Wednesday, January 2, 2019

persia

Elam (/ˈiːləm/) (Elamite: 𒁹𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾 haltamti, Sumerian: 𒉏𒈠𒆠 NIM.MAki) was an ancient Pre-Iranian civilization centered in the far west and southwest of what is now modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam stems from the Sumerian transliteration elam(a), along with the later Akkadian elamtu, and the Elamite haltamti. Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the Ancient Near East. In classical literature, Elam was also known as Susiana (Ancient Greek: Σουσιανή), which is a name derived from its capital, Susa. Elam was part of the early urbanization during the Chalcolithic period (Copper Age). The emergence of written records from around 3000 BC also parallels Sumerian history, where slightly earlier records have been found. In the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian plateau, centered in Anshan, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands.[5] Its culture played a crucial role during the Persian Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded Elam, when the Elamite language remained among those in official use. Elamite is generally considered a language isolate unrelated to the much later arriving Persian and Iranic languages. In accordance with geographical and archaeological matches, some historians argue that the Elamites comprise a large portion of the ancestors of the modern day Lurs, whose language, Luri, split from Middle Persian.埃蘭，又譯以攔、厄藍或伊勒姆埃蘭地區曾有許多君主制城邦国，其中最重要的有阿萬（Awan）、蘇薩、西馬什（Simash）、安善（Anshan）等。
- 安善Anshan (Sumerian: 𒀭𒍝𒀭 Anzan), modern Tall-i Malyan (Persian: تل ملیان‎), was an ancient city. The site is located 46 km north of Shiraz, in the Beyza/Ramjerd plain, in the province of Fars in the Zagros Mountains, south-western Iran. It was one of the early capitals of Elam from the late 4th millennium BC. Later, in the 7th century BC, it became one of the early capitals of Persia.Before 1973, when it was identified as Tall-e Malyan,[1] Anshan had been assumed by scholars to be somewhere in the central Zagros mountain range.Anshan fell under Persis Achaemenid rule in the 7th century BC, having been captured by Teispes (675–640 BC), who styled himself "King of the city of Anshan". For another century during the period of Elamite decline, Anshan was a minor kingdom, until the Achaemenids in the 6th century BC embarked on a series of conquests from Anshan, which became the nucleus of the Persian Empire. The most famous conqueror who rose from Anshan was Cyrus the Great. Anshan continued to be inhabited through the Achaemenid period, but its importance declined greatly in favor of Pasargadae and Persepolis; it was merely a minor village by Parthianand Sasanian times.


governance
- Shah (/ʃɑː/; Persian: شاه‎, translit. Šāh, pronounced [ʃɒːh], "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically known as Persia in the West). It was also adopted by the kings of Shirvan (a historical Iranian region in Transcaucasia) namely the Shirvanshahs. It was also used by Persianate socities such as the rulers and offspring of the Ottoman Empire (spelled as Şah and Şeh in the modern Turkish language), Mughal emperors of the Indian Subcontinent, the Bengal Sultanate,[2] as well as in Afghanistan. In Iran (and the Greater Iran region) the title was continuously used; rather than King in the European sense, each Persian ruler regarded himself as the Shahanshah (Persian: شاهنشاه‎, translit. Šāhanšāh, "King of Kings") or Padishah (Persian: پادشاه‎, translit. Pādešāh, "Master King") of the Persian Empire. Other words for King in other Iranian languages, like Sogdian xšyδ, Kurdish, Parthian and Gilaki šāh, Bactrian šao, Luri and Mazandraniša and Pashto pača are also from the same root.The word descends from Old Persian xšāyaθiya "king", which (for reasons of historical phonology) must be a borrowing from Median,[3] and is derived from the same root as Avestan xšaϑra-, "power" and "command", corresponding to Sanskrit (Old Indic) kṣatra- (same meaning), from which kṣatriya-, "warrior", is derived. The full, Old Persian title of the Achaemenid rulers of the First Persian Empire was Xšāyathiya Xšāyathiyānām or Šāhe Šāhān, "King of Kings"[4] or "Emperor".

  • variants
  • Shahbanu (Persian شهبانو, Šahbānū): Persian term using the word shah and the Persian suffix -banu ("lady"): Empress, in modern times, the official title of Empress Farah Pahlavi.
  • Shahmam (Persian شهمام, "Šahmām") : Empress mother.
  • Shahdokht (Persian شاهدخت Šāhdoxt) is also another term derived from shah using the Persian patronymic suffix -dokht "daughter, female descendant", to address the Princess of the imperial households.
  • Shahpur (Persian شاهپور Šāhpu:r) also been derived from shah using the archaic Persian suffix -pur "son, male descendant", to address the Prince.
  • Şehzade (Ottoman Turkish), (شاهزاده): Ottoman Turkish termination for prince (lit; offspring of the Shah) derived from Persian Shahzadeh.
  • malik al-muluk "king of kings", an Arabic title used by the Iranian Buyids, a Persianized form of the Abbasid amir al-umara
  • Satrap, the term in Western languages for a governor of a Persian province, is a distortion of xšaθrapāvan, literally "guardian of the realm", which derives from the word xšaθra, an Old Persian word meaning "realm, province" and related etymologically to shah. 
  • Maq'ad-i-Shah, (Persian مقعد شاه Maq'ad-i-Shah), the phrase from which the name of Mogadishu is believed to be derived, which means "seat of the Shah", a reflection of the city's early Persian influence. 
  • The English word "check", in all senses, is in fact derived from "shah" (from Persian via Arabic, Latin and French). Related terms such as "checker" and "chess" and "exchequer" likewise originate from the Persian word, their modern senses having developed from the original meaning of the king piece.
- administration
  • Persia inherited the historic professional administrative apparatus of the Mesopotamian world. While Rome had a well-developed legal system in many respects, particularly for for Roman citizens, much of the administration was entirely ad hoc.https://www.quora.com/Was-Persia-ever-stronger-than-Rome

Religion
- Mitra is the reconstructed Proto-Indo-Iranian name of an Indo-Iranian divinity from which the names and some characteristics of Rigvedic Mitrá and Avestan Mithra derive. 蕭遙遊28dec15

  • originally one of the many gods of zoroastrian religion which had led some to suppose that roman mithraism was a disguised form of persian zoroastrianism (in persian, mithra was a warrior god of the sky; in rome, he was a savior god of mystery-relgion)

- Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest religions, "combining a cosmogonic dualismand eschatological monotheism in a manner unique... among the major religions of the world." Ascribed to the teachings of the prophet Zoroaster [added by me and source john stephens - lived between 7th and 6th c bce, 258 years before alexander's sacking of persepolis in year 330 bce], its Supreme Being is Ahura Mazda. Leading characteristics, such as messianism, the Golden Rule, heaven and hell, andfree will influenced other religious systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism,Christianity, and Islam. For a thousand years, forms of Zoroastrianism (including a MithraicMedian prototype and Zurvanist Sassanid successor) were the world's most powerful religion, serving as the state religion of the pre-Islamic Iranian empires from around 600 BCE to 650 CE. Zoroastrianism was suppressed from the 7th century onwards following theMuslim conquest of Persia. Recent estimates place the current number of Zoroastrians at around 2.6 million, with most living in India and Iran. Besides the Zoroastrian diaspora, older Mithraic faith like Yazdanism is still practised amongst the Kurds.

  • zoroaster preached in areas of modern day iran, western afghanistan and turkey. His name is interchangeable with zarathustra.  The name zoroaster is the result of a greek transliteration. According to tradition, zoroaster was married and the father of two sons and one daughter.
  • religious teachings focused upon a fundamental moral distinction between asha and druj, translated into english either as truth and the lie, or righteousness and unrighteousness. 
  • as a result of the conquests of alexander the great and the inroads of the roman miliary, zoroastrian dualistic ideas spread throughout the mediterranean world, influencing judaism and christianity (apocalyptic, judgment, general resurrection of dead)
  • Zend-avesta is the sacred scripture
  • The term Avesta is from the 9th/10th-century works of Zoroastrian tradition in which the word appears as Zoroastrian Middle Persianabestāg, Book Pahlavi ʾp(y)stʾkʼ. In that context, abestāg texts are portrayed as received knowledge, and are distinguished from the exegetical commentaries (the zand) thereof. The literal meaning of the word abestāg is uncertain; it is generally acknowledged to be a learned borrowing from Avestan, but none of the suggested etymologies have been universally accepted. The widely repeated derivation from *upa-stavaka is from Christian Bartholomae (Altiranisches Wörterbuch, 1904), who interpreted abestāg as a contraction of a hypothetical reconstructed Old Iranian word for "praise-song" (Bartholomae: Lobgesang); that word is not actually attested in any text.アヴェスター語(avestan)という言語で記されている。口承伝持で長らく伝えられた後、3世紀頃に発明されたアヴェスター文字で書物に記された。しかし、イスラム教の迫害などを受けて散逸し、現存するテキストは、当時の1/4に過ぎないという。
  • http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/ataglance/glance.shtml
  • 瑣羅亞斯德教（波斯文：زرتشتی‌گری‎），伊斯蘭教誕生之前中東和西亞最具影響力的宗教，古代波斯帝國的國教。曾被伊斯蘭教徒貶稱[來源請求]為「拜火教」，在中國稱為「祆教」或「白頭教」。瑣羅亞斯德教的思想屬西方理論定義下的二元論，有學者認為它對猶太教以及後來的基督教和伊斯蘭教影響深遠[3]。瑣羅亞斯德教的神「密特拉」也進入到羅馬帝國以及印度的佛教的宗教之中。目前此教在伊朗偏僻山區和印度孟買一帶的帕西人（又譯作巴斯人）中仍有很大的影響力。此教的創始人是瑣羅亞斯德，出身於米底王國的一個貴族騎士家庭，20歲時棄家隱居，30歲時聲稱受到神的啟示，破斥當時的多神教，宣說拜火教，但受到當時的多神教祭司的迫害。直到42歲時，阿契美尼德帝國的宰相娶他女兒為妻，將他引見國王，瑣羅亞斯德教才在波斯迅速傳播，77歲時他在一次戰爭中，在神廟中被殺身亡。另有說法瑣羅亞斯德的生存年代要更早，瑣羅亞斯德教也非他首創，有源自更遠古的繼承。
  • http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/04/21/a29-0421.pdf阿拉伯人、猶太人、波斯人也是高加索人的後裔，藏族人也是北高加索人種。匈奴的一部分成員，是突厥人，活躍在古絲綢之路。阿塞拜疆、格魯吉亞集中地體現了古代人種的遷徙和交流的歷程。800 年前，馬可波羅在自己的遊記裡曾經記載過一個神秘的地方，在它荒涼寂靜的大地上，到處都是閃爍的火焰。在山腳下，在土路邊，甚至在河床上，沒有乾草，也不見枯枝，然而火焰忽明忽暗，就像地裡鑽出來的幽靈。這個地方，就是裏海西岸的阿伯舍倫半島，現今的阿塞拜疆首都巴庫所在地。那些神秘的地火（其實是天然氣），並非神話故事裡杜撰的鬼神，它們跨越了千百年的時空，至今仍在那裡靜靜地燃燒着。法國文豪大仲馬在 1858年去阿塞拜疆時曾經到訪過巴庫，然後他也在日記裡描述了親眼見到的神秘地火。進入 21世紀，地火仍是去阿塞拜疆旅行的人必看的奇觀。到了現在，巴庫仍然保留了波斯人的拜火教廟宇。金庸的武俠小說中，描述了明教，其實就是拜火教傳入中國的記錄。
  •  http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/05/05/a26-0505.pdf當阿拉伯人佔領了波斯之後，拜 火教的教徒逃亡到了中東的亞美尼 亞和阿塞拜疆，這兩個地方都有很 著名的瑣羅亞斯德教廟宇。到了十 八世紀，回教向這兩個國家擴張， 當地的波斯人又逃亡了，不少人逃 到了中國和印度。 十八世紀中頁，東印度公司（後 來發展為香港的怡和洋行）對中國 販賣鴉片，波斯人隨着這個大流， 到了廣州和香港經商，也把瑣羅亞 斯德教的廟宇帶到了廣州、澳門和 香港。早在鴉片戰爭之前，廣州與澳門 已有巴斯人(又作「帕西人」)經 商，他們活躍於洋行，到一八四四 年，可考的大概有六十多名巴斯商 人在廣州。英國派兵駐港時，不少 由英屬印度調派，隨隊也有四名巴 斯商人。 由於拜火教徒善於經商，香港開 埠初年，與亞美尼亞人等一度成為 英國人及華人之間的「高等少數族 群」，具獨特社會地位，英國人稱 他們為巴斯人（Parsee）。一八六 零年，香港七十三間洋行之中，有 逾五分一（十三間）為巴斯人開辦 經營；一八六一年，他們也是創立 香港總商會的要角之一。天星小輪公司的前身「九龍渡輪公 司」，也是由一位名叫米泰華拉 （Dorabjee Naorojee Mithaiwala） 的巴斯人於1888年所創，「天星」 選擇以星星作為標誌，就是因為星 星在拜火教代表光明和純潔
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyJ0yp5zHZ4&t=20s cbs short introduction
  • Ahura Mazda (/əˌhʊrəˌmæzdə/;) (also known as Ohrmazd, Ahuramazda, Hourmazd, Hormazd, Harzoo and Hurmuz, Lord or simply as spirit) is the Avestan name for the creator and sole God of Zoroastrianism, the old Iranian religion which spread across Asia predating Christianity, before ultimately being almost annihilated by Muslim invasions and spreading of Islam.[citation needed] Ahura Mazda is described as the highest spirit of worship in Zoroastrianism, along with being the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the Yasna. The literal meaning of the word Ahura is "mighty" or "lord" and Mazda is wisdom. Ahura Mazda first appeared in the Achaemenid period (c. 550 – 330 BCE) under Darius I's Behistun Inscription. Until Artaxerxes II (405–04 to 359–58 BCE), Ahura Mazda was worshipped and invoked alone. With Artaxerxes II, Ahura Mazda was invoked in a triad, with Mithra and Anahita. In the Achaemenid period, there are no representations of Ahura Mazda other than the custom for every emperor to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses, to invite Ahura Mazda to accompany the Persian army on battles. Images of Ahura Mazda began in the Parthian period, but were stopped and replaced with stone carved figures in the Sassanid period.
  • Magi (/ˈmeɪdʒaɪ/; singular magus /ˈmeɪɡəs/; from Latin magus) were priests in Zoroastrianism and the earlier religions of the western Iranians. The earliest known use of the word magi is in the trilingual inscription written by Darius the Great, known as the Behistun Inscription. Old Persian texts, predating the Hellenistic period, refer to a magus as a Zurvanic, and presumably Zoroastrian, priest.Pervasive throughout the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Asia until late antiquity and beyond, mágos was influenced by (and eventually displaced) Greek goēs (γόης), the older word for a practitioner of magic, to include astronomy/astrology, alchemy and other forms of esoteric knowledge. This association was in turn the product of the Hellenistic fascination for (Pseudo‑)Zoroaster, who was perceived by the Greeks to be the Chaldean founder of the Magi and inventor of both astrology and magic, a meaning that still survives in the modern-day words "magic" and "magician".In the Gospel of Matthew, "μάγοι" (magoi) from the east do homage to the newborn Jesus, and the transliterated plural "magi" entered English from Latin in this context around 1200 (this particular use is also commonly rendered in English as "kings" and more often in recent times as "wise men").[1] The singular "magus" appears considerably later, when it was borrowed from Old French in the late 14th century with the meaning magician.アヴェスター語形マグ（magu, maγu）に由来し、ギリシャ語形の単数マゴス（μάγος）、複数マゴイ（μάγοι）を経由しラテン語化した。英語では単数メイガス（magus）、複数メイジャイ（magi）、形容詞メイジャン（magian）。普通名詞なので小文字始まりだが、東方三博士の意味では固有名詞あつかいで大文字始まりである。
  • Gandhāra (Pashto: ګندارا‎, Avestan: Vaēkərəta, Old Persian: Para-upari-sena, Bactrian: Paropamisadae [Hellenization: Paropamisus], Greek: Caspatyrus) is the ancient term for the city and old kingdom ofPeshawar, which encompassed the Swat valley and later extended to both Jalalabad district of modern-day Afghanistan as well as Taxila, in northern Punjab, Pakistan. During the Hellenistic period, its capital city was Charsadda, but later the capital city was moved to Peshawar by the Kushan emperor Kanishka the Great in about 127. It is mentioned in the Zend Avesta as Vaēkərəta, the sixth most beautiful place on earth, created by Ahura Mazda. It was known in Sanskrit as Puruṣapura, literally meaning "city of men".[note 1] It was known as the "crown jewel" of Bactria and also held sway over Takṣaśilā (modern Taxila). As a center of Bactrian Zoroastrianism, animism, and later, Greco-Buddhism, Gandhara attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Kushan kings. The Persian term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni to refer to the ruling dynasty that took over from the Kabul Shahi[4] and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1001 AD, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period, the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times, it was an independent district which included the Kabul province.
  • Swat Valley in Pakistan has many Buddhist carvings, and stupas, and Jehanabad contains a Seated Buddha statue. Kushan era Buddhist stupas and statues in Swat valley were demolished after two attempts by the Taliban and the Jehanabad Buddha's face was dynamited. Only the Bamiyan Buddhas were larger than the carved giant Buddha statues in Swat near Mangalore which the Taliban attacked. The government did nothing to safeguard the statue after the initial attempts to destroy the Buddha, which did not cause permanent harm. But when a second attack took place on the statue, the feet, shoulders, and face were demolished.[27] Islamists such as the Taliban, and looters, destroyed many of Pakistan's Buddhist artifacts from the Buddhist Gandhara civilization especially in the Swat Valley.[28] The Taliban deliberately targeted Gandhara Buddhist relics for destruction.[29] The Christian Archbishop of Lahore, Lawrence John Saldanha, wrote a letter to Pakistan's government denouncing the Taliban's activities in Swat Valley including their destruction of Buddha statues and their attacks on Christians, Sikhs, and Hindus.[30] Gandhara Buddhist artifacts were illegally looted by smugglers.
  • Alfred Charles Auguste Foucher (1865–1952), a French scholar, identified the Buddha image as having Greek origins. He has been called the "father of Gandhara studies", and is a much cited scholar on ancient Buddhism in northwest Indian subcontinent and the Hindu Kush region.
    • beliefs
    • in zoroastrian religious mythology, the powers of light and good were seen to eventually win in the cataclysmic war at the end of time
    • http://www.avesta.org/zgroups.html Zoroastrian Organizations in different parts of the world
    • followers
    • https://www.quora.com/Was-Cyrus-the-Great-a-Zoroastrian
    • arts
    • http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201708/0813/HT03813CSHH.pdf rock carvings in tombs

    • europe
    • Zoroastrian Middle Persian terminology often translated in European languages as “heresy” or “heretic.” I offer here an analysis of the Middle Persian ahlomōγ according to only one text of the exegetical literature of this religious tradition, written down after the Arab conquest of Iran, namely Dēnkard 7.https://brill.com/view/journals/nu/66/2-3/article-p271_8.xml?language=en

    - Manichaeism (/ˌmænᵻˈkiːɪzəm/; in Modern Persian آیین مانی Āyin-e Māni;  pinyin: Móní Jiào) was a major religious movement that was founded by the Iranian prophetMani (in Persian: مانی, Syriac: ܡܐܢܝ , Latin: Manichaeus or Manes; c. 216–276 AD) in the Sasanian Empire. Manichaeism taught an elaborate dualistic cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness. Through an ongoing process that takes place in human history, light is gradually removed from the world of matter and returned to the world of light, whence it came. Its beliefs were based on local Mesopotamian gnostic and religious movements. Manichaeism was quickly successful and spread far through the Aramaic-Syriac speaking regions. It thrived between the third and seventh centuries, and at its height was one of the most widespread religions in the world. Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as China and as far west as the Roman Empire. It was briefly the main rival to Christianity in the competition to replace classical paganism. Manichaeism survived longer in the east than in the west, and it appears to have finally faded away after the 14th century in southern China, contemporary to the decline in China of the Church of the East during the Ming Dynasty. While most of Manichaeism's original writings have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. An adherent of Manichaeism is called, especially in older sources, a Manichee, or more recently Manichaean. By extension, the term "Manichean" is widely applied (often used as a derogatory term) as an adjective to a philosophy of moral dualism, according to which a moral course of action involves a clear (or simplistic) choice between good and evil, or as a noun denoting people who hold such a view.摩尼教，又稱作牟尼教、明教，為西元三世紀中葉波斯先知摩尼所創立。這是一種將瑣羅亞斯德教（祆教）與基督教、佛教混合而成的哲學體系，屬於典型的波斯體系諾斯底二元論。摩尼教吸收了琐罗亚斯德教的善恶二元论思想、基督教的耶稣崇拜、佛教的轮回观念、马吉安主义对于旧约的否定、犹太教的天使概念，以及诺斯底主义的“灵知”思想，创造了二宗三际论体系。摩尼教徒將自己的宗教比喻為博大無垠的“世界之海”，而此前的各大宗教教派只是一條條的合流，最後它們都將匯入海中。摩尼教認為，在太初時，存在著兩種互相對立的世界，即光明世界與黑暗世界。初際時，光明與黑暗對峙，互不侵犯。中際時，黑暗侵入光明，二者發生大戰，人類世界因此產生。後際時，恢復到初際時相互對立的狀態，但黑暗已被永遠囚禁。物質是黑暗的產物，精神則是光明的產物，因此摩尼教否定物質世界，希望利用虔诚的信仰和严格的戒律获得灵知，回归光明世界。有學者認為摩尼教是第一個現代意義上的真正宗教，[2]更被譽為真正世界性完美宗教的唯一代表。摩尼教在波斯本土受到琐罗亚斯德教的迫害，教主摩尼被處決，聲勢下降。其后，駐錫于巴比倫的宗教中心又受到穆斯林的強力打击，今日在波斯已经完全消失。歐洲的摩尼教因與基督教对耶稣基督的不同理解和对《旧约》的态度而被认定为异端，受到基督徒的猛攻，在10世纪后渐趋沒落。中亚地区的摩尼教势力一度较为兴盛，在唐代傳入中國，與景教、祆教並稱為“三夷教”，并藉助回鶻勢力進行傳播，後來在會昌毀佛時遭到禁斷。宋代以後，成為體系的摩尼教組織基本消失，或者混入佛教，甚至連教主摩尼的塑像都被視為釋迦牟尼佛。唯一尚存的是本土化的摩尼教“明教”。
    - cybele and attis cult

    • persian religious ritual taurobolium celebrated the cult, it involved the ritual slaughter of a bull (during hellenistic-roman times, found in description provided by 4th c writer prudentius
    - china

    • 草庵摩尼教寺in quanzhou, fujian



    myth
    - Simurgh (/ˌsɪˈmərɡ/; Persian: سیمرغ sɪmorγ), also spelled simorgh, simurg, simoorg or simourv, is an Iranian benevolent, mythical flying creature. It is sometimes equated with other mythological birds such as a "Griffin", Persian Homā (Persian: هما‎‎). The figure can be found in all periods of Greater Iranian art and literature and is also evident in the iconography of Georgia, medieval Armenia, the Byzantine empire, and other regions that were within the realm of Persian cultural influence. The name simurgh derives from Middle Persian Pahlavi sēnmurw (and earlier sēnmuruγ), also attested in Middle Persian Pāzand as sīna-mrū. The Middle Persian term derives in turn from Avestan mərəγō Saēnō "the bird Saēna", originally a raptor, likely an eagle, falcon, or sparrowhawk, as can be deduced from the etymological cognate Sanskrit śyenaḥ ("raptor, eagle, bird of prey") that also appears as a divine figure. Saēna is also a personal name, which is root of the name. The word was also borrowed into Armenian as siramarg‘peacock’.
    • royal symbol of sasanian empire
    • symbol of flag of tat people
    • Ṭūbā (Arabic: طُوبَىٰ‎‎ ṭūbā, lit. "blessedness" is a term often associated with a tree that some Muslims believe grows in Jannah, or Islamic heaven. The term is only mentioned once in the Koran[1] in the context of blessedness and it is not mentioned as a Tree by name. The only other source that relates the arguably same term to a tree is a hadith. The term has caught the imagination of writers over the years. For example, Sohrevardi developed a story surrounding the old Persian mythology and suggests that it is indeed a Tree in the heaven where the mythical bird Simurgh lay eggs. The holy city of Touba, Senegal, is named for the tree.

    Persian language media
    - GEM TV (Persian: جم تی‌وی‎‎) is a group of Persian-language entertainment satellite channels. Its headquarters is located in Dubai. GEM Television commenced work in 2006, owned and managed by GEM Group ("General Entertainment and Media Group"). GEM Group was established in 2001 and was based in London with the vision of being a leading company in the media industry. Soon after 2002, the headquarters moved to the UAE where it expanded and established various channels as well as subsidiary companies. These channels have Iranian viewers and other Persian-speaking viewers.

    • http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39761451The founder and chairman of the Persian-language Gem TV company has been killed in Istanbul. Saeed Karimian (1969 – 29 April 2017) was an Iranian television executive, the founder, chairman, and owner of Dubai-based GEM TV, which runs 17 Persian-language TV channels, plus one each in Kurdish, Azeri, and Arabic. Karimian who was British national had been tried in absentia by a court in Tehran, and sentenced to a prison term of six years for spreading propaganda against Iran. Karimian was shot dead in Istanbul, Turkey, on 29 April 2017, along with his Kuwaiti business partner.According to the exiled Iranian opposition group National Council of Resistance claimed that Karimian was assassinated by the Revolutionary Guard on the orders of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the country’s Supreme Leader



    Literature
    - In the Ovidian version, Pyramus and Thisbe are two lovers in the city of Babylon who occupy connected houses/walls, forbidden by their parents to be wed, because of their parents' rivalry. 
    - Belshazzar (/bɛlˈʃæzər/; Biblical Hebrew בלשאצר; Akkadian: Bēl-šarra-uṣur; Greek: Balthazar, from Akkadian, meaning "Protect His Life"; or, possibly, "[May] BelProtect the King";) was Coregent ofBabylon, governing the country after his father, King Nabonidus, went into exile in 550 BCE. Belshazzar died after Babylon fell to the Persians in 539 BCE. According to the Book of Daniel, Belshazzar holds a last great feast at which he sees a hand writing on a wall with the Aramaic words mene, mene, tekel, upharsin, which Daniel interprets as a judgment from God foretelling the fall of Babylon. Chapter 5 of the book of Daniel tells the story of Belshazzar and the writing on the wall. Belshazzar celebrated a great feast for a thousand of his grandees (Daniel 5:1). Babylon was then menaced by the besieging forces of Cyrus the Great and his ally Darius the Mede. Belshazzar was the acting king of Babylon. The holding of a feast, when the city is in state of siege, is not so unusual since the Babylonians confidently regarded the city’s walls as impregnable. During the feast and under the influence of wine, Belshazzar called for thevessels from the temple of Jerusalem to be brought so that he and his guests and his wives and concubines might drink from them while praising the Babylonian gods. Obviously, this request was due to no shortage of drinking vessels, but, rather, it constituted a deliberate act of contempt by the pagan king to reproach the God of the Israelites, Yahweh (Da 5:2–4). He thereby expressed defiance to Yahweh, who had inspired the prophecies foretelling Babylon’s downfall. While Belshazzar seemed lighthearted about the siege set by the enemy forces, he was now severely shaken when a hand suddenly appeared and began writing on the palace wall. His knees knocking, he called upon all his wise men to provide an interpretation of the written message, but to no avail. The record shows that the queen now gave him sound counsel, recommending Daniel as the one able to give the interpretation (Dan. 5:5–12). Daniel, by inspiration, revealed the meaning of the miraculous message, predicting the fall of Babylon to the Medes and the Persians. Though the aged prophet condemned Belshazzar's blasphemous act in using vessels of Jehovah's worship in praising see-nothing, hear-nothing, know-nothing gods, Belshazzar held to his offer and proceeded to invest Daniel with the position of third ruler in the doomed kingdom (Da 5:17–29). Belshazzar did not live out the night, being murdered by Cyrus as the city fell during the night of October 5, 539 B.C.E. With the death of Belshazzar and the apparent surrender of Nabonidus to Cyrus, the Neo-Babylonian Empire came to a close (Dan. 5:30).
    - Xenophon was an Athenian rhetorician, soldier, and historian who lived from 430 to 354 BC. Little is known of his life until 401 BC, when he took part in an expedition that ended in a failed coup for the Persian Empire, recorded in his Anabasis. Later, for unknown reasons Xenophon was exiled from Athens. He settled in Lacedaemonia, where he lived a comfortable life until the Spartan defeat at Leuctra in 371 BC. It seems that Xenophon was notably connected to Spartan leadership, for his assets were seized and he was exiled once again. He moved to Corinth where he lived out the rest of his days writing. He spent his youth in the midst of the Peloponnesian War, and claimed the preeminent philosopher Socrates as his teacher. Xenophon wrote The Education of Cyrus between the Peloponnesian War and the advent of Macedonian rule. He undoubtedly saw a great deal of political upheaval, whether it was the Spartan rise to hegemony over the Greek cities and subsequent decline at the hands of Thebes, or the political turbulence that rocked Athens after the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War, or touring the Persian Empire with a mercenary army, concluding that Persia was a hollow kingdom, ready to be taken the Greeks if they so choose. In this twilight time of the Greek system of states, Xenophon appears prescient about the rise of new empires by choosing to reflect on the origins of an older empire, Persia, and the character of its founder, Cyrus the Great. It is worth noting the character of the reflection, however, lest we mistake Xenophon’s purposes in writing. Xenophon wrote his work centuries after the life of Cyrus the Great. When introducing his own work, Xenophon poses the question as to how universal peace and stability could be achieved through an understanding of human nature and the power of universal benevolence as a means of persuading nations to sign away their freedom for the sake of being ruled by a man they thought “more prudent about their own advantage than they themselves.” But while the character of Xenophon’s work might appear historical or biographical, there are good reasons for not taking it as a historical work. http://www.classicsofstrategy.com/2015/06/the-education-of-cyrus-by-xenophon-370-bce.html%20
    - Kush-Nama (Persian: کوش نامه‎‎), is a Persian epic poem and part of a mythical history of Iran written by Ḥakim Iranshān (or Irānshāh) b. Abu'l-Khay between the years 501-04/1108-11.

    • Jeong-dong theatre, Gyeongju, Korea runs the show "silla" which is adapted from the poem
    - Abu ʾl-Qasim Ferdowsi Tusi (c. 940–1020), or Ferdowsi (also transliterated as Firdawsi, Firdusi, Firdosi, Firdausi) was a Persian poet and the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is the world's longest epic poem created by a single poet, and the national epic of Greater Iran. Ferdowsi is celebrated as the most influential figure in Persian literature and one of the greatest in the history of literature. He was called "The Lord of the Word" and "The Savior of Persian Language".

    • Shahnameh
    • Has a part on sekandar visiting the emperor of china 
    •  ??letter to foor, lord of india, commander of sind (means china)

    - Rubāʿī (Persian: رباعی‎‎ rubāʿī) is a poem, or verse of a poem, consisting of four lines. It refers specifically to a Persian quatrain, or its derivative form in English and other languages. The plural form of the word, رباعيات rubāʿiyāt, often anglicised as rubaiyat, is used for a collection of such quatrains. There are a number of possible rhyme schemes to the rubaiyat form, e.g. AABA, AAAA. In Persian verse, the ruba'i is usually written as a four-line (or two-couplet) poem, with rhymes at the middle and end of each line.
    • The verse form AABA as used in English verse is known as the Rubaiyat Quatrain due to its use by Edward FitzGerald in his famous 1859 translation, The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Algernon Charles Swinburne, one of the first admirers of FitzGerald's translation of Khayyam's medieval Persian verses, was the first to imitate the stanza form, which subsequently became popular and was used widely, as in the case of Robert Frost's 1922 poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening". Fitzgerald's translation became so popular by the turn of the century that hundreds of American humorists wrote parodies using the form and, to varying degrees, the content of his stanzas, including The Rubaiyat of Ohow Dryyam, The Rubaiyat of A Persian Kitten, The Rubaiyat of Omar Cayenne and The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Jr.
    - promote farsi?

    • one of the performances at 2020 hk arts festival


    clothing
    - A banyan (through Portuguese banian and Arabic بنيان, banyān, from the Gujaratiવાણિયો, vāṇiyo, meaning "merchant") (japonse rok in nederlands) is a garment worn by men in the 18th century influenced by Persian and Asian clothing. Banyan is also commonly used in present-day Indian English and other countries in the Indian Subcontinent to mean "vest" ("undershirt" in American English, "singlet" in Australian English). Also called a morning gown, robe de chambre or nightgown, the banyan was a loose, T-shaped or kimono-like garment of cotton, linen, or silk gown worn at home as a sort of dressing gown or informal coat over the shirt and breeches. The typical banyan was cut en chemise, with the sleeves and body cut as one piece. It was usually paired with a soft, turban-like cap worn in place of the formal periwig. An alternative style of banyan was cut like a coat, fitted, with set-in sleeves, and was closed with buttons and buttonholes.


    arts and culture
    - 掐絲琺瑯起 源於五世紀古波斯，卻於乾隆時發 揚光大。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160917/PDF/a20_screen.pdf
    - Paisley or Paisley pattern is a term in English for a design using the buta or boteh, a droplet-shaped vegetable motif of Persian (i.e. Iranian) origin. Such designs became very popular in the West in the 18th and 19th centuries, following imports of post-Mughal versions of the design from India, especially in the form of Kashmir shawls, and were then imitated locally. Resembling a twisted teardrop, the fig-shaped paisley is of Persian (i.e. Iranian) origin, but its western name derives from the town of Paisley, in West Scotland, a centre for textiles where paisley designs were produced. Some design scholars believe it is the convergence of a stylized floral spray and a cypress tree: a Zoroastrian symbol of life and eternity. It is a bent cedar, and the cedar is the tree Zarathustra planted in paradise. The heavenly tree was “bent” under the weight of the Arab invasion and Muslim conquest of Persia. The "bent" cedar is also the sign of strength and resistance but modesty. The floral motif was originated in the Sassanid Dynasty and later in the Safavid Dynastyof Persia (from 1501 to 1736), and was a major textile pattern in Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi Dynasties. In these periods, the pattern was used to decorate royal regalia, crowns, and court garments, as well as textiles used by the general population. According to Azerbaijani historians, the design comes from ancient times of Zoroastrianism and is an expression of the essence of that religion. It subsequently became a decorative element widely used in Azerbaijani culture and architecture.
    - 波斯细密画 A Persian miniature (Persian: نگارگری ایرانی negârgari irâni) is a small painting on paper, whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works called a muraqqa. The techniques are broadly comparable to the Western and Byzantine traditions of miniatures in illuminated manuscripts. 
    - hk
    • liang yi museum

    Nowruz (Persian: نوروز‎‎ Nowruz; [nouˈɾuːz]; literally "New Day") is the name of the Iranian New Year, also known as the Persian New Year, which is celebrated worldwide by the Iranians and Turkic peoples, along with some other ethno-linguistic groups, as the beginning of the New Year. It has been celebrated for over 3,000 years in Western Asia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Black Sea Basin and the Balkans. It marks the first day of the first month (Farvardin) in the Iranian calendar. Nowruz is the day of the vernal equinox, and marks the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere. It usually occurs on 21 March or the previous or following day, depending on where it is observed. The moment the sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year, and families gather together to observe the rituals. Although having Iranian and religious Zoroastrian origins, Nowruz has been celebrated by people from diverse ethno-linguistic communities for thousands of years. It is a secular holiday for most celebrants that is enjoyed by people of several different faiths, but remains a holy day for Zoroastrians.


    Persian people
    - https://www.quora.com/Were-the-Ancient-Persians-black
    - Tajik (Dari: تاجيک: Tājīk , Tajik: Тоҷик) is a general designation for a wide range of Persian-speaking people of Iranian origin, with traditional homelands in present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. As a self-designation, the term Tajik, which earlier on had been more or less pejorative, has become acceptable only during the last several decades, particularly as a result of Soviet administration in Central Asia. Alternative names for the Tajiks are Fārsī (Persian), Fārsīwān (Persian-speaker), and Dīhgān (cf. Tajik: Деҳқон, Dehqon, literally "farmer or settled villager", in a wider sense "settled" in contrast to "nomadic" and also described as a class of land-owning magnates during the Sassanid and early Islamic period). Not all Tajiks speak a variety of modern Persian. They may speak any one of the extant Iranian languages. For example, the Tajiks of China are actually Pamiris and speak the Eastern Iranic Pamiri languages and are distinct from more western Tajiks.

    • according to Hodgson, in nomadic governing systems, financial management were usually took up by persian speaking non-turks.  They do not have swords (they are askeri not sayfi) and enjoyed a lot of privileges


    - Cyrus II of Persia (Old Persian: KUURUUSHAKūruš; New Persian: کوروش Kurosh  ; c. 600 or 576 – 530 BC), commonly known as Cyrus the Great  (Persian: کوروش بزرگ‎‎,Kourosh-e-Bozorg) and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much ofCentral Asia and the Caucasus. From theMediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen. Under his successors, the empire eventually stretched from parts of the Balkans(Bulgaria-Paeonia) and Thrace-Macedoniain the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. His regal titles in full were The Great King, King of Persia, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, and King of the Four Corners of the World. The reign of Cyrus the Great lasted between 29 and 31 years. Cyrus built his empire by conquering first the Median Empire, then the Lydian Empire and eventually the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Either before or after Babylon, he led an expedition into central Asia, which resulted in major campaigns that were described as having brought "into subjection every nation without exception". Cyrus did not venture into Egypt, as he himself died in battle, fighting the Massagetae along theSyr Darya in December 530 BC. He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who managed to add to the empire by conquering Egypt, Nubia, and Cyrenaicaduring his short rule. Cyrus the Great respected the customs and religions of the lands he conquered. It is said that in universal history, the role of the Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus lies in its very successful model for centralized administration and establishing a government working to the advantage and profit of its subjects.[7] In fact, the administration of the empire throughsatraps and the vital principle of forming a government at Pasargadae were the works of Cyrus. What is sometimes referred to as the Edict of Restoration (actually two edicts) described in the Bible as being made by Cyrus the Great left a lasting legacy on the Jewish religion, where, because of his policies in Babylonia, he is referred to by the Jewish Bible as Messiah (lit. "His anointed one") (Isaiah 45:1), and is the only non-Jew to be called so:
    The Cyrus Cylinder (Persian: استوانه کوروش‎‎) or Cyrus Charter (Persian: منشور کوروش‎‎) is an ancient clay cylinder, now broken into several fragments, on which is written a declaration in Akkadian cuneiform script in the name of Persia's Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great. It dates from the 6th century BCE and was discovered in the ruins of Babylon in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) in 1879.[2] It is currently in the possession of the British Museum, which sponsored the expedition that discovered the cylinder. It was created and used as a foundation deposit following thePersian conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, when the Neo-Babylonian Empire was invaded by Cyrus and incorporated into his Persian Empire.
    • The text on the Cylinder praises Cyrus, sets out his genealogy and portrays him as a king from a line of kings. The Babylonian king Nabonidus, who was defeated and deposed by Cyrus, is denounced as an impious oppressor of the people of Babylonia and his low-born origins are implicitly contrasted to Cyrus's kingly heritage. The victorious Cyrus is portrayed as having been chosen by the chief Babylonian god Marduk to restore peace and order to the Babylonians. The text states that Cyrus was welcomed by the people of Babylon as their new ruler and entered the city in peace. It appeals to Marduk to protect and help Cyrus and his son Cambyses. It extols Cyrus as a benefactor of the citizens of Babylonia who improved their lives, repatriated displaced people and restored temples and cult sanctuaries across Mesopotamia and elsewhere in the region. It concludes with a description of how Cyrus repaired the city wall of Babylon and found a similar inscription placed there by an earlier king. The Cylinder's text has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of Cyrus' policy of the repatriation of the Jewish people following their Babylonian captivity (an act that the Book of Ezra attributes to Cyrus), as the text refers to the restoration of cult sanctuaries and repatriation of deported peoples.[6] This interpretation has been disputed, as the text identifies only Mesopotamian sanctuaries, and makes no mention of Jews, Jerusalem, or Judea.[7] The Cylinder has also been called the oldest known charter or symbol of universalhuman rights, a view rejected by others as anachronistic[8] and a misunderstanding[9] of the Cylinder's generic nature as a typical statement made by a new monarch at the beginning of his reign.[10][11][12][13] Neil MacGregor, Director of the British Museum, has stated that the cylinder was "the first attempt we know about running a society, a state with different nationalities and faiths—a new kind of statecraft."[14] It was adopted as a national symbol of Iran by the Imperial State which put it on display in Tehran in 1971 to commemorate 2,500 years of the Iranian monarchy.[15]
    • Persepolis (Greek, literally meaning "The city of the Persians"),[2] also known as Takht-e-Jamshid (Modern Persian: تخت جمشید, literally meaning "the throne of Jamshid"), was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550–330 BC). Persepolis is situated 60 km northeast of the city of Shiraz in Fars Province, Iran. The earliest remains of Persepolis date back to 515 BC. It exemplifies the Achaemenid style of architecture.  To the ancient Persians, the city was known as Pārsa (𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿; "Persia").[4] The English word Persepolis is derived from the Greek Persépolis (Περσέπολις), a compound of Pérsēs (Πέρσης) and pólis (πόλις), meaning "the Persian city." Due to the belief among Late Antiquity Persians that the monuments were built by Jamshid,[5] an Iranian mythological figure, the site has been known as the Takht-e-Jamshid (Persian: تخت جمشید‎‎, literally the Throne of Jamshid) since the time of the Sassanid Empire, 224–651 AD. After invading Achaemenid Persia in 330 BC, Alexander the Great sent the main force of his army to Persepolis by the Royal Road. He stormed the "Persian Gates", a pass through the modern Zagros Mountains, and quickly captured Persepolis before its treasury could be looted. After several months, Alexander allowed his troops to loot Persepolis.
    • Pasargadae (from Ancient Greek: Πασαργάδαι, from Old Persian Pāθra-gadā, "protective club" or "strong club"; Modern Persian: پاسارگاد Pāsārgād) was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great (559–530 BC), who ordered its construction. It is located near the city of Shiraz, in what is now Iran. Today it is an archaeological site and one of Iran's UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[3] A limestone tomb there is believed to be that of Cyrus the Great.Pasargadae remained the capital of the Achaemenid empire until Cambyses II moved it to Susa; later, Darius founded another in Persepolis. The archaeological site covers 1.6 square kilometres and includes a structure commonly believed to be the mausoleum of Cyrus, the fortress of Toll-e Takht sitting on top of a nearby hill, and the remains of two royal palaces and gardens. Pasargadae Persian Gardens provide the earliest known example of the Persian chahar bagh, or fourfold garden design .
    • In 1930, the Brazilian poet Manuel Bandeira published a poem called "Vou-me embora pra Pasárgada" ("I'm off to Pasargadae" in Portuguese), in a book entitled Libertinagem. It tells the story of a man who wants to go to Pasargadae, described in the poem as a utopian city.
      - Darius I (Old Persian: Dārayava(h)uš, c. 550–486 BCE) was the third king of the PersianAchaemenid Empire. Also called Darius the Great, he ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of West Asia, the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia andPaeonia), most of the Black Sea coastal regions, parts of the North Caucasus, Central Asia, as far as the Indus Valley in the far east, and portions of north and northeast Africa includingEgypt (Mudrâya), eastern Libya and coastal Sudan.[4]In 490 BCE, at the Battle of Marathon, the Persian army was defeated by a heavily armed Athenian army, with 9,000 men who were supported by 600 Plataeans, 1,000 soldiers from each of eleven Greek city-states (11,000 men in total) and 10,000 lightly armed soldiers led by Miltiades. The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece. Darius began preparations for a second force which he would command, instead of his generals; however, before the preparations were complete, Darius died, thus leaving the task to his son Xerxes.
      • https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-say-King-Xerxes-the-Great-Son-of-Darius-in-Old-Persian-and-modern-Persian
      •  https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-name-Khashayarsha-come-to-be-transliterated-into-Greek-as-%CE%9E%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82
      •  Serse (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛrse]; English title: Xerxes; HWV 40) is an opera seria in three acts by George Frideric Handel.The opening aria, "Ombra mai fu", sung by Xerxes to a plane tree (Platanus orientalis), is set to one of Handel's best-known melodies.  The opera is set in Persia (modern-day Iran) about 470 BC and is very loosely based upon Xerxes I of Persia. 
      - The Tat people (also: Tati, Parsi, Daghli, Lohijon, Caucasian Persians, Transcaucasian Persians) are an Iranian and ethnic Persian people, presently living within Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia (mainly Southern Dagestan). The Tats are part of the indigenous peoples of Iranian origin in the Caucasus. Tats use the Tat language, a southwestern Iranian language and a variety of Persian. Azerbaijani and Russian are also spoken. Tats are mainly Shia Muslims, with a significant Sunni Muslim minority.
      - Parsi /ˈpɑrsiː/ (or Parsee) is one of twoZoroastrian communities (the other beingIranis) primarily located in South Asia. According to the Qissa-i Sanjan, Parsis migrated from Greater Iran to Gujarat andSindh between the 8th and 10th century CE to avoid the persecution of Zoroastrians byMuslim invaders who conquered Iran.Parsi /ˈpɑrsiː/ (or Parsee) is one of twoZoroastrian communities (the other beingIranis) primarily located in South Asia. According to the Qissa-i Sanjan, Parsis migrated from Greater Iran to Gujarat andSindh between the 8th and 10th century CE to avoid the persecution of Zoroastrians byMuslim invaders who conquered Iran.
      • baihuojiao reached china during nan bei dynasty source hkej 11jan16 c9
      • Note the parsee cemetery in happy valley
      • http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/parsi-communities-ii-in-calcutta Calcutta became a center of Parsi settlement from the 18th century. The China trade also witnessed the migration and settlement of Parsis to various centers in East Asia such as Canton, Macao, Hong Kong, Amoy, Singapore, Penang, and Batavia. In 1822 a Parsi cemetery appeared at Macao, and in 1845 the Canton Zoroastrian Association was started, as the first Zoroastrian community organization in Asia outside Iran and India (Hinnells, 2002, p. 460).
      • https://www.facebook.com/REFRACTHK/photos/a.847705552074604.1073741828.783856798459480/849683405210152/ 在八世紀開始，面對伊斯蘭征服者的戰爭，一班堅守著信仰的信徒離開伊朗，往東遷往印度，成為印度人口中的巴斯人（Parsi）。他們甚至進入過唐朝國境，而非常「國際化」的唐朝政府亦不排斥，容許他們建立廟宇，在漢文中，瑣羅亞斯德教叫作「祆教」。瑣羅亞斯德教在伊斯蘭教崛起之後，雖然式微，但未至滅絕。從滿清時期的廣州口岸、大種鴉片的銅鑼灣，乃至今日戰火彌漫的伊拉克敘利亞一帶，都能見到瑣羅亞斯德教徒的蹤跡。在2015年，甚至有庫爾德人重新舉行瑣羅亞斯德教儀式，並向伊拉克庫爾德斯坦政府爭取該教成為認可法定宗教。巴斯人的先民，就像長期受封建社會歧視的猶太人，離鄉別井，但精於營商。在猶太人之外，巴斯人也是全球性的商業民族。巴斯人跟隨英國人來到香港，不少成為富豪巨賈。例如摩地道的摩地( Mody)、律敦治醫院的律敦治(Ruttonjee)、天星小輪的創辦人米泰華拉(Mithaiwala)，他們甚至有教徒屬用的私人墳場；港島碧荔道的碧荔( Bisney )、旭龢道的旭龢(Kotewal)，其實亦是巴斯人富豪。
      •  http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/food/art/20170424/19997227印 度大廚Zurath Kamdin亦是巴斯人，他烹調的伊朗菜更獲駐港伊朗大使館推薦為「正宗菜式」，他更擇居香港，迎接「香港人」身份。 來自巴斯家庭的Chef Zurath，生於印度南部城鎮Ooty，當地以種茶為主，小時候沒甚麼娛樂，家中的廚房成了最有趣的地方。巴斯菜以蛋、薯仔同乳酪做主食
      • Dhun Jehangir Ruttonjee CBE JP (1903–1974) was a leader of the Indian community in Hong Kong.[1] He was chairman of the Hong Kong Anti-Tuberculosis and Thoracic Diseases Association [zh] and a Legislative Councillor.Ruttonjee was the son of businessman and philanthropist Jehangir Ruttonjee.  Ruttonjee was born in Hong Kong in 1903 to prominent Parsee Jehangir Hormusjee Ruttonjee. He attended St Joseph's College and was an undergraduate at the University of Hong Kong, although, like many of his fellows at the university before the war, he left early to join the family business. One of Ruttonjee's sisters, Tehmi Ruttonjee-Desai, died of tuberculosis in 1943, spurring his father to found the Hong Kong Anti-Tuberculosis Association [zh]in 1948, of which Dhum Ruttonjee was chairman from 1964 until his death (succeeding Donovan Benson [zh], preceding Seaward Woo). In 1942, during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, Ruttonjee family properties Dina House and Ruttonjee Building on Duddell Street were beleaugered by Japanese guards for several weeks. In 1944, Ruttonjee and his father were arrested, tortured and sentenced to five years' imprisonment, of which they served nine months before the liberation of the city. They were accused of aiding those at the Stanley Internment Camp and general anti-Japanese activity. He was appointed Justice of the Peace after the war, in 1947.[6] He was made an Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong in 1953.[1] In the Council, he sat on the Kaitak Progress Committee alongside Ngan Shing-kwan and Charles Terry.[7] Ruttonjee was made Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1957, and Commander in 1964, for public services. He served on the Legislative Council until 1968.[3] He was known to often wear an orchid, a fact mentioned when he received the degree of Doctor of Laws honoris causa from the University of Hong Kong the next year.[6] Ruttonjee died on 28 July 1974.  此外，鄧律敦治的父親早年也收養了兩名姪兒和一名姪女，分別是勞士·施羅孚（即後來傅麗儀的丈夫）、拜吉·施羅孚（Beji Shroff）和米妮·施羅孚（Minnie Shroff）.
      • beji m shroff scmp 24sep17 
      • note a ruttonjee estates continuation ltd scmp 26jan18 indian republic day supp
      • 勞士·施羅孚，BBS，MBE，(Rusy Motabhoy Shroff，1917年－)於孟買出生、香港長大的巴斯人，1923年來到香港，香港商人，慈善家。1946年與第一任妻子J·H·律敦治之幼女傅麗儀（Freni Ruttonjee）結婚及開始接手家族生意。傅麗儀於1953年死於癌症後，遂協助岳丈J.H.律敦治於1956年成立了「傅麗儀療養院」。勞士施羅孚現仍出任香港防癆會副會長。第二任妻子為施羅孚夫人(Purviz Rusy Shroff)，施羅孚夫婦亦熱心慈善工作，贊助多項慈善機構活動[5][6]，擔任多項公職如香港防癆心臟及胸病協會委員，施羅孚夫婦於2008年成立了「香港防癆會勞士施羅孚牙科診所」[7]。施羅孚夫婦的獨子沙偉·施羅孚（Zarir Rusy Shroff）於1991年瑞士意外身亡，他們捐輸律敦治醫院建立新病院，及2010年於傅麗儀護理安老院作第二期擴建工程，新翼命名為「沙偉施羅孚翼」已作紀念兒子[8][9]。由於多年熱心慈善工作，於1995年及2006年獲頒授大英帝國員佐勳章及銅紫荊星章。商業上施羅孚夫婦為律敦治繼業有限公司的永遠董事，持有中環都爹利街11號律敦治中心第一期律敦治大廈及第二期帝納大廈。公司亦為香港印度商會成員。施羅孚夫婦亦為香港賽馬會資深馬主，擁有多匹賽駒. 
      • Ad on zarir rusy shroff scmp 16jun17, also same date in 2019, seems to be an annual thing
      - Abū 'Abd Allāh Ja'far ibn Muḥammad al-Rūdhakī (Persian: ابو عبدالله جعفر بن محمد رودکی‎‎; died 941), better known as Rudaki رودکی), and also known as "Adam of Poets" (آدم الشعرا), was a Persian poet regarded as the first great literary genius of the Modern Persian language. Rudaki composed poems in the "New Persian" alphabet and is considered a founder of classical Persian literature. His poetry contains many of the oldest genres of Persian poetry including the quatrain, however, only a small percentage of his extensive poetry has survived.

      • 在中國，很久以前就開始用中文閱讀魯達基的作品，同樣在我的祖國，人們也很久以前就用塔吉克語閱讀孔夫子了。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/08/29/a29-0829.pdf

      - Omar Khayyám ; born Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Abu'l-Fatḥ ʿOmar ibn Ibrāhīm Khayyām Neīshāhpūrī (/ˈoʊmɑːr kaɪˈjɑːm, -ˈjæm, ˈoʊmər/; Persian: غیاث‌الدین ابوالفتح عمر ابراهیم خیام نیشابوری‎‎, pronounced [xæjˈjɑːm]; 18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131), was a Persian polymath, scholar, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential thinkers of the Middle Ages. He wrote numerous treatises on mechanics, geography, mineralogy and astronomy. Born in Nishapur, in northeastern Iran, at a young age he moved to Samarkand and obtained his education there. Afterwards he moved to Bukhara and became established as one of the major mathematicians and astronomers of the Islamic Golden Age. He wrote one of the most important treatises on algebra written before modern times, the Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra (1070) which includes a geometric method for solving cubic equations by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle. He contributed to a calendar reform. His significance as a philosopher and teacher, and his few remaining philosophical works, have not received the same attention as his scientific and poetic writings. Al-Zamakhshari referred to him as "the philosopher of the world". Avicenna taught him philosophy for decades in Nishapur. Outside Iran and Persian-speaking countries, Khayyám has influenced literature and societies through the translation of his works and popularization by other scholars. The greatest such effect was in English-speaking countries. The English scholar Thomas Hyde (1636–1703) was the first non-Persian known to have studied his works. The most influential, however, was Edward FitzGerald (1809–83), who made Khayyám famous in the West through his translation and adaptations of Khayyám's quatrains (Persian: رباعیات‎‎ rubāʿiyāt) in the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam.


      - freddie mercury

      - mody
      • convocation newsletter summer 2012 sir h n mody efforts in negotiating with govt on hku location
      • http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151017/PDF/b15_screen.pdf 香港大學因商人麼地在一九○八年帶頭捐款十五萬元作為建設費用，才有機會立足香港，但港大至今沒有一座校舍以“麼地”為名。今天市民認識此人，大多因為尖沙咀有一條麼地道。　另一方面，曾於一九一五年借出五十萬元免息貸款給港大度過財政危機的馬來西亞華僑陸佑，一九五六年獲校方將本部大樓的大禮堂命名為“陸佑堂”，同年雕造一座陸佑半身像置於大樓內。由於許多重要活動都在此禮堂舉行，令陸佑堂聲名遠播，以致不少市民誤以為本部大樓叫做“陸佑堂”。　　本部大樓至今仍沒有冠名，其對面的孔慶熒樓原名“學生會大樓”，由商人遮打和港大署理校長佐頓教授捐款五萬元興建，一九一九年落成，但亦沒有以他們二人的名字為大樓命名。直至一九八六年港大為表揚孔慶熒家族的捐獻，才將之命名為“孔慶熒樓”。　　麼地是瑣羅亞斯德教（俗稱拜火教）教徒，在港社羣於二○○二年送贈一尊麼地半身銅像給港大，現擺放在本部大樓梯間。每日學生上上落落，鮮有人留意此人像的來歷。每年十月十二日麼地誕辰紀念日，拜火教祭司會到像前進行小型儀式，介紹這名在港生活了五十年的慈善家，並獻上花圈和禱告，但每年的參加者都寥寥可數。
      - jehangir ruttonjee

      • hkej 11jan16 c9, link with san miguel
      - dorabjee mithaiwala
      • hkej 11jan16 c9, established star ferry

      - ladan niayesh
      • Links with dan docherty
      russia
      - The Treaty of Gulistan (Russian: Гюлистанский договор; Persian: عهدنامه گلستان‎) was a peace treaty concluded between Imperial Russia and Persia (modern day Iran) on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (in modern-day Goranboy Rayon of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War, lasting from 1804 to 1813. The peace negotiations were precipitated by Lankaran's fall to Gen. Pyotr Kotlyarevsky on 1 January 1813. The treaty confirmed the ceding and inclusion of what is today Daghestan, eastern Georgia, most of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and parts of northern Armenia from Iran into the Russian Empire.  The text was prepared by the British diplomat Sir Gore Ouseley who served as the mediator and wielded great influence at the Persian court. It was signed by Nikolai Rtischev from the Russian side[1] and Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi from the Persian side. The result of the treaty was that it forcefully ceded the bulk of Iran's Caucasian territories, while it also directly contributed to the outbreak of the next war of the 19th century, namely the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828). Under the Treaty of Turkmenchay that came out of the 1826-1828 war, the last Caucasian territories were stripped off from Iran, comprising modern-day Armenia and the remaining part of contemporary Azerbaijan that remained in Iranian hands. By 1828, Iran had lost, through the Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties, all its aforementioned integral territories in Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus. The area to the North of the river Aras, amongst which the territory of the contemporary nations of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the North Caucasian Republic of Dagestan were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.As a further direct result and consequence of the Gulistan treaty in combination with the successive Turkmenchay treaty of 1828, the formerly Iranian territories became now part of Russia for around the next 180 years, except Dagestan, which remained a Russian possession ever since. Out of the greater part of the territory, three separate nations would be formed through the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, namely Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Lastly and equally important, as a result of Russia's imposing of the two treaties, it also decisively parted the Azerbaijanis and Talysh ever since between the two nations.


      ancient greece
      - 被 「太陽王」 路易十 四譽為 「法國有史以來最偉大藝術家」 的夏爾‧ 勒布倫。他之所以能獲得 「國王首席畫師」 的訂 製職位，源於其名作《亞歷山大大帝腳下的波斯 皇后》（又名《大流士的營帳》）頗得聖意。 畫作描繪了在波斯國王大流士三世在伊蘇斯 戰役被擊敗後，其皇后攜家屬在營帳中被馬其頓 國王亞歷山大赦免並維持皇室待遇的場景。畫中英姿颯爽的亞歷山 大敞開雙臂的寬容、波斯皇后跪在其腳下的虔誠 祈求、以及她身後家眷眼中難以置信的驚喜，則 體現出他比普桑更為感性與戲劇化的個人畫風。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200701/PDF/b21_screen.pdf
      - https://www.quora.com/What-do-Persians-think-of-Alexander-the-Great

      arabs
      - https://www.quora.com/Why-was-the-Persian-Empire-completely-conquered-by-the-Arabs-in-the-7th-century-while-the-Byzantine-Empire-survived-albeit-in-a-drastically-reduced-form

      India
      - Hindustan is the Persian name for India, broadly the Indian subcontinent, which later became an endonym. After the Partition of India, it continues to be used as a name for the Republic of India. A secondary meaning of Hindustan is as a geographic term for the Indo-Gangetic Plainin north India. Hindustan is derived from the Persian word Hindū cognate with the Sanskrit Sindhu.[7] The Proto-Iranian sound change *s > h occurred between 850–600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola.[8] Hence, the Rigvedic sapta sindhava (the land of seven rivers) became hapta hinduin the Avesta. It was said to be the "fifteenth domain" created by Ahura Mazda, apparently a land of 'abnormal heat'.[9] In 515 BCE, Darius I annexed the Indus valley including Sindhu, the present day Sindh, which was called Hindu in Persian. During the time of Xerxes, the term "Hindu" was also applied to the lands to the east of Indus. In middle Persian, probably from the first century CE, the suffix -stān was added, indicative of a country or region, forming the present word Hindūstān. Thus, Sindh was referred to as Hindūstān in the Naqsh-e-Rustam inscription of Shapur I in c. 262 CE. Scholar Bratindra Nath Mukherjee states that from the lower Indus basin, the term Hindūstāngot gradually extended to "more or less the whole of the subcontinent". The Greco-Roman name "India" and the Chinese name Shen-tu also followed a similar evolution. 

      •  The 1940 Lahore Resolution of the All-India Muslim League demanded sovereignty for the Muslim-majority areas in the northwest and northeast of India, which came to be called 'Pakistan' in popular parlance and the remaining India came to be called 'Hindustan'. The British officials too picked up the two terms and started using them officially. However, this naming did not meet the approval of Indian leaders due to the implied meaning of 'Hindustan' as the land of Hindus. They insisted that the new Dominion of India should be called 'India', not 'Hindustan'. Probably for the same reason, the name 'Hindustan' did not receive official sanction of the Constituent Assembly of India, whereas 'Bharat' was adopted as an official name. It was recognised however that 'Hindustan' would continue to be used unofficially.
      legacy
      - "civilisation"
      • ***********https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Persians-not-develop-a-Persian-civilization-like-Hellenistic-in-the-whole-area-subjected-to-the-Achaemenid-dynasty They did. But they didn't use Farsi. They used Aramaic as the lingua franca. That's why the Judeans spoke it. They and other subject nations had freedom of religion. The Achaemenids practiced non-interference with native cultures. However they abolished slavery. And the satrapies had to levy military forces. Even after they got absorbed by the jihad from Arabia. Their math, science, medicine, literature and technology flourished. Their culture was adopted by the Seljuks and later the Ottomans.
      - https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-things-tools-or-discoveries-that-were-invented-by-the-ancient-Persian-empire-and-that-we-still-use-today
      - xx the great
      • Here’s a lil story for you about Alexander’s relationship with one of his friends and schoolmates. His name was Cassander, and he had studied together in Aristotle’s academy with Alexander as a child. In the year 323 BCE, Cassander was about to plead his case before the king Alexander to have mercy upon his father. He spotted some Persians prostrating themselves before Alexander; such deference to great kings was a long tradition in Persian culture. https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Alexander-widely-remembered-as-Alexander-%E2%80%9Cthe-Great%E2%80%9D-What-is-%E2%80%9Cgreat%E2%80%9D-about-him-Do-you-agree-that-he-deserves-this-title-Why-or-why-not

      trivial
      - https://www.quora.com/Was-ancient-Persia-as-terrifying-as-the-300-movie The Persians, led by their first great king Cyrus, decided to try love. Their approach to conquest was fundamentally different. When they conquered, they allowed local rulers to remain in power, gave them a good amount of autonomy, preserved cultural traditions, and integrated them into a broader political system. They kept sacking of cities or killing of civilians to a minimum.And it paid off. Persia successfully conquered on a scale unprecedented in history. Old empires like the Assyrians and Babylonians were dwarfed by this empire of empires, which ruled over the historic lands of Egypt, Babylon, Sumer, Lydia, Elam, and so many other great states. Why did all of these peoples accept Persian dominance? Because Persian dominance really wasn’t that bad; in fact, it was way better than being dominated by any other power.Persia didn’t just preserve what was already there. It also rebuilt what had previously been destroyed, fixed the mistakes of past empires. The best example of this was the Jews.
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