country name
- chinese translation
Équateur (French for "Equator") was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the new, smaller Équateur province, as well as the Tshuapa, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi and Sud-Ubangi provinces. Located in the north of the country, the province bordered the Republic of the Congo to the west, the Central African Republic to the north, to the east the Orientale province, and to the south the Kasai-Oriental, Kasai-Occidental, and Bandundu provinces. The word "Équateur" is French for the Equator, which lies less than 4 km south of the provincial capital of Mbandaka, a city on the Congo River.
- The province of Équateur created in 1917 was much larger than today. Over time it went through a number of border and name changes. Under the 2006 Constitution it was to assume its current boundaries, but administratively they were not finalized until 2015. The new province was created from the old Équateur District together with the city of Mbandaka. - 非洲剛果民主共和國爆發伊波拉疫情，該國衞生部周日宣布，西北部赤道省姆班達卡新增四宗個案及一宗死亡個案，令全國感染伊波拉而亡的人數增至廿六人。總統卡比拉上周六宣布增撥款應對伊波拉緊急服務。世衞警告鄰近九個國家受疫情影響的可能性較高。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180521/00180_022.html
戈马Goma is the capital of North Kivu province in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is located on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, next to the Rwandan city of Gisenyi. The lake and the two cities are in the Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift system. Goma lies only 13–18 km (8.1–11.2 mi) south of the active Nyiragongo Volcano. The recent history of Goma has been dominated by the volcano and the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, which in turn fuelled the First and Second Congo Wars. The aftermath of these events was still having effects on the city and its surroundings in 2010. The city was captured by rebels of the March 23 Movement during the M23 rebellion in late 2012, but has since been retaken by government forces.
kasai
- Kasai Province is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Specified under Article 2 of the country's 2006 Constitution, the new province was finally created in 2015 from the eponymous Kasaï District and the independently administered city of Tshikapa, both part of the former Kasaï-Occidental province.
- Congo security forces and local militias accused of killing 3,400 ft 21jun17
street food
- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-4216862/DR-Congo-capitals-street-food-booms-economic-crisis-grows.html
布卡武（法语：Bukavu）Bukavu is part of the ancient territory of Bushi Kingdom, an ethnic group of South-Kivu. It was governed by a “Muluzi” Nyalukemba, when the first Arabs, then the European arrived in Bushi at the end of the 19th century. 'Muluzi' or 'Baluzi' in the plural means 'the nobleman' or 'nobility' to Shi. Before the Europeans came in Bushi Kingdom, Bukavu was called “Rusozi”. The name Bukavu comes from the transformation of word 'bu 'nkafu ' (farm of cows) in Mashi, the language of Bashi.[citation needed] Bukavu was established in 1901 by the Belgian colonial authorities.[4] Originally named Bukavu, it became "Costermansville" (in French) or "Costermansstad" (in Dutch) in 1927, after Vice Governor-General Paul Costermans until 1953, when it became Bukavu again. It had a prominent European population under colonial rule.[5] They were attracted by the subtropical climate (Lake Kivu is 1,500 metres above sea level) and scenic location (Bukavu is built on five peninsulas and has been described as "a green hand, dipped in the lake"). Many colonial villas have gardens sloping down to the shore.
- The city is home to the Panzi Hospital, founded by the Swedish Pentecostal Mission in 1921, his director Denis Mukwege (Nobel Peace Prize in 2018) operates on women, who survive sexual violence and is one of only two doctors in the eastern Congo qualified to perform a reconstructive surgery.Panzi Hospital is a teaching hospital of the Evangelical University in Africa. Bukavu is also home to the Catholic University of Bukavu's School of Medicine and General Reference teaching hospital. The pharmaceutical factory Pharmakina owned by a German immigrant and a French immigrant produces the antimalarial drug quinine and the generic AIDS medicament Afri-vir. Pharmakina also runs an AIDS diagnostic and treatment center.[14] With 740 employees and about 1000 free-lance workers. After Great Lake Plantations SARL, which is Congo's only modern tea manufacturing company, Pharmakina is the largest employer in town.
加丹加省Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914. It was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba and Haut-Katanga provinces. Between 1971 and 1997 (during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko when Congo was known as Zaïre), its official name was Shaba Province.Copper mining in Katanga dates back over 1,000 years, and mines in the region were producing standard-sized ingots of copper for international transport by the end of the 10th century CE. In the 1890s, the province was beleaguered from the south by Cecil Rhodes' Northern Rhodesia, and from the north by the Belgian Congo, the personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium. Msiri, the King of Katanga, held out against both, but eventually Katanga was subsumed by the Belgian Congo.After 1900, the Societe Generale de Belgique practically controlled all of the mining in the province through Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK). This included uranium, radium, copper, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, germanium, manganese, silver, gold, and tin. In 1915, a deposit of pitchblende and other uranium minerals of a higher grade than had ever been found before anywhere in the world and higher than any found since were discovered at Shinkolobwe. The discovery was kept secret by UMHK. After World War I ended a factory was built at Olen; the secrecy was lifted at the end of 1922 with the announcement of the production of the first gram of radium from the pitchblende. By the start of World War II, the mining companies "constituted a state within the Belgian Congo". The Shinkolobwe mine near Jadotville (now Likasi) was at the centre of the Manhattan Project.
********* 金夏沙，也譯金沙薩，原名雷堡市或雷堡城 Kinshasa (/kɪnˈʃɑːsə/; French: [kinʃasa]), formerly Léopoldville (Dutch: Leopoldstad), is the capital and the largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The city is situated alongside the Congo River.Kinshasa is Africa's third-largest urban area after Cairo and Lagos.[2] It is also the world's largest Francophone urban area (surpassing Paris in population),[5][6] with French being the language of government, schools, newspapers, public services, and high-end commerce in the city, while Lingala is used as a lingua franca in the street.[7] Kinshasa hosted the 14th Francophonie Summit in October 2012.Residents of Kinshasa are known as Kinois (in French and sometimes in English) or Kinshasans (English). The indigenous people of the area include the Humbu and Teke.The city was founded as a trading post by Henry Morton Stanley in 1881.[9] It was named Léopoldville in honour of King Leopold II of the Belgians, who controlled the Congo Free State, the vast territory that is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, not as a colony but as a private property.
company
- Rawbank is a commercial bank of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The bank was created in 2001, is based in Kinshasa and began commercial operations in 2002, with 10 employees.Rawbank was started by five brothers. The conglomerate that owns the bank is called Groupe Rawji (Rawji Group of Companies), one of DR Congo's leading conglomerates, jointly owned by brothers: (a) Mazhar Rawji (b) Mushtaque Rawji (c) Aslam Rawji and (d) Murtaza Rawji.
Banking
- http://www.economist.com/news/business-and-finance/21679720-new-system-paying-civil-servants-puts-banks-through-their-paces-its-jungle-out-there Few countries are as corrupt as Congo. A persistent national joke concerns a mythical “Article 15” of the constitution, which reads “Débrouillez-vous”—“You’re on your own”. Mobutu Sese Seko, a former strongman, used state funds to charter a Concorde to take him on shopping trips to Paris. By the time of his overthrow in 1997, graft was endemic. Government employees were not paid but rather expected to use their positions to make a living. Civil war engulfed Congo in the 1990s and 2000s. As it wound down, government was rebuilt and money again began to flow out of Kinshasa, the capital, to roughly 1m functionaries in the rest of the country. But corruption did not disappear. Among the most prized government jobs was that of accountant: the people responsible for transporting bags of cash to the provinces to hand out to employees. In 2012, however, the Congolese government started helping civil servants to open bank accounts. Around three-quarters of them—some 670,000 people—now have one. In the process, the government has weeded out tens of thousands of ghost employees, since the embezzlers who invented them could not open accounts in their names without a matching ID. Yet in a vast country with fewer roads than Luxembourg, hardly anyone lives anywhere near a bank branch. So Congolese banks must now do the work the government accountants used to: shipping money to the back of beyond. Cash has to be transported to branches in regional capitals, and thence to account-holders on the backs of motorbikes, in canoes or by foot, explains Oliver Meisenberg, the German boss of Trust Merchant Bank, one of Congo’s biggest.
river trade
- economist 18jan2020 "follow the bottle" how to get beer around a country with hardly any roads
Mining
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/baf4c168-a32e-11e4-bbef-00144feab7de.html The Democratic Republic of Congo is jeopardising billions of dollars of potential investment by seeking to rewrite the mining rules and raise royalties during a downturn in commodity prices, the governor of the mineral-rich province of Katanga has warned. Moïse Katumbi, a wealthy former businessman, has presided over a boom in the mining industry since becoming Katanga governor in 2006. Speaking on a visit to London, he echoed the views of investors, saying the government must honour the terms on which mining groups made their original investments, given the risks they took at a time of conflict and turmoil in the vast country.
copper
- ft 31oct19 the drc and the fight for copper
cobalt
- https://www.ft.com/content/427b8cb0-71d7-11e7-aca6-c6bd07df1a3c Behind every clean electric car there is cobalt. And behind cobalt is the Democratic Republic of Congo. Cobalt is a critical element in lithium-ion batteries used in electric cars. Such batteries already consume 42 per cent of the metal and demand will soar as the world switches from petrol and diesel cars to electric ones. This week, Britain followed France in declaring a ban on such vehicles from 2040. Soon, almost anyone in the rich world will be able to drive safe in the knowledge that they’re being kinder and gentler to the planet. Did I mention the Democratic Republic of Congo? Some 60 per cent of the world’s cobalt comes from this central African country, one the size of western Europe and with gargantuan problems to match. Some industry analysts are predicting a 30-fold increase in cobalt demand by 2030, much of which will come from Congo.
people
- Patrice Émery Lumumba (alternatively styled Patrice Hemery Lumumba) (2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese politician and independence leader who served as the first Prime Minister of the independent Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo) from June until September 1960. He played a significant role in the transformation of the Congo from a colony of Belgium into an independent republic. Ideologically an African nationalist and Pan-Africanist, he led the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) party from 1958 until his death. Shortly after Congolese independence in 1960, a mutiny broke out in the army, marking the beginning of the Congo Crisis. Lumumba appealed to the United States and the United Nations for help to suppress the Belgian-supported Katangan secessionists. Both refused, so Lumumba turned to the Soviet Union for support. This led to growing differences with President Joseph Kasa-Vubu and chief-of-staff Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, as well as with the United States and Belgium. Lumumba was subsequently imprisoned by state authorities under Mobutu and executed by a firing squad under the command of Katangan authorities. Following his death, he was widely seen as a martyr for the wider Pan-African movement.
- disapora
- jews
politics
- 2018/9 election
christianity
- Security forces in the Democratic Republic of Congo have used live bullets to disperse a demonstration, killing one protester. The protests against President Joseph Kabila in the capital Kinshasa were organised by Catholic clergy. Fifteen people, three of whom are thought to be members of the clergy, have been arrested. Mr Kabila's term ended in 2016, but he remains in power and many are angry about the political situation.http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43190515
ethnic groups
- The Hemba people (or Eastern Luba) are an ethnic group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).The Hemba language belongs to a group of related languages spoken by people in a belt that runs from southern Kasai to northeastern Zambia. Other peoples speaking related languages include the Luba of Kasai and Shaba, the Kanyok, Songye, Kaonde, Sanga, Bemba and the people of Kazembe. Today the Hemba people live in the north of Zambia, and their language is understood throughout Zambia. Some also live in Tanzania. They live west of Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mweru in the DRC, and their villages are found several hundred miles up the Lualaba River.
- The Luba people or baLuba are an ethno-linguistic group indigenous to the south-central region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Majority of them live in this country, residing mainly in its Katanga, Kasai, and Maniema provinces. The baLuba consist of many sub-groups who speak various dialects of Luba (e.g. Luba-Kasai, Luba-Katanga) or other languages, such as Swahili.The baLuba developed a society and culture by about the 400s CE, later developing a well-organised community in the Upemba Depression known as the baLuba confederation. Luba society consisted of miners, smiths, woodworkers, potters, crafters, and people of various other professions. Their success and wealth grew greatly overtime, but this also caused their gradual decline to marauding bands of slavers, robbers, and terrorists from among Portuguese and Omani led or influenced invasions.
history
- ******據路透社、法新社報道 ：15日，剛果（金）發生沉船事故，有消 息指已有104人遇難。該國總統當地時間18 日宣布，為該國東部基伍湖沉船事故的遇 難者舉行全國哀悼。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190420/PDF/a15_screen.pdf
- The province of Équateur created in 1917 was much larger than today. Over time it went through a number of border and name changes. Under the 2006 Constitution it was to assume its current boundaries, but administratively they were not finalized until 2015. The new province was created from the old Équateur District together with the city of Mbandaka. - 非洲剛果民主共和國爆發伊波拉疫情，該國衞生部周日宣布，西北部赤道省姆班達卡新增四宗個案及一宗死亡個案，令全國感染伊波拉而亡的人數增至廿六人。總統卡比拉上周六宣布增撥款應對伊波拉緊急服務。世衞警告鄰近九個國家受疫情影響的可能性較高。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180521/00180_022.html
戈马Goma is the capital of North Kivu province in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is located on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, next to the Rwandan city of Gisenyi. The lake and the two cities are in the Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift system. Goma lies only 13–18 km (8.1–11.2 mi) south of the active Nyiragongo Volcano. The recent history of Goma has been dominated by the volcano and the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, which in turn fuelled the First and Second Congo Wars. The aftermath of these events was still having effects on the city and its surroundings in 2010. The city was captured by rebels of the March 23 Movement during the M23 rebellion in late 2012, but has since been retaken by government forces.
kasai
- Kasai Province is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Specified under Article 2 of the country's 2006 Constitution, the new province was finally created in 2015 from the eponymous Kasaï District and the independently administered city of Tshikapa, both part of the former Kasaï-Occidental province.
- Congo security forces and local militias accused of killing 3,400 ft 21jun17
street food
- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-4216862/DR-Congo-capitals-street-food-booms-economic-crisis-grows.html
布卡武（法语：Bukavu）Bukavu is part of the ancient territory of Bushi Kingdom, an ethnic group of South-Kivu. It was governed by a “Muluzi” Nyalukemba, when the first Arabs, then the European arrived in Bushi at the end of the 19th century. 'Muluzi' or 'Baluzi' in the plural means 'the nobleman' or 'nobility' to Shi. Before the Europeans came in Bushi Kingdom, Bukavu was called “Rusozi”. The name Bukavu comes from the transformation of word 'bu 'nkafu ' (farm of cows) in Mashi, the language of Bashi.[citation needed] Bukavu was established in 1901 by the Belgian colonial authorities.[4] Originally named Bukavu, it became "Costermansville" (in French) or "Costermansstad" (in Dutch) in 1927, after Vice Governor-General Paul Costermans until 1953, when it became Bukavu again. It had a prominent European population under colonial rule.[5] They were attracted by the subtropical climate (Lake Kivu is 1,500 metres above sea level) and scenic location (Bukavu is built on five peninsulas and has been described as "a green hand, dipped in the lake"). Many colonial villas have gardens sloping down to the shore.
- The city is home to the Panzi Hospital, founded by the Swedish Pentecostal Mission in 1921, his director Denis Mukwege (Nobel Peace Prize in 2018) operates on women, who survive sexual violence and is one of only two doctors in the eastern Congo qualified to perform a reconstructive surgery.Panzi Hospital is a teaching hospital of the Evangelical University in Africa. Bukavu is also home to the Catholic University of Bukavu's School of Medicine and General Reference teaching hospital. The pharmaceutical factory Pharmakina owned by a German immigrant and a French immigrant produces the antimalarial drug quinine and the generic AIDS medicament Afri-vir. Pharmakina also runs an AIDS diagnostic and treatment center.[14] With 740 employees and about 1000 free-lance workers. After Great Lake Plantations SARL, which is Congo's only modern tea manufacturing company, Pharmakina is the largest employer in town.
加丹加省Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914. It was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba and Haut-Katanga provinces. Between 1971 and 1997 (during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko when Congo was known as Zaïre), its official name was Shaba Province.Copper mining in Katanga dates back over 1,000 years, and mines in the region were producing standard-sized ingots of copper for international transport by the end of the 10th century CE. In the 1890s, the province was beleaguered from the south by Cecil Rhodes' Northern Rhodesia, and from the north by the Belgian Congo, the personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium. Msiri, the King of Katanga, held out against both, but eventually Katanga was subsumed by the Belgian Congo.After 1900, the Societe Generale de Belgique practically controlled all of the mining in the province through Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK). This included uranium, radium, copper, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, germanium, manganese, silver, gold, and tin. In 1915, a deposit of pitchblende and other uranium minerals of a higher grade than had ever been found before anywhere in the world and higher than any found since were discovered at Shinkolobwe. The discovery was kept secret by UMHK. After World War I ended a factory was built at Olen; the secrecy was lifted at the end of 1922 with the announcement of the production of the first gram of radium from the pitchblende. By the start of World War II, the mining companies "constituted a state within the Belgian Congo". The Shinkolobwe mine near Jadotville (now Likasi) was at the centre of the Manhattan Project.
- belgium
- mining association (union miniere)
- [situationist int] belgian mining company with a concession for katanga region. In 1960 it supported the secession of katanga from the newly independent congo, and was complicit in the murder of patrice lumumba, the first congolese prime minister.
- In 1960, after the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then called Republic of the Congo) gained independence from Belgium, the UMHK, Moise Tshombe and Godefroid Munongo supported the secession of Katanga province from the Congo. This was supported by Belgium but opposed by the Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. This led to the assassination of Lumumba and the Katanga Crisis (or "Congo Crisis"), which lasted from 1960 to 1965. The breakaway State of Katanga existed from 1960 to 1963.The State of Katanga (French: État du Katanga; Swahili: Inchi Ya Katanga), also sometimes denoted as the Republic of Katanga, was a breakaway state that proclaimed its independence from Congo-Léopoldville on 11 July 1960 under Moise Tshombe, leader of the local Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT) political party. The new Katangese state did not enjoy full support throughout the province and was constantly plagued by ethnic strife in its northernmost region. It was dissolved in 1963 following an invasion by United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) forces, and reintegrated with the rest of the country as Katanga Province. The Katangese secession was carried out with the support of Union Minière du Haut Katanga, an Anglo- Belgian mining company, and a large contingent of Belgian military advisers.[2] An army the government called the Katanga Gendarmerie, raised by the Tshombe government, was initially organised and trained by Belgium and subsequently, mercenaries of various nationalities.
- [situationist int] katangans is nickname given to ex-mercenaries and other toughs who rallied to the may movement (in paris). Presumably some of them had fought in katanga
Kivu was the name for a large "region" in the Democratic Republic of the Congo under the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko that bordered Lake Kivu. It included three "Sub-Regions" ("Sous-Regions" in French): Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu and Maniema, corresponding to the three current provinces created in 1986.[1] The capital of the Kivu Region was in Bukavu, and the capitals of the three Sub-Regions were in Goma, Uvira and Kindu. Kivu has been repeatedly subjected to major conflicts since the early 20th century: Under Belgian colonial rule, it was the site of several religious revolts such as the 1944 Kivu uprising.[2] Following independence, it was a battleground of the Simba rebellion, First Congo War, Second Congo War, and has been the site of an ongoing military conflict since the early 2000s. In addition, an Ebola epidemic affected the region from August 2018 to June 2020.
- kiv activites of situationist int
- 布滕博 Butembo is a city in North Kivu, in the north eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, lying west of the Virunga National Park. The city is an important commercial centre with large markets, a cathedral, multiple large hospitals, and an airport. The city is located in a region known for tea and coffee growing. Butembo is 90% populated by the Nandetribe,[4] a community distinguished by ethnic solidarity, conservative moral standards and influential leaders.
********* 金夏沙，也譯金沙薩，原名雷堡市或雷堡城 Kinshasa (/kɪnˈʃɑːsə/; French: [kinʃasa]), formerly Léopoldville (Dutch: Leopoldstad), is the capital and the largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The city is situated alongside the Congo River.Kinshasa is Africa's third-largest urban area after Cairo and Lagos.[2] It is also the world's largest Francophone urban area (surpassing Paris in population),[5][6] with French being the language of government, schools, newspapers, public services, and high-end commerce in the city, while Lingala is used as a lingua franca in the street.[7] Kinshasa hosted the 14th Francophonie Summit in October 2012.Residents of Kinshasa are known as Kinois (in French and sometimes in English) or Kinshasans (English). The indigenous people of the area include the Humbu and Teke.The city was founded as a trading post by Henry Morton Stanley in 1881.[9] It was named Léopoldville in honour of King Leopold II of the Belgians, who controlled the Congo Free State, the vast territory that is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, not as a colony but as a private property.
company
- Rawbank is a commercial bank of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The bank was created in 2001, is based in Kinshasa and began commercial operations in 2002, with 10 employees.Rawbank was started by five brothers. The conglomerate that owns the bank is called Groupe Rawji (Rawji Group of Companies), one of DR Congo's leading conglomerates, jointly owned by brothers: (a) Mazhar Rawji (b) Mushtaque Rawji (c) Aslam Rawji and (d) Murtaza Rawji.
Banking
- http://www.economist.com/news/business-and-finance/21679720-new-system-paying-civil-servants-puts-banks-through-their-paces-its-jungle-out-there Few countries are as corrupt as Congo. A persistent national joke concerns a mythical “Article 15” of the constitution, which reads “Débrouillez-vous”—“You’re on your own”. Mobutu Sese Seko, a former strongman, used state funds to charter a Concorde to take him on shopping trips to Paris. By the time of his overthrow in 1997, graft was endemic. Government employees were not paid but rather expected to use their positions to make a living. Civil war engulfed Congo in the 1990s and 2000s. As it wound down, government was rebuilt and money again began to flow out of Kinshasa, the capital, to roughly 1m functionaries in the rest of the country. But corruption did not disappear. Among the most prized government jobs was that of accountant: the people responsible for transporting bags of cash to the provinces to hand out to employees. In 2012, however, the Congolese government started helping civil servants to open bank accounts. Around three-quarters of them—some 670,000 people—now have one. In the process, the government has weeded out tens of thousands of ghost employees, since the embezzlers who invented them could not open accounts in their names without a matching ID. Yet in a vast country with fewer roads than Luxembourg, hardly anyone lives anywhere near a bank branch. So Congolese banks must now do the work the government accountants used to: shipping money to the back of beyond. Cash has to be transported to branches in regional capitals, and thence to account-holders on the backs of motorbikes, in canoes or by foot, explains Oliver Meisenberg, the German boss of Trust Merchant Bank, one of Congo’s biggest.
river trade
- economist 18jan2020 "follow the bottle" how to get beer around a country with hardly any roads
Mining
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/baf4c168-a32e-11e4-bbef-00144feab7de.html The Democratic Republic of Congo is jeopardising billions of dollars of potential investment by seeking to rewrite the mining rules and raise royalties during a downturn in commodity prices, the governor of the mineral-rich province of Katanga has warned. Moïse Katumbi, a wealthy former businessman, has presided over a boom in the mining industry since becoming Katanga governor in 2006. Speaking on a visit to London, he echoed the views of investors, saying the government must honour the terms on which mining groups made their original investments, given the risks they took at a time of conflict and turmoil in the vast country.
copper
- ft 31oct19 the drc and the fight for copper
cobalt
- https://www.ft.com/content/427b8cb0-71d7-11e7-aca6-c6bd07df1a3c Behind every clean electric car there is cobalt. And behind cobalt is the Democratic Republic of Congo. Cobalt is a critical element in lithium-ion batteries used in electric cars. Such batteries already consume 42 per cent of the metal and demand will soar as the world switches from petrol and diesel cars to electric ones. This week, Britain followed France in declaring a ban on such vehicles from 2040. Soon, almost anyone in the rich world will be able to drive safe in the knowledge that they’re being kinder and gentler to the planet. Did I mention the Democratic Republic of Congo? Some 60 per cent of the world’s cobalt comes from this central African country, one the size of western Europe and with gargantuan problems to match. Some industry analysts are predicting a 30-fold increase in cobalt demand by 2030, much of which will come from Congo.
- https://www.ft.com/content/bec64762-c923-11e7-ab18-7a9fb7d6163e The world’s largest electronics and electric vehicle companies are not doing enough to ensure the cobalt in batteries they make or supply is not mined by child labour in the Democratic Republic of Congo, according to Amnesty International. The human rights group said almost half of the 28 largest companies that use cobalt, including Microsoft, Renault and China’s Huawei, were failing to demonstrate even “minimal” compliance with international due diligence standards. Electric carmakers such as Tesla and BMW also needed to do more to disclose the sources of their cobalt, it said.
- The London Metal Exchange is investigating whether cobalt mined by children is being traded in London after members raised concerns about a Chinese supplier. The exchange is also surveying members to ask how they will guarantee “responsible sourcing”, which it says is part of a “broader push” that it was pursuing independently. Amnesty International investigators have traced cobalt from small independent mines that use child labour in the Democratic Republic of Congo into electronic goods made by famous brands, via Chinese trading companies. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lme-looks-at-cobalt-trade-amid-child-labour-fears-ffk22kvln
- A Chinese metal trading firm said on Thursday it is investigating whether children are working in Congolese mines that supply it with cobalt, a key resource for mobile phones and electric cars. Yantai Cash, a cobalt exporter based in eastern Shandong province, told AFP that it is looking into the supply chain following a request from the London Metal Exchange, which sets prices for the market. http://www.enca.com/money/chinese-metal-trading-firm-to-probe-claims-of-child-labour-at-its-african-suppliers
- https://www.ft.com/content/dcea899a-2f8c-11e8-b5bf-23cb17fd1498 A pilot scheme to trace the world’s first “ethical cobalt” from small-scale mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo all the way to consumers of electric cars and iPhones will start this week, potentially allowing companies such as Apple to assure customers their products are free from child labour and other human rights abuses. The trial, which parallels previous efforts to weed out so-called blood diamonds and conflict minerals, comes in response to concern that increased demand for cobalt is fuelling exploitation and environmental degradation in the central African country, which accounts for 60 per cent of world supply. The Better Cobalt pilot, which will be overseen by RCS Global, a UK supply-chain audit company, will electronically tag cobalt from five artisanal and semi-mechanised mines in Congo in what it says will be the first systematic attempt to trace the metal along an opaque supply chain. The project is a collaboration between several as-yet-unnamed “global brand” consumer companies, including two car manufacturers, as well as industry participants, including Huayou Cobalt, the world’s largest refiner, whose Congo DongFang Mining supplies Apple, among others. DongFang’s admission in 2016 that it did not have strong control over its supply chain has prompted calls from advocacy groups and electronics companies to tighten oversight.
- https://www.ft.com/content/ade02c22-ec0a-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55 Swiss commodity trader Trafigura is helping to finance a $450m Congolese copper and cobalt facility even as Glencore prepares to shut its mine in the resource-rich African country. Trafigura is part of a consortium including the First Bank of Nigeria and Africa Finance Corporation that is backing a processing plant at the Mutoshi mine in the Democratic Republic of Congo, according to two people familiar with the financing. The financing comes after Glencore said it would shut its Mutanda copper and cobalt mine in the DRC by the end of this year, following a 65 per cent fall in the price for cobalt over the year, a key raw material used in batteries. Since Glencore announced in August it was shutting Mutanda, cobalt prices have rebounded by 45 per cent to $17.7 a pound, according to Fastmarkets. The DRC supplies about 60 per cent of the world’s cobalt, most of it from large mines owned by Glencore and China Molybdenum. The metal is mostly shipped to China, where it is processed and then turned into the battery materials used in electric cars. Trafigura is betting that the Mutoshi mine, which is owned by DRC-based company Chemaf, can become a competitive producer just as demand starts to rise. It will also put money into the financing in return for supplies of cobalt, the people familiar with the plan said. The previous plan was to seek a listing for the company, according to a person familiar with the matter, but that has now been abandoned. Following the financing to build the plant, Mutoshi hopes to produce 16,000 tonnes of cobalt annually by the end of next year.
- https://www.ft.com/content/ce9af944-fb70-4576-88d0-dc76821facfd
China’s biggest cobalt producer is to stop buying from individuals in the Democratic Republic of Congo, bowing to pressure from customers and rights groups concerned about child labour in the country’s informal mining sector. Huayou Cobalt, one of the top global suppliers of the metal used in batteries for electric cars and mobile devices, has faced growing scrutiny in recent years over human rights violations in the DRC, which accounts for more than two-thirds of global output. In December it was named alongside technology companies including Apple, Dell and Microsoft in a US class-action lawsuit filed on behalf of families of children killed or injured while mining cobalt in the central African nation. - economist 17oct2020 "the ugly rush"
wailing
- economist 23feb19 "no woman, no cry" there is money to be made in the mourning business
people
- Patrice Émery Lumumba (alternatively styled Patrice Hemery Lumumba) (2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese politician and independence leader who served as the first Prime Minister of the independent Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo) from June until September 1960. He played a significant role in the transformation of the Congo from a colony of Belgium into an independent republic. Ideologically an African nationalist and Pan-Africanist, he led the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) party from 1958 until his death. Shortly after Congolese independence in 1960, a mutiny broke out in the army, marking the beginning of the Congo Crisis. Lumumba appealed to the United States and the United Nations for help to suppress the Belgian-supported Katangan secessionists. Both refused, so Lumumba turned to the Soviet Union for support. This led to growing differences with President Joseph Kasa-Vubu and chief-of-staff Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, as well as with the United States and Belgium. Lumumba was subsequently imprisoned by state authorities under Mobutu and executed by a firing squad under the command of Katangan authorities. Following his death, he was widely seen as a martyr for the wider Pan-African movement.
- Patrice Lumumba was born on 2 July 1925 to a farmer, François Tolenga Otetshima, and his wife Julienne Wamato Lomendja, in Onalua in the Katakokombe region of the Kasai province of the Belgian Congo. He was a member of the Tetela ethnic group and was born with the name Élias Okit'Asombo. His original surname means "heir of the cursed" and is derived from the Tetela words okitá/okitɔ́('heir, successor') and asombó ('cursed or bewitched people who will die quickly').[7] He had three brothers (Ian Clark, Émile Kalema, and Louis Onema Pene Lumumba) and one half-brother (Tolenga Jean).[5] Raised in a Catholic family, he was educated at a Protestant primary school, a Catholic missionary school, and finally the government post office training school, where he passed the one-year course with distinction. Lumumba spoke Tetela, French, Lingala, Swahili, and Tshiluba. Outside of his regular studies, Lumumba took an interest in the Enlightenment ideals of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire. He was also fond of Molière and Victor Hugo. He wrote poetry, and many of his works had an anti-imperialist theme. He worked in Léopoldville and Stanleyville as a postal clerk and as a travelling beer salesman. In 1951, he married Pauline Opangu. In 1955, Lumumba became regional head of the Cercles of Stanleyville and joined the Liberal Party of Belgium, where he edited and distributed party literature. After a study tour in Belgium in 1956, he was arrested on charges of embezzlement from the post office. He was convicted and condemned one year later to twelve months’ imprisonment and a fine.
- hkej 12feb18 shum article
- Mobutu, a member of the Ngbandi ethnic group, was born in Lisala, Belgian Congo. Mobutu's mother, Marie Madeleine Yemo, was a hotel maid who fled to Lisala to escape the harem of a local village chief. There she met and married Albéric Gbemani, a cook for a Belgian judge.[7] Shortly afterwards she gave birth to Mobutu. The name "Mobutu" was selected by an uncle. Gbemani died when Mobutu was eight. Thereafter he was raised by an uncle and a grandfather. The wife of the Belgian judge took a liking to Mobutu and taught him to speak, read, and write the French language fluently. Yemo relied on the help of relatives to support her four children, and the family moved often. Mobutu's earliest education took place in Léopoldville, but his mother eventually sent him to an uncle in Coquilhatville, where he attended the Christian Brothers School, a Catholic-mission boarding school. A physically imposing figure, he dominated school sports. He also excelled in academic subjects and ran the class newspaper. He was also known for his pranks and impish sense of humor. A classmate recalled that when the Belgian priests, whose first language was Dutch, made an error in French, Mobutu would leap to his feet in class and point out the mistake. In 1949 Mobutu stowed away aboard a boat to Léopoldville and met a girl. The priests found him several weeks later. At the end of the school year, in lieu of being sent to prison, he was ordered to serve seven years in the colonial army, the Force Publique (FP) — the usual punishment for rebellious students.
- hkej 11jul18 shum article
- Laurent-Désiré Kabila (November 27, 1939 – January 16, 2001), or simply Laurent Kabila , was a Congolese revolutionary and politician who served as the third President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from May 17, 1997, when he overthrew Mobutu Sese Seko, until his assassination by one of his bodyguards on January 16, 2001.[1] He was succeeded eight days later by his son Joseph. Kabila was born to a member of the Luba people in Baudoinville, Katanga Province, (now Moba, Tanganyika Province) in the Belgian Congo. His father was a Luba and his mother was a Lunda. It is claimed that he studied abroad (political philosophy in Paris, got a PhD in Tashkent, in Belgrade and at last in Dar es Salaam) but no proof has been found nor provided.
- Joseph Kabila Kabange (French pronunciation: [ʒozɛf kabila]; born 4 June 1971) is a Congolese politician who has been President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since January 2001. He took office ten days[1] after the assassination of his father, President Laurent-Désiré Kabila. He was elected as President in 2006. In 2011, he was re-elected for a second term. Kabila's term was due to expire on 20 December 2016 per the constitution, adopted in 2006. Officials suggested that elections would be held in November 2016. However, on 29 September 2016, the nation's electoral authority announced that the election would not be held until early 2018. Talk has focused on the need for a census before holding elections. In August 2018, Kabila announced that he will step down and not seek reelection in the December 2018 general election. Since coming to power, Joseph Kabila has faced continuous wars in eastern Congo and internal rebel forces supported by neighboring governments of Uganda and Rwanda. Joseph Kabila Kabange and his twin sister Jaynet Kabila were born on 4 June 1971. According to official accounts, the twins were born at Hewabora, a small village in the Fizi territory of the South Kivu province, in eastern Congo. Rumors have abounded that Kabila was actually born in Tanzania, which would make him a citizen of that country.
- Christian Benteke Liolo (born 3 December 1990) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for English club Crystal Palace and the Belgium national team. Benteke was born in Kinshasa in 1990. He and his family fled during the Mobutu regime and in 1993 emigrated to Liège, Belgium.
- hkej 11jul18 shum article
- Romelu Menama Lukaku Bolingoli (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈroːmeːlu luˈkaːku]; born 13 May 1993) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for English club Manchester United and the Belgium national team. Lukaku was born in Antwerp,[107] a city in northern Belgium, to Congolese parents.[108] His father, Roger Lukaku,[109] played professional football and was capped at international level by Zaire.[110] He has a younger brother named Jordan, who has progressed through the youth academy at Anderlecht[109] and currently plays for Lazio in Italy.[111] His cousin Boli Bolingoli-Mbombo plays as a left-sided winger or defender for Austria's Rapid Vienna.
- hkej 11jul18 shum article
- jews
- Moïse Katumbi Chapwe (born December 28, 1964) is a Congolese politician and businessman. He was the Governor of the Katanga Province, located in the southern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, from 2007 to September 2015. He was a member of the People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy (PPRD) until September 2015. Moïse Katumbi was born on December 28, 1964 to a Congolese mother and a Greek father, Nissim Soriano.[4]Katumbi's father, a Greek Sephardic Jew, fled Rhodes Island in 1938 with his two sisters after the introduction by the Italian fascist regime of the discriminatory Racial Laws (Rhodes was under Italian occupation since 1912). He settled in Katanga, a province of the Congo, which was a Belgian colony at the time.[5][6] Katumbi's mother was of Kazembe royalty of Lunda People of Congo and Zambia and his grandfather was Mwata Kazembe XIV.(Chief of Lunda Kingdom) The family adopted the name Katumbi from a great grandfather on his mother’s side. Katumbi grew up in the village of Kashobwe in the Congo near Lake Mweru near the border of Zambia. His father was involved in the fishing trade.
politics
- 2018/9 election
- Felix Tshisekedi, the leader of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s main opposition party, has been declared the surprise winner of the 30 December presidential election in the vast central African country. The result, announced early on Thursday, means the first electoral transfer of power in 59 years of independence in the DRC. It will come as a shock to many observers who believed authorities would ensure that the government candidate, Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary, would be the victor in the polls, the third since the end of a bloody civil war in 2002. On Thursday, Tshisekedi paid his respects to Kabila, whom he described as “an important partner … in democratic transition in our country”. Speaking to thousands of cheering supporters in the capital Kinshasa, Tshisekedi said he would be the president “of all Congolese”. The Tshisekedi’s victory is deeply controversial as pre-election polls had given outspoken opposition frontrunner Martin Fayulu, a respected former business executive, a healthy lead. Polls put Fayulu on 47%, at least 20 points ahead of Tshisekedi. Vote tallies compiled by the DRC’s Catholic church found Fayulu clearly won the election, two diplomats told Reuters, raising the spectre of protests that many fear could lead to violence. Fayulu’s supporters feared outgoing president Joseph Kabila would rig the vote in favour of his hand-picked candidate, or do a power-sharing deal with Tshisekedi, head of the DRC’s main opposition party. Fayulu immediately rejected the result. “Where did the extra seven million votes come from [for Tshisekedi’s victory]? In 2019, we refuse that the victory of the people be stolen once more,” he said.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/10/congo-election-felix-tshisekedi-declared-winner-in-contentious-result
- https://www.ft.com/content/5d2bc75c-1a67-11e9-b93e-f4351a53f1c3 African governments closed ranks over the disputed presidential contest in the Democratic Republic of Congo, declining to criticise the election process and backing away from calls for a recount despite evidence of a massive electoral fraud.
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/17/african-union-democratic-republic-congo-dc-delay-election-announcement The African Union has issued a surprise last-minute demand for the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s government to suspend the announcement of final results of the deeply disputed presidential election. DRC’s constitutional court is poised to rule as early as Friday on a challenge filed by the election’s declared runner-up. Martin Fayulu has requested a recount, alleging fraud.In a statement released late on Thursday, the AU said there were “serious doubts” over the outcome, and said heads of state and government agreed to “urgently dispatch” a high-level delegation to DRC with “the view to reaching a consensus on a way out of the post-electoral crisis”.
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46935898 Two African presidents have congratulated Democratic Republic of Congo opposition leader Felix Tshisekedi for winning last month's presidential poll, despite the African Union saying it had "serious doubts" about the result. The constitutional court ruled that Mr Tshisekedi had won after rejecting a challenge from rival Martin Fayulu. He said Mr Tshisekedi made a deal with outgoing President Joseph Kabila. Mr Tshisekedi's team denies this. Kenya's President Uhuru Kenyatta and South Africa President Cyril Ramaphosa both sent their congratulations.The southern African regional group, Sadc, has also welcomed Mr Tshisekedi's victory saying that all Congolese should support the president-elect in his bid to maintain "unity, peace and stability". The African Union, which was supposed to send a delegation to the DR Congo on Monday, has now postponed the trip. On Friday, it had called on the court to refrain from ruling on the result of the vote.
music
- Kekele was a band formed in 2000, composed of leading veteran African musicians, mostly from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They played Congolese rumba in a revival style harkening back to the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, using acoustic guitars. Kekele seems to be dormant or defunct, having not released a recording since 2006 nor performed since (apparently) 2010.
- ********Papa Noel returned for the third album, on which Kekele was joined by saxophonist Manu Dibango, from Cameroon, and singers Mbilia Bel and Madilu System, both from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.The title of the third album refers to an imaginary place, a combination of Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo), and Havana (Cuba).[21] The album explores the connections between Congolese and Cuban rumba music. In Kinavana, the band takes songs written or performed by the Cuban songwriter Guillermo Portabales, and plays them in a Congolese style, replacing their Spanish lyrics with Lingala ones.Band member Nyboma has pointed out that Cuban rumba -- both the word and the dance -- derives from the Congolese nkumba, with the Spanish "r" added to the word, and that it was brought from Congo to Cuba in the transatlantic slave trade.[21][22][23] When Congolese rumba developed after World War II, it was heavily influenced by Cuban music. Thus, Kinavana incorporates at least three successive cultural crossings of the Atlantic—music and dance from Congo combining with other influences to become Cuban rumba, that same Cuban music then contributing to the Congolese rumba, and then bringing the music of Portabales into Congolese music for Kinavana.
christianity
- Security forces in the Democratic Republic of Congo have used live bullets to disperse a demonstration, killing one protester. The protests against President Joseph Kabila in the capital Kinshasa were organised by Catholic clergy. Fifteen people, three of whom are thought to be members of the clergy, have been arrested. Mr Kabila's term ended in 2016, but he remains in power and many are angry about the political situation.http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43190515
ethnic groups
- The Hemba people (or Eastern Luba) are an ethnic group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).The Hemba language belongs to a group of related languages spoken by people in a belt that runs from southern Kasai to northeastern Zambia. Other peoples speaking related languages include the Luba of Kasai and Shaba, the Kanyok, Songye, Kaonde, Sanga, Bemba and the people of Kazembe. Today the Hemba people live in the north of Zambia, and their language is understood throughout Zambia. Some also live in Tanzania. They live west of Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mweru in the DRC, and their villages are found several hundred miles up the Lualaba River.
- keep in view what is "niembo"
- The Luba people or baLuba are an ethno-linguistic group indigenous to the south-central region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Majority of them live in this country, residing mainly in its Katanga, Kasai, and Maniema provinces. The baLuba consist of many sub-groups who speak various dialects of Luba (e.g. Luba-Kasai, Luba-Katanga) or other languages, such as Swahili.The baLuba developed a society and culture by about the 400s CE, later developing a well-organised community in the Upemba Depression known as the baLuba confederation. Luba society consisted of miners, smiths, woodworkers, potters, crafters, and people of various other professions. Their success and wealth grew greatly overtime, but this also caused their gradual decline to marauding bands of slavers, robbers, and terrorists from among Portuguese and Omani led or influenced invasions.
- luba is also names of places in equatorial guinea, philippines, slovakia
-The Nande of Congo and the Konjo peopleof Uganda are a single ethnic group, which they call Yira (Bayira). They trace their origins to the Ruwenzori Mountainsbetween the two countries. The languages Nande and Konjo are close enough to be considered divergent dialects. Nande has a number of dialects of its own: Nande proper, Kumbule, Mate, Tangi, Sanza, Shu, Songola (Songoora, Nyangala), Swaga / Kira (in Nande, all of these are prefixed with eki-).Some of the Nande of Congo have a patron–vassal relationship with the Efé Pygmies.
- Bushi is mainly a traditional region and an African ethnic group in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire); mainly located in the South Kivu province. It lies along the Mitumba Mountains and includes the administrative territories of Walungu, Kabare, Kalehe, Mwenga, Idjwi and Uvira surrounding Bukavu, which is its main city. There are about 7-12 million inhabitants in the region speaking the Mashi or Shi language. The Bushi is also a kingdom that is organized into many localities or sub-chiefdoms. The Shi people, also known as Bashi, Banyabungo or Banyindu; are exactly close neighbours of Lega; Fuliiro, Bavira and Bembe people in the southern part of South Kivu; the Banyarwanda/Barundi people in the neighboring countries, and are close neighbours of Bahunde and Banyanga people who are located in the North Kivu province.The inhabitants of Bushi are the Shi people (Shi: Bashi, singular: Mushi)[1] and their language is the Shi language (Mashi), a Central (Zone J) Bantu language. People are mainly farmers in this chiefdom; but there are more and more distinguished businessmen; politicians and other intellectuals from this important ethnic group of the South-Kivu region. The Mwami Desire Kabare is the King of these people.
- The Kingdom of Luba or Luba Empire (1585–1889) was a pre-colonial Central African state that arose in the marshy grasslands of the Upemba Depression in what is now southern Democratic Republic of Congo.
- The Kingdom of Luba or Luba Empire (1585–1889) was a pre-colonial Central African state that arose in the marshy grasslands of the Upemba Depression in what is now southern Democratic Republic of Congo.
- Le Royaume Kuba, ou la confédération Kuba 쿠바 왕국 The Kuba Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of the Bakuba or Bushongo, is a traditional kingdom in Central Africa. The Kuba Kingdom flourished between the 17th and 19th centuries in the region bordered by the Sankuru, Lulua, and Kasai rivers in the heart of the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo.The Kuba Kingdom was a conglomerate of several smaller Bushongo-speaking principalities as well as the Kete, Coofa, Mbeengi, and the Kasai Twa Pygmies. The original Kuba migrated during the 16th century from the north. Nineteen different ethnic groups are included in the kingdom, which still exists and is presided over by the King (nyim).The kingdom began as a conglomeration of several chiefdoms of various ethnic groups with no real central authority. In approximately 1625, an individual from outside the area known as Shyaam a-Mbul a Ngoong usurped the position of one of the area rulers and united all the chiefdoms under his leadership. Tradition states that Shyaam a-Mbul was the adopted son of a Kuba queen. He left the Kuba region to find enlightenment in the Pende and Kongo kingdoms to the west. After learning all he could from these states, he returned to Kuba to form the empire's political, social and economic foundations.
- myth
- mbombo vomited nine animals - leopard (koy bumba); eagle(ponga bumba); crocodile(ganda bumba); fish (yo bumba); tortoise(kono bumba); swift,black leopard-like creature made of lightning (tsetse bumba); white heron(nyanyi bumba) created all birds except the kite; scarab beetle with no name; the goat named budi (sturdy-footed, created all horn animals). Then he vomited many men and women. Nyonye ngana, the first son of mbombo, vomited white ants and died. Thosecants turn dry land into rich soil, enabling people to farm. Anither son chonganda created all plants. Third son chedi bumba created the last bird, the fierce kite, a bird of prey. Mbombo turned tsetse bumba into a lightning bolt. Another son loko yima was left in charge of the earth.
- history
- [colours of congo] the kuba kingdom was formed after 1625, when immigrants from the north of sankuru river - who had already formed their own culture - mixed with the earliest known inhabitants of the area in western kasai - the kete. Mishe, an immigrant from the kwilu area in the west, secured the chiefdom of the bushoong, which was at war with the chiefdom fo the pyaang, both incorporating and banishing the kete people. Rival chiefdoms to king shyaam arriving from the west of kasai river were organised under different religious formations. Among these were councils who believed in a deity named mboom, and councils who followed a cult centred around the leader of the nature spirits known as ngaan. King shyaam engaged in a process of territorial expansion and all of the chiefdoms by 1700. It is for this reason that the bushongo and kuba kingdoms are largely interchangeable. According to vansina, the creation of a new kingdom by shyaam was accompanied by the introduction of a new charm and a new power ncyeem. Eventually the supremacy of ncyeem over all spirits was recognised across the kingdom. King shyaam introduced a nkisi charm called nyaam - derived from the kikongo term nysambu - translated as basket, to be connected to his new power ncyeem. Basket suggests its function both as a vessel and status as a nkisi, and its association with wealth and prestiage in the kingdom of kongo. The ndop, the congo crucifix and the raffia palm are all evidence of the christian influences appeared in the lower congo thru myths and tales, such as that of genesis and noah and the flood. Christian influences surged as missionary efforts in kuba kingdom began in earnest in 1892. These influences and attributes remained in the background of the rivalries concerning same scale as within the kingdom of kongo. This lack of translation diverted the kuba kingdom on a different trajectory.
- The Congo Crisis (French: Crise congolaise) was a period of political upheaval and conflict in the Republic of the Congo (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo)[c] between 1960 and 1965. The crisis began almost immediately after the Congo became independent from Belgium and ended, unofficially, with the entire country under the rule of Joseph-Désiré Mobutu. Constituting a series of civil wars, the Congo Crisis was also a proxy conflict in the Cold War, in which the Soviet Union and the United States supported opposing factions. Around 100,000 people are believed to have been killed during the crisis.
belgium
- The Belgian Congo (French: Congo Belge, Dutch: Belgisch-Congo[a]) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa between 1908 and 1960 in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century. King Leopold II of Belgium attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexplored Congo Basin. Their ambivalence resulted in Leopold's creating a colony on his own account. With support from a number of Western countries, Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony, the Congo Free State, in 1885. By the turn of the century, however, the violence used by Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and a ruthless system of economic exploitation led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country, which it did by creating the Belgian Congo in 1908. Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" (trinité coloniale) of state, missionary and private company interests.[7] The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of capital flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became specialised. On many occasions, the interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied, and the state helped companies break strikes and remove other barriers raised by the indigenous population.[7] The country was split into hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions, and run uniformly according to a set "native policy" (politique indigène).[clarification needed] This was in contrast to the British and the French, who generally favoured the system of indirect rulewhereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight. The Congo had a high degree of racial segregation. The large numbers of white immigrants who moved to the Congo after the end of World War II came from across the social spectrum, but were always treated as superior to black people. During the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo had extensive urbanisation, and the colonial administration began various developmentprogrammes aimed at making the territory into a "model colony".[9] One of the results was the development of a new middle class of Europeanised African "évolués" in the cities.[9] By the 1950s the Congo had a wage labour force twice as large as that in any other African colony. In 1960, as the result of a widespread and increasingly radical pro-independence movement, the Congo achieved independence, becoming the Republic of Congo-Léopoldville under Patrice Lumumba and Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Poor relations between political factions within the Congo, the continued involvement of Belgium in Congolese affairs, and the intervention by major parties (mainly the USA and the Soviet Union) during the Cold War led to a five-year-long period of war and political instability, known as the Congo Crisis, from 1960 to 1965. This ended with the seizure of power by Joseph-Désiré Mobutu.
Israel
- A Swiss court has confirmed ongoing criminal investigations into the businesses of Dan Gertler, an Israeli diamond dealer suspected of large-scale corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Switzerland’s Federal Criminal Court released on Friday a 13-page judgment that details how the United States has sought information, including banking records, about Gertler’s business since 2012. Gertler’s companies appealed a Swiss decision to provide information to the United States. The court rejected the appeal and published its decision.https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/u-s-obtains-swiss-bank-records-congo-corruption-probe/
angola
- https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2019/8/5d5fad434/thousands-dr-congo-refugees-head-home-kasai-region-angola.html An estimated 8,500 refugees have spontaneously left the Lóvua settlement in Angola’s Lunda Norte province since 18 August with the intention of returning home to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This appears to be a response to reports of improved security in some of their places of origin and anxiety to return home in time for the beginning of the academic year.More than a thousand refugees have already crossed into DRC and many others are moving towards the border with DRC’s Kasai region.Kasai province is recovering from deadly clashes between armed groups and DRC forces in 2017 that displaced some 1.4 million people from their homes. Around 37,000 refugees from the violence crossed into Angola. This week’s spontaneous returns from northeastern Angola are linked with presidential elections and follow recent discussions between the visiting DRC officials and refugees, where refugees were briefed about improvements to the security situation in Kasai Provinces.Until now, the Lóvua refugee settlement had been hosting more than 20,000 refugees. The Angolan Government has provided transport to some of those on the move, but others have left the settlement on their own. Many refugees are camping alongside the main roads in northeastern Angola – these include women and children.
chinese
- https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3079862/african-chinese-tv-show-contestant-target-racist-attacks
China
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1690813/beijing-seeks-assurances-safety-chinese-nationals-and-their-property
- mining
- investors from china
belgium
- The Belgian Congo (French: Congo Belge, Dutch: Belgisch-Congo[a]) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa between 1908 and 1960 in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century. King Leopold II of Belgium attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexplored Congo Basin. Their ambivalence resulted in Leopold's creating a colony on his own account. With support from a number of Western countries, Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony, the Congo Free State, in 1885. By the turn of the century, however, the violence used by Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and a ruthless system of economic exploitation led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country, which it did by creating the Belgian Congo in 1908. Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" (trinité coloniale) of state, missionary and private company interests.[7] The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of capital flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became specialised. On many occasions, the interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied, and the state helped companies break strikes and remove other barriers raised by the indigenous population.[7] The country was split into hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions, and run uniformly according to a set "native policy" (politique indigène).[clarification needed] This was in contrast to the British and the French, who generally favoured the system of indirect rulewhereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight. The Congo had a high degree of racial segregation. The large numbers of white immigrants who moved to the Congo after the end of World War II came from across the social spectrum, but were always treated as superior to black people. During the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo had extensive urbanisation, and the colonial administration began various developmentprogrammes aimed at making the territory into a "model colony".[9] One of the results was the development of a new middle class of Europeanised African "évolués" in the cities.[9] By the 1950s the Congo had a wage labour force twice as large as that in any other African colony. In 1960, as the result of a widespread and increasingly radical pro-independence movement, the Congo achieved independence, becoming the Republic of Congo-Léopoldville under Patrice Lumumba and Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Poor relations between political factions within the Congo, the continued involvement of Belgium in Congolese affairs, and the intervention by major parties (mainly the USA and the Soviet Union) during the Cold War led to a five-year-long period of war and political instability, known as the Congo Crisis, from 1960 to 1965. This ended with the seizure of power by Joseph-Désiré Mobutu.
- Congo Free State was the private property of King Leopold II. The King, however, never set foot in it and never made a single cent profit. Neither did he know about the atrocities.What happened is this: a private company, the “International Association of the Congo” (IAC) got the sovereignty over Congo Free State and exercised it on behalf of King Leopold II. The major shareholders were British and Dutch businessmen, and only a single Belgian he operated in the name of the King.The IAC sold concessions to businessmen from mainly Britain and the US, but most European countries were represented. The IAC was mainly run by Belgians. The atrocities, however, began when concession holders demanded higher profit margins. The Belgian administrators, who were partially paid in a percentage of the profits, had no problem committing these atrocities.King Leopold II, however, was never aware of them. The AIC was, at least officially, operating at a loss. They constantly asked for more funds and Leopold II sank his private fortune in the company and when that was gone, had to loan money from the Belgian State.When these atrocities became public, the British and to a lesser extent the Americans, realizing most concession holders were either Americans or British, began a slander campaign against Leopold II and he got blamed.Each time Leopold II sued British newspaper, he has won the case in British courts as these newspaper could not produce a single piece of evidence implicating the King. The harm was done, however, and Leopold II is viewed the world over a genocidal maniac while in reality, he was the victim of the scrupulous machinations of the Belgian administrators.Utterly broke and not able to pay back his loans to the Belgian State, he turned Congo over to the Belgian State. He did install a Royal Commission to investigate these crimes but it was too little and too late.Things became better until 1914 when World War One broke out. Suddenly the natural resources of Belgian Congo were essential for the Allied war effort.The British insisted on higher production quotas … and the violence reached levels never heard of before. The Belgian government could do whatever t wanted, the Allies were looking the other way as they needed the resources.Between the two Wars, things got better again, but the whole cycle of violence was repeated in Wolrd War Two when the Allies again needed the resources. This time the horror didn’t stop in 1945 as the world was plunged into the Cold War and the uranium ore was vital for the American nuclear weapons production.The Belgian military operated clandestinely to suppress any form of revolt or insurgency, no matter how small … now with the full backing of the Britsh and Americans. The atrocities continued well into the 1960s.NATO even operated a clandestine base near the Shinkolobwe mine to ensure the continuous flow of uranium ore.https://www.quora.com/Do-Belgians-get-taught-in-school-about-the-atrocities-their-country-commited-in-Africa
Israel
- A Swiss court has confirmed ongoing criminal investigations into the businesses of Dan Gertler, an Israeli diamond dealer suspected of large-scale corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Switzerland’s Federal Criminal Court released on Friday a 13-page judgment that details how the United States has sought information, including banking records, about Gertler’s business since 2012. Gertler’s companies appealed a Swiss decision to provide information to the United States. The court rejected the appeal and published its decision.https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/u-s-obtains-swiss-bank-records-congo-corruption-probe/
angola
- https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2019/8/5d5fad434/thousands-dr-congo-refugees-head-home-kasai-region-angola.html An estimated 8,500 refugees have spontaneously left the Lóvua settlement in Angola’s Lunda Norte province since 18 August with the intention of returning home to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This appears to be a response to reports of improved security in some of their places of origin and anxiety to return home in time for the beginning of the academic year.More than a thousand refugees have already crossed into DRC and many others are moving towards the border with DRC’s Kasai region.Kasai province is recovering from deadly clashes between armed groups and DRC forces in 2017 that displaced some 1.4 million people from their homes. Around 37,000 refugees from the violence crossed into Angola. This week’s spontaneous returns from northeastern Angola are linked with presidential elections and follow recent discussions between the visiting DRC officials and refugees, where refugees were briefed about improvements to the security situation in Kasai Provinces.Until now, the Lóvua refugee settlement had been hosting more than 20,000 refugees. The Angolan Government has provided transport to some of those on the move, but others have left the settlement on their own. Many refugees are camping alongside the main roads in northeastern Angola – these include women and children.
chinese
- https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3079862/african-chinese-tv-show-contestant-target-racist-attacks
- mining
- 從事銅鈷礦產業務 的金川國際（02362），行政總裁郜 天鵬表示，受到疫情影響，導致銅供 應減少，有利銅價回升，受益於此， 預計下半年的收入會較上半年為佳。 另外，公司目前在剛果有一個處於開 發階段的項目 「Musonoi」 ，預計在 2023年建成，其中鈷的年產量預計為 7800噸，銅年產量約為3.8萬噸。 金川國際主要生產銅及鈷兩個礦 物，擁有兩座營運礦場，Ruashi礦場 及Kinsenda礦場。當中Ruashi礦場銅 年產量為7.3萬噸，鈷年產量為5100噸 ，Kinsenda的銅年產量為3.1萬噸。另 外，還有一個勘探中位於剛果的銅礦 項目Lubembe。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200928/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1690813/beijing-seeks-assurances-safety-chinese-nationals-and-their-property
- mining
- https://www.ft.com/content/55a5396a-a12d-11e6-891e-abe238dee8e2 The chairman of Gecamines, the state-controlled mining company in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has outlined ambitious plans to partner with Chinese investors to ramp up production of copper and other commodities in the resource-rich African country.
- Jerry Jiao, CEO of miner MMG Ltd., said Thursday. MMG’s head of operations for Africa, Australia and Asia attended the meeting, he said. Government officials said they’d be open to discuss a 10-year stability agreement, which “is very key for everybody,” Jiao said.https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/2018/03/08/congolese-president-kabila-to-sign-controversial-mining-law
- 中非國家剛果民主共和國一個採礦場，當地時間周日早上遭武裝分子襲擊，燒毀車輛和掠奪貴重財物，殺害了三名職員，包括兩名中國籍員工。中國大使館周一向該國有關部門提出交涉，要求政府展開深入調查，並保護在剛中國僑民的生命和財產安全。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190320/00178_017.html
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-27/congo-s-14-billion-dam-project-threatened-by-disagreements Serious disagreements between groups of Spanish and Chinese developers that want to build a 11,000-megawatt hydropower plant in the Democratic Republic of Congo may scuttle plans for the $14 billion project, according to a report.
- investors from china
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f222487c-15d3-11e6-b197-a4af20d5575e.html Freeport-McMoRan on Monday outlined plans to sell its largest African copper mine to China Molybdenum for $2.65bn, in the US mining company’s most decisive step so far to reduce its $20bn debt load. The sale of the Tenke Fungurume mine in the Democratic Republic of Congo will be seen as one of the mining industry’s biggest forced sales after a steep commodity downturn that has pushed several companies to take drastic action to shore up their balance sheets.
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201608/0816/HA09816COWW.pdf gecamines, 洛陽鉬業, 紫金礦業
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160921/00180_003.html剛果民主共和國首都金沙薩的軍警，周一與示威者爆發衝突，迄今超過五十人死亡，包括三名警察。事件中有數家中國人開設的商舖被搶掠
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170619/00178_007.html一名在中非國家剛果民主共和國從事建材生意的中國公民，本月八日被當地的移民局人員帶走，至今未釋放。中國駐剛果民主共和國大使館表示，該名中國公民目前身體狀況良好，使館會繼續跟進。
- anti-chinese
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161129/00180_023.html 中非國家剛果民主共和國的首都金沙薩（Kinshasa），昨日爆發了針對中國的示威。有中學生因不滿教育部欲將他們學校的一部分撥給駐當地的中國大使館，在教育部總部前遊行抗議。有學生更高舉「向中國人說不（No to the Chinese）」的標語，要求政府收回成命。
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