 Amid the post-revolutionary turmoil it is easily forgotten that Friedrich Ebert and other Social Democrats who took power in 1918 pushed hard for Austria’s absorption into Germany, a step that the Allies would never countenance. For Ebert and his colleagues, the point was not territorial expansion as such but, as Gerwarth says, an effort to fulfil the liberal promise of the 1848 revolution across the German-speaking lands. The project came to nothing, and “Greater Germany” morphed into an obsession of the nationalist right. But the Social Democrats were successful in building a form of welfare capitalism that was remarkably advanced for Europe in the early 1920s. Business and trade union leaders struck deals on wage arbitration, the eight-hour day and workers’ representation on company boards.
- note also one of the pictures - A street named after former Weimar Republic president Frederick Ebert is renamed Hermann-Göring Strasse after the Nazi takeover of 1933
- Friedrich "Fritz" Ebert Jr. (12 September 1894 – 4 December 1979) was a German politician and East German communist official, the son of Friedrich Ebert. He was originally a Social Democrat like his father before him, but is best known for his role in the origins of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in which he served in various positions.
- The Order of Karl Marx (German: Karl-Marx-Orden) was the most important order in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The award of the order also included a prize of 20,000 East German marks.The order was founded on May 5, 1953 on the occasion of Karl Marx's 135th birthday during Karl Marx Year and on the recommendation of the GDR Council of Ministers.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170309/00178_007.html 明年是「共產黨宣言」作者馬克思誕辰二百周年，中國將向馬克思故鄉、德國古城特里爾（Trier）贈送一座高逾六米的馬克思雕像，引發爭議。據外媒報道，特里爾政府近日豎立一座與該雕像同尺寸的木仿製品，意在向市民說明中國贈送的雕像具體會有多高。市長也表明仿製品是為了消除民眾的誤解。
italy
- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/14/german-town-accepts-controversial-karl-marx-statue-china/, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/13/c_137109292.htm
- 東德一群設計師組織考察團，前往莫斯科和列寧格勒（聖彼得堡）取經。他們返國後，決定在斯道興建恢宏的住宅大樓，以體驗社會主義優越性。第一期工程共十幢樓宇，約五千個單位。樓高一列八層，外形有點像結婚蛋糕，屬於典型的蘇聯式設計。樓內採用中央供暖系統，有電梯；每戶有獨立廚房和鋪設瓷磚的浴室。樓前行人道綠樹林蔭，後面是花園，樓下直通地鐵車站。大樓外牆因鋪上豪華瓷磚，曾遭西方嘲諷為「斯大林的浴室」。此十幢樓宇被命名「工人宮」，第一批住客於一九五一年遷入，他們正是興建「工人宮」的建築工人。第二期工程恢復採用傳統的磚石建屋；隨後幾年，類似的工人宿舍和公寓相繼落成。宏偉的斯道，成為東德人民每年五．一勞動節的遊行之地。德國於上世紀九十年代推行物業私有化制度，馬道兩旁的工人宿舍，已變成為私人物業管理公司Predac擁有的出租公寓。去年底，Predac計劃將住宅單位賣給柏林最大的物業發展公司Deutsche Wohnen。該計劃遭住戶群起反對，他們擔心租金驟增，於是組織逾三萬人在馬道示威遊行，抗議房地產商投機行為。事件引起歐洲媒體關注。德國人不習慣買屋，逾五成人是租屋住。但德國大城市租金近年狂飆，僅僅二零一七年柏林租金升逾兩成。馬道租戶促政府插手干預，阻止交易落實，以穩定租金市場。柏林政府終於在七月中宣佈，斥巨資收購了上述六百七十個單位，將當年的工人宿舍重新國有化。政府沒公佈收購詳情，據《衛報》估計，價錢約高達一億歐元。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/09/07/b07-0907.pdf
italy
- The Italian Communist Party (Italian: Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) was a communist political party in Italy.The PCI was founded as the Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI).[10] Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split. Outlawed during the Fascist regime, the party played a major role in the Italian resistance movement. It changed its name in 1943 to PCI and became the second largest political party of Italy after World War II, attracting the support of about a third of the vote share during the 1970s. At the time, it was the largest communist party in the West
people
- Giorgio Napolitano (Italian: [ˈdʒordʒo napoliˈtaːno]; born 29 June 1925)[1] is an Italian politician who served as the 11th President of Italy from 2006 to 2015, and the only Italian president to be reelected to the presidency. Due to his dominant position in Italian politics, some critics have sometimes referred to him as Re Giorgio ("King George").[2] He is the longest serving president in the history of the modern Italian Republic, which has been in existence since 1946.Although the presidency is a nonpartisan office as guarantor of Italy's Constitution, Napolitano was a longtime member of the Italian Communist Party (and of its post-Communist social democratic successors, from the Democratic Party of the Left onwards).
- The Italian Communist Youth Federation La Federazione Giovanile Comunista Italiana (FGCI) è stata l'organizzazione dei giovani comunisti del Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI), erede diretta della Federazione Giovanile Socialista Italiana.Il 29 gennaio 1921, pochi giorni dopo il Congresso di Livorno e la scissione, al Congresso di Firenze i delegati della FGS Federazione Giovanile Socialista Italiana, in rappresentanza di 55.000 iscritti deliberarono con una maggioranza del 90% di "mutare il nome della propria organizzazione in quello di Federazione Giovanile Comunista Italiana".Constituted in 1949, its peak was in the 1960s, when its membership reached 200,000 and it thus sought to gain a profile independent of its parent organisation. The Federation's newsletters and publications thus assumed a more avant-garde role, most importantly "La città futura" (taking its name from a special issue published in February 1917 by the Federazione giovanile piemontese del Partito Socialista drawn up by Antonio Gramsci himself) and "Nuova generazione" (drawn up, not without some protests, in 1956).On 8 October 1990 the Fgci's secretary Gianni Cuperlo, proposed to Ariccia, following the line of Achille Occhetto, that the FGCI be dissolved in order to create the Sinistra Giovanile, a federal organisation with the aim of creating four associations in schools, in territories, in universities, in workplaces, all federated together. When the Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) was born in 1998 as the result of a split in the PRC, the new party created the Youth Federation of Italian Communists (FGCI) on the model of the dissolved federation.
- people
Nicola Zingaretti (Italian pronunciation: [niˈkɔːla ddziŋɡaˈretti]; born 11 October 1965) is an Italian politician who has served as President of Lazio since 2013 and was Secretary of the Democratic Party from March 2019 until March 2021.During the 1990s, he was a prominent European youth leader, serving as National Secretary of the Left Youth, the youth-wing of the Democratic Party of the Left and as President of the International Union of Socialist Youth.[4] In 2004, Zingaretti became a Member of the European Parliament for the centre-left coalition The Olive Tree.[5] From 2008 to 2013, he served as President of the Province of Rome.Zingaretti is considered a social democrat and one of the most prominent members of the party's left-wing.[7] Moreover, he is the longest-serving President of Lazio as well as the first one to be re-elected after a first five-year term.Nicola Zingaretti was born in Rome in 1965, where he grew up in a middle-class family. Zingaretti's mother is an Italian Jew and on 16 October 1943 managed to escape from the Nazis with her mother while her grandmother Ester Della Torre was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp, where she died after a few days.
- legalization of the Communist Party of Spain (Partido Comunista de España, PCE) after the January 1977 Atocha Massacre.
- The 1977 Atocha massacre, a part of neofascist terrorism in Spain, was an attack during the Spanish transition to democracy after the death of Franco in 1975, killing five and injuring four. It was committed on January 24, 1977, in an office located on 55 Atocha Street near the Atocha railway station in Madrid, where specialists in labour law, members of the Workers' Commissions trade union (CCOO), and of the then-clandestine Communist Party of Spain (PCE), had gathered. The next day, the massacre was defended by a group calling itself Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista (literally The Apostolic Anticommunist Alliance, abbreviated Triple A or AAA). The suspects arrested were close to Blas Piñar's Fuerza Nueva far-right party, the Falange-JONS and the Franco Guard. The indignation brought about by the killings accelerated the legalisation of the Communist party, which took place in Easter 1977. On March 24, 1984, the Italian daily Il Messaggero stated that, possibly, Italian neo-fascists had taken part in the shootings, pointing toward some kind of "Black International". This allegation was confirmed by a report from the Italian CESIS, which confirmed that Carlo Cicuttini, who was also involved in the Peteano massacre, took part in the Atocha massacre.
- people
- Augusto Ernesto dos Santos Silva (born 20 August 1956) is a Portuguese sociologist, university professor, and politician. Since November 2015, he has been the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs, in the XXI and XXII Constitutional Governments led by Prime Minister António Costa.Santos Silva joined the Socialist Party in 1990, and has served in a number of ministerial roles, namely Minister of Education (2000–2001), Minister of Culture (2001–2002), Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (2005–2009), and Minister of National Defence (2009–2011).Silva started his political activity while at university, serving as a member of the Porto committee of the Workers' Revolutionary Union, a Trotskyist group aligned with the Internationalist Communist League. In the 1976 presidential election, he supported Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, and in the 1980 election, he supported António Ramalho Eanes. Silva also joined the Movement of Socialist Left.
- ft 21jan2020 portugal rejects fears over chinese influence
ireland
- The Irish National Land League (Irish: Conradh na Talún) was an Irish political organisation of the late 19th century which sought to help poor tenant farmers. Its primary aim was to abolish landlordism in Ireland and enable tenant farmers to own the land they worked on. The period of the Land League's agitation is known as the Land War. Historian R. F. Foster argues that in the countryside the Land League "reinforced the politicization of rural Catholic nationalist Ireland, partly by defining that identity against urbanization, landlordism, Englishness and—implicitly—Protestantism."[1]Foster adds that about a third of the activists were Catholic priests, and Archbishop Thomas Croke was one of its most influential champions.Following the founding meeting of the Mayo Tenants Defence Association in Castlebar, County Mayo on 26 October 1878 the demand for The Land of Ireland for the people of Ireland was reported in the Connaught Telegraph 2 November 1878. The first of many "monster meetings" of tenant farmers was held in Irishtown near Claremorris on 20 April 1879, with an estimated turnout of 15,000 to 20,000 people. This meeting was addressed by James Daly (who presided), John O'Connor Power, John Ferguson, Thomas Brennan, and J. J. Louden.
belgium
- The International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) is a non-governmental co-operative federation or, more precisely, a co-operative union representing co-operativesand the co-operative movement worldwide. It was founded in 1895 to unite, represent and serve co-operatives worldwide. The Alliance maintains the internationally recognised definition of a co-operative in the Statement on the Co-operative Identity.[1] The ICA represents 313 co-operative federations and organisations in 109 countries. The Alliance provides a global voice and forum for knowledge, expertise and co-ordinated action for and about co-operatives. The members of the Alliance are international and national co-operative organisations from all sectors of the economy, including agriculture, banking, consumer, fisheries, health, housing, insurance, and workers. The Alliance has members from 100 countries, representing close to one billion individuals worldwide. Around one hundred million people work for co-operatives globally. Co-operatives are values based businesses owned by their members. Whether they are customers, employees or residents, the members get an equal say in the business and a share of the profits. In 2006 the ICA published the first major index of the world's largest co-operative and mutual enterprises, the ICA Global 300,[3] which demonstrated the scale of the co-operative movement globally. On the first Saturday of July each year, the ICA coordinates celebrations of International Co-operative Day. In December 2009, the United Nations declared 2012 as the International Year of Cooperatives. In 2013 the headquarters was shifted to Brussels in Belgium.
- The ICA consists of a 20-member governing board, a General Assembly, four regions (one each for Africa, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Americas), sectoral organisations and thematic committees. ICA Regions: ICA Asia - Pacific; ICA Africa; Cooperatives Europe; ICA America
- ICA adopted its original rainbow flag in 1925, with the seven colors symbolizing unity in diversity and the power of light, enlightenment, and progress.In 2001 a new flag was adopted at the ICA General Assembly in Seoul, Korea, to avoid confusion with other rainbow flags, several of which had become very well known in the 20th century. The present flag shows the ICA seven-color logo on a white background. The logo depicts a quarter rainbow with a flock of stylized doves of peace scattering from the top and the letters ICA underneath. The rainbow has only six stripes (red, orange, yellow, green, light blue, dark blue) and the seventh color (purple) appears in the lettering under the rainbow. The flag exists in four different versions showing the ICA acronym in different languages (ACI in Spanish, Italian and French, IGB in German, and МКА in Russian).
- The Socialist International (SI) is a worldwide organisation of political parties which seek to establish democratic socialism.[1] It consists mostly of democratic socialist, social-democratic and labour political parties and other organisations. Although formed in 1951 as a successor to the Labour and Socialist International, it has antecedents to the late 19th century. The organisation currently includes 147 member parties[3] and organisations from over 100 countries. Its members have governed in many countries including most of Europe. The current secretary general of the SI is Luis Ayala (Chile) and the current president of the SI is the former Prime Minister of Greece, George Papandreou,[4] both of whom were re-elected at the last SI Congress held in Cartagena, Colombia in March 2017.The International Workingmen's Association, also known as the First International, was the first international body to bring together organisations representing the working class.[5] It was formed in London on 28 September 1864 by socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade unions.[6] Tensions between moderates and revolutionaries led to its dissolution in 1876 in Philadelphia.The Second International was formed in Paris on 14 July 1889 as an association of the socialist parties.[8] Differences over World War I led to the Second International being dissolved in 1916. The International Socialist Commission (ISC), also known as the Berne International, was formed in February 1919 at a meeting in Berne by parties that wanted to resurrect the Second International.[9] In March 1919 communist parties formed Comintern (the Third International) at a meeting in Moscow.Parties which did not want to be a part of the resurrected Second International (ISC) or Comintern formed the International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP, also known as Vienna International/Vienna Union/Two-and-a-Half International) on 27 February 1921 at a conference in Vienna.[11] The ISC and the IWUSP joined to form the Labour and Socialist International (LSI) in May 1923 at a meeting in Hamburg.[12] The rise of Nazism and the start of World War II led to the dissolution of the LSI in 1940.
- note the rose and the fist logo
austria
- The International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP; also known as 2
1⁄2 International or the Vienna International; German: Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sozialistischer Parteien, IASP) was a political international for the co-operation of socialist parties. IWUSP was founded on February 27, 1921, at a conference in Vienna, Austria, by ten parties, including the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), the Independent Labour Party (ILP), the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (SPS), the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ), and the Federation of Romanian Socialist Parties (FPSR, created by splinter groups of the Socialist Party of Romania). In April 1921, it was joined by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. The Maximalist faction of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) also joined.
poland
- post-communist business
- https://www.ft.com/content/9902d5f2-ec10-11e8-89c8-d36339d835c0 For almost three decades, Wojciech and Piotr Kot worked to build Delphia Yachts into one of central Europe’s biggest boat makers. Last year, they decided to sell, transferring 80 per cent of the company they founded in Poland’s Mazurian lake district to French counterpart Beneteau. Since 1990 we sacrificed everything and focused on the company, the company, the company,” he said. “We wore ourselves out . . . I’m 68, and the question was how much longer. One year? Two?” The Kot brothers are not alone. Thirty years after Poland’s escape from communism, the first generation of entrepreneurs who founded and built up companies in the early years of Polish capitalism have begun to reach retirement age. Over the next 10 years, 1m Polish family-run enterprises could face the question of succession, according to Luiza Modzelewska, from Poland’s ministry of enterprise and technology. Although many are small, Poland’s family-run businesses play an important role in the economy: they make up 36 per cent of Polish companies, contribute 10 per cent of economic output and employ close to half of the country’s workers. Unlike in Germany, where the small to medium-sized Mittelstand companies that form the backbone of the economy are famous for remaining in the family for generations, in Poland — among first generation owners, at least — there is a higher propensity to sell.
- Everybody was a millionaire back then. For example, average yearly salary in 1989 (last year of “communism”) was 2481096. It was even better than that. Every month you were getting a substantial raise. For example, while average yearly salary in 1987 was merely 350208, but a year later it was already 637080. That is a truly astonishing accomplishment, to nearly double average income in a single year! Only a communist economy is capable of such feats.There is no chance for such paychecks today, sadly. If someone takes home 5000 a month, this person will be considered more than adequately provided. Look how low we have fallen… https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-the-economies-of-Eastern-Europe-were-better-during-communism-than-they-are-now
slovakia
- https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22314118/communist-time-secret-service-used-decoys-too.html
albania
- Enver Hoxha (/ˈhɒdʒə/ HOJ-ə,[1] Albanian: [ɛnˈvɛɾ ˈhɔdʒa] ; 16 October 1908 – 11 April 1985)[2] was an Albanian politician who served as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania, from 1941 until his death in 1985. He was also a member of Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania, chairman of the Democratic Front of Albania, commander-in-chief of the armed forces from 1944 until his death. He served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Albania from 1944 to 1954 and at various times served as foreign minister and defence minister of People's Socialist Republic of Albania as well.Born in Gjirokastër in 1908, Hoxha became a grammar school teacher in 1936. Following Italy's invasion of Albania, he joined the Party of Labour of Albania at its creation in 1941. Hoxha was elected First Secretary in March 1943 at the age of 34. Less than two years after the liberation of the country, the monarchy was formally abolished, and Hoxha rose to power as the symbolic head of state of Albania.During his 40-year-rule, he focused on rebuilding the country, which was left in ruins after World War II, building Albania's first railway line, raising the adult literacy rate from 5% to 98%, wiping out epidemics, electrifying the country and leading Albania towards becoming agriculturally self-sufficient.[3][4] Detractors criticize him for a series of political repressions which included the establishment and use of forced labor camps, extrajudicial killings and executions that targeted and eliminated dissidents, a large number of which were carried out by the Sigurimi secret police.[citation needed]Hoxha's government was characterized by his proclaimed firm adherence to anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism from the mid-1970s onwards. After his break with Maoism in the 1976–1978 period, numerous Maoist parties around the world declared themselves Hoxhaist. The International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle) is the best-known association of these parties today.
- In 1956, Hoxha called for a resolution which would uphold the current leadership of the Party. The resolution was accepted, and all of the delegates who had spoken out were expelled from the party and imprisoned. Hoxha stated that this was yet another of many attempts to overthrow the leadership of Albania which had been organized by Yugoslavia. This incident further consolidated Hoxha's power, effectively making Khrushchev-esque reforms nearly impossible. In the same year, Hoxha traveled to the People's Republic of China, which was then enduring the Sino-Soviet split, and met Mao Zedong. Relations with China improved, as evidenced by Chinese aid to Albania being 4.2% in 1955 before the visit, and rising to 21.6% in 1957.
eastern bloc
- The International Science Olympiads are a group of worldwide annual competitions in various areas of science. The competitions are designed for the 4-6 best high school students from each participating country selected through internal National Science Olympiads, with the exception of the IOL, which allows two teams per country, the IOI, which allows two teams from the hosting country, and the IJSO, which is designed for junior secondary students. Early editions of the Olympiads were limited to the Eastern Bloc, but later they gradually spread to other countries.
- The International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) is an annual academic competition for high school students. It is one of the International Science Olympiads. The first IChO was held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1968. The event has been held every year since then, with the exception of 1971. The delegations that attended the first events were mostly countries of the former Eastern bloc and it was not until 1980, the 12th annual International Chemistry Olympiad, that the event was held outside of the bloc in Austria.
belarus
- The Communist Party of Byelorussia (Russian: Коммунистическая партия Белоруссии, Belarusian: Камуністычная партыя Беларусі), known as Communist Party (bolsheviks) of Byelorussia (Russian: Коммунистическая партия (большевиков) Белоруссии) until 1952, was a communist party in Belarus 1918-1991, created following the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was created as part of the Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks) December 30–31, 1918 with 17,800 members. It was important in creating the Belorussian Soviet Republicin January 1919. From February 1919 until 1920 it functioned as a single organisation together with the Communist Party of Lithuania, known as the Communist Party (bolsheviks) of Lithuania and Belorussia.
south africa
- The South African Communist Party (SACP) is a communist party in South Africa. It was founded in 1921, was declared illegal in 1950 by the governing National Party, and participated in the struggle to end the apartheid system. It is a partner of the Tripartite Alliance with the African National Congress and the Congress of South African Trade Unions(COSATU) and through this it influences the South African government.The Communist Party of South Africa was founded in 1921 by the joining together of the International Socialist League and others under the leadership of Willam H. Andrews. It first came to prominence during the Rand Revolt, a strike by white miners in 1922.
- Chris Hani (28 June 1942 – 10 April 1993), born Martin Thembisile Hani, was the leader of the South African Communist Party and chief of staff of uMkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). He was a fierce opponent of the apartheidgovernment, and was assassinated by Janusz Walus, a Polish immigrant and sympathiser of the Conservative opposition on 10 April 1993, during the unrest preceding the transition to democracy.
israel
- 基布茲在基布茲中生活的人華語圈一般稱為居民），目前全以色列約有5%人口住在奇布茲內。以色列在今天有三種不同的基布茲型態：國家宗教式的集體農場結合了正統派猶太人與人民公社式的生活，另外兩個則比較世俗化，梅伍哈德（希伯來語：מְאֻחָד Meuhad），另一種是阿濟茲（希伯來語：ארצי Artzi）；這兩者是1951年互相爭執而分裂而來，當時梅伍哈德譴責蘇聯領導人史達林是反閃族獨裁者，但阿濟茲的追隨者仍舊維持對前蘇聯共產黨政策的高度依循。雖然阿濟茲社員早在1991年蘇聯解體前就已察覺了共產主義經驗的失敗，但他仍然比梅伍哈德更傾向於正統派猶太人的的社會主義。The first kibbutz, established in 1909, was Degania. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises.[2]Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism.[3] In recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. A member of a kibbutz is called a kibbutznik (Hebrew: קִבּוּצְנִיק / קיבוצניק; plural kibbutznikim or kibbutzniks).In 2010, there were 270 kibbutzim in Israel. Their factories and farms account for 9% of Israel's industrial output, worth US$8 billion, and 40% of its agricultural output, worth over $1.7 billion.[4]Some kibbutzim had also developed substantial high-tech and military industries. For example, in 2010, Kibbutz Sasa, containing some 200 members, generated $850 million in annual revenue from its military-plastics industry.Currently the kibbutzim are organised in the secular Kibbutz Movement with some 230 kibbutzim, the Religious Kibbutz Movement with 16 kibbutzim and the much smaller religious Poalei Agudat Yisrael with two kibbutzim, all part of the wider communal settlement movement.The kibbutzim were founded by members of the Bilumovement who emigrated to Palestine. Like the members of the First Aliyah who came before them and established agricultural villages, most members of the Second Aliyah planned to become farmers; almost the sole career available in the agrarian economy of Ottoman Palestine. The first kibbutz was Degania Alef, founded in 1909.Some founders of the Kibbutz movement in Israel were influenced by the ideals of Ancient Sparta, particularly in education and communal living.The establishment of Israel and the flood of Jewish refugees from Europe and the Arab world presented challenges and opportunities for kibbutzim. The immigrant tide offered kibbutzim a chance to expand through new members and inexpensive labour, but it also meant that Ashkenazi kibbutzim would have to adapt to Jews whose background was far different from their own. Until the 1950s, nearly all kibbutzniks were from Eastern Europe, culturally different from the Jews of Morocco, Tunisia, and Iraq. Many kibbutzim hired Mizrahi Jews as labourers but were less inclined to grant them membership.[citation needed]Ideological disputes were also widespread, leading to painful splits, sometimes even of individual kibbutzim, and to polarisation and animosity among members.[16] Israel had been initially recognized by both the United States and the Soviet Union. For the first three years of its existence, Israel was in the Non-Aligned Movement, but David Ben-Gurion gradually began to take sides with the West. The question of which side of the Cold War Israel should choose created fissures in the kibbutz movement. Dining halls segregated according to politics and a few kibbutzim even had Marxist members leave. The disillusionment particularly set in after the Slánský trial in which an envoy of Hashomer Hatzair in Prague was tried.
「キブツ運動」「キブツ産業協会」といった全国組織が活動している。キブツ運動などによると、282のキブツが存在し、17万人以上が暮らす（2016年時点）。1960～1970年代には社会主義的な理想郷としてみなされ、日本を含む世界各地から若者が移住してきた。だが1980年代に多くのキブツが財政的な危機に陥り、1990年代には財産の私有と給与制、家族単位での子育てへと転換し、農業以外の分野での起業も広がった。一方で、住宅や財産を共有する昔ながらのキブツも45ある[1]。点滴灌漑システムの世界最大手企業であるネタフィムのように、キブツで起業されて発展した会社も多い。イスラエルの食品最大手のツヌバはキブツとモシャブ（家族経営の農場が集まった村）が所有する協同組合で有名だったが、有限会社化後は2014年に中国の光明食品集団に買収されている[2]。パレスチナ問題をめぐり多くのイスラム諸国と対立するイスラエルは、食料自給率が9割を超えており、農業生産の約8割をキブツとモシャブが担っている[3]。
other movements mentioned by situationist international - blanquism, luxemburgism, the council movement in germany and spain, kronstadt, the makhnovists (ukrainian anarcho-communist peasant movement (1918-21) led by nestor makhno. It allied with the bolsheviks against the white armies, then was betrayed and crushed by the bolsheviks), etc
anti-communism
- The World Anti-Communist League (WACL) was an international non-governmental organization of anti-communist politicians and groups founded in 1966 under the initiative of Chiang Kai-Shek, leader of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It united mostly ultra-right and libertarian people and organisations, and acted with the support of the right-wing authoritarian regimes of East Asia and Latin America. During the Cold War, WACL actively participated from anti-communist and anti-Soviet positions.In 1990, the organisation changed its name to World League for Freedom and Democracy (WLFD), but has preserved traditions and former ties. It unites representatives from more than 100 countries, has 8 regional divisions. It is currently a member of the United Nations Department of Public Information and has its headquarters in Taipei, Taiwan.The WLFD descended from the Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League. To cope with the growing tension around the world, Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan, Elpidio Quirinoof the Republic of the Philippines, and Syngman Rhee of the Republic of Korea founded the APACL in Jinhae, the wartime capital city of the Republic of Korea (ROK) on 15 June 1954. Its first general conference was held in that city and was host to advocate and support the causes of anti-communism, anti-totalitarianism as well as anti-authoritarianism.[citation needed] The other participating states, including Vietnam, Thailand, Okinawa, Hong Kong, and Macao, also sent representatives.
de facto communism?
- coupon
- free meal
- 法國教育部上周二宣布，將於五月起率先在國內十間公立幼稚園和小學，向大約三千名學童免費派發早餐。計劃屬於二○一八年扶貧措施之一，將於九月全面實行，屆時有廿萬學童受惠。有家長表示支持，另有市民認為這種做法較金錢補貼更好。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190428/00180_025.html
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