Jainism is an ancient religion of India. Jains trace their history through twenty-four tirthankara and revere Rishabhanathaas the first tirthankara (in the present time-cycle). The last two tirthankara, the 23rd tirthankara Parshvanatha (c. 872 – c. 772 BCE) and the 24th tirthankara Mahavira (c. 599 – c. 527 BCE) are considered historical figures, though many historians date them both about a century later because the Mahavira is widely accepted as a contemporary of the Buddha, and significantly more historical evidence is available for the Buddha. According to Jain texts, the 22nd Tirthankara Neminatha lived about 85,000 years ago and was the cousin of Hindu god Krishna. Jains consider their religion to be eternal. The two main sects of Jainism, the Digambara and the Śvētāmbara sect, likely started forming about the 3rd century BC and the schism was complete by about 5th century CE. These sects later subdivided into several sub-sects such as Sthānakavāsī and Terapanthis. Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism in ancient and medieval India. Many of its historic temples were built near the Buddhist and Hindu temples in 1st millennium CE. After the 12th-century, the temples, pilgrimage and naked ascetic tradition of Jainism suffered persecution during the Muslim rule, with the exception of Akbar whose religious tolerance and support for Jainism led to a temporary ban on animal killing during the Jain religious festival of Paryusan.
- The origins of Jainism are obscure. The Jains claim their religion to be eternal, and consider Rishabhanatha to be the founder in the present time-cycle, and someone who lived for 8,400,000 purva years. Rishabhanatha is among the first 22 of 24 Jain Tirthankaras who are considered to be mythical figure by historians. Different scholars have had different views on the origin. Some artifacts found in the Indus Valley civilization have been suggested as a link to ancient Jain culture, but this is highly speculative. According to a 1925 proposal of Glasenapp, Jainism's origin can be traced to the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha, and he considers the first twenty-two tirthankaras as legendary mythical figures. According to another proposal by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the first vice president of India, Jainism was in existence long before the Vedas were composed.
- Information regarding the political history of Jainism is uncertain and fragmentary. Jains consider the king Bimbisara (c. 558–491 BCE), Ajatashatru (c. 492–460 BCE), and Udayin (c. 460-440 BCE) of the Haryanka dynasty as a patron of Jainism.
- Tradition says that Chandragupta Maurya (322–298 BCE), the founder of Mauryan Empire, became disciple of Jain ascetic Bhadrabahu during later part of his life. According to historians, Chandragupta story appears in various versions in Buddhist, Jain and Hindu texts.
- The Śvētāmbara (/ʃwɛˈtʌmbərə/; śvētapaṭa; also spelled Svetambar, Shvetambara or Swetambar) is one of the two main branches of Jainism, the other being the Digambara. Śvētāmbara means "white-clad", and refers to its ascetics' practice of wearing white clothes, which sets it apart from the Digambara "sky-clad" Jains, whose ascetic practitioners go naked. Śvētāmbaras, unlike Digambaras, do not believe that ascetics must practice nudity.
- Tapa Gaccha is the largest Gaccha (monastic order) of Svetambara Jainism. Tapa Gaccha was founded by Acharya Jagatchandra Suri in Vikram Samvat 1285 (1228 AD). He was given the title of "Tapa" (i.e., the meditative one) by the ruler of Mewar. This title was applied to the group.Under Vijayanandsuri's leadership and other monks, Shwetambara Murtipujak Conference was established in 1893 which reformed mendicant as well as lay religious practices. As a result of this reform, most Shwetambara Jain monks today belong to Tapa Gaccha.Today, the majority of its followers live in states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Punjab and Rajasthan.
- Ghantakarna Mahavira is one of the fifty-two viras (protector deities) of SvetambaraJainism.[1] He is chiefly associated with Tapa Gaccha, a monastic lineage. He was a deity of an esoteric Jain tantrik tradition. There is a shrine dedicated to him at the Mahudi Jain Temple established by Buddhisagar Suri, a Jain monk, in nineteenth century. It is one of the popular Jain pilgrimage centres of India.
- 尼泊爾各地近日相繼開始慶祝焚魔節（Gathemangal），民眾用稻草紮成當地神話中的惡魔「剛塔卡爾納」的形象，然後抬着稻草惡魔遊街，最後在廣場上焚燒，意味驅魔避邪，保佑民眾安全。 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghantakarna_Mahavir
- note the use of swastika symbol
- Vindhygiri hills with the statue of Bahubali, also called Gomateswara or Gomatesvara or Gommaṭeśvara, who was the eldest son of the first "Tirthankara" (prophet) of Jain sect, named "Adinatha". The statue is carved from granite and a 57 ft tall monolithic sculpture. It is about 1000 years old. ---> picture of statue in malayam and bulgarian wikipedia version of saffron
-Shri Mahavirji is one of the miraculous pilgrimages of Jains. This pilgrimage situated at Hindaun Block in Karauli district. Built at the bank of a river, this pilgrimage is a prominent centre of devotion for Jain devotees. The temple is known for its idol of Lord Mahavira, the principal deity of the pilgrimage temple. Jaipur rulers provided grants for the management of this temple.
- people
- Gautam Shantilal Adani (born 24 June 1962) is an Indian billionaire industrialist who is the chairman and founder of the Adani Group
catholism
- The Goan Catholics (Konkani: Goenche Katholik) are an ethno-religious community of Roman Catholics and their descendants from the state of Goa, located on the west coast of India. They are people of the Konkan Coast and speak the Konkani language. Portugueseseafarers arrived in Goa in 1510, and Catholic missionary activities soon followed, as Pope Nicholas V had enacted the Papal bullRomanus Pontifex in 1455, which granted the patronage of the propagation of the Christian faith in Asia to the Portuguese. The Edict of the Goa Inquisition and the Portuguese–Maratha wars are notable events in their history which led to the migration of many Goan Catholics to neighboring regions, especially Mangalore. Most Goans remained in their homeland and converted to Christianity. Their Feni, a native liquor,[13] distinct Portuguese-Goan cuisine and various contributions to music as well as literature are well-known. Goan Catholics have also served many top ranking government institutions across the world, three of the notable being the current Prime Minister of Portugal, António Costa and the British MP's, Keith Vaz and Valerie Vaz. The culture of the Goan Catholics is a blend of Indian-Hindu and Portuguese-Christian cultures, with the latter having a more dominant role due to Goa being a part of Portugal for over 450 years. The notion of Goan identity as a distinct culture among other Luso-Asians or Luso-Indian cultures was forged into India after the annexation of Goa in 1961. However, contemporary Goan-Catholic culture can be best described as an increasingly Anglicized Indo-Latin culture and is widely seen as distinct, both in India and the rest of the world. The Goan Catholic diaspora is concentrated in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, the Lusophone world, especially Portugal, and the Anglophoneworld, especially United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and the United States. Many Goan Catholics speak English as their first language and their ability to easily integrate and absord other cultures is widely appreciated. Music is an integral part of their lifestyles and Goa has produced famed musicians like Lorna Cordeiro and Remo Fernandes.
- scandal
- https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/missionaries-of-charity-express-sorrow-over-scandal-openness-to-just-inquiry-96037 The superior general of the Missionaries of Charity said Tuesday the congregation is “deeply saddened and grieved” by the alleged sale of several children by an employee of one of its homes for unwed mothers.
In Indian religions, the term chakravarti (Sanskrit: चक्रवर्तिन् cakravartin, Pali: cakkavatti) refers to an ideal universal ruler especially in the sense of an imperial ruler of the entire Indian sub-continent (as in the case of the Maurya Empire). The first references to a Chakravala Chakravartin appear in monuments from the time of the early Maurya Empire, in the 4th to 3rd century BCE, in reference to Chandragupta Maurya and his grandson Ashoka. The word cakra-vartin- is a bahuvrīhi compound word, translating to "one whose wheels are moving", in the sense of "whose chariot is rolling everywhere without obstruction". It can also be analysed as an 'instrumental bahuvrīhi: "through whom the wheel is moving" in the meaning of "through whom the Dharmachakra ("Wheel of the Dharma) is turning" (most commonly used in Buddhism).轉輪王（梵語：चक्रवर्तिन्，cakravartin，Chakravartin，巴利語：Cakkavatti），音譯為斫迦羅伐剌底、遮迦羅跋帝、遮迦越羅，又稱轉輪聖王、輪轉聖王，簡稱輪王，印度宗教中的術語，在印度神話中，當統一世界的君王出現時，天上將會出現一個旋轉金輪，作為他統治權力的證明。擁有這個旋轉金輪的人，將成為這個世界以及全宇宙的統治者，他將會以「慈悲」與「智慧」治理這個世界，開創轉輪聖朝（sarvabhauma）。佛教、耆那教與印度教等，都繼承了這個傳說。這個稱號，在孔雀王朝時代首次出現，為宾头娑罗與阿育王的尊號之一。転輪聖王は各種の宝と徳性を持つと言う。
- 輪宝（チャッカラタナ cakkaratana）：四方に転がり、王に大地を平定させる。
- 象宝（ハッティラタナ hatthiratana）：空をも飛ぶ純白の象。
- 馬宝（アッサラタナ assaratana）：空をも飛ぶ純白の馬。
- 珠宝（マニラタナ maniratana）：発する光明が1由旬にも達する宝石。
- 女宝（イッティラタナ itthiratana）：美貌と芳香を持つ従順かつ貞節な王妃。
- 居士宝（ガハパティラタナ gahapatiratana）：国を支える財力ある市民。
- 将軍宝（パリナーヤカラタナ parinayakaratana）：賢明さ、有能さ、練達を備えた智将。
以上の7つを七宝と言う。また四種の神徳を持つと言う。
- 美貌
- 長寿
- 少病少悩
- バラモン・ガハパティからの敬愛と彼らに対する慈愛
The Ashoka Chakra is a depiction of the dharmachakra; represented with 24 spokes. It is so called because it appears on a number of edicts of Ashoka, most prominent among which is the Lion Capital of Ashoka. The most visible use of the Ashoka Chakra today is at the centre of the Flag of India(adopted on 22 July 1947), where it is rendered in a navy-bluecolour on a white background, replacing the symbol ofcharkha (spinning wheel) of the pre-independence versions of the flag.
Puran Bhagat was a Punjabi ascetic and Prince of Sailkot. Today he is also worshipped as Baba Sahaj Nath Ji. Puran was born to Queen Ichhira, the first wife of Raja Sálbán. Upon the suggestion of the astrologers, Puran was sent away from the King for the first 12 years of his life. It was said that King could not see the face of his son. While Puran was away, the King married a young girl named Luna, who came from a low caste family. After 12 years of isolation, Puran returned to the royal palace. There, Luna became romantically attracted toward Puran, who was of the same age. Being the step-son of Luna, Puran disapproved of her advances. A hurt Luna accused Puran of violating her honor. Puran was ordered to be amputated and killed. The soldiers cutoff his hands and legs and threw him in a well in the forest. One day Guru Gorakhnath were passing by with his followers and heard voice from the well. He took him out using a single thread and unbaked earthen pot. He was later adopted by Baba Gorkhnath. Puran himself became a yogi.
- on sailkot
- Sialkot (Urdu: ), the capital of Sialkot District, is a city situated in the north-east of the Punjab province in Pakistan at the feet of the snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. Formerly, Sialkot has been the winter-capital of the State of Kashmir. The city is about 125 km (78 mi) north-west of Lahore and only a few kilometres from Jammu in India. The recorded history of Sialkot, a district of modern-day Pakistan, covers thousands of years. It has since its creation changed hands from
Aryan, Persian, Greek, Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, Sikh and British rule to the present-day federation of Pakistan.
The Bhakti movement regionally developed around different gods and goddesses, such as Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), Shaktism (Shakti goddesses), and Smartism. The movement was inspired by many poet-saints, who championed a wide range of philosophical positions ranging from theistic dualism of Dvaita to absolute monism of Advaita Vedanta.
The movement has traditionally been considered as an influential social reformation in Hinduism, and provided an individual-focussed alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's caste of birth or gender. Postmodern scholars question this traditional view and whether the Bhakti movement ever was a reform or rebellion of any kind. They suggest Bhakti movement was a revival, reworking and recontextualisation of ancient Vedic traditions. Scriptures of the Bhakti movement include the Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavata Purana and Padma Purana.
- Ravidas was a North Indian mystic poet-sant of the bhakti movement during the 15th to 16th century CE. Venerated as a Guru (teacher) in the region of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra, the devotional songs of Ravidas made a lasting impact upon the bhakti movement. He was a poet-saint, social reformer and a spiritual figure. He is considered as the founder of 21st-century Ravidassia religion, by a group who previously were associated with Sikhism.
The life details of Ravidas are uncertain and contested. Most scholars believe he was born about 1450 CE, in a family that worked with dead animals and their skin to produce leather products, making them an untouchable Chamar caste. Tradition and medieval era texts state Ravidas was one of the disciples of the Brahmin bhakti sant-poet Ramananda. Ravidas' devotional songs were included in the Sikh Scriptures, Guru Granth Sahib. The Panch Vani text of the Dadupanthi tradition within Hinduism also includes numerous poems of Ravidas. Guru Ravidas Ji taught removal of social divisions of caste and gender, and promoted unity in the pursuit of personal spiritual freedoms.His name often includes the honorific Bhagat, sometimes spelled as Ravidass, Raidas, Rohidas and Ruhidas.
Muhammad Izhar ul Haq (Urdu: محمد اظہار الحق; born 14 February 1948) is a columnist and a renowned poet of Urdu language, in Pakistan. He has received international recognition for his contribution to Urdu literature, and has been awarded Pakistan's highest civil award Pride of performance in 2008. He has published four books of Urdu poetry and writes weekly column in Daily Dunya. (anatolia centre organised an event on this person)
Ganesha (/ɡəˈneɪʃə/; Sanskrit: गणेश, Gaṇeśa; ), also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka and Binayak, is one of the best-known and most worshiped deities in the Hindu pantheon. His image is found throughout India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Nepal. Hindu sects worship him regardless of affiliations. Devotion to Ganesha is widely diffused and extends to Jains and Buddhists.Although he is known by many attributes, Ganesha's elephant head makes him easy to identify. Ganesha is widely revered as the remover of obstacles, the patron of arts and sciences and the deva of intellect and wisdom. As the god of beginnings, he is honoured at the start of rites and ceremonies. Ganesha is also invoked as patron of letters and learning during writing sessions. Several texts relate mythological anecdotes associated with his birth and exploits and explain his distinct iconography. Ganesha likely emerged as a deity as early as the 2nd century AD, but most certainly by the 4th and 5th centuries AD, during the Gupta period, although he inherited traits from Vedic and pre-Vedic precursors. Hindu mythology identifies him as the restored son of Parvati and Shiva of the Shaivism tradition, but he is a pan-Hindu god found in its various traditions. In the Ganapatya tradition of Hinduism, Ganesha is the supreme deity. The principal texts on Ganesha include the Ganesha Purana, the Mudgala Purana, and the Ganapati Atharvashirsa. Brahma Purana and Brahmanda Puranaare other two Puranic genre encyclopedic texts that deal with Ganesha.
- The earliest Ganesha images are without a vahana (mount/vehicle).[79] Of the eight incarnations of Ganesha described in the Mudgala Purana, Ganesha uses a mouse (shrew) in five of them, a lion in his incarnation as Vakratunda, a peacock in his incarnation as Vikata, and Shesha, the divine serpent, in his incarnation as Vighnaraja.[80]Mohotkata uses a lion, Mayūreśvara uses a peacock, Dhumraketu uses a horse, and Gajanana uses a mouse, in the four incarnations of Ganesha listed in the Ganesha Purana. Jain depictions of Ganesha show his vahana variously as a mouse, elephant, tortoise, ram, or peacock. Ganesha is often shown riding on or attended by a mouse, shrew or rat.[82] Martin-Dubost says that the rat began to appear as the principal vehicle in sculptures of Ganesha in central and western India during the 7th century; the rat was always placed close to his feet. The mouse as a mount first appears in written sources in the Matsya Purana and later in the Brahmananda Purana and Ganesha Purana, where Ganesha uses it as his vehicle in his last incarnation. The Ganapati Atharvashirsa includes a meditation verse on Ganesha that describes the mouse appearing on his flag.[85] The names Mūṣakavāhana (mouse-mount) and Ākhuketana (rat-banner) appear in the Ganesha Sahasranama. The mouse is interpreted in several ways. According to Grimes, "Many, if not most of those who interpret Gaṇapati's mouse, do so negatively; it symbolizes tamoguṇa as well as desire". Along these lines, Michael Wilcockson says it symbolizes those who wish to overcome desires and be less selfish. Krishan notes that the rat is destructive and a menace to crops. The Sanskrit word mūṣaka (mouse) is derived from the root mūṣ (stealing, robbing). It was essential to subdue the rat as a destructive pest, a type of vighna(impediment) that needed to be overcome.
- economist 22sep18 "the idolatry industry" on ganesha statues
- Hindu myth on ganesh - god of wisdom and success, his four arms represent 4 types of creatures on earth - those that live on land, those that live in water, those that live both on land and water, those that live in the air. Mother parvati and father shiva. Nandi is name of bull guarding parvati's residence. Ganesh (means lord of the people) was born from a tumeric plant. Shiva is god of gods, brahma is creator god. Shiva chopped off ganesh's head and rescue him by getting the head of an elepant and placed in on ganesh's body with help of brahma. Ganesh is to be worshipped first by hindu people.
Bharat mata
- http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21696537-nationalist-slogan-sends-sectarian-sparks-oh-motherBhārat Mātā (Hindi, from Sanskrit भारत माता, Bhārata Mātā),Mother India, or Bhāratāmbā (Sanskrit: भारताम्बा; अम्बा ambāmeans 'mother') is the national personification of India as a mother goddess.[1] She is an amalgam of all the goddesses of Indian culture and more significantly of goddess Durga. She is usually depicted as a woman clad in a saffron sari holding the Indian national flag, and sometimes accompanied by a lion.
Durga, also identified as Adi Parashakti, Devi, Shakti, Bhavani and by numerous other names, is a principal and popular form of Hindu goddess. She is the warrior goddess, whose mythology centers around combating evils and demonic forces that threaten peace, prosperity and dharma of the good. She is the fierce form of the protective mother goddess, willing to unleash her anger against wrong, violence for liberation and destruction to empower creation.Durga is depicted in the Hindu pantheon as a fearless woman riding a lion or tiger, with many arms each carrying a weapon,often defeating the mythical buffalo demon. She appears in Indian texts as the wife of god Shiva, as another form of Parvati or mother goddess.難近母（梵語：दुर्गा，孟加拉語：দুর্গা，字面意思為「不可接近的」；曾音譯為突伽），現代中文發音為杜爾噶，印度教女神，性力派的重要崇拜對象。傳統上被認為是濕婆之妻雪山神女的兩個兇相化身之一（另一個是時母）。
- ドゥルガーという名称は、魔神ドゥルガーを大戦争の末に滅ぼしたとき、記念としてその魔神の名を自らの名前にしたのだという。また、チャンダとムンダというアスラ神族を倒したことからチャームンダーとも呼ばれる。また、ドゥルガーは別名をヴィカラーラ（「恐るべき者」の意）といい、仏教では興福寺八部衆や二十八部衆の畢婆迦羅、十二神将の毘羯羅となっている。また、密教に於いては菩薩（天台宗では如来）とされ、六観音、七観音の一尊である准胝観音となっている[1]。黒闇天とも同一視される。また、突伽天女、塞天女とも呼ばれ[2]、玄奘三蔵の伝記『大慈恩寺三蔵法師伝（慈恩伝）』では突伽という表記で登場する。
- Durga is worshipped in Hindu temples across India and Nepal by Shakta Hindus. Her temples, worship and festivals are particularly popular in eastern and northeastern parts of Indian subcontinent during Durga puja, Dashain and Navaratri.
Hanuman (/ˈhʌnʊˌmɑːn, ˈhɑːnʊ-, ˌhʌnʊˈmɑːn, ˌhɑːnʊ-/;Hanumān in IAST); also known as Mahavira orBajrangbali, is a Hindu god and an ardent devotee of the god Rama. He is a central character in theHindu epic Ramayana and its various versions. He is also mentioned in several other texts, includingMahabharata, the various Puranas and some Jaintexts. A vanara (monkey), Hanuman participated in Rama's war against the demon king Ravana. Several texts also present him as an incarnation of the god Shiva. He is the son of Anjana and Kesari, and is also described as the son of the wind-godVayu, who according to several stories, played a role in his birth.The Sanskrit texts mention several legends about how Hanuman got his name. One legend is that Indra, the king of the gods, struck Hanuman's jaw during his childhood (see below). The child received his name from the Sanskrit words Hanu ("jaw") and -man (or -mant, "prominent" or "disfigured"). The name thus means "one with prominent or disfigured jaw". Another theory says the name derives from the Sanskrit words Han ("killed" or "destroyed") andmaana (pride); the name implies "one whose pride was destroyed".[2]:31–32 Some Jain texts mention that Hanuman spent his childhood on an island calledHanuruha, which is the origin of his name.[2]:189 According to one theory, the name "Hanuman" derives from the proto-Dravidian word for male monkey (ana-mandi), which was later Sanskritized to "Hanuman" (seehistorical development below). Linguistic variations of "Hanuman" include Hanumat, Anuman (Tamil), Hanumanthudu (Telugu), Anoman (Indonesian), Andoman (Malay) and Hunlaman (Lao).哈魯曼（हनुमत्；Hanuman），印度史詩《羅摩衍那》的神猴，擁有四張臉和八支手，解救阿逾陀國王子羅摩之妻悉多，與羅剎惡魔羅波那大戰。羅摩是大神毗濕奴化身。羅摩之妻悉多非常美麗，被楞伽城十頭魔王羅波那用計劫走。羅摩在尋妻途中助猴王須羯哩婆奪得王位。猴王派手下大將哈魯曼，隨羅摩去尋妻。魯曼勇敢機敏，能騰雲駕霧，火燒楞伽宮，盜仙草，終於幫助羅摩征服了強敵，救出悉多。胡適認為《西遊記》的美猴王孫悟空原型就是取自哈魯曼，他說：「我總疑心這個神通廣大的猴子不是國貨，乃是一件從印度進口的。也許連無支祁的神話也是受了印度影響而倣造的。」又說，「我依著鋼和泰博士的指引，在印度最古的記事詩《拉麻傳》裏尋得一個哈奴曼，大概可以算是齊天大聖的背影了」[1]。隨着印度佛教東傳中國，《羅摩衍那》記載的「楞伽城大戰」中大鬧無憂園的情節，就被改編成《西遊記》中孫悟空大鬧天宮的故事。陳寅恪與季羨林[2]皆同意此說法。吳曉鈴在《〈西遊記〉和〈羅摩延書〉》一文對孫悟空受哈魯曼影響說提出異議。
- Hanuman Dhoka is a complex of structures with the Royal Palace of the Malla kings and also of the Shah dynasty in the Durbar Square of central Kathmandu, Nepal. It is spread over five acres. The Hanuman Dhoka Palace (Hanuman Dhoka Darbar in Nepali) gets its name from the stone image of Hanuman, the Hindu monkey god, that sits near the main entryway. 'Dhoka' means door or gate in Nepali.
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3048479/hindu-monkey-god-hanuman-really-homo-erectus the perception that Hanuman is indeed a monkey could now radically change, with a novel theory in a newly published book suggesting that Hanuman and other “Vanaras” – Hanuman’s other monkey-like companions – of the Indian epic Ramayana could belong to the extinct human species Homo erectus or perhaps even the “Hobbit” species Homo Floresiensis, rather than being merely monkey.The Ramayana was originally penned by Valmiki in Sanskrit, and there have been several adaptations and retellings in all the Indian regional languages. It is the tale of Lord Rama, an ancient king Hindus believe to be an ideal human, and how he rescues his abducted wife with the help of an army of forest-dwelling “Vanaras”.Homo erectus – which scientists believe came into being about 2 million years ago and is among the first human species to walk fully upright – is widely thought to be the most successful hominid before the emergence of homo sapiens. They are also the first hominid species whose geographical range spans multiple continents.
- The Hanuman Chalisa (Hindi pronunciation: [ɦənʊmaːn tʃaːliːsaː]; literally Forty chaupais on Hanuman) is a Hindu devotional hymn (stotra) addressed to Lord Hanuman. It has been authored by 16th-century poet Tulsidas in the Awadhi language,[2] and is his best known text apart from the Ramcharitmanas.[4][5] The word "chālīsā" is derived from "chālīs", which means the number forty in Hindi, as the Hanuman Chalisa has 40 verses (excluding the couplets at the beginning and at the end).
帕蚢蚆(Pakhangba)或譯帕杭巴，又被稱為湃虹蚆(Paikhomba)，是曼尼普爾邦梅泰族傳說中的龍。在曼尼普爾土邦時期，它的形象常被用於紋章中。它起源於在印度教傳入該地區之前就已存在的民間信仰神明Paphal。該生物棲息在靈聖池、樹林、山河和岩洞中。梅泰部落的一個祖先聲稱他就是帕蚢蚆。帕蚢蚆通常是長有蛇身鹿角的龍。在因帕爾的康拉宮一些雕塑中的帕蚢蚆有另一種形象：短身、類似的頭和粗壯的四肢。看上去像獅子一樣，被稱作康拉-薩（Kangla-Sa）。Pakhangba (Meitei:ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯕ) is the supreme God of the Meitei tradition as well as Manipuri mythology that is used as a heraldic emblem in Manipur. It was present in most emblems of the Princely state of Manipur and it originated in Paphal (ꯄꯥꯐꯜ), an ancient deity of the traditional beliefs preceding Hinduism in the region. This creature was said to inhabit sacred ponds and groves, as well as mountains, rivers, lakes, forests and caves.
A "Mantra" (/ˈmæntrə, ˈmɑːn-, ˈmʌn-/ (Sanskrit: मंत्र);) is a sacred utterance, a numinous sound, a syllable, word orphonemes, or group of words in Sanskrit believed by practitioners to have psychological and spiritual powers.[3][4] A mantra may or may not have syntactic structure or literal meaning. The spiritual value of a mantra derives from its audible, visible, or present in thought.[3][5] The earliest mantras were composed in Vedic Sanskrit by Hindus in India, and are at least 3000 years old.[6] Mantras now exist in various schools of Hinduism, Buddhism,Jainism and Sikhism. Similar hymns, chants, compositions and concepts are found in Zoroastrianism, Taoism, Christianity, and elsewhere.[3] The use, structure, function, importance, and types of mantras vary according to the school and philosophy of Hinduism and of Buddhism. Mantras serve a central role in tantra.[6][9] In this school, mantras are considered to be a sacred formula and a deeply personal ritual, effective only after initiation. In other schools of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism or Sikhism, initiation is not a requirement.
A dhāraṇī 陀羅經is a Sanskrit term for a type of ritual speech similar to a mantra. The word dhāraṇī derives from a Sanskrit root √dhṛ meaning "to hold or maintain". Ryuichi Abe and Jan Nattier suggest that a dhāraṇī is generally understood as a mnemonicwhich encapsulates the meaning of a section or chapter of a sutra. Dhāraṇīs are also considered to protect the one who chants them from malign influences and calamities.
- seen in nestorian crosses (both left and right turning)
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161204/00180_022.html右旋的卐或左旋的卍，在印度教、佛教、耆那教等代表神聖和吉祥，在中文讀作「萬」。有指此符號起源於數千年前的印度，已在蒙古流行數百年。此符號在中日韓的佛寺內，多以左旋卍（圖）出現；而在蒙古、印度等地則多為右旋的卐。有指納粹德軍領袖希特拉設計黨旗時，望加卐字紀念雅利安人奮鬥的勝利。雖然形狀與卐相近，但角度和顏色卻有不同。納粹標誌（下圖右）多呈黑色，通常傾斜四十五度；而傳統的卐則色彩明亮，不論左旋或右旋都不會傾斜。
- https://www.rt.com/news/369307-latvia-nazi-swastika-market/ In another controversial case of Latvia’s relationship to Nazi symbolism, a large ornament eerily similar to a swastika appeared in Riga’s Christmas Market, provoking critical reactions.
- Fylfot or fylfot cross /ˈfɪlfɒt/ (FILL-fot), is a synonym for swastika or tetraskelion/gammadion. It is a cross with perpendicular extensions, usually at 90° or close angles, radiating in the same direction. According to some modern texts on heraldry, such as Friar and Woodcock and Robinson (see below), the fylfot is upright and typically with truncated limbs. The Fylfot, together with its sister figure the gammadion, has been found in a great variety of contexts over the centuries. It has occurred in both secular and sacred contexts in the British Isles, elsewhere in Europe, in Asia Minor[5] and in Africa.Hansard for 12 June 1996 reports a House of Commons discussion about the badge of No. 273 Fighter Squadron, Royal Air Force. In this, fylfot is used to describe the ancient symbol, and swastika used as if it refers only to the symbol used by the Nazis.
- any relation??? In the story of sakyamuni, the prince set off for the bodhi "enlightenment" tree, and gods prepare way for him. The prince wishes to take some grass to sit on. When he comes to a grass cutter named svastika, he asks her for a bunch.
- roman times
- india
- aryan
- japan
- china
The scene filmed Monday at Esplanade Park showed several runes, possibly intended to represent snowflakes. But one does stop to wonder what the designer was thinking, when about 80 percent finished, he noticed one of his creations resembled the symbol associated with Nazism in the 20th century.
'Vaisakhi ' (Punjabi: ਵਿਸਾਖੀ, visākhī), also known as Baisakhi, Vaishakhi, or Vasakhi refers to the harvest festival of the Punjab region, the Punjabi new year falling on the Baisakh which is first month of Bikram Sambat Hindu calendar. Khalsa Sirjana Divas and Mesha Sankrantifestival. It is celebrated on 13 April. It marks the birth of the Khalsa in the year 1699. The festival is especially important for the Sikh community as it marks the establishment of the Khalsa which is also termed Khalsa Sirjana Divas and falls on the first day of Vaisakh which is the second month of the Nanakshahi calendar. Vaisakhi is traditionally observed on 13 or 14 April, every year. The festival is important to both Sikhs and Hindus. The festival coincides with other new year festivals celebrated on the first day of Vaisakh in other regions of the Indian Subcontinent such as Pohela Boishakh, Bohag Bihu, Vishu, Puthandu among others.
Holi Festival
Lath mar Holi
marriage
- [eckstut] in northern india, women traditionally wear red on their wedding day. Brides not wear onlynred saris but also red bindis (decorations affixed bw their eyebrows) and red henna tattoos on their hands.
- Jallikattu (or Sallikkattu), also known as eru thazhuvuthal and manju virattu, is a traditional spectacle in which a Bos indicus bull, commonly of the Kangayam breed,[2] is released into a crowd of people and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump of the bull with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. Participants hold the hump for as long as possible, attempting to bring the bull to a stop. In some cases, participants must ride long enough to remove flags on the bull's horns. Jallikattu is typically practiced in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu as a part of Pongal celebrations on Mattu Pongal day.
- The Panchatantra (IAST: Pañcatantra, Sanskrit: पञ्चतन्त्र, "Five Treatises") is an ancient Indian collection of interrelated animal fables in Sanskrit verse and prose, arranged within a frame story.[2] The surviving work is dated to about 300 BCE, but the fables are likely much more ancient.[3][4] The text's author is unknown, but has been attributed to Vishnu Sharma in some recensions and Vasubhaga in others, both of which may be fictitious pen names.[3]It is likely a Hindu text,[3][5] and based on older oral traditions with "animal fables that are as old as we are able to imagine".It is "certainly the most frequently translated literary product of India",[7] and these stories are among the most widely known in the world.[8] It goes by many names in many cultures. There is a version of Panchatantra in nearly every major language of India, and in addition there are 200 versions of the text in more than 50 languages around the world.[9] One version reached Europe in the 11th-century.
- Padmavat (or Padmawat) is an epic poem written in 1540 by Sufi poet Malik Muhammad Jayasi, who wrote it in the Hindustani language of Awadhi, and originally in the Persian Nastaʿlīq script. It is the oldest extant text among the important works in Awadhi. A famous piece of Sufi literature from the period, it relates an allegorical fictional story about the Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji's desire for the titular Padmavati, the Queen of Chittor.[7] Khalji is a historical figure, whereas Padmavati is a fictional character.
myth
- Suryavansha (Suryavam(n)sham or Solar Dynasty) is a mythological dynasty of ancient India. The term Suryavanshi refers to a person belonging to the Suryvansha dynasty. Raghuvanshi is an offshoot dynasty born out of the Suryavanshi clan.
- According to Hindu mythology, the Lunar dynasty is one of the four principal houses of the Kshatriya varna, or warrior–ruling caste.This legendary dynasty was descended from the moon (Soma or Chandra), According to the Mahabharata, the dynasty's progenitor Ila ruled from Prayag, while his son Shashabindu ruled in the country of Bahli. The great sage Vishvamitra the son of king Gadhi of Kanyakubja dynasty was a descendant of Amavasu, the son of Pururava of Chandravansha clan. Ila's descendants, the Ailas (also known as Chandravansha), were a dynasty of kings of ancient India. Pururavas, the son of Budha was the founder of this dynasty.
Painting
carving
Music
game
- Chaturanga (Sanskrit: चतुरङ्ग; caturaṅga), catur, is an ancient Indian strategy game which is the common ancestor of the board games chess,shogi, sittuyin, makruk, xiangqi and janggi. Chaturanga developed in the Gupta Empire, India around the 6th century AD. In the 7th century, it was adopted as shatranj in Sassanid Persia, which in turn was the form of chess brought to late-medieval Europe.
islam
- *********Meo (pronounced as May-o & Mev) (also called Mewati) were Hindu Rajputs and Meena who converted to Islam between 12th and 17th century, who live in and around Mewat that includes Nuh district of Haryana and parts of adjacent Alwar and Bharatpur districts in Rajasthan. Meos speak Mewati.[1][2][3]Meos have shared Mewat region with a number of other Muslim Rajput communities, such as Khanzada, Qaimkhani and Malkana. Meos believe that they are direct descendants of Krishna, Rama and Arjun.[3][5] Meos were Hindu Rajputs and Meena who converted to Islam between 12th and 17th century,[1][2][6][page needed] until as late as Aurangzeb's rule, but they have maintained their age-old distinctive cultural identity until today. According to S. L. Sharma and R. N. Srivastava, Mughal persecution had little effect of strengthening their Islamic identity, but it reinforced their resistance to Mughal rule. Hindu inhabitants of Mewat, although belonging to the same Kshatriya castes to which the Meos belonged before conversion to Islam, are not called Meo. Thus the word "Meo" is both region-specific and religion-specific. Apparently, Meos come from many Hindu clans who converted to Islam and amalgamated as Meo community.
- Zakir Abdul Karim Naik (born 18 October 1965) is an Indian Islamic televangelist, and the founder and president of the Islamic Research Foundation (IRF). He is also the founder of the Peace TV channel through which he reaches 200 million viewers.[17][18] He has been called an "authority on comparative religion",[19] "perhaps the most influential Salafi ideologue in India",[20] "the rock star of tele-evangelism and a proponent of modern Islam"[15] and "the world's leading Salafi evangelist".[21] Unlike many Islamic preachers, his lectures are colloquial,[22] given in English, not Urdu or Arabic,[21] and he usually wears a suit and tie.Before becoming a public speaker, he trained as a physician.[14] He has published booklet versions of lectures on Islam and comparative religion. Although he has publicly disclaimed sectarianism in Islam,[23] he is regarded as an exponent of the Salafi ideology, and by some sources as a radical Islamist promoting Wahhabism. His preaching is currently banned in India, Bangladesh, Canada and the United Kingdom. Zakir Naik was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. He attended Kishinchand Chellaram College and studied medicine at the Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Charitable Hospital and later the University of Mumbai, where he obtained a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS).
Bharat mata
- http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21696537-nationalist-slogan-sends-sectarian-sparks-oh-motherBhārat Mātā (Hindi, from Sanskrit भारत माता, Bhārata Mātā),Mother India, or Bhāratāmbā (Sanskrit: भारताम्बा; अम्बा ambāmeans 'mother') is the national personification of India as a mother goddess.[1] She is an amalgam of all the goddesses of Indian culture and more significantly of goddess Durga. She is usually depicted as a woman clad in a saffron sari holding the Indian national flag, and sometimes accompanied by a lion.
Durga, also identified as Adi Parashakti, Devi, Shakti, Bhavani and by numerous other names, is a principal and popular form of Hindu goddess. She is the warrior goddess, whose mythology centers around combating evils and demonic forces that threaten peace, prosperity and dharma of the good. She is the fierce form of the protective mother goddess, willing to unleash her anger against wrong, violence for liberation and destruction to empower creation.Durga is depicted in the Hindu pantheon as a fearless woman riding a lion or tiger, with many arms each carrying a weapon,often defeating the mythical buffalo demon. She appears in Indian texts as the wife of god Shiva, as another form of Parvati or mother goddess.難近母（梵語：दुर्गा，孟加拉語：দুর্গা，字面意思為「不可接近的」；曾音譯為突伽），現代中文發音為杜爾噶，印度教女神，性力派的重要崇拜對象。傳統上被認為是濕婆之妻雪山神女的兩個兇相化身之一（另一個是時母）。
- ドゥルガーという名称は、魔神ドゥルガーを大戦争の末に滅ぼしたとき、記念としてその魔神の名を自らの名前にしたのだという。また、チャンダとムンダというアスラ神族を倒したことからチャームンダーとも呼ばれる。また、ドゥルガーは別名をヴィカラーラ（「恐るべき者」の意）といい、仏教では興福寺八部衆や二十八部衆の畢婆迦羅、十二神将の毘羯羅となっている。また、密教に於いては菩薩（天台宗では如来）とされ、六観音、七観音の一尊である准胝観音となっている[1]。黒闇天とも同一視される。また、突伽天女、塞天女とも呼ばれ[2]、玄奘三蔵の伝記『大慈恩寺三蔵法師伝（慈恩伝）』では突伽という表記で登場する。
- Durga is worshipped in Hindu temples across India and Nepal by Shakta Hindus. Her temples, worship and festivals are particularly popular in eastern and northeastern parts of Indian subcontinent during Durga puja, Dashain and Navaratri.
- scmp 25sep19 "mother of all parties" durga puja festival
- 尼泊爾首都加德滿都近日慶祝敬奉神祇難近母（Durga）的德賽節，當地人除舉行宰牲儀式祭拜神靈外，亦在空地上用竹竿架起一個個高高的鞦韆，讓孩子們玩樂一番。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201031/00180_045.html
Hanuman (/ˈhʌnʊˌmɑːn, ˈhɑːnʊ-, ˌhʌnʊˈmɑːn, ˌhɑːnʊ-/;Hanumān in IAST); also known as Mahavira orBajrangbali, is a Hindu god and an ardent devotee of the god Rama. He is a central character in theHindu epic Ramayana and its various versions. He is also mentioned in several other texts, includingMahabharata, the various Puranas and some Jaintexts. A vanara (monkey), Hanuman participated in Rama's war against the demon king Ravana. Several texts also present him as an incarnation of the god Shiva. He is the son of Anjana and Kesari, and is also described as the son of the wind-godVayu, who according to several stories, played a role in his birth.The Sanskrit texts mention several legends about how Hanuman got his name. One legend is that Indra, the king of the gods, struck Hanuman's jaw during his childhood (see below). The child received his name from the Sanskrit words Hanu ("jaw") and -man (or -mant, "prominent" or "disfigured"). The name thus means "one with prominent or disfigured jaw". Another theory says the name derives from the Sanskrit words Han ("killed" or "destroyed") andmaana (pride); the name implies "one whose pride was destroyed".[2]:31–32 Some Jain texts mention that Hanuman spent his childhood on an island calledHanuruha, which is the origin of his name.[2]:189 According to one theory, the name "Hanuman" derives from the proto-Dravidian word for male monkey (ana-mandi), which was later Sanskritized to "Hanuman" (seehistorical development below). Linguistic variations of "Hanuman" include Hanumat, Anuman (Tamil), Hanumanthudu (Telugu), Anoman (Indonesian), Andoman (Malay) and Hunlaman (Lao).哈魯曼（हनुमत्；Hanuman），印度史詩《羅摩衍那》的神猴，擁有四張臉和八支手，解救阿逾陀國王子羅摩之妻悉多，與羅剎惡魔羅波那大戰。羅摩是大神毗濕奴化身。羅摩之妻悉多非常美麗，被楞伽城十頭魔王羅波那用計劫走。羅摩在尋妻途中助猴王須羯哩婆奪得王位。猴王派手下大將哈魯曼，隨羅摩去尋妻。魯曼勇敢機敏，能騰雲駕霧，火燒楞伽宮，盜仙草，終於幫助羅摩征服了強敵，救出悉多。胡適認為《西遊記》的美猴王孫悟空原型就是取自哈魯曼，他說：「我總疑心這個神通廣大的猴子不是國貨，乃是一件從印度進口的。也許連無支祁的神話也是受了印度影響而倣造的。」又說，「我依著鋼和泰博士的指引，在印度最古的記事詩《拉麻傳》裏尋得一個哈奴曼，大概可以算是齊天大聖的背影了」[1]。隨着印度佛教東傳中國，《羅摩衍那》記載的「楞伽城大戰」中大鬧無憂園的情節，就被改編成《西遊記》中孫悟空大鬧天宮的故事。陳寅恪與季羨林[2]皆同意此說法。吳曉鈴在《〈西遊記〉和〈羅摩延書〉》一文對孫悟空受哈魯曼影響說提出異議。
- Hanuman Dhoka is a complex of structures with the Royal Palace of the Malla kings and also of the Shah dynasty in the Durbar Square of central Kathmandu, Nepal. It is spread over five acres. The Hanuman Dhoka Palace (Hanuman Dhoka Darbar in Nepali) gets its name from the stone image of Hanuman, the Hindu monkey god, that sits near the main entryway. 'Dhoka' means door or gate in Nepali.
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3048479/hindu-monkey-god-hanuman-really-homo-erectus the perception that Hanuman is indeed a monkey could now radically change, with a novel theory in a newly published book suggesting that Hanuman and other “Vanaras” – Hanuman’s other monkey-like companions – of the Indian epic Ramayana could belong to the extinct human species Homo erectus or perhaps even the “Hobbit” species Homo Floresiensis, rather than being merely monkey.The Ramayana was originally penned by Valmiki in Sanskrit, and there have been several adaptations and retellings in all the Indian regional languages. It is the tale of Lord Rama, an ancient king Hindus believe to be an ideal human, and how he rescues his abducted wife with the help of an army of forest-dwelling “Vanaras”.Homo erectus – which scientists believe came into being about 2 million years ago and is among the first human species to walk fully upright – is widely thought to be the most successful hominid before the emergence of homo sapiens. They are also the first hominid species whose geographical range spans multiple continents.
- The Hanuman Chalisa (Hindi pronunciation: [ɦənʊmaːn tʃaːliːsaː]; literally Forty chaupais on Hanuman) is a Hindu devotional hymn (stotra) addressed to Lord Hanuman. It has been authored by 16th-century poet Tulsidas in the Awadhi language,[2] and is his best known text apart from the Ramcharitmanas.[4][5] The word "chālīsā" is derived from "chālīs", which means the number forty in Hindi, as the Hanuman Chalisa has 40 verses (excluding the couplets at the beginning and at the end).
帕蚢蚆(Pakhangba)或譯帕杭巴，又被稱為湃虹蚆(Paikhomba)，是曼尼普爾邦梅泰族傳說中的龍。在曼尼普爾土邦時期，它的形象常被用於紋章中。它起源於在印度教傳入該地區之前就已存在的民間信仰神明Paphal。該生物棲息在靈聖池、樹林、山河和岩洞中。梅泰部落的一個祖先聲稱他就是帕蚢蚆。帕蚢蚆通常是長有蛇身鹿角的龍。在因帕爾的康拉宮一些雕塑中的帕蚢蚆有另一種形象：短身、類似的頭和粗壯的四肢。看上去像獅子一樣，被稱作康拉-薩（Kangla-Sa）。Pakhangba (Meitei:ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯕ) is the supreme God of the Meitei tradition as well as Manipuri mythology that is used as a heraldic emblem in Manipur. It was present in most emblems of the Princely state of Manipur and it originated in Paphal (ꯄꯥꯐꯜ), an ancient deity of the traditional beliefs preceding Hinduism in the region. This creature was said to inhabit sacred ponds and groves, as well as mountains, rivers, lakes, forests and caves.
Asuras (Sanskrit: असुर) are mythological lord beings in Indian texts who compete for power with the more benevolent devas (also known as suras). Asuras are described in Indian texts as powerful superhuman demigods with good or bad qualities. The good Asuras are called Adityas and are led by Varuna, while the malevolent ones are called Danavas and are led by Vrtra.[2] In the earliest layer of Vedic texts Agni, Indra and other gods are also called Asuras, in the sense of them being "lords" of their respective domains, knowledge and abilities. In later Vedic and post-Vedic texts, the benevolent gods are called Devas, while malevolent Asuras compete against these Devas and are considered "enemy of the gods" or demons.[3] Asuras are part of Indian mythology along with Devas, Yaksha (nature spirits) andRakshasas (ghosts, ogres), and Asuras feature in one of many cosmological theories in Hinduism.
Mount Meru (Sanskrit: मेरु, Tibetan: ཪི་རྒྱལ་པོ་རི་རབ་, Sumeru, Sineru or Mahameru) is the sacred five-peaked mountain of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist cosmology and is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes. Meru (Sinhalese:"මහා මේරු පර්වතය") to which is added the approbatory prefix su-, results in the meaning "Excellent Meru", "Wonderful Meru" or "Great Meru". In other languages, (須彌山 Xumi Shan; Pāli Meru; Burmese: မြင်းမိုရ် Myinmo), Khmer:ភ្នំព្រះសុមេរុ (Phnom Preah So Mae). Many famous Hindu and similar Jain as well as Buddhist temples have been built as symbolic representations of this mountain. The "Sumeru Throne" 須彌座 xūmízuò style base is a common feature of Chinese pagodas. The highest point (the finial bud) on the pyatthat, a Burmese-style multi-tiered roof, represents Mount Meru.Some researchers identify Mount Meru or Sumeru with the Pamirs, northwest of Kashmir. The Suryasiddhanta mentions that Mt. Meru lies in 'the middle of the Earth' ("bhurva-madhya") in the land of the Jambunad (Jambudvip). Narpatijayacharyā, a ninth-century text, based on mostly unpublished texts of Yāmal Tantr, mentions "Sumeruḥ Prithvī-madhye shrūyate drishyate na tu" ('Su-meru is heard to be in the middle of the Earth, but is not seen there'). There exist several versions of Cosmology in existing Hindu texts. In one of them, cosmologically, the Meru mountain was also described as being surrounded by Mandrachala Mountain to the east, Supasarva Mountain to the west, Kumuda Mountain to the north and Kailasha to the south.
- Mount Meru of Hindu traditions has clearly mythical aspects, being described as 84,000 Yojana high (about 1,082,000 km (672,000 mi), which would be 85 times the Earth's diameter), and notes that the Sun along with all the planets in the Solar System revolve around Mt. Meru as one unit.Mount Meru was said to be the residence of King Padamja Brahma in antiquity.
- According to Jain cosmology, Mount Meru (or Sumeru) is at the centre of the world surrounded by Jambūdvīpa,[13] in form of a circle forming a diameter of 100,000 yojans.[14]There are two sets of sun, moon and stars revolving around Mount Meru; while one set works, the other set rests behind Mount Meru.
- This mythical mountain of gods was mentioned in Tantu Pagelaran, an Old Javanese manuscript written in the Kawi language from the 15th century Majapahit period. The manuscript describes the mythical origin of Java island, and the legend of the movement of portions of Mount Meru to Java. The manuscript explained that Batara Guru (Shiva) ordered the god Brahma and Vishnu to fill the Java island with human beings. However at that time Java island was floating freely on the ocean, always tumbling and shaking. To stop the island's movement, the gods decided to nail it to the Earth by moving the part of Mahameru in Jambudvipa (India) and attaching it to Java.[18] The resulting mountain is Mount Semeru, the tallest mountain on Java.
Loka is a concept in Indian religions.In early Buddhism, based upon the Pali Canon and related Agamas, there are four distinct worlds: There is the Kama Loka, or world of sensuality, in which humans, animals, and some devas reside, Rupa-Loka, or the world of refined material existence, in which certain beings mastering specific meditative attainments reside, and Arupa Loka, or the immaterial, formless world, in which beings to master formless meditative attainments reside. Arahants, who have attained the highest goal of Nibbana (or, Nirvana), have unbound themselves from individual (limited) existence in any form, in any realm, and cannot be found here, there, or in between, i.e., they are found in no Loka whatsoever.In the Tibetan and Tantric schools, "Six Lokas" refers to a Bönpo and Nyingmapa spiritual practice or discipline that works with chakras and the six dimensions or classes of beings in the Bhavachakra. And in Buddhist Cosmology Kama-Loka, Rupa-Loka, Arupa-Loka has interpreted.According to Hindu cosmology, the universe contains 7 upper and 7 lower planes of existence.In Jain texts, the universe is referred to as loka.
世間（梵語：loka，音譯路迦，意為壞滅；又作laukika，意為世俗），佛教術語，包括了代表有情眾生的有情世間，以及有情所居住之山河大地的器世間。世间的所有事物和现象称爲世间法。因世間是一切有情眾生存在生活的地方，故世間在一些語境下也等同於世俗的，或稱入世。
- [talking maps]jains reject divine creation in favour of a belief in an eternal and infinite universe (loka). The complex jain cosmology is given vivid expression in its labyrithine maps. Jain universe is structured vertically - divine upper world (urdva loka), middle world (madhya loka) containing the terrestrial world, lower world (adho loka). Meru mountain is at the centre of universe.
A "Mantra" (/ˈmæntrə, ˈmɑːn-, ˈmʌn-/ (Sanskrit: मंत्र);) is a sacred utterance, a numinous sound, a syllable, word orphonemes, or group of words in Sanskrit believed by practitioners to have psychological and spiritual powers.[3][4] A mantra may or may not have syntactic structure or literal meaning. The spiritual value of a mantra derives from its audible, visible, or present in thought.[3][5] The earliest mantras were composed in Vedic Sanskrit by Hindus in India, and are at least 3000 years old.[6] Mantras now exist in various schools of Hinduism, Buddhism,Jainism and Sikhism. Similar hymns, chants, compositions and concepts are found in Zoroastrianism, Taoism, Christianity, and elsewhere.[3] The use, structure, function, importance, and types of mantras vary according to the school and philosophy of Hinduism and of Buddhism. Mantras serve a central role in tantra.[6][9] In this school, mantras are considered to be a sacred formula and a deeply personal ritual, effective only after initiation. In other schools of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism or Sikhism, initiation is not a requirement.
A dhāraṇī 陀羅經is a Sanskrit term for a type of ritual speech similar to a mantra. The word dhāraṇī derives from a Sanskrit root √dhṛ meaning "to hold or maintain". Ryuichi Abe and Jan Nattier suggest that a dhāraṇī is generally understood as a mnemonicwhich encapsulates the meaning of a section or chapter of a sutra. Dhāraṇīs are also considered to protect the one who chants them from malign influences and calamities.
Vajra is a Sanskrit word meaning both thunderbolt and diamond. Additionally, it is a weapon won in battle which is used as a ritual object to symbolize both the properties of a diamond (indestructibility) and a thunderbolt (irresistible force). The vajra is essentially a type of club with a ribbed spherical head. The ribs may meet in a ball-shaped top, or they may be separate and end in sharp points with which to stab. The vajra is the weapon of the Vedic rain and thunder-deity Indra, and is used symbolically by the dharma traditions of Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism, often to represent firmness of spirit and spiritual power.[2] The use of the vajra as a symbolic and ritual tool spread from India along with Indian religion and culture to other parts of Asia.
The swastika (also known as the gammadion cross, cross cramponnée, or wanzi) (as a character: 卐 or 卍) is an ancient religious symbol that generally takes the form of an equilateral cross, with its four legs bent at 90 degrees. It is considered to be a sacred and auspicioussymbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism and dates back to before 2nd century B.C. It has been used as a decorative element in various cultures since at least the Neolithic. It is known most widely as an important symbol long used in Indian religions, denoting "auspiciousness." It was adopted as such in pre-World War I-Europe and later, and most notably, by the Nazi Party and Nazi Germany prior to World War II. In many Western countries, the swastika has been highly stigmatized because of its use in and association with Nazism. This has happened to the point where it is seen as meaning Nazis and Hitler. It continues to be commonly used as a religious symbol in Hinduism and Buddhism. Western literature's older term for the symbol, gammadion cross, derives mainly from its appearance, which is identical to four Greek gamma letters affixed to each other. The nameswastika comes from the Sanskrit word svastika (Devanāgarī: स्वस्तिक), meaning "lucky or auspicious object". 卍（まんじ）は、ヒンドゥー教や仏教で用いられる吉祥の印であるとともに、日本では仏教を象徴する記号としてよく知られ、漢字であり家紋でもある。同様の記号は世界各地にあり、西洋では太陽十字からも発生した。サンスクリット語でSvastika (デーヴァナーガリー表記: स्वस्तिक、スワスティカ、スヴァスティカ）と呼ばれる。英語の swastika やフランス語の svastika もこの語に由来する。現在の日本語では「まんじ」は漢字「卍」の訓読みとされているが、由来は漢語「卍字」または「万字」の音読みである。左卍と右卍（卐）があり、現代の日本では左卍が多く用いられている。漢字では卐は卍の異体字である。かつては洋の東西を問わず幸運のシンボルとして用いられていた。日本、中国等の芸術において卍はしばしば繰り返すパターンの一部として見られる。日本では、寺院の象徴として地図記号にも使用され、家紋の図案にも取り入れられている。まれに忍者を表す場合にも使われる。サンスクリット語でSvastika (デーヴァナーガリー表記: स्वस्तिक、スワスティカ、スヴァスティカ）と呼ばれる。英語の swastika やフランス語の svastika もこの語に由来する。現在の日本語では「まんじ」は漢字「卍」の訓読みとされているが、由来は漢語「卍字」または「万字」の音読みである。左卍と右卍（卐）があり、現代の日本では左卍が多く用いられている。漢字では卐は卍の異体字である。かつては洋の東西を問わず幸運のシンボルとして用いられていた。日本、中国等の芸術において卍はしばしば繰り返すパターンの一部として見られる。日本では、寺院の象徴として地図記号にも使用され、家紋の図案にも取り入れられている。まれに忍者を表す場合にも使われる。******[norwegian wiki]Hakekors er et likearmet kors med haker skrått eller i rett vinkel på korsarmene (卐, 卍). Tegnet har vært brukt fra førhistorisk tid som ornament og religiøst symbol i forskjellige kulturer over hele verden bortsett fra Sumeria og deler av Afrika. Fra India kjenner vi varianter av hakekorset under navnet svastika, som på sanskrit (gammel-indisk) betyr «lykkebringer» (su asti betyr «det er godt»). Andre navn på hakekorset er det latinske crux gammata eller gammadion, det vil si gammakors etter den greske bokstaven gamma, og det greske tetraskelon, «fire bein».På eldre norske kart ble hakekorset benyttet for å markere vannkraftverk; i Japan blir det brukt for å markere templer.
- note that korea is the only buddhist community to use a swastika flag- seen in nestorian crosses (both left and right turning)
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161204/00180_022.html右旋的卐或左旋的卍，在印度教、佛教、耆那教等代表神聖和吉祥，在中文讀作「萬」。有指此符號起源於數千年前的印度，已在蒙古流行數百年。此符號在中日韓的佛寺內，多以左旋卍（圖）出現；而在蒙古、印度等地則多為右旋的卐。有指納粹德軍領袖希特拉設計黨旗時，望加卐字紀念雅利安人奮鬥的勝利。雖然形狀與卐相近，但角度和顏色卻有不同。納粹標誌（下圖右）多呈黑色，通常傾斜四十五度；而傳統的卐則色彩明亮，不論左旋或右旋都不會傾斜。
- https://www.rt.com/news/369307-latvia-nazi-swastika-market/ In another controversial case of Latvia’s relationship to Nazi symbolism, a large ornament eerily similar to a swastika appeared in Riga’s Christmas Market, provoking critical reactions.
- Fylfot or fylfot cross /ˈfɪlfɒt/ (FILL-fot), is a synonym for swastika or tetraskelion/gammadion. It is a cross with perpendicular extensions, usually at 90° or close angles, radiating in the same direction. According to some modern texts on heraldry, such as Friar and Woodcock and Robinson (see below), the fylfot is upright and typically with truncated limbs. The Fylfot, together with its sister figure the gammadion, has been found in a great variety of contexts over the centuries. It has occurred in both secular and sacred contexts in the British Isles, elsewhere in Europe, in Asia Minor[5] and in Africa.Hansard for 12 June 1996 reports a House of Commons discussion about the badge of No. 273 Fighter Squadron, Royal Air Force. In this, fylfot is used to describe the ancient symbol, and swastika used as if it refers only to the symbol used by the Nazis.
- any relation??? In the story of sakyamuni, the prince set off for the bodhi "enlightenment" tree, and gods prepare way for him. The prince wishes to take some grass to sit on. When he comes to a grass cutter named svastika, he asks her for a bunch.
- roman times
- https://www.quora.com/Why-was-the-Macedonian-phalanx-so-effective-in-Alexanders-time-and-so-vulnerable-against-the-Romans - note the painting of samnite warriors (means hill people)
- canada
- A Canadian town says it will not remove swastikas from a public park because it has historical significance.The Nazi symbols adorn an anchor that was on display in Pointe-des-Cascades, Quebec.Corey Fleischer, who goes around Montreal removing hateful graffiti, tried to paint over the swastikas.But the mayor stopped him and had police remove him from the park, arguing the anchor is a part of local history.The anchor has a plaque that identifies it as a "relic of Nazism", and says it was used in Europe at the end of War, probably on a merchant boat, and found in 1980.But in a statement on the town's website, the mayor says the anchor belonged to a merchant vessel that predates World War Two and was found by local divers 25 years ago."The village of Pointe-des-Cascades does not endorse Nazism," said Mayor Gilles Santerre in a statement online.The anchors were adorned with a swastika as a good luck charm, it is claimed, before the rise of Hitler.In Japan, temples are often marked by swastikas, and a push to stop using the symbol on tourist maps sparked a backlash.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41028895
- A street named Swastika Trail has sparked a polarising debate in a small Canadian municipality, where residents have taken their cause to court after a months-long campaign to change the name proved fruitless.After years of quietly complaining about the name, a group of residents in the tight-knit southern Ontario township of Puslinch, population 7,300, launched a campaign last autumn aimed at convincing their neighbours that it was time for change.Some living on the private road were uneasy about having it listed on their driver’s licenses and other government documents. Others said it was simply time to untangle the municipality from the offensive symbol.Their view was countered by those who argued that the street had been named in the 1920s, when swastikas were associated with peace rather than a symbol of Adolf Hitler, the Nazi party and white supremacy.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/12/swastika-trail-canada-ontario-puslinch-name-change
- finland
- 芬蘭空軍的標誌含有與納粹德 國類似的「卐」符號圖案，儘管 該圖案已在芬蘭空軍使用約 100 年，且早於納粹德國，但仍備受 爭議，芬蘭空軍司令部已悄悄停 用該圖案，以避免爭議。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/07/04/a17-0704.pdf
- [文学与神明 饶宗颐访谈录] quoted indian 波尔尼仙 that the sign had been used for ear marking cattles, as recorded in ramayana and 大战书； sign often appeared in mandapa and mohan-jodaro seal
- aryan
- [文学与神明 饶宗颐访谈录] quoted 王锡昌that the sign belong to aryan tribe and contested the theory.
- japan
- 日本では、奈良時代の薬師寺本尊である中尊の薬師如来の掌と足の裏に描かれたものが現存最古の例とされる。
- 卍を組み合わせた、紗綾形（さやがた）は安土桃山時代に明から輸入された織物に見られた文様で、染め物や陶磁器などに使用される（画像）。「卍崩し」「卍繋ぎ」「雷紋繋ぎ」ともいい、英語では key fret と呼ばれる。また、法隆寺など飛鳥時代から奈良時代の建築に見られる「卍崩しの組子」の組高欄（画像）は、卐を崩したものである。卍紋、万字紋（まんじもん）は、仏教の吉祥を表す紋として用いられる。形状から日本のキリシタンが十字架の代わりともした。
- 卍紋を家紋として用いた氏族としては、平安後期から鎌倉初期の武蔵七党筆頭（小野）横山氏が「丸に左万字」、戦国時代から江戸時代以降では、加賀八家横山家が「丸に左万字」、大名では大給松平家、高木氏は「左万字」、津軽氏は「五つ割左万字」、蜂須賀氏は「丸に左万字」、江戸幕府家臣では、60 氏ほどが『寛政重修諸家譜』に掲載されている。幕末に活躍した吉田松陰の家紋は「五瓜に左万字」である。津軽氏の本拠であった青森県弘前市は卍紋を市章にしている。
- [文学与神明 饶宗颐访谈录] sign called gyung-drung in 苯教 （雍仲, in reverse direction)
- china
- [文学与神明 饶宗颐访谈录] sign existed in new stone age, pottery found in qinghai and liaoning had the sign; sign also found in yue tools during early warring states period
- The Red Swastika Society (世界紅卍字會; pinyin: shìjiè hóngwànzìhuì) is a voluntary association founded in China in 1922 by Qian Nengxun (錢能訓), Du Bingyin (杜秉寅) and Li Jiabai (李佳白). Together with the organisation's president Li JianChiu (李建秋), they set up their establishment of the federation in Beijing as the philanthropic branch of the Chinese salvationist religion Guiyidao (皈依道), the "Way of the Return to the One".
- the Red Swastika Society continues today as a religious organisation focused on charity. It has branches in areas of the Chinese diaspora, with headquarters in Taiwan. Besides charity work, the Red Swastika runs two schools in Hong Kong (Tuen Mun and Tai Po) and one in Singapore (Red Swastika School).
- [baidu] 世界红卍字会，又称道院。1916年，山东省滨州市人吴福永创立“道院”，提倡佛教、道教、儒教、伊斯兰教和基督教五教合一。红卍字会(The Word Red Swastika Society)始于道院。1921年钱能训、杜秉寅、李佳白等人在北京组织红卍字会筹备处，以“促进世界和平，救济灾患”为其宗旨，后由内政部批准成立。道院与红卍字会是合二为一的表里组织，道院重内修，红卍字会则着重推展慈善事业。至清末民初之际，关内许多大城市几乎均有分会。因发起于济南，所以又称济南红卍字会为母院。解放后被作为会道门组织取缔。会道门，亦称道会门、会门道、帮会道门等。是指以宗教异端信仰为纽带的民间秘密结社，因多以教、会、道、门取名而简称“会道门”。按照现今中国大陆的流行说法，是指会、道、门、教、社等反动封建组织的合称，带有贬义色彩，将会道门在性质上归入邪教之列。会道门正式产生于15世纪的明代正德年间，但它的历史至少可以追溯到距今6个多世纪以前的元代晚期，甚至还可以从更早的年代找到它的影子。总的说来，它是产生于中国封建社会后期，一种具有准宗教性质的封建迷信色彩很浓的秘密结社组织。近代历史上的会道门大多是由民间秘密教门演化而来的，但两者又不完全等同，有的教门与会道门之间还是有些区别的。会道门又可细分为“会门”如大刀会、红枪会、小刀会等和“道门”如九宫道、先天道、一贯道、归根道等几种。大体上来说，“道门”的历史要早于“会门”，“道门”一般是由民间秘密教门如白莲教、黄天教、闻香教、先天教、罗教演化而来。例如，一贯道的创始人王觉一，传说就是闻香教教主的后代。“会门”则出现在明末清初以后，特别是到了近现代时期，数量更是迅速增加。但是它们二者之间并没有严格区别，而是在彼此渗透，相互融汇，混同共生，甚至有的一个教门，既称“会”又称“道”的现象也时有出现，有如天教，又称先天道；黄天道，也称中华道德总会……久而久之，不少人便把它们看成了一个整体概念，大概在中华人民共和国成立前后才逐渐有了“会道门”这一名称。但如果要追溯会道门的历史渊源，可以说与历史上的白莲教系统的民间秘密教门的流传和发展大有关系。因为历代的白莲教教首们，为了避免统治者的镇压、取缔，或为了敛财，便不断更改和增建新的教门，这正如当时社会上流传的“讳言白莲，实际白莲”；“避白莲之名而传其钵，沉无为之号而流其派”。会道门形成于明代中后期，在北洋军阀时期和南京国民政府前期兴盛，在抗日战争时期出现大分化。中华人民共和国成立初期，当时中国大陆共有会道门300余种，道首和骨干分子约82万人，道徒1300余万人。由于中华人民共和国成立之初，各类会道门组织敌视新政权，进行反政府宣传，甚至策划武装暴乱。中华人民共和国政府从20世纪50年代中期开始曾在全国范围内掀起过大规模的取缔会道门的运动，使会道门组织和成员的数量骤减。
- 農曆正月十四，有300餘年傳承歷史、始於明末清初的「卍」字燈陣在河北省保定市滿城區神星鎮魏莊村隆重開陣，吸引當地近萬名民眾入陣「祈福」。該燈陣呈方形佈陣，有橫、豎各19行燈樁，361盞小花燈碗用釉泥燒製。燈陣設有一個進口和一個出口，一盞大燈高懸於陣中央，為「押陣燈」。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/02/12/b02-0212.pdf
- hk red swastika society in tin hau (dragon road)
The scene filmed Monday at Esplanade Park showed several runes, possibly intended to represent snowflakes. But one does stop to wonder what the designer was thinking, when about 80 percent finished, he noticed one of his creations resembled the symbol associated with Nazism in the 20th century.
'Vaisakhi ' (Punjabi: ਵਿਸਾਖੀ, visākhī), also known as Baisakhi, Vaishakhi, or Vasakhi refers to the harvest festival of the Punjab region, the Punjabi new year falling on the Baisakh which is first month of Bikram Sambat Hindu calendar. Khalsa Sirjana Divas and Mesha Sankrantifestival. It is celebrated on 13 April. It marks the birth of the Khalsa in the year 1699. The festival is especially important for the Sikh community as it marks the establishment of the Khalsa which is also termed Khalsa Sirjana Divas and falls on the first day of Vaisakh which is the second month of the Nanakshahi calendar. Vaisakhi is traditionally observed on 13 or 14 April, every year. The festival is important to both Sikhs and Hindus. The festival coincides with other new year festivals celebrated on the first day of Vaisakh in other regions of the Indian Subcontinent such as Pohela Boishakh, Bohag Bihu, Vishu, Puthandu among others.
Holi Festival
- Holi (pronunciation: /ˈhoʊliː/; Sanskrit: होली Holī) is a spring festival, also known as the festival of colours or the festival of sharing love. It is an ancient Hindu religious festival which has become popular with non-Hindus in many parts of South Asia, as well as people of other communities outside Asia. It is primarily observed in India, Nepal, and other regions of the world with significant populations of Hindus or people of Indian origin. In recent years the festival has spread to parts of Europe and North America as a spring celebration of love, frolic, and colours. Holi celebrations start on the night before Holi with a Holika bonfire where people gather, sing, dance and party. The next morning is a free-for-all carnival of colours,[5] where participants play, chase and colour each other with dry powder and coloured water, with some carrying water guns and coloured water-filled balloons for their water fight. Anyone and everyone is fair game, friend or stranger, rich or poor, man or woman, children and elders. The frolic and fight with colours occurs in the open streets, open parks, outside temples and buildings. Groups carry drums and other musical instruments, go from place to place, sing and dance. People visit family, friends and foes to throw colour powders on each other, laugh and gossip, then share Holi delicacies, food and drinks. Some drinks are intoxicating. For example, Bhang, an intoxicating ingredient made from cannabis leaves, is mixed into drinks and sweets and consumed by many. In the evening, after sobering up, people dress up and visit friends and family. Holi is celebrated at the approach of the vernal equinox, on the Phalguna Purnima (Full Moon). The festival date varies every year, per the Hindu calendar, and typically comes in March, sometimes February in the Gregorian Calendar. The festival signifies the victory of good over evil, the arrival of spring, end of winter, and for many a festive day to meet others, play and laugh, forget and forgive, and repair broken relationships, and is also celebrated as a thanksgiving for a good harvest.[5][12]There is a symbolic legend to explain why Holi is celebrated as a festival of colours. The word "Holi" originates from "Holika", the evil sister of the demon king Hiranyakashipu. The festival itself is believed to have origins from the Prahlada-Puri Temple[13] of Multan in the Punjab region.[14] The original temple of Prahladpuri is said to have been built byPrahlada, Hiranyakashipu's son.[15]King Hiranyakashipu,[16] according to legend, was the King of Multan[17] and had earned a boon that made him virtually indestructible. He grew arrogant, thought he was God, and demanded that everyone worship only him.[1]Hiranyakashipu's own son, Prahlada,[18] however, disagreed. He was and remained devoted to Lord Vishnu. This infuriated Hiranyakashipu. He subjected Prahlada to cruel punishments, none of which affected the boy or his resolve to do what he thought was right. Finally, Holika - Prahlada's evil aunt - tricked him into sitting on a pyre with her.[1] Holika was wearing a cloak that made her immune to injury from fire, while Prahlada was not. As the fire roared, the cloak flew from Holika and encased Prahlada. Holika burned, Prahlada survived. Seeing this, Hiranyakashipu, unable to control his anger, smashed a pillar with his mace. There was a tumultuous sound, and Lord Vishnu appeared as Lord Narasimha and killed Hiranyakashipu. The bonfire is a reminder of the symbolic victory of good over evil, of Prahlada over Hiranyakashipu, and of the fire that burned Holika.[12] The next day when the fire cooled down, people applied ash to their foreheads,[19] a practice still observed by some people. Eventually, coloured powder came to be used to celebrate Holi.
- nepal
- hkcd 29mar19 灑紅節 in nepal
Lath mar Holi
- Lath mar Holi (Hindi: लट्ठमार होली, IAST: laṭhmār holi, IPA: laʈʰmɑːr hoːliː) is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi. It takes place days before the actual Holi in the neighbouring towns of Barsana and Nandgaon near Mathura in the state of Uttar Pradesh, where thousands of Hindus and tourists congregate, each year.[1][2][3] The name means "that Holi in which [people] hit with sticks" (laṭh is a thick traditional staff).Legend has it that Lord Krishna visited his beloved Radha's village on this day and playfully teased her and her friends. Taking offence at this, the women of Barsana chased him away. Since then, men from Krishna's village, Nandgaon, visit Barsana to play Holi in the town which has the distinction of having the only temple dedicated to Radha in India.[citation needed] In the sprawling compound of the Radha Rani temple in Barsana, thousands gather to witness the Lath Mar holi when women beat up men with sticks (laṭh or lāṭhī) as those on the sidelines become hysterical, sing Holi Songs and shout Sri Radhey or Sri Krishna. The Holi songs of Braj mandal are sung in pure Braj Bhasha.[citation needed]On the first day of Lath Mar Holi, gops (shepherds) from Nandgaon come to Barsana to play Holi with thegopis (shepherdesses) of Barsana. The festival begins with a ceremony at the Radha Rani temple. After this ceremony gops then march out of the temple on the Rang Rangeeli Gali where they stop to play holi with the gopis, who stand in groups along the street. The second day gops from Barsana go to Nandgaon to play holi with gopis at Nandgaon. Holi played at Barsana is unique in the sense that here women chase men away with sticks. Males also sing provocative songs in a bid to invite the attention of women. Women then go on the offensive and use long staves called "lathis" to beat men folk who protect themselves with shields. During intervals, participants sip 'thandai', a cold drink that is sometime intoxicating because it is laced with a paste called bhang, made of cannabis. Bhang and Holi go together. After drinking bhang, people react in different ways, some crave for sweets, others cry or laugh. It is an ecstatic experience, which is heightened by the revelry. It is a great way to de-stress and bond. The women of Barsana start preparing a month in advance. The mother-in-laws feed their daughters-in-law rich food so that they show off their prowess on the Holi battle zone. It is a show of love, fun and equality.
Diwali
- myanmar
- 緬甸上周三起舉行為期六日的傳統年度點燈節，慶祝潮濕多雨的季節結束，新的季節來臨。南部撣邦的東枝上周六舉行孔明燈競賽，參賽者將製作精美奪目的巨型孔明燈放上天，點點亮光在漆黑夜空中閃耀，煞是美麗。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181119/00180_033.html
- hk
- http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2116093/hong-kongs-indian-community-celebrates-annual-diwali Homes, temples and businesses of Hong Kong’s Hindu, Sikh and Jain communities were draped in bright colours and lights on Thursday in celebration of Diwali, the festival of lights. For Hindus, Diwali is a five-day celebration. There are numerous stories on how the festival originated: marking the return of the deity Rama from exile; the defeat of the evil demon Narakasura by the blue-skinned god Krishna; or the incarnation of Lakshmi on Earth.The Sikh celebration of Diwali differs from the Hindu tradition. Sikhs celebrate Bandi Chhor Divas or “Day of Liberation” when the sixth guru in Sikhism, Guru Hargobind, along with 52 Hindu Rajput princes and kings, were released from Gwalior Prison in India in 1619. As told in this tradition, Hargobind was tricked into imprisonment by a jealous confidant of Mughal emperor Jahangir, who was developing a friendship with the guru. Hargobind was incarcerated for two years before he was released, according to historians. Diwali is also a day of remembrance for the martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh. Singh, custodian of the Golden Temple, the Sikh spiritual centre in Amritsar, was executed by dismemberment in Lahore – located in modern-day Pakistan – in December 1738. Singh was accused of failing to pay a tribute for permission to celebrate the Day of Liberation at the temple and killed for refusing to convert to Islam.
Navaratri is a festival dedicated to the worship of the Hindu deity Durga. The word Navaratri means 'nine nights' in Sanskrit, nava meaning nine and ratri meaning nights. During these nine nights and ten days, nine forms of Devi are worshipped. The tenth day is commonly referred to as Vijayadashami or "Dussehra" (also spelled Dasera). Navaratri is an important major festival and is celebrated all over India and Nepal. Diwali the festival of lights is celebrated twenty days after Dasera. Though there are in total five types of Navaratri that come in a year, Sharad Navaratri is the most popular one. Hence, the term Navaratri is being used for Sharada Navaratri here.
- Garba (ગરબા in Gujarati) is a form of dance which was originated in the state of Gujarat in India. The name is derived from the Sanskrit term Garbha ("womb") and Deep ("a small earthenware lamp"). Many traditional garbas are performed around a centrally lit lamp or a picture or statue of the Goddess Shakti. The circular and spiral figures of Garba have similarities to other spiritual dances, such as those of Sufi culture. Traditionally, it is performed during the nine-day Hindu festival Navarātrī (Gujarati નવરાત્રી Nava = 9, rātrī = nights). Either the lamp (the Garba Deep) or an image of the Goddess, Durga (also called Amba) is placed in the middle of concentric rings as an object of veneration.
architecture
- Vastu shastra (vāstu śāstra) is a traditional Hindu system of architecture[2] which literally translates to "science of architecture."[3] These are texts found on the Indian subcontinent that describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry.[4][5] Vastu Shastras incorporate traditional Hindu and in some cases Buddhist beliefs.[6] The designs are intended to integrate architecture with nature, the relative functions of various parts of the structure, and ancient beliefs utilizing geometric patterns (yantra), symmetry, and directional alignments. Vastu Shastra are the textual part of Vastu Vidya, the latter being the broader knowledge about architecture and design theories from ancient India.[9] Vastu Vidya knowledge is a collection of ideas and concepts, with or without the support of layout diagrams, that are not rigid. Rather, these ideas and concepts are models for the organization of space and form within a building or collection of buildings, based on their functions in relation to each other, their usage and to the overall fabric of the Vastu.[9] Ancient Vastu Shastra principles include those for the design of Mandir (Hindu temples),[10] and the principles for the design and layout of houses, towns, cities, gardens, roads, water works, shops and other public areas. 「ヴァーストゥ」とは、サンスクリット語で狭義には「建築物」や「住居」を意味し、広義には「生命力」や「環境」などをも包含した概念を指す。気の流れと調和しようとする点で中国の風水思想と近いが、立地や建物の間取りの方位など実践面で大きな違いがある。「シャーストラ」は「（～を扱う）思想・学問」を意味する。中国の風水より歴史は長く、その起源ではないかとの見方もあるが、はっきりとはしていない。紀元前2500年頃から繁栄したインダス文明最大級の都市遺跡モヘンジョダロ（現パキスタン領）や、インド文化の影響を強く受けていたカンボジアのアンコールワットといった世界遺産も、ヴァーストゥ・シャーストラの原則に沿っている。ヴァーストゥ・シャーストラの思想によると、自然は地（ブーミ भूमि）、水（ジャラ जल）、火（アグニ अग्नि）、風（＝空気：ヴァーユ वायु）、空 （：アーカーシャआकाश）という五つの要素（五大）で構成され、自然状態ではそれらのバランスが取れているとされる。他方、人工的なものはそのバランスが崩され副作用を起こすため、ヴァーストゥ・シャーストラでバランスを取る必要があると考えられている。この五つの要素は直接、大地、水、炎、空気、空と関係するだけでなく、以下のエネルギーにも相当する。marriage
- [eckstut] in northern india, women traditionally wear red on their wedding day. Brides not wear onlynred saris but also red bindis (decorations affixed bw their eyebrows) and red henna tattoos on their hands.
costume
- A sari, saree, or shari is a female garment from the Indian subcontinent[1] that consists of a drape varying from five to nine yards (4.5 metres to 8 metres) in length[2] and two to four feet (60 cm to 1.20 m) in breadth[3] that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff.[4][5][6] There are various styles of sari draping, the most common being the Nivi style, which originated in Andhra Pradesh. The sari is usually worn over a petticoat (called 'parkar' (परकर) in Marathi, lahaṅgā or lehenga in the north; pavadai (பாவாடை) in Tamil, pavada (or occasionally langa) in Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu, chaniyo, parkar, ghaghra, or ghagaro in the west; and shaya in eastern India), with a fitted upper garment commonly called a blouse (ravike in South India and choli elsewhere). The blouse has short sleeves and is usually cropped at the midriff. The sari is associated with grace and is widely regarded as a symbol of grace in cultures of the Indian subcontinent.
- A sari, saree, or shari is a female garment from the Indian subcontinent[1] that consists of a drape varying from five to nine yards (4.5 metres to 8 metres) in length[2] and two to four feet (60 cm to 1.20 m) in breadth[3] that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff.[4][5][6] There are various styles of sari draping, the most common being the Nivi style, which originated in Andhra Pradesh. The sari is usually worn over a petticoat (called 'parkar' (परकर) in Marathi, lahaṅgā or lehenga in the north; pavadai (பாவாடை) in Tamil, pavada (or occasionally langa) in Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu, chaniyo, parkar, ghaghra, or ghagaro in the west; and shaya in eastern India), with a fitted upper garment commonly called a blouse (ravike in South India and choli elsewhere). The blouse has short sleeves and is usually cropped at the midriff. The sari is associated with grace and is widely regarded as a symbol of grace in cultures of the Indian subcontinent.
medicine
- Ayurveda (Sanskrit: आयुर्वेद IAST Āyurveda, "life-knowledge"; English pronunciation /ˌaɪ.ərˈveɪdə/[1]), or Ayurveda medicine, is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent.[2] Globalized and modernized practices derived from Ayurveda traditions are a type of complementary or alternative medicine. In the Western world, Ayurveda therapies and practices (which are manifold) have been integrated in general wellness applications and as well in some cases in medical use.
- yogi mastery of body and elements (earth, air, fire, water and space)
- hand gestures (mudra), sacred syllables (mantra), cosmic diagrams (mandala), objects (yantra), energy (shakti)
- Jallikattu (or Sallikkattu), also known as eru thazhuvuthal and manju virattu, is a traditional spectacle in which a Bos indicus bull, commonly of the Kangayam breed,[2] is released into a crowd of people and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump of the bull with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. Participants hold the hump for as long as possible, attempting to bring the bull to a stop. In some cases, participants must ride long enough to remove flags on the bull's horns. Jallikattu is typically practiced in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu as a part of Pongal celebrations on Mattu Pongal day.
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/23/tamil-nadu-passes-order-lift-jallikattu-bull-taming-ban-india-protests
- The Panchatantra (IAST: Pañcatantra, Sanskrit: पञ्चतन्त्र, "Five Treatises") is an ancient Indian collection of interrelated animal fables in Sanskrit verse and prose, arranged within a frame story.[2] The surviving work is dated to about 300 BCE, but the fables are likely much more ancient.[3][4] The text's author is unknown, but has been attributed to Vishnu Sharma in some recensions and Vasubhaga in others, both of which may be fictitious pen names.[3]It is likely a Hindu text,[3][5] and based on older oral traditions with "animal fables that are as old as we are able to imagine".It is "certainly the most frequently translated literary product of India",[7] and these stories are among the most widely known in the world.[8] It goes by many names in many cultures. There is a version of Panchatantra in nearly every major language of India, and in addition there are 200 versions of the text in more than 50 languages around the world.[9] One version reached Europe in the 11th-century.
- Padmavat (or Padmawat) is an epic poem written in 1540 by Sufi poet Malik Muhammad Jayasi, who wrote it in the Hindustani language of Awadhi, and originally in the Persian Nastaʿlīq script. It is the oldest extant text among the important works in Awadhi. A famous piece of Sufi literature from the period, it relates an allegorical fictional story about the Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji's desire for the titular Padmavati, the Queen of Chittor.[7] Khalji is a historical figure, whereas Padmavati is a fictional character.
- Extremist Hindu groups torched buses and vandalised a theatre in the western state of Gujarat on Sunday.Despite the court ruling and tightened security, theatre owners in the state have decided against screening the film as they fear further violence.Padmavat will release on 25 January.The film tells the story of a 14th Century Hindu queen belonging to the high Rajput caste and the Muslim ruler Alauddin Khilji. Bollywood stars Deepika Padukone and Ranveer Singh play the lead roles.Hindu groups and Rajput caste organisations allege that the movie, directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, depicts an intimate romantic scene between the two characters, which they say "disrespects" her character. The producers of the film deny this.http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42771328
The Nāṭya Śāstra (Sanskrit: नाट्य शास्त्र, Nāṭyaśāstra) is a Sanskrit text on the performing arts. The text is attributed to sage Bharata Muni, and its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE,[3][4] but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.The text consists of 36 chapters with a cumulative total of 6000 poetic verses describing performance arts. The subjects covered by the treatise include dramatic composition, structure of a play and the construction of a stage to host it, genres of acting, body movements, make up and costumes, role and goals of an art director, the musical scales, musical instruments and the integration of music with art performance.The Nāṭya Śāstra is notable as an ancient encyclopedic treatise on the arts,[2][8] one which has influenced dance, music and literary traditions in India.[9] It is also notable for its aesthetic "Rasa" theory, which asserts that entertainment is a desired effect of performance arts but not the primary goal, and that the primary goal is to transport the individual in the audience into another parallel reality, full of wonder, where he experiences the essence of his own consciousness, and reflects on spiritual and moral questions.[8][10] The text has inspired secondary literature such as Sanskrit bhasya (reviews and commentaries) such as by the 10th century Abhinavagupta.
- As violent protests against the release of film 'Padmaavat' burgeoned, the Multiplex Association of India said today its members would not screen the period drama in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Goa. The decision of the association, which represents about 75 per cent of the multiplex owners in the country, came as Rajput outfits and other fringe elements vandalised malls, burned vehicles, and issued open threats to theatre owners and public in their bid to stall its release, claiming distortion of history.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/no-screening-padmaavat-in-4-states-says-major-multiplex-body/articleshow/62637196.cms
myth
- Suryavansha (Suryavam(n)sham or Solar Dynasty) is a mythological dynasty of ancient India. The term Suryavanshi refers to a person belonging to the Suryvansha dynasty. Raghuvanshi is an offshoot dynasty born out of the Suryavanshi clan.
- According to Hindu mythology, the Lunar dynasty is one of the four principal houses of the Kshatriya varna, or warrior–ruling caste.This legendary dynasty was descended from the moon (Soma or Chandra), According to the Mahabharata, the dynasty's progenitor Ila ruled from Prayag, while his son Shashabindu ruled in the country of Bahli. The great sage Vishvamitra the son of king Gadhi of Kanyakubja dynasty was a descendant of Amavasu, the son of Pururava of Chandravansha clan. Ila's descendants, the Ailas (also known as Chandravansha), were a dynasty of kings of ancient India. Pururavas, the son of Budha was the founder of this dynasty.
Painting
- Rajput painting, also called Rajasthani painting, evolved and flourished in the royal courts of Rajputana in India. Each Rajput kingdom evolved a distinct style, but with certain common features. Rajput paintings depict a number of themes, events of epics like the Ramayana.Miniatures in manuscripts or single sheets to be kept in albums were the preferred medium of Rajput painting, but many paintings were done on the walls of palaces, inner chambers of the forts, havelis, particularly, the havelis ofShekhawati, the forts and palaces built by ShekhawatRajputs.
carving
- sensous carvings at indian temples
- https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/discovering-the-reality-of-sensuous-side-of-these-indian-temples/as65040778.cms
Film
- bollywood
- bollywood
- Wah! Wah! Girls (2012) is a british bollywood musical
- http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2016-07/21/content_38928427.htm Inside a cinema in downtown Beijing on Tuesday, audiences were surprised to find the ceiling and walls covered with discussions in Chinese about the Indian film Baahubali: The Beginning.
德瓦達斯（Devadasi），是印度西部的南部和部分地區，把一個奉獻給印度教寺院的8-16歲的處女的稱呼。她們除祈禱和服務寺院外，也學習藝術和表演舞蹈。傳統上，她們有很高的社會地位，在英國統治印度時代因作為寺廟和寺廟藝術的讚助人的國王變得無能為力，加上她們被指與寺院中的婆羅門有性關係被印度改革派人士提議取締。在1947年印度獨立一年後，馬德拉斯成立了德瓦達西（防止奉獻）法案，在1988年全印度也禁止奉獻德瓦達斯，但是一些地方仍然非法行事(如在卡納塔克邦)。In Southern India, a devadasi was a female artist who was dedicated to worship and serve a deity or a temple for the rest of her life. The dedication took place in a Pottukattu ceremony that was somewhat similar to a marriage ceremony. In addition to taking care of the temple and performing rituals, these women also learned and practiced classical Indian artistic traditions such as Bharatanatyam, Mohiniyattam, Kuchipudi, and Odissi. Their social status was high as dance and music were an essential part of temple worship.
- Bayadere is a European term for devadasi — a female dancer in India, often clothed in loose Eastern costume
- in pop culture
- Die Bajadere, an operetta by Emmerich Kalman
- Die Bajadere, a polka by Johann Strauss II
- La Bayadère, a ballet by Marius Petipa to the music of Ludwig Minkus
Music
- [NATS] hindustani music
- Natyasastra, or treaty on dramatic art, by bharata (variably dated by scholars bw 2thc bce and 2thc ad) is the main important ancient treatise on indian classical music.
- sangita - song with accompaniment; raga sangrita (based on ragas, raga literally means passion, in music, it refers to an improvisatory melodic model based on a modal scale used to portray a specific mood associated with various feelings. Traditionally, hindustani ragas corresopnd to a certain time of the day or year. Contemporary musicologists explain the time theory of ragas according to their prominent swars. The concept of raga has developed over time, and a few different classification methods are common. The first and most recent method takes the model scale into consideration, classifying a total of ten thats, each one taking the name from a main raga) - indian classical music; sastriya sangita (music based on ancient treaties) - developed in both the carnatic tradition from south and hindustani tradition from islamic-influenced north
- Tala (from sanskrit meaning hand clap) provides the foundation for rhythmic improvisation - tala is a rhythmic cycle, the final beat of one cycle is also the first beat , or sam, of next cycle. The tempo, or laya, of a tala is usually either vilambit (slow), madhya(medium), or drut (fast).
- Hindustani music consists of main classical genees: dhrupad (austere, musculine) - derived from combination of sanskrit dhruva (fixed) and pada (verse), originated from ancient form called prabandh andcspread in north indian courts by 15thc. Emperor akbar(1556-1605) and his court musician tansen initiated its golden era during the mughal period, revived during past century due to western interest ; and khyal (mainsteam, heard in classical vocal performances) - became more prominent after the golden era of dhrupad, origins unclear, some believe courts have perforned it for just as long as dhrupad, became favourite classical genre under emperor muhammad shah iii of delhi (1702-1748), hindustani vocal concerts still primarily focus on it, can be bara (slow) or chhota (fast)
- Thumri - lighter genre originated from romantic courtly dance songs
- Lyrics of hindustani compositions are usually in braj bhasa, the idiom of the brai area, became a literary language for devotional and courtly poetry from 15th ti 19thc.
- Short 'a' vowels sounds very much like american schwa
- national anthem
- http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/2050816/indias-supreme-court-orders-cinemas-play-national-anthem-each
- The sarod (or sarode) (सरोद) is a lute-like stringed instrument of India, used mainly in Indian classical music. Along with the sitar, it is among the most popular and prominent instruments in Hindustani classical music. The sarod is known for a deep, weighty, introspective sound, in contrast with the sweet, overtone-rich texture of the sitar, with sympathetic strings that give it a resonant, reverberant quality. It is a fretless instrument able to produce the continuous slides between notes known asmeend (glissandi), which are important in Indian music.
- The sitar English pronunciation: /ˈsɪtɑːr/ or/sɪˈtɑːr/ is a plucked stringed instrumentused mainly in Hindustani music andIndian classical music. The instrument is believed to have been derived from theveena, an ancient Indian instrument, which was modified by a Mughal court musician to conform with the tastes of his Mughal patrons and named after a Persian instrument called the setar (meaning three strings). The sitar flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries and arrived at its present form in 18th century India. It derives its distinctive timbre and resonance from sympathetic strings,bridge design, a long hollow neck and agourd-shaped resonance chamber. In appearance, the sitar is similar to thetanpura, except that it has frets. Used widely throughout the Indian subcontinent, the sitar became popularly known in the wider world through the works of Ravi Shankar, beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s.[1] The instrument saw initial use in Western popular music by The Beatles and The Rolling Stones, beginning a trend for the use of the sitar in popular music. OnMaggie Spencer's latest album she further popularized the instrument.
- A mandolin (Italian: mandolinopronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally "smallmandola") is a musical instrument in thelute family and is usually plucked with aplectrum or "pick". It commonly has fourcourses of doubled metal strings tuned inunison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versions also exist. The courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the soprano member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello and mandobass. There are many styles of mandolin, but three are common, the Neapolitan orround-backed mandolin, the carved-topmandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top orarch-top mandolin has a much shallower, arched back, and an arched top—both carved out of wood. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, braced on the inside for strength in a similar manner to a guitar. Each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical musicand traditional music. Carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music. Flat-backed instruments are commonly used in Irish, British and Brazilian folk music. Some modern Brazilian instruments feature an extra fifth course tuned a fifth lower than the standard fourth course.
- The tabla (Punjabi: ਤਬਲਾ, Hindi: तबला,Bengali: তবলা, Tamil: தபலா Malayalam: തബല ) is a membranophone percussion instrument (similar to bongos), which is often used in Hindustani classical musicand in the traditional music of Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The instrument consists of a pair ofhand drums of contrasting sizes andtimbres. The main drum is called a tabla or dayan and is played with the dominant hand. Its shell is cylindrical and made out of wood, and its tight skin produces a distinct pitch when struck. The larger, low pitched drum, called bayan, has a bowl-shaped metal shell. Its membrane is looser than that of the tabla, enabling the player to manipulate the drum's pitch with his or her hand in performance. It is claimed that the term tabla is derived from an Arabic word, tabl, which simply means "drum."[1] The tabla is used in some other Asian musical traditions outside of the Indian subcontinent, such as in the Indonesian dangdut genre.[2] The playing technique is complex and involves extensive use of the fingers and palms in various configurations to create a wide variety of different sounds and rhythms, reflected in mnemonic syllables (bol). The heel of the hand is used to apply pressure or in a sliding motion on the larger drum so that thepitch is changed during the sound's decay. In playing the Hindustani style tabla there are two ways to play it: band bol and khula bol. In the sense of classical music it is termed "tali" and "khali".
- Carnatic music, Karnāṭaka saṃgīta, or Karnāṭaka saṅgītam, is a system of music commonly associated with southern India, including the modern Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, as well as Sri Lanka.[1][2] It is one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, the other subgenre being Hindustani music, which emerged as a distinct form because of Persian or Islamic influences from Northern India. The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in gāyaki (singing) style.
- Carnatic music, Karnāṭaka saṃgīta, or Karnāṭaka saṅgītam, is a system of music commonly associated with southern India, including the modern Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, as well as Sri Lanka.[1][2] It is one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, the other subgenre being Hindustani music, which emerged as a distinct form because of Persian or Islamic influences from Northern India. The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in gāyaki (singing) style.
- Lakshminarayana Subramaniam (born 23 July 1947) is an Indian violinist, composer and conductor, trained in the classical Carnatic music tradition and Western classical music, and renowned for his virtuoso playing techniques and compositions in orchestral fusion.
- note his works!
- Chaturanga (Sanskrit: चतुरङ्ग; caturaṅga), catur, is an ancient Indian strategy game which is the common ancestor of the board games chess,shogi, sittuyin, makruk, xiangqi and janggi. Chaturanga developed in the Gupta Empire, India around the 6th century AD. In the 7th century, it was adopted as shatranj in Sassanid Persia, which in turn was the form of chess brought to late-medieval Europe.
islam
- *********Meo (pronounced as May-o & Mev) (also called Mewati) were Hindu Rajputs and Meena who converted to Islam between 12th and 17th century, who live in and around Mewat that includes Nuh district of Haryana and parts of adjacent Alwar and Bharatpur districts in Rajasthan. Meos speak Mewati.[1][2][3]Meos have shared Mewat region with a number of other Muslim Rajput communities, such as Khanzada, Qaimkhani and Malkana. Meos believe that they are direct descendants of Krishna, Rama and Arjun.[3][5] Meos were Hindu Rajputs and Meena who converted to Islam between 12th and 17th century,[1][2][6][page needed] until as late as Aurangzeb's rule, but they have maintained their age-old distinctive cultural identity until today. According to S. L. Sharma and R. N. Srivastava, Mughal persecution had little effect of strengthening their Islamic identity, but it reinforced their resistance to Mughal rule. Hindu inhabitants of Mewat, although belonging to the same Kshatriya castes to which the Meos belonged before conversion to Islam, are not called Meo. Thus the word "Meo" is both region-specific and religion-specific. Apparently, Meos come from many Hindu clans who converted to Islam and amalgamated as Meo community.
- has wiki versions in catala, russian and turkish
- Zakir Abdul Karim Naik (born 18 October 1965) is an Indian Islamic televangelist, and the founder and president of the Islamic Research Foundation (IRF). He is also the founder of the Peace TV channel through which he reaches 200 million viewers.[17][18] He has been called an "authority on comparative religion",[19] "perhaps the most influential Salafi ideologue in India",[20] "the rock star of tele-evangelism and a proponent of modern Islam"[15] and "the world's leading Salafi evangelist".[21] Unlike many Islamic preachers, his lectures are colloquial,[22] given in English, not Urdu or Arabic,[21] and he usually wears a suit and tie.Before becoming a public speaker, he trained as a physician.[14] He has published booklet versions of lectures on Islam and comparative religion. Although he has publicly disclaimed sectarianism in Islam,[23] he is regarded as an exponent of the Salafi ideology, and by some sources as a radical Islamist promoting Wahhabism. His preaching is currently banned in India, Bangladesh, Canada and the United Kingdom. Zakir Naik was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. He attended Kishinchand Chellaram College and studied medicine at the Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Charitable Hospital and later the University of Mumbai, where he obtained a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS).
- malaysia
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/malaysia-decide-fate-indian-preacher-accused-hate-speech-190814041745124.html Malaysia's cabinet has discussed the permanent residency of Indian Muslim preacher Zakir Naik, with four ministers demanding his expulsion for allegedly making racially sensitive remarks in the multi-ethnic nation. Naik, who has lived in Malaysia for about three years, has come under fire for his recent comments that Hindus in the Southeast Asian country had "100 times more rights" than the Muslim minority in India, and that they sometimes believed in the Indian government more than the Malaysian one. Race and religion are sensitive issues in Malaysia, where Muslims make up about 60 percent of its 32 million people. The rest are mostly ethnic Chinese and Indians, most of whom are Hindus.
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/outrage-malaysia-zakir-naik-suggests-chinese-expulsion-190814230715236.html Indian Muslim preacher Zakir Naik has ignited outrage in Malaysia after suggesting the expulsion of its ethnic Chinese minorities, even as the country's cabinet mulls the possibility of cancelling his permanent residency. On Wednesday, two ministers told Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad at a cabinet meeting that Naik needs to be deported as his speeches were "inflammatory in nature". At least four cabinet ministers have called for Naik's deportation along with other senior politicians.
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