Thursday, January 10, 2019

Balkan Peninsula

balkans
- 「巴爾幹」——土耳其語，http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20181019/PDF/b10_screen.pdf
- historically bore different names - hellenic, byzantine, or illyrian peninsula; romania (for eastern roman empire); and rumeli (as an administrative unit of ottoman empire).
- "turkey in europe", "european turkey" and la turquie d'europe began to be used by ottomans and in western europe in 16th c and became standard around mid-18th c. It included the romanian principalities (despitevtheir different administrative status, occasionally subsumed under the then- emerging europe orientale
- greek texts, on the other hand, often featured another imported name, "graicia", for the area
- balkanhalbinsel is a misnomer coined in 1808 bybprussian geographer johan august zeune
- austrian diplomatvjohann georg von hahn referred in 1861, to "southeastern europeanpeninsula (sudosthalbinsel) as the most appropriate name for the region
- partly coexisted and overlapped with alterative cultural space of slavic europe or slavic world
- intermingled and coexistedcwith danubian space (donauraum) as primarily an economic unit centered on danubian monarchy (austro- hungary)
- Meyers Konversations-Lexikon of 1908 has nbentry for balkan, explaining the region's particular importance as intermediary location between asia and europe, which made it one of the most important transition zones for levantine trade.
- german interests in the region built on a preexistent notion of mitteleuropa formulated in 1840s.
- french preoccupation with south slas, whom they portrayed as the moral, political and racial opposite to the germans
- russian archaelogical institute in constantinople (1894-1914) was a typical orientalust enterprise intended to support byzantine heritage
- in 1860s and early 1870s, the bulgarian liberal lyuben karavelov saw the swiss confederation as model for balkan nations' unification
- svetozar marjovic was the earliest champion of the balkan federation in serbia; his plan for a federal republic of free nations of southern europe was modeled on the traditional south slavonic community, the zadruga.
- nicolae iorga, founder of institute for studyof southeasternbeurope in bucharest in 1914, was of view tgatthe region of southeastern europe included the carpathians to the aegean, thus incorporating the romanians with the once-romanised inhabitants (the vlachs) to the south of the danube.  This specificity drew upon the great thraco-Illyrian-roman tradition an epitomized by byzantium (was tsken over by ottoman empire and constituted the heritage that all the southeast- european peoples shared). He considered eastern europe identical with the eurasian world.
- serbs stood out as the most populous and dynamiccforce behind the nationalistic movements
- saidian orientalism - notion of mental mapping, where the balkans appears, not as a historical region, but as an imaginedcspacevand simplified representation in western mind.
  • bulgarian historian maria todorova's imagining the balkans (1997)

"balkanization"
- emerged after ww1, used as a political term denoting the fragmentation of hapsburg and romnaov empires, and was soon charged with negative connotations of political instability, nationalist enmity, internationak menace,
and great power machinations

movement for a balkan union
- so-called balkan confedence of 1930-4
- slogan "balkans for the balkan people"
- balkan pact signed in1934 by greece, romania, turkey and yugoslavia
- the political designs for a balkan union had directvbearing onnthe institutionalisation of regionalnstudies. The 1930s was the period when new science of balkanology took shape
- vitalist imageries of the balkans - eg vladimir dvornikovic's (1939) "epic man" or "the balkan barbarogenius"
- during 1930s, the german understanding of the region became closely associated with the concept of erganzungswirtschaft - The Theory of an Integrated Economic Area of the Third Reich and Southeast Europe
- for a brief while, between 1945 and 47, the idea of a balkan confederation between yugoslavia, bulgaria, and albania, and possibly hungary and greece, was revived on the initiative of josip broz tito, leader of communist led liberation front in yugoslavia. But moscow refused to accept belgrade's independent actions, while sofia and tirana were reluctant to sacrifice their independence for the sake of a federation centering on belgrade.
- geopoliticakl affiliation after ww2

  • nato members greece and turkey
  • communist romania and bulgaria
  • non-aligned yugoslavia
  • maverick albania
eu
- several eu-led political initiatives in late 1990s, such as the stability pact for southeastern europe set up  in 1999

伊利里亚In classical antiquity, Illyria (/ɪˈlɪəriə/; Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυρία, Illyría or Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís;[2][3] Latin: Illyria,[4] see also: Illyricum)[1] was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the Illyrians. Besides them, this region was also settled, in various times, by some tribes of Celts, Goths and Thracians. Illyrians spoke Illyrian languages, a group of Indo-European languages, which in ancient times perhaps had speakers in some parts in Southern Italy.[5] The geographical term Illyris (distinct from Illyria) was used to define approximately the area of northern and central Albania down to the Aoös valley, including in most periods much of the lakeland area.In Greek mythology, the name of Illyria is aetiologically traced to Illyrius, the son of Cadmus and Harmonia, who eventually ruled Illyria and became the eponymous ancestor of the Illyrians.[8] A later version of the myth identifies Polyphemus and Galatea as parents of Celtus, Galas, and Illyrius.Ancient Greek writers used the name "Illyrian" to describe peoples between the Liburnians and Epirus.[10] Fourth-century BC Greek writers clearly separated the people along the Adriatic coast from the Illyrians, and only in the 1st century AD was "Illyrian" used as a general term for all the peoples across the Adriatic.[11] Writers also spoke of "Illyrians in the strict sense of the word"; Pomponius Mela (43 AD) the stricto sensu Illyrians lived north of the Taulantii and Enchele, on the Adriatic shore;[12] Pliny the Elder used "properly named Illyrians"[11] (Illyrii proprii/proprie dicti) for a small people[11] south of Epidaurum,[11] or between Epidaurum (now Cavtat) and Lissus (now Lezhë).[12] In the Roman period, Illyricum was used for the area between the Adriatic and Danube.
- language

  • https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Latin-language-survive-in-Dacia-to-become-modern-Romanian-but-not-in-Illyricum-which-was-closer-to-Rome


macedonia
- sme studies featured itbas the miniature of balkans

The Austrian Littoral (German: Österreichisches Küstenland, Italian: Litorale Austriaco, Slovene: Avstrijsko primorje, Croatian: Austrijsko primorje, Hungarian: Osztrák Partvidék) was a crown land (Kronland) of the Austrian Empire, established in 1849. It consisted of three regions: the Istria peninsula, Gorizia and Gradisca, and the Imperial Free City of Trieste. Throughout history, the region has been frequently contested, with parts of it controlled at various times by the Republic of Venice, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Yugoslavia among others. The Kingdom of Italy annexed it after World War I according to the Treaty of London and later Treaty of Rapallo. After World War II, it was split between Italy and Yugoslavia. Trieste had strategic importance as Austria-Hungary's primary seaport and the coast of the Littoral was a resort destination, the Austrian Riviera. The region was a multi-national one, with Italians, Slovenes, Croats, Germans and Friulians being the main ethnic groups. 
- Not too many people want to remember it but there existed a Treaty between Hitler and Mussolini. All the German speakers from the Littoral were deported to Germany, many of them nobles.. In South Tyrol German farmers were spared but a great number of non-farmers were forced to leave but most returned after World War TWO. The Littoral, nearly in its entirety annexed by Italy after WW1, shared between Italy and Yugo-Slavia after WW2. https://www.quora.com/What-do-Austrians-think-about-the-lost-territories-of-Austria


Yugoslavia
- The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian: Kraljevina Jugoslavija / Краљевина Југославија; Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija; Macedonian: Кралство Југославија, Kralstvo Jugoslavija) was a state in Southeast Europe and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941, during the interwar period and beginning of World War II. The Kingdom was formed in 1918 by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (itself formed from territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire) with the formerly independent Kingdom of Serbia. The Kingdom of Montenegro had united with Serbia five days previously, while the regions of Kosovo, Vojvodina and Vardar Macedonia were parts of Serbia prior to the unification. Initially, the Kingdom was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Serbo-Croatian: Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca / Краљевина Срба, Хрвата и Словенаца; Slovene: Kraljevina Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev), but the term "Yugoslavia" (literally "Land of Southern Slavs") was its colloquial name from its origins.[5] The official name of the state was changed to "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" by King Alexander I on 3 October 1929. The state was ruled by the Serbian dynasty of Karađorđević, which previously ruled the Kingdom of Serbia under Peter I from 1903 (after the May Overthrow) onward. Peter I became the first king of Yugoslavia until his death in 1921. He was succeeded by his son Alexander I, who had been regent for his father. He was known as "Alexander the Unifier" and he renamed the kingdom "Yugoslavia" in 1929. He was assassinated in Marseille by Vlado Chernozemski, a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), during his visit to France in 1934. The crown passed to his then-still under-aged son Peter. Alexander's cousin Paul ruled as Prince regent until 1941, when Peter II would come of age.[6] The royal family flew to London the same year, prior to the country being invaded by the Axis powers. In April 1941, the country was occupied and partitioned by the Axis powers. A royal government-in-exile, recognized by the United Kingdom and, later, by all the Allies, was established in London. In 1944, after pressure from the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the King recognized the government of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as the legitimate government. This was established on 2 November following the signing of the Treaty of Vis by Ivan Šubašić (on behalf of the Kingdom) and Josip Broz Tito (on behalf of the Yugoslav Partisans).
  • https://www.quora.com/Why-is-there-a-dispute-between-the-former-Yugoslav-Republic-of-Macedonia-and-Greece-over-the-name-Macedonia
- food culture

  • hkej 11jan19 shum article
- pan slavism

  • https://www.quora.com/What-changed-in-Yugoslavia-that-led-to-it-collapsing-Wasn-t-there-originally-significant-support-for-pan-Slavic-beliefs
- history
  • https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Croatia-get-so-much-coastline-during-the-breakup-of-Yugoslavia-leaving-Slovenia-and-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina-all-but-landlocked Because the many republics of Yugoslavia agreed to keep their pre-independence borders intact and just make them national borders instead.All the post-independence border conflicts (Croatia manages to have those with all her neighbors) are conflicts about how the 1991 border really looked like. Was this house on the northern side of the border or the south? Was this bay really solely the doman of one entity or was it shared halfway? Now, it is true that the 1991 borders between republics are not the same as 1949 borders, the Slovene-Corat border was moved to the north in 1953 and a small chunk of what is now Croatia did belong to Slovenia prior to that decision and that would approximately double Slovenian coastline.That was an internal political decision by the FPRY (Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia, the country called itself that until 1963), has no bearing on the 1991 border and is not admissable as a territorial claim.
- china
  • chinese embassy
  • hkej 15aug18 shum article japanese embassy is just next to it
  • First diplomat of yugoslavia to china - nikola milicevic
  • https://simonshen.blog/2015/09/28/王紹光與胡鞍鋼：中國的「南斯拉夫情結」/ 本欄不久前談及中國「新左派」學者王紹光教授關於文革的論著，而他對比較政治的研究也是一家之言，同樣值得關心當代中國外交的朋友留意。他與清華大學胡鞍鋼教授發表的《中國國家能力報告》（又稱《王胡報告》）從「中央－地方財政分配」這角度切入，分析了「國家能力」與國家轉型的關係，特別以南斯拉夫的案例，警告中國政府不正視危機的後果，成了中國高層重視的觀點。今天習近平的「中國夢」，觸及國家經濟發展和權力分配的改革，並將之與「外部形勢」掛鉤，部份正是參考了「不能讓中國變成南斯拉夫」的預言。


association
- https://english.sta.si/2363227/slovenian-serbian-business-association-established A Slovenian-Serbian business association has been established in a bid to facilitate economic cooperation and exchange of good practices between the two countries.

demographic
- economist 22aug2020 ageing, dying leaving a sad array of problemsvis shrinking se europe's population

international politics
- 現時區域的交通，主要是中方在建的「匈塞鐵路」和剛通車的塞爾維亞──黑山共和國的超級公路。二者都是協助塞爾維亞的發展。北上西通，後者更打通出海口，塞爾維亞有利，黑山共和國亦可大力發展愛琴海畔的港口，在旅遊業外增加經濟支柱。下一步便是希臘北上塞爾維亞的通道建設。這樣的發展與美國北約困限巴爾幹的戰略相反，因此遭受激烈反對。若中國堅持，一如塞黑公路，建成後便帶來長期的轉變，可不管美歐反對。至於貸款償還問題，可從長計議，地緣戰略優先於企業利益，中國政府亦可介入資助。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20210501/00184_001.html

history
-  https://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/miller/mobile_miller.xhtml
- yugoslavia

  • old name - jugo-slavia
- reference material

  • https://www.quora.com/A-Balkan-map-from-1876-how-many-people-want-the-return-of-these-borders


People
- Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2014-02/28/content_17311833.htm,  daughter of Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia and Princess Margarita of Baden, ambassador for a Yunnan tea company (Dianhong Group), husband Grant Harrold was once a butler to the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall
-  Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, pronounced [jǒsip brôːz tîto]; born Josip Broz; (7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia.
  • He was General Secretary (later Chairman of the Presidium) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80), and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–45). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944–63), President (later President for Life) (1953–80) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, Josip Broz Tito received some 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath. Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Croatia. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ).
  • hkej 8may18 shum article on prospects of north korea becoming yugoslavia under tito
  • hkej 16-17aug18 shum article, latter on workers' self management
  • https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Titos-plan-of-Greater-Yugoslavia-fail   The first step to creating a “Greater Yugoslavia” would have been to enlarge Yugoslavian borders at the expense of the defeated Axis powers. Tito wanted to annex all of Istria from Italy, including the city of Trieste (Slovene: Trst), and annex Carinthia (Slovene: Koroška) from Austria. Tito had also claimed the Italian region of Friuli in 1943, but never pressed Yugoslav claims to it in 1945. The Yugoslav Partisans managed to captured both Trieste and Klagenfurt (Slovene: Celovec) in 1945 but were forced to withdraw by the Allied Powers, with the approval of the USSR, after several months of Yugoslav occupation. In the Treaty of Paris, Istria was given to Yugoslavia with the exception of the city of Trieste and its environs, which became a Free City and was later partitioned between Italy and Yugoslavia. Meanwhile Carinthia remained part of Austria. After the war, Tito looked south to annexing the city of Thessaloniki (Slav-Macedonian/Bulgarian: Solun), all of Greek-Macedonia and Thrace, as well as getting Bulgaria to join Yugoslavia in union. Tito sought to create a Slav-Macedonian national identity, in part to legitimize his claims to Greek-Macedonia, as well as to end Bulgarian irredentist aspirations to Yugoslav-Macedonia once and for all. The Socialist Republic of Macedonia was formed, and for the first time in history the Yugoslav state recognized the Slav-Macedonian national identity as independent, and neither Serbian nor Bulgarian. Tito initially had good relations with the leader of Bulgaria, Georgi Dimitrov, and both aimed to create a Federated Yugoslav/Balkan Republic. In 1947, both leaders signed the Bled agreement, which abolished visas and created a customs union, and paved the way for union between both countries. Bulgaria had to recognize the Slav-Macedonian identity and give Pirin-Macedonia to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, and in return would regain the Western Outlands from Serbia. However after the 1948 Tito-Stalin split, the plans for union ended as Bulgaria joined the side of the USSR and eventually broke off relations with Yugoslavia and the Bled agreement was terminated in 1949. During the Greek civil war (1946–1949), Tito supported the Greek Communists in the hopes of annexing Greek-Macedonia into Yugoslavia in the event of a Communist victory. The Greek Communist DSE drew most of its recruits from the Slavic population in Greek-Macedonia, and of the DSE’s 20,000 fighters, around 14,000 were Slavic-Macedonians. In 1949 Yugoslavia withdrew its support for the Greek Communists after the leader of the KKE (Greek Communist Party) Nikos Zachariadis declared his support for Stalin and the USSR. Tito also had plans to annex Albania into Yugoslavia, as he thought Albania was too weak to stand on its own (at the time Albania was Europe’s most underdeveloped country), and even though Albania was not Slavic, he thought Albania would do better as part of Yugoslavia. Albania joining Yugoslavia would also help solve the dispute over Kosovo. After the war, Albania functioned as a satellite state of Yugoslavia. In 1946, both countries signed the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Aid, which was very much slanted in favor of Yugoslav interests, and made the Albanian economy wholly dependent on Yugoslavia. In addition Yugoslav troops were deployed in Albania during the Greek civil war.After the Tito-Stalin split, Albanian leader Enver Hoxha sided with Stalin, and he expelled all Yugoslav advisors from the country and terminated all existing trade agreements. Pro-Yugoslav Albanian communists were purged, including Koçi Xoxe, who was executed for treason in 1949.From then on, Hoxha rallied against Yugoslavia and the supposed occupation of Kosovo. The Albanian bunkers constructed in the 1960s and 70s was built in large part out of fear/paranoia of a Yugoslav invasion.

Tribes
- The Aromanians (Aromanian: Rrãmãnjã, Armãnjã) are an ethnic group native to the Balkans, traditionally living in northern and central Greece, central and southern Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, and south-western Bulgaria. Especially in Greece, the term Vlachs is used to refer to Aromanians, but this term is internationally used to encompass all Romance-speaking peoples of the Balkans and Tatra Mountains regions. The term Aromanian derives directly from the Latin Romanus, meaning Roman citizen. The initial a- is a regular epenthetic vowel, occurring when certain consonant clusters are formed, and it is not, as folk etymology sometimes has it, related to the negative or privative a- of Greek (also occurring in Latin words of Greek origin). The term was coined by Gustav Weigand in his 1894 work Die Aromunen. 

  • George M. Averoff (15 August 1815, Metsovo – 15 July 1899, Alexandria), alternately Georgios Averof (in Greek: Γεώργιος Αβέρωφ), was a Greek businessman and philanthropist. He is one of the great national benefactors of Greece. Born in the town of Metsovo (Epirus, Greece, then Ottoman Empire) Averoff moved to Alexandria while still young. He was known through most of his life for founding numerous schools in both Egypt and Greece.George Averoff was of Aromanian-Greek origin. He moved to Cairo, Egypt, in 1837 to work in his brother, Anastasios’s, shop. Thanks to his bold tactics and business activities he became the biggest merchant in Egypt. At the same time he got involved in the banking business, the real estate business (buying and leasing land) while with his many riverboats traveling up and down the Nile he managed to dominate Egypt’s domestic and foreign trade. His business activities resulted in the accumulation of vast wealth which he used to donate to charity and common good purposes. His multilevel charity work includes significant donations for the development of educational and other infrastructure projects to the Greek community of Alexandria, Metsovo, Athens and the Greek state in general. Among them, the most notable ones are the founding of the School of Agriculture in Larisa, the construction of the Evelpidon Military Academy, the donation to the Athens Conservatory, the donation for the refurbishment of the Panathenian Stadium (raised by another two Aromanian benefactors), where the first modern Olympic Games were held, the completion of the National Technical University of Athens and the donation for building the namesake flaghip of the Greek Navy.


EU
- https://www.ft.com/content/d5e9eba6-0a6a-11e7-97d1-5e720a26771b Western Balkan countries should create a single market to push back against foreign interference and quash political unrest, the EU’s enlargement chief has said, as Brussels looks for ways to stabilise the under-developed and politically volatile region. Johannes Hahn, EU enlargement commissioner, called on prime ministers from six states to create “a single space for economic development” that would remove barriers to trade and boost their chances of eventually joining the bloc.

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