- ministry of commerce and industries
- http://moci.gov.af/en/page/6042 Cashmere working group
Balkh (/bɑːlx/; Persian/Pashto: بلخ Balkh; Bactrian: βαχλο, ẞaxlɔ) was an ancient city and centre of Buddhism, Islam, and Zoroastrianismin what is now northern Afghanistan. Today it is a small town in the province of Balkh, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some 74 km (46 mi) south of the Amu Darya. It was one of the major cities of Khorasan, since the latter's earliest history. Marco Polo described Balkh as a "noble and great city". The ancient city of Balkh was known to the Ancient Greeks as Bactra, giving its name to Bactria. It was mostly known as the centre and capital of Bactria or Tokharistan. Balkh is now for the most part a mass of ruins, situated some 12 km from the right bank of the seasonally flowing Balkh River, at an elevation of about 365 m (1,200 ft). Outside the town was a large Buddhist monastery later known as Naubahar (or Nava Vihāra in Sanskrit). French Buddhist Alexandra David-Néel associated Shambhala with Balkh, also offering the Persian Sham-i-Bala, "elevated candle" as an etymology of its name.[3] In a similar vein, the Gurdjieffian J. G. Bennett published speculation that Shambalha was Shams-i-Balkh, a Bactrian sun temple.
- Aramgah e Qazi Yunus (Persian: آرامگاه قاضى يونس, now known as Hajji Piadah Baba ḤĀJI PIĀDA pilgrimage to Mecca on foot) is the tomb of the Prophet Yunus. The tomb is on the edge of the Masjid e No Gonbad (Persian: مسجد نُهگنبد Mosque of Nine Cupolas), a Samanid-style building in Balkh province of northern Afghanistan. It was built in the 9th century, it is thought to be the earliest Islamic building in the country. In the Sassanid Dynasty the Akashdadah e Naubahar (Persian: آتشکده نوبهار Fire Temple of Naubahar) was located there. In the Kushan Empire it was a common meditation center, with Barmarkiden ornaments featuring expanded Hindu, Buddhist and Zoroastrian patterns (Mithra cult like sun, flowers, lily) which were painted over with plaster during the Samanid conquest. Nine domes were added making it the first mosque in Bactra. As the hidden ornaments were discovered, they were destroyed in deference to Islamic religious considerations. The grave of Judge Yunus does not fit into the complex.
- The Barmakids (Persian: برمکیان Barmakīyān; Arabic: البرامكة al-Barāmikah, from the Sanskritप्रमुख pramukha, "leader, chief administrator, registrar"); also spelled Barmecides, were an Iranian influential family from Balkh in Bactria where they were originally hereditary Buddhist leaders (in the Nawbahar monastery), and subsequently came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad. Khalid, the son of Barmak became the prime minister (wazir) of Al Saffah, the first Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty. His son Yahya aided Harun Al-Rashid in capturing the throne and rose to power as the most powerful man in the Caliphate. The Barmakids were remarkable for their majesty, splendor and hospitality. They are mentioned in some stories of the Arabian Nights.
- The Barmakids (Persian: برمکیان Barmakīyān; Arabic: البرامكة al-Barāmikah, from the Sanskritप्रमुख pramukha, "leader, chief administrator, registrar"); also spelled Barmecides, were an Iranian influential family from Balkh in Bactria where they were originally hereditary Buddhist leaders (in the Nawbahar monastery), and subsequently came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad. Khalid, the son of Barmak became the prime minister (wazir) of Al Saffah, the first Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty. His son Yahya aided Harun Al-Rashid in capturing the throne and rose to power as the most powerful man in the Caliphate. The Barmakids were remarkable for their majesty, splendor and hospitality. They are mentioned in some stories of the Arabian Nights.
Mazar-i-Sharif or Mazar-e-Sharif (Persian/Pashto: مزارِ شریف, ˌmæˈzɒːr ˌi ʃæˈriːf) is the third-largest city of Afghanistan, with a population of 693,000 (2015). It is the capital of Balkh province and is linked by highways with Kunduz in the east, Kabul in the southeast, Herat in the west and Uzbekistan in the north. Mazar-e Sharif, along with Herat, Jalalabad in the east and Kandahar in the south, makes Afghanistan an important strategic location in Asia. The city also serves as one of the many tourist attractions because of its famous shrines as well as the Muslim and Hellenistic archeological sites.
Nangarhār (Pashto: ننګرهار; Persian: ننگرهار) Henry George Raverty theorized that the word Nangarhar is derived from the Pashto term nang-nahlr ("nine streams"), which appears in some Persian languagechronicles. The term supposedly refers to nine streams originating from Safed Koh. However, according to S. H. Hodivala, the name of the province derives from the Sanskrit term Nagarahara, which appears in a 9th century inscription discovered at Ghosrawa in present-day Bihar, India. Nang-go-lo-ho, the Chinese transcription of this term appears in the annals of the Song dynasty of China. Henry Walter Bellew derived the name from the Sanskrit nava-vihara, meaning "nine viharas".
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2018-07/24/content_36632048.htmformer poppy grower Mohammad Din Sapai quickly but carefully plucks the delicate petals that will be turned into rose water and oils for sale around the world.
The Wakhan Corridor (Pashto: واخان دهلېز Wāxān Dahléz, Persian: دالان واخان) is a narrow strip of territory in Afghanistan, that extends to China and separates Tajikistan from Pakistan.[1][2][3] The corridor, wedged between the Pamir Mountains to the north and the Karakoram range to the south, is about 350 km (220 mi) long and 13–65 kilometres (8–40 mi) wide.[4] From this high mountain valley the Panj and Pamir Rivers emerge and form the Amu Darya. A trade route through the valley has been used by travellers going to and from East, South and Central Asia since antiquity.The corridor was formed by an 1893 agreement between the United Kingdom and Afghanistan, creating the Durand Line.[6] This narrow strip of Afghanistan acted as a buffer between the Russian Empire (Russian Turkestan (present Tajikistan) and the British Empire (present Pakistan). Its eastern end bordered China's Xinjiang region, ruled by the Qing dynasty. Politically, the corridor is part of Afghanistan's Badakhshan Province.瓦罕走廊（波斯語：واخان）又称阿富汗走廊、瓦罕帕米尔、阿富汗帕米尔[1]，是阿富汗巴达赫尚省至中国新疆维吾尔自治区境内呈东西向的狭长地带，位于帕米尔高原南端和兴都库什山脉北段之间的一个山谷。历史上是古丝绸之路的一部分，也是华夏文明与印度文明交流的重要通道。是帕米尔高原的八帕之一。
- hkej 14jun19 shum article
Association
- http://www.afghanistannationalinstituteofmusic.org The Afghanistan National Institute of Music (ANIM) is a school of music in Kabul, Afghanistan. It was founded by the Afghan-Australian ethnomusicologist Dr. Ahmad Naser Sarmast, and offers a curriculum combining the tuition of both Afghan and Western music. ANIM is a co-educational institute. Established in 2010.
Industry
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-12/19/content_19121908.htm Saffron cultivation needs lots of land and labor, but the world's most expensive spice could be an economic lifeline for Afghanistan, with international financial support set to decline in coming years.
- cement
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-06/01/content_25565534.htm
After a break of 20years ,Afghanistan 's first cement factory is again clanking noisily in the countryside near Kabul as crushed-up limestone rocks rattle along a battered conveyor belt to the newly restored kiln .In an area desperately short of industry and jobs ,workers hope the relaunch of the plant ,built by Czech engineers in 1957and shut by the Taliban in 1995,heralds the revival of an industry shattered by decades of war and destruction .
- Hamid Karzai /ˈhæmᵻd ˈkɑːrˌzaɪ/(Pashto/Persian: حامد کرزی; born 24 December 1957) served as President of Afghanistan for almost ten years, from 7 December 2004 to 29 September 2014. He comes from a politically active family; Karzai's father, uncle and grandfather were all active in Afghan politics and government. Karzai and his father before him, Abdul Ahad Karzai, were each head of the Popalzai tribe of the Durrani tribal confederation.
politics
- economist 14mar2020 "twin peaks" two rival presidential candidates both take the oath of office
food market
- http://world.chinadaily.com.cn/2017-02/28/content_28380160.htm 卡法士百鸟市场位于喀布尔老城区的一条狭长街道。据当地人介绍,该市场已有300多年的历史。“Kah Frashi”在达利语中意为“谷物”,这条街道 历史上曾是首都最大的谷物市场,在漫长的历史岁月中,逐渐发展成为今天远近闻名的百鸟市场,吸引着络绎不绝的爱鸟之人驻足观赏。
language
- Darī (Dari: دری [daˈɾiː]) or Dari Persian (فارسی دری Fārsī-ye Darī [fɒːɾsije daˈɾiː]) or synonymously Farsi (فارسی Fārsī [fɒːɾsiː]) is a variation of the Persian languagespoken in Afghanistan. Dari is the term officially recognized and promoted since 1964 by the Afghan government for the Persian language, hence, it is also known as Afghan Persian in many Western sources.This has resulted in a naming dispute. Many Persian speakers in Afghanistan prefer and use the name "Farsi" and say the term Dari has been forced on them by the dominant Pashtun ethnic group as an attempt to distance Afghans from their cultural, linguistic, and historical ties to the Persian-speaking world, which includes Iran, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. As defined in the Constitution of Afghanistan, it is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan; the other is Pashto.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191106/PDF/b12_screen.pdf 香港歷史博物館本年度重點展覽之一「塵封璀璨──阿富汗古文物」展覽今日起舉行，展出阿富汗出土的二百三十一件（套）珍貴文物，其中超過一半為金器，另有玻璃器、青銅雕塑，以及象牙雕刻等。
Buddhism
- The Buddhas of Bamiyan (Persian: بت های باميان – bothā-ye Bāmiyān) were in 4th and 5th-centuries [1] monumental statues of standing buddhacarved into the side of a cliff in the Bamyan valley in the Hazarajat by Hazaras region of central Afghanistan. They were dynamited and destroyed in March 2001 by the Taliban, on orders from leader Mullah Mohammed Omar, after the Taliban government declared that they were idols. An envoy visiting the United States in the following weeks explained that they were destroyed to protest international aid exclusively reserved for statue maintenance while Afghanistan was experiencing famine, while the Afghan Foreign Minister claimed that the destruction was merely about carrying out Islamic religious iconoclasm. International opinion strongly condemned the destruction of the Buddhas, which in the following years was primarily viewed as an example of the extreme religious intolerance of the Taliban. Japan and Switzerland, among others, have pledged support for the rebuilding of the statues. Bamiyan lies on the Silk Road, which runs through the Hindu Kush mountain region, in the Bamiyan Valley. The Silk Road has been historically a caravan route linking the markets of China with those of the Western world. It was the site of several Buddhist monasteries, and a thriving center for religion, philosophy, and art. Monks at the monasteries lived as hermits in small caves carved into the side of the Bamiyan cliffs. Most of these monks embellished their caves with religious statuary and elaborate, brightly colored frescoes. It was a Buddhist religious site from the 2nd century up to the time of the Islamic invasion in the later half of the 7th century. Until it was completely conquered by the MuslimSaffarids in the 9th century, Bamiyan shared the culture of Gandhara. The two most prominent statues were the giant standing Buddhas Vairocana and Sakyamuni, identified by the different mudras performed. The Buddha popularly called "Solsol" measured 53 meters tall, and "Shahmama" 35 meters—the niches in which the figures stood are 58 and 38 meters respectively from bottom to top.[3][9] Before being blown up in 2001 they were the largest examples of standing Buddha carvings in the world (the 8th century Leshan Giant Buddha is taller,[10] but that statue is sitting). Since then the Spring Temple Buddha has been built in China, and at 128 m (420 ft) it is the tallest statue in the world. Plans for the construction of the Spring Temple Buddha were announced soon after the blowing up of the Bamiyan Buddhas and China condemned the systematic destruction of the Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan.
history
- Afghanistan was established as an Emirite in 1823 and sandwiched between growing Russian and British spheres of influence. Wars were fought to prevent the other controlling the territory.The Emirite was never fully annexed by either power, but was made a British protectorate. It posed a constant thorn in the side of British India, with tribes and clans skirmishing along the North-West Frontier for decades. It was these tribal incursions that led to the 3rd Afghan War, and an end to being a protectorate.https://www.quora.com/Which-nation-best-withstood-British-imperial-conquest-and-what-aided-them
- The First Anglo-Afghan War (also known by the British as the Disaster in Afghanistan)[3] was fought between the British East India Company and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1839 to 1842. Initially, the British successfully intervened in a succession dispute between emir Dost Mohammad (Barakzai) and former emir Shah Shujah (Durrani), whom they installed upon conquering Kabul in August 1839. The main British Indian and Sikh force occupying Kabul along with their camp followers, having endured harsh winters as well, was almost completely annihilated while retreating in January 1842.[1][2] The British then sent an Army of Retribution to Kabul to avenge their defeat, and having demolished parts of the capital and recovered prisoners they left Afghanistan altogether by the end of the year. Dost Mohamed returned from exile in India to resume his rule. It was one of the first major conflicts during the Great Game, the 19th century competition for power and influence in Central Asia between Britain and Russia.
- The Second Anglo-Afghan War (Pashto: د افغان-انګرېز دويمه جګړه) was a military conflict fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880, when the latter was ruled by Sher Ali Khan of the Barakzai dynasty, the son of former Emir Dost Mohammad Khan. This was the second time British India invaded Afghanistan. The war ended after a series of military victories by the British against various Afghan forces.[5] The Afghans agreed to let the British attain all of their geopolitical objectives from the Treaty of Gandamak. Most of the British and Indian soldiers withdrew from Afghanistan. The Afghan tribes were permitted to maintain internal rule and local customs but they had to cede control of the area's foreign relations to the British, who, in turn, guaranteed the area's freedom from foreign military domination as a buffer between the British Raj and the Russian Empire. Afghanistan also officially ceded various border territories to the British Empire.
- The Third Anglo-Afghan War (Pashto: د افغان-انګرېز درېمه جګړه), also referred to as the Third Afghan War, began on 6 May 1919 when the Emirate of Afghanistan invaded British India and ended with an armistice on 8 August 1919.[5][6][7][8][9] The war resulted in the Afghans winning back control of foreign affairs from Britain, and the British recognising Afghanistan as independent.[10] According to British author Michael Barthorp, it was also a minor strategic victory for the British because the Durand Line was reaffirmed as the political boundary between Afghanistan and the British Raj, and the Afghans agreed not to foment trouble on the British side.
- The Kingdom of Afghanistan (Pashto: د افغانستان واکمنان, Dǝ Afġānistān wākmanān; Persian: پادشاهي افغانستان, Pādešāhī-ye Afġānistān) was a constitutional monarchy in southern and central Asia established in 1926 as a successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan. It was proclaimed by its first king, Amanullah Khan, seven years after his accession to the throne.
- U.S. forces in Afghanistan have attacked networks of anti-China militants in an action that is likely to please Beijing, which had called for Western cooperation in its fight against a group it says wants to split off its Xinjiang region. The strikes in the northern province of Badakhshan destroyed Taliban training camps which support militant operations in Afghanistan as well as operations by the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) in the border region with China and Tajikistan, Afghanistan’s NATO-led mission said in a release on Thursday.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-usa-china/u-s-forces-in-afghanistan-attack-anti-china-militants-idUSKBN1FS23S
Russia
- The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years from December 1979 to February 1989. Insurgent groups ("theMujahideen") fought against the Soviet Army and allied Afghan forces. Between 850,000–1.5 million civilians were killed[26][27] and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees, mostly to Pakistan and Iran.
- Russia on Friday offered to host peace talks between the Afghan government and the Taliban, the Russian foreign ministry said after it hosted diplomats from the regional countries in Moscow. “The third round of consultations on the Afghan issue was attended by representatives of Russia, Afghanistan, China, India, Iran, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan,” the Russian Tass news agency quoted a foreign ministry statement as saying. This was the third meeting Russia has hosted in four months to push for political negotiations. “The US had been invited to take part in the consultations but it refused [to attend] for reasons unclear to us,” it added. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1384265/russia-offers-host-taliban-kabul-talks/
iran
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170203/00180_036.html 阿齊米是阿富汗的哈扎拉族人，幼時與家人逃難至伊朗。人在異鄉，令她有機會接觸到中國武術。經過三年苦練後，阿齊米在武術比賽中獲得一面金牌。一年前，她回到阿富汗首都喀布爾開館，招收了九名哈扎拉族的女徒弟。阿齊米夢想有一天能組隊參加國際性的少林武術大賽。
Pakistan
- http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21706538-one-worlds-largest-refugee-populations-being-driven-out-pakistan-homecoming-spleen
india/china conflict
food market
- http://world.chinadaily.com.cn/2017-02/28/content_28380160.htm 卡法士百鸟市场位于喀布尔老城区的一条狭长街道。据当地人介绍,该市场已有300多年的历史。“Kah Frashi”在达利语中意为“谷物”,这条街道 历史上曾是首都最大的谷物市场,在漫长的历史岁月中,逐渐发展成为今天远近闻名的百鸟市场,吸引着络绎不绝的爱鸟之人驻足观赏。
language
- Darī (Dari: دری [daˈɾiː]) or Dari Persian (فارسی دری Fārsī-ye Darī [fɒːɾsije daˈɾiː]) or synonymously Farsi (فارسی Fārsī [fɒːɾsiː]) is a variation of the Persian languagespoken in Afghanistan. Dari is the term officially recognized and promoted since 1964 by the Afghan government for the Persian language, hence, it is also known as Afghan Persian in many Western sources.This has resulted in a naming dispute. Many Persian speakers in Afghanistan prefer and use the name "Farsi" and say the term Dari has been forced on them by the dominant Pashtun ethnic group as an attempt to distance Afghans from their cultural, linguistic, and historical ties to the Persian-speaking world, which includes Iran, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. As defined in the Constitution of Afghanistan, it is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan; the other is Pashto.
- https://www.quora.com/Is-Dari-a-Persian-Farsi-based-creole
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191106/PDF/b12_screen.pdf 香港歷史博物館本年度重點展覽之一「塵封璀璨──阿富汗古文物」展覽今日起舉行，展出阿富汗出土的二百三十一件（套）珍貴文物，其中超過一半為金器，另有玻璃器、青銅雕塑，以及象牙雕刻等。
Buddhism
- The Buddhas of Bamiyan (Persian: بت های باميان – bothā-ye Bāmiyān) were in 4th and 5th-centuries [1] monumental statues of standing buddhacarved into the side of a cliff in the Bamyan valley in the Hazarajat by Hazaras region of central Afghanistan. They were dynamited and destroyed in March 2001 by the Taliban, on orders from leader Mullah Mohammed Omar, after the Taliban government declared that they were idols. An envoy visiting the United States in the following weeks explained that they were destroyed to protest international aid exclusively reserved for statue maintenance while Afghanistan was experiencing famine, while the Afghan Foreign Minister claimed that the destruction was merely about carrying out Islamic religious iconoclasm. International opinion strongly condemned the destruction of the Buddhas, which in the following years was primarily viewed as an example of the extreme religious intolerance of the Taliban. Japan and Switzerland, among others, have pledged support for the rebuilding of the statues. Bamiyan lies on the Silk Road, which runs through the Hindu Kush mountain region, in the Bamiyan Valley. The Silk Road has been historically a caravan route linking the markets of China with those of the Western world. It was the site of several Buddhist monasteries, and a thriving center for religion, philosophy, and art. Monks at the monasteries lived as hermits in small caves carved into the side of the Bamiyan cliffs. Most of these monks embellished their caves with religious statuary and elaborate, brightly colored frescoes. It was a Buddhist religious site from the 2nd century up to the time of the Islamic invasion in the later half of the 7th century. Until it was completely conquered by the MuslimSaffarids in the 9th century, Bamiyan shared the culture of Gandhara. The two most prominent statues were the giant standing Buddhas Vairocana and Sakyamuni, identified by the different mudras performed. The Buddha popularly called "Solsol" measured 53 meters tall, and "Shahmama" 35 meters—the niches in which the figures stood are 58 and 38 meters respectively from bottom to top.[3][9] Before being blown up in 2001 they were the largest examples of standing Buddha carvings in the world (the 8th century Leshan Giant Buddha is taller,[10] but that statue is sitting). Since then the Spring Temple Buddha has been built in China, and at 128 m (420 ft) it is the tallest statue in the world. Plans for the construction of the Spring Temple Buddha were announced soon after the blowing up of the Bamiyan Buddhas and China condemned the systematic destruction of the Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan.
history
- Afghanistan was established as an Emirite in 1823 and sandwiched between growing Russian and British spheres of influence. Wars were fought to prevent the other controlling the territory.The Emirite was never fully annexed by either power, but was made a British protectorate. It posed a constant thorn in the side of British India, with tribes and clans skirmishing along the North-West Frontier for decades. It was these tribal incursions that led to the 3rd Afghan War, and an end to being a protectorate.https://www.quora.com/Which-nation-best-withstood-British-imperial-conquest-and-what-aided-them
- The First Anglo-Afghan War (also known by the British as the Disaster in Afghanistan)[3] was fought between the British East India Company and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1839 to 1842. Initially, the British successfully intervened in a succession dispute between emir Dost Mohammad (Barakzai) and former emir Shah Shujah (Durrani), whom they installed upon conquering Kabul in August 1839. The main British Indian and Sikh force occupying Kabul along with their camp followers, having endured harsh winters as well, was almost completely annihilated while retreating in January 1842.[1][2] The British then sent an Army of Retribution to Kabul to avenge their defeat, and having demolished parts of the capital and recovered prisoners they left Afghanistan altogether by the end of the year. Dost Mohamed returned from exile in India to resume his rule. It was one of the first major conflicts during the Great Game, the 19th century competition for power and influence in Central Asia between Britain and Russia.
- The Second Anglo-Afghan War (Pashto: د افغان-انګرېز دويمه جګړه) was a military conflict fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880, when the latter was ruled by Sher Ali Khan of the Barakzai dynasty, the son of former Emir Dost Mohammad Khan. This was the second time British India invaded Afghanistan. The war ended after a series of military victories by the British against various Afghan forces.[5] The Afghans agreed to let the British attain all of their geopolitical objectives from the Treaty of Gandamak. Most of the British and Indian soldiers withdrew from Afghanistan. The Afghan tribes were permitted to maintain internal rule and local customs but they had to cede control of the area's foreign relations to the British, who, in turn, guaranteed the area's freedom from foreign military domination as a buffer between the British Raj and the Russian Empire. Afghanistan also officially ceded various border territories to the British Empire.
- The Third Anglo-Afghan War (Pashto: د افغان-انګرېز درېمه جګړه), also referred to as the Third Afghan War, began on 6 May 1919 when the Emirate of Afghanistan invaded British India and ended with an armistice on 8 August 1919.[5][6][7][8][9] The war resulted in the Afghans winning back control of foreign affairs from Britain, and the British recognising Afghanistan as independent.[10] According to British author Michael Barthorp, it was also a minor strategic victory for the British because the Durand Line was reaffirmed as the political boundary between Afghanistan and the British Raj, and the Afghans agreed not to foment trouble on the British side.
- The Kingdom of Afghanistan (Pashto: د افغانستان واکمنان, Dǝ Afġānistān wākmanān; Persian: پادشاهي افغانستان, Pādešāhī-ye Afġānistān) was a constitutional monarchy in southern and central Asia established in 1926 as a successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan. It was proclaimed by its first king, Amanullah Khan, seven years after his accession to the throne.
- The Order of the Supreme Sun (Order of the Sun, Nishan-i-Lmar-i-Ala) was a decoration of the former Kingdom of Afghanistan. The Order was instituted in 1920 by King Amanullah Khan and discontinued in 1973. It was awarded for services to the state and had four grades (Collar, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Classes) and a Medal of Merit. The Order's ribbon was blue with a central red stripe (until 1960).
- U.S. forces in Afghanistan have attacked networks of anti-China militants in an action that is likely to please Beijing, which had called for Western cooperation in its fight against a group it says wants to split off its Xinjiang region. The strikes in the northern province of Badakhshan destroyed Taliban training camps which support militant operations in Afghanistan as well as operations by the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) in the border region with China and Tajikistan, Afghanistan’s NATO-led mission said in a release on Thursday.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-usa-china/u-s-forces-in-afghanistan-attack-anti-china-militants-idUSKBN1FS23S
Russia
- The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years from December 1979 to February 1989. Insurgent groups ("theMujahideen") fought against the Soviet Army and allied Afghan forces. Between 850,000–1.5 million civilians were killed[26][27] and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees, mostly to Pakistan and Iran.
- https://www.rbth.com/history/332387-russia-afghanistan-war-us
- Russia on Friday offered to host peace talks between the Afghan government and the Taliban, the Russian foreign ministry said after it hosted diplomats from the regional countries in Moscow. “The third round of consultations on the Afghan issue was attended by representatives of Russia, Afghanistan, China, India, Iran, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan,” the Russian Tass news agency quoted a foreign ministry statement as saying. This was the third meeting Russia has hosted in four months to push for political negotiations. “The US had been invited to take part in the consultations but it refused [to attend] for reasons unclear to us,” it added. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1384265/russia-offers-host-taliban-kabul-talks/
iran
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170203/00180_036.html 阿齊米是阿富汗的哈扎拉族人，幼時與家人逃難至伊朗。人在異鄉，令她有機會接觸到中國武術。經過三年苦練後，阿齊米在武術比賽中獲得一面金牌。一年前，她回到阿富汗首都喀布爾開館，招收了九名哈扎拉族的女徒弟。阿齊米夢想有一天能組隊參加國際性的少林武術大賽。
Pakistan
- http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21706538-one-worlds-largest-refugee-populations-being-driven-out-pakistan-homecoming-spleen
india/china conflict
- 中印邊境衝突，關鍵不在邊境，而在阿富汗。美國於今年二月與塔利班協議，十一月美軍將從阿富汗撤走，僅餘四千五百人，明年中會全部撤退，還政於阿。由此而觸發各方競爭，在阿富汗擺脫美軍控制之後爭奪政治權力。塔利班與巴基斯坦關係密切，與阿富汗現政府和美國談判也是出自巴國之力。九月中在卡塔爾首都多哈舉行阿富汗內部和平談判，有十五國參加，但因美軍要撤退，阿富汗內部實力偏向於塔利班，巴基斯坦全力支持，而巴國之後還有中國，形勢不利於阿國現政府和其他親美地方武裝，更沒有空間讓印度插手。即使印度外交部長參與會議，亦起不了多大作用。美軍撤走後，阿富汗將是塔利班、巴基斯坦和中國三方合作主導。最近塔利班傳與中國商討日後基建投資，更可顯示出塔利班勢必當權。當權後的建設，除了協助中國在阿富汗的龐大投資，還會主力發展基建，擴大內外的連接和水電等公共服務，進行經濟建設。吸取上次被推翻的教訓，塔利班還會堅持構建伊斯蘭體制，但不會盲目極端，排斥經濟發展與對外開放。這正好在美國援助撤退之後，依靠中國，也正好利用中巴經濟走廊的發展，打破不通海路的困境。本來，印度早有計劃開發伊朗的恰赫巴哈爾（Chabahar）港口，建設鐵路公路連接伊阿邊境，使現時阿富汗絕大多數外貿經伊朗的得以改善增強，從而使阿國減少與巴基斯坦和中國的經貿關係。印度可藉此影響政經大局，接替美國，入主阿富汗。可惜印度財力不足，恰赫巴哈爾港口缺乏投資，反而讓中國乘虛而入。印度要打通阿富汗西通南下之路，卻只有計劃，無法落實。相反，中巴經濟走廊發展迅速，瓜德爾港通航，今年且開通從瓜德爾港用貨車運輸連接阿國東南部的杰曼（Chaman）路線，北通阿國第二大城市坎大哈，成為阿國通海的最短貿易路線。除杰曼外，巴國亦開通與阿國的四個邊境通關，巴阿經貿合作加強。因為中巴經濟走廊的發展，烏茲別克亦協議參加中巴經濟走廊，使烏國經阿富汗北部連接到走廊的瓜德爾和卡拉奇通海口，阿富汗重演與中亞相通的中樞作用。烏茲別克族是阿富汗北部地方勢力的主力，烏、阿借中巴經濟走廊出海，當有利加強北部地方勢力，也更有助於阿巴以至與中國的經貿合作。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20201002/00184_001.html
China
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2014-10/29/content_18821626.htm Yin Gang, a researcher of Middle East affairs at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said security is the first issue to tackle if Afghanistan wants to attract more overseas investors. He suggested that China explore a new model of overseas investment in Afghanistan, a package that includes both business cooperation and permission for China to deploy its own security forces to protect the enterprises.
- 極端組織「伊斯蘭國」(ISIS)勢力不斷擴張，除北非利比亞外，近期亦在中亞阿富汗建立據點，於阿富汗東部接壤巴基斯坦地區掠奪大片土地，包括重鎮賈拉拉巴德以南4個地區，據報至少有1,600名武裝分子在當地盤踞。安全形勢惡化威脅到當地基建項目，包括由中國新疆北新路橋集團承建、連接首都喀布爾及賈拉拉巴德的一條公路。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/12/06/a16-1206.pdf
- https://www.ft.com/content/66b0906a-993d-11e8-9702-5946bae86e6d Chinese officials have met the Afghan Taliban several times in the past year, figures in the Pakistan government told the Financial Times, as Beijing seeks to play an important role in ending the 17-year conflict in Afghanistan. People involved in facilitating the talks said Beijing had made a concerted push to engage with the Taliban, going as far as inviting senior members of the Islamist group to China. “The Chinese took great care in making those arrangements,” said one Pakistani official who had been briefed on the trip. Islamabad has acted as a broker for the Taliban, helping to set up negotiations with both China and the US. “The [Taliban] visitors to Beijing got to visit a mosque and eat ‘halal’ food,” the person said. “The Chinese have been trying for some time to urge the Taliban to negotiate, but the meetings were also meant to showcase China’s progress and its tolerance of Muslims.”
- military
- mining
- housing
China and US
- china us to train afghan diplomats http://www.chinadailyasia.com/nation/2014-10/22/content_15181023.html, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150911/PDF/a6_screen.pdf 據新華社報道：第四屆中美合作培 訓阿富汗外交官美方培訓班開班儀式9日在美國國務 院舉行。中國駐美大使崔天凱應邀出席並致辭。美國 務院常務副國務卿布林肯、阿富汗新任駐美大使莫希 卜及參訓的阿外交官等參加了開幕式。 崔天凱對培訓班開班表示祝賀，並宣讀了王毅外 長發來的賀詞。王毅表示，今年是阿富汗十年轉型的 第一年。阿富汗推進和平重建與民族和解面臨新的機 遇。中方希望看到一個團結、穩定、發展、與周邊國 家和睦相處的阿富汗。中方支持阿政府為領導國家實 現和平與發展所作努力，支持 「阿人主導、阿人所有 」的和解進程。中方將加大對阿和平重建的支持，推 進涉阿國際和地區合作，繼續為推動阿問題早日解決 發揮建設性作用。中美合作培訓阿外交官項目增進了 中美阿三方的相互了解，體現了國際社會支持阿和平 重建的共同努力，是中美在第三國合作的成功範例。 中美阿三方將把聯合培訓擴展至阿農業和醫護人員領 域。 崔天凱表示，在習近平主席即將對美國進行國事 訪問之際，很高興看到中美合作培訓阿外交官項目已 成為雙方合作的重要成果。崔天凱表示歡迎阿國外交 官下個月赴華參加中方培訓班。 布林肯表示，中美阿通過培訓合作建立了獨特的 夥伴關係，中美聯合培訓項目不僅幫助阿發展，也為 中美合作和共同支持阿安全、穩定、繁榮和統一發揮 了重要作用。莫希卜大使感謝中美對阿的支持和幫助 ，表示阿將在國際社會支持下努力推進重建與轉型。
China
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2014-10/29/content_18821626.htm Yin Gang, a researcher of Middle East affairs at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said security is the first issue to tackle if Afghanistan wants to attract more overseas investors. He suggested that China explore a new model of overseas investment in Afghanistan, a package that includes both business cooperation and permission for China to deploy its own security forces to protect the enterprises.
- 極端組織「伊斯蘭國」(ISIS)勢力不斷擴張，除北非利比亞外，近期亦在中亞阿富汗建立據點，於阿富汗東部接壤巴基斯坦地區掠奪大片土地，包括重鎮賈拉拉巴德以南4個地區，據報至少有1,600名武裝分子在當地盤踞。安全形勢惡化威脅到當地基建項目，包括由中國新疆北新路橋集團承建、連接首都喀布爾及賈拉拉巴德的一條公路。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/12/06/a16-1206.pdf
- https://www.ft.com/content/66b0906a-993d-11e8-9702-5946bae86e6d Chinese officials have met the Afghan Taliban several times in the past year, figures in the Pakistan government told the Financial Times, as Beijing seeks to play an important role in ending the 17-year conflict in Afghanistan. People involved in facilitating the talks said Beijing had made a concerted push to engage with the Taliban, going as far as inviting senior members of the Islamist group to China. “The Chinese took great care in making those arrangements,” said one Pakistani official who had been briefed on the trip. Islamabad has acted as a broker for the Taliban, helping to set up negotiations with both China and the US. “The [Taliban] visitors to Beijing got to visit a mosque and eat ‘halal’ food,” the person said. “The Chinese have been trying for some time to urge the Taliban to negotiate, but the meetings were also meant to showcase China’s progress and its tolerance of Muslims.”
- military
- https://sputniknews.com/military/201808281067545982-china-building-military-training-afghanistan/ China has reportedly started to build a training camp in Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor, a narrow area that separates Tajikistan from Pakistan, in efforts to improve counterterrorism efforts in the war-torn country. Sources with knowledge of the matter told the South China Morning Post for an article published Tuesday that once the base is completed, Beijing will dispatch to it hundreds of troops, amounting to at least one battalion. A battalion could consists of more than 500 soldiers, according to the Post.
- mining
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2067517/china-plans-destroy-ancient-buddhist-city-get-copper Two Chinese state-owned mining companies plan to destroy an ancient Buddhist city in Afghanistan in order to get the copper underneath it, according to a new documentary. According to the film Saving Mes Aynak, Metallurgical Group Corporation (MCC) and Jiangxi Copper are in the initial stages of building an open-pit copper mine 40km southeast of Kabul. The location is home to a walled Buddhist city that dates back 5,000 years.
According to the Afghan Ministry of Mines and Petroleum, the site is also home to the world’s second-largest copper deposit. China is an importer of copper and a major global refiner of the industrial metal.
- railway
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2084043/fallout-fall-chinese-executive-who-sealed-copper-mine The disgrace last week of the businessman who won a deal in 2007 for China to develop a copper mine in Afghanistan, which was the largest foreign investment deal in the war-torn country at the time, has highlighted the lack of progress on the project over a decade. Shen Heting, the former general manager of the China Metallurgical Group Corp (MCC), a state-owned company, was expelled from the Communist Party for corruption at home, according to a notice from China’s State-owned Asset Supervision and Administration Commission, Beijing’s state assets watchdog. Being expelled from the party is a de facto political death sentence for a state company executive. Shen’s downfall wasn’t related to China’s controversial Mes Aynak copper mine, but the failure of Shen’s consortium to profit from the headline-grabbing deal over the last decade exposes pitfalls in Beijing’s state-backed strategy of investing abroad to obtain resources and influence.
- 浙江義烏已有鐵路貨運中亞班列通往阿富汗，據說當地長駐一千多阿富汗商人，每年至少有三萬集裝箱運往阿富汗。十二月中旬，江西贛州也首開阿富汗班列，至該國馬扎里沙里夫市，五十八個集裝箱運的是日用生活品、機器、小五金、摩托車配件、玩具等。義烏與贛州的路線都是從新疆出境，經哈薩克、烏茲別克到靠近北部邊境的馬扎里沙里夫，該市也是阿富汗僅有新建的鐵路連接。阿富汗北部是政府軍統治地區，也即是美國經援支持的市場，與南部塔利班割據的地區不同。阿富汗屢經戰亂，工業消費品全賴進口，但交通不便，物價高昂，中國的商品特別是小商品，全無競爭對手，商品亦容易輾轉運到南部發售。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20171222/00184_001.html
- housing
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-03/23/content_28647730.htm Afghan authorities expect work on the first phase of a multimillion-dollar housingproject financed by China to begin within months, as Beijing continues to raise itsdevelopment profile in the region. The project, originally announced in 2015 during a visit to Kabul by Chinese Vice-President LiYuanchao, is expected to see construction of 10,000 housing units for Afghan civil servantsafter the project was cleared by both governments last week.
China and US
- china us to train afghan diplomats http://www.chinadailyasia.com/nation/2014-10/22/content_15181023.html, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150911/PDF/a6_screen.pdf 據新華社報道：第四屆中美合作培 訓阿富汗外交官美方培訓班開班儀式9日在美國國務 院舉行。中國駐美大使崔天凱應邀出席並致辭。美國 務院常務副國務卿布林肯、阿富汗新任駐美大使莫希 卜及參訓的阿外交官等參加了開幕式。 崔天凱對培訓班開班表示祝賀，並宣讀了王毅外 長發來的賀詞。王毅表示，今年是阿富汗十年轉型的 第一年。阿富汗推進和平重建與民族和解面臨新的機 遇。中方希望看到一個團結、穩定、發展、與周邊國 家和睦相處的阿富汗。中方支持阿政府為領導國家實 現和平與發展所作努力，支持 「阿人主導、阿人所有 」的和解進程。中方將加大對阿和平重建的支持，推 進涉阿國際和地區合作，繼續為推動阿問題早日解決 發揮建設性作用。中美合作培訓阿外交官項目增進了 中美阿三方的相互了解，體現了國際社會支持阿和平 重建的共同努力，是中美在第三國合作的成功範例。 中美阿三方將把聯合培訓擴展至阿農業和醫護人員領 域。 崔天凱表示，在習近平主席即將對美國進行國事 訪問之際，很高興看到中美合作培訓阿外交官項目已 成為雙方合作的重要成果。崔天凱表示歡迎阿國外交 官下個月赴華參加中方培訓班。 布林肯表示，中美阿通過培訓合作建立了獨特的 夥伴關係，中美聯合培訓項目不僅幫助阿發展，也為 中美合作和共同支持阿安全、穩定、繁榮和統一發揮 了重要作用。莫希卜大使感謝中美對阿的支持和幫助 ，表示阿將在國際社會支持下努力推進重建與轉型。
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