Wednesday, January 9, 2019

guatemala

 安地瓜（Antigua），全稱Antigua Guatemala（舊瓜地馬拉） Antigua Guatemala (Spanish pronunciation: [anˈtigua guateˈmala]), commonly referred to as just Antigua or la Antigua, is a city in the central highlands of Guatemala known for its preserved Spanish Baroque-influenced architecture as well as a number of ruins of colonial churches. It served as the capital of the Kingdom of Guatemala. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. Antigua Guatemala serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name. It also serves as the departmental capital of Sacatepéquez Department. Antigua Guatemala means "Old Guatemala" and was the third capital of Guatemala. The first capital of Guatemala was founded on the site of a Kakchikel-Maya city, now called Iximche, on Monday, July 25, 1524—the day of Saint James—and therefore named Ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros de Goathemalan (City of Saint James of the Knights of Guatemala). Naturally, St. James became the patron saint of the city.[citation needed] After several Kaqchikel uprisings, the capital was moved to a more suitable site in the Valley of Almolonga (place of water) on November 22, 1527, and kept its original name. This new city was located on the site of present-day San Miguel Escobar,[1] which is a neighborhood in the municipality of Ciudad Vieja.[2] This city was destroyed on September 11, 1541 by a devastating lahar from the Volcán de Agua.[3] As a result, the colonial authorities decided to move the capital once more, this time five miles away to the Panchoy Valley. So, on March 10, 1543 the Spanish conquistadors founded present-day Antigua, and again, it was named Santiago de los Caballeros.[citation needed] For more than 200 years, it served as the seat of the military governor of the Spanish colony of Guatemala, a large region that included almost all of present-day Central America and the southernmost State of Mexico: Chiapas.


***** 奇基穆拉  Chiquimula is a city in Guatemala. It serves both as the capital of the department of Chiquimula and as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name. It is some 174 km from Guatemala City and is in Guatemala often called "La perla del oriente" (the pearl of the east). 
- A principios del siglo xvi, cuando ocurrió la conquista española, la región de Chiquimula de la Sierra, que ocupaba la zona del actual departamento de Chiquimula al este de los antiquos reinos poqomam y chajomá, estaba habitada por la población maya chortí (ch'orti).11​ El primer reconocimiento español de esta región lo llevó a cabo en 1524 una expedición en la que participaron Hernando de Chávez, Juan Durán, Bartolomé Becerra y Cristóbal Salvatierra, entre otros.12​ En 1526, tres capitanes españoles, Juan Pérez Dardón, Sancho de Barahona y Bartolomé Becerra, invadieron Chiquimula bajo las órdenes de Pedro de Alvarado. 



奇奇卡斯特南戈   Chichicastenango, also known as Santo Tomás Chichicastenango, is a town in the El Quiché department of Guatemala, and is the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name. It is located in a mountainous region about 140 km (87 mi) northwest of Guatemala City, at an altitude of 1,965 m (6,447 ft).[3] The Spanish conquistadors gave the town its name from the Nahuatl name used by their soldiers from Tlaxcala: Tzitzicaztenanco, or City of Nettles. Its original name was Chaviar.Chichicastenango is a K'iche' Maya cultural centre. 
- At least three songs have been written about the town.
  • “Chichicastenango” Xavier Cugat 1937
  • "In Chi-Chi Castenango" Edmundo Ros Mambo Jambo: Original Recordings 1941-1950
  • "In the Land of The Maya" Lennie Gallant In the Land of The Maya
- 在危地馬拉高地的奇奇卡斯特南戈（Chichicastenango），是基切（Quiche）原住民聚居地，他們視耶穌門徒多馬為守護神，每年聖誕前都舉行慶典。上周六是今年活動最後一天，大批人在教堂前跳舞、巡遊、放煙花，滿載節日氣氛。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191223/00180_030.html
Santa Cruz El Chol (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsanta ˈkɾus el tʃol]) is a municipality in the Baja Verapaz department of Guatemala. Originally, the region was named "Santa Cruz Belén de los Indios Choles" (Bethlehem Holy Cross of the Chole Indians), and it was settled in 1603 (according to the friar Joseph H. Sotomayor), which makes it one of the oldest Spanish towns in Guatemala.
- [manuscript hunter] founded by dominicans; and was named for a barbarian tribe from the region near the mopan river and lake peten itza that had been converted by dominicans. In order to prevent contact with their brothers who had remained idolaters and persecuted the new converts, the tribe was moved by clergymen inland towards previously subdued provinces, where the chol people comingled with other populations.


    guatemala city
    - [manuscript hunter] square city looking very much like an ivory chessboard. Its brilliant white towers and domes stood out against the gold and clay surroundings

    San Pedro Carchá, usually referred to as Carchá, is a municipality in the Guatemalan department of Alta Verapaz. 
    - at the time of brasseur's, it was called carchag


    Rabinal is a small town located in the Guatemalan department of Baja Verapaz, at 15°5′4.70″N 90°29′20.50″W. It serves as the administrative seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name. The municipality covers 504 km² and, in 2004, had a population of around 36,000. The local people are predominantly Achi Maya Native Americans who speak the Achi Maya language.
    - [manuscript hunter] at the time of brasseur, the town was formerly under the control of the dominican order (first town founded by them, the illustrious bartolome de las casas (also known as the protector of indians)); has an indigenous population that speaks k'iche', and 3 or 4 hundred ladinos or people of mixed blood;  Like other parishes of vera paz, the town came under the authority of the monastery of santo domingo in guatemala city; the land previously been the birthright of the kings of zamanib and chamel, under the dominion of the catholic kings of spain. Whereas neighbouring kingdoms had already been brought completely under spanish control, for ten years the warriors of tetzulutlan (nahuatl or mexican name given to the whole region that is known today as vera paz) opposed alvarado's lieutenants; in 1537, princes from rabinal tribe (sovereigns of zamanib and cakyug) converted to christianity; rabinal named after the area's royal family; according to the concordat between the holy see and general carrera, a tithe continued to be levied on whites and mestizos that went to the archbishopric and metropolitan chapter.  Moreover, the first fruits of the earth and the first animals born of the herd were to be paid to the chiefs of the different parishes; feudal system preserved in a great many guatemalan parishes, especially in those where the indigenous people have remained the majority population; patron saint - joseph

    • ***********missionaries introduced performance with christian themes that would be performed in accordance with festivals of christian calendar --> indigenous towns and villages perform something called bile de la sierpe (ballet of the serpent) drawn from the legend of saint george and the dragon or others with dances that tell of the moors' defeat in grenada or cortes conquest of mexico. In those areas where the missionaries refused to tolerate historical and religious ballets of natives, those ballets were performed during secret meetings.  It created a sort of freemasonry.  In several parishes the clergy relented and eased their restrictions, these works could be performed as they had been in the past e.g hunahpu coy (hunahpu monkey) in the altos and for the xtzul(centipede, a varaint name is q'uq'kumatz (feathered serpent)), whose subject is related to the marvelous legend of dance of 13 precious stones found within the gagxanul volcano.  
    • teponaztli master is an important figure.  He is usually the living depositary of ancient traditions and leads gatherings having to do with ancient customs.  Usually, he has one of the best seats in the church and everyone has a great deal of respect for him 


    Verapaz or Vera Paz was a historical region in the Spanish colonial Captaincy General of Guatemala.Verapaz —o Vera Paz — (del latín, significa «la verdadera paz») fue una región de la Capitanía General de Guatemala. Originalmente fue conocida como Tezulutlán (español: «zona de guerra») porque en esa región se refugiaron los pueblos indígenas que se resistieron a la conquista española en la década de 1520; sin embargo, fue conquistada pacíficamente por frailes dominicosencabezados por fray Bartolomé de Las Casas, O.P. en la década de 1540, y por eso pasó a llamarse Verapaz (del latín: verdadera paz). El 4 de noviembre de 1825, tras la Independencia de Centroamérica fue convertida en departamento, y entonces incluía al distrito de Petén, el cual tenía fronteras difusas con Yucatán —entonces un estado independiente— y Belice por lo espeso de su selva. Petén pasó a ser un distrito independiente en 1839. Verapaz permaneció unida hasta que fue separada en dos departamentos por cuestiones administrativas; los nuevos departamentos fueron:


    association
    - The International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (Spanish: Comisión Internacional contra la Impunidad en Guatemala, CICIG) is an international body charged with investigating and prosecuting serious crime in Guatemala. It was created on December 12, 2006, when the United Nations and Guatemala signed a treaty-level agreement setting up CICIG as an independent body to support the Public Prosecutor's Office (Procuraduría General de la Nación), the National Civilian Police (Policía Nacional Civil) and other state institutions in the investigation of sensitive and difficult cases. The ultimate goal of CICIG's work is to strengthen national judicial institutions, to allow them to continue to confront illegal groups and organized crime in the future. 

    • https://www.ft.com/content/955ea710-1365-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e Jimmy Morales, Guatemala’s president, is facing a torrent of criticism and potential constitutional crisis over his decision to shutter a UN anti-corruption commission. After months of escalating tensions, the unilateral decision to terminate the International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala — known by its Spanish acronym, Cicig — was condemned by António Guterres, the UN secretary-general. He demanded that the body be allowed to continue its work. Cicig has uncovered more than 80 criminal networks implicating more than 1,000 people. The most notable was a multibillion-dollar scam dubbed La Línea, which brought down Otto Pérez Molina, Guatemala’s former president.


    company
    - handicraft products la selva
    • exhibited at 2017 and 2018 tdc gift fr
    - joya life sa
    • exhibited at 2017 jewelry fr


    people
    - José Rafael Carrera Turcios (24 October 1814 – 14 April 1865) was the president of Guatemala from 1844 to 1848 and from 1851 until his death in 1865, after being appointed President for Life in 1854. During his military career and presidency, new nations in Central America were facing numerous problems: William Walker's invasions, liberal attempts to overthrow the Catholic Church and aristocrats' power, the Civil War in the United States, Mayan uprising in the east, Belize boundary dispute with England, and the wars in Mexico under Benito Juarez. This led to a rise of caudillos, a term that refers to charismatic populist leaders among the indigenous people. Many regional and national caudillos were interested in power for their own gain. Carrera was an exception as he genuinely took the interests of Guatemala's Indian majority to heart. Backed by the Catholic Church, conservatives of the Aycinena clan led by Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol, and mestizo and indigenist peasants, he dominated politics in the first three decades of Guatemala's independence more than any other individual.[2] He led the revolt against the liberal state government of Mariano Galvez in Guatemala, and then was instrumental in breaking up the Federal Republic of Central America that the liberals wanted.[Note 1] As a result, once the liberals took over power in Guatemala in 1871, Carrera's character and regime were dismissed and demonized, making him look as an illiterate who could not even write his own name and was a puppet of the aristocrats.[3][4] Over the years, even Marxist writers who wanted to show how the native Guatemalans have been exploited by the elites completely ignored Carrera's interest in them and accused him of racism and being a "little king".

    • [manuscript hunter] when carrera came to power, clergy was recalled; monasteries, libraries and documents were all returned to them

    - José Efraín Ríos Montt (Huehuetenango, 16 de junio de 1926-Ciudad de Guatemala, 1 de abril de 2018)​ fue un político y general retirado guatemalteco que encabezó la dictadura existente en ese país entre 1982 y 1983 como presidente de facto, posición a la que llegó a través de un golpe de Estado;3​ es considerado uno de los representantes más duros de los gobiernos militares de Centroamérica4​5​6​ y estaba siendo juzgado en Guatemala por genocidio.7​Nació en Huehuetenango, Guatemala, el 16 de junio de 1926, en el seno de una familia católica. Contrajo matrimonio con María Teresa Sosa Ávila, con quien procreó tres hijos: Homero, Enrique y Zury. En 1978 renunció al catolicismo y se convirtió en un ministro ordenado en la Iglesia Pentecostal de la Palabra.

    • ​Ríos Montt commence sa carrière militaire comme cadet en 1946, diplômé de l'école des Amériques situé dans la zone du canal à Panama en 1950. En 1954, alors jeune officier, il joue un rôle mineur dans l'opération PBSUCCESS, coup d’État, organisé par la CIA, qui entraîne la chute du président guatémaltèque Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán. Il sera promu général en 1972 puis chef de l'état-major. En 1973, il démissionne de son poste à l'ambassade du Guatemala à Washington, pour participer à l’élection présidentielle guatémaltèque de mars 1974 comme candidat d'une coalition dirigée par le partido de la Democracia Cristiana. Battu par son rival de l'aile droite, le général Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García, par une différence de 70 000 votes, Ríos Montt dénonça une fraude électorale massive. Il est accusé d'avoir perçu pour plusieurs centaines de milliers de dollars américains de pot-de-vin au cours de son séjour à Madrid où il occupa un poste d'attaché militaire à l'ambassade du Guatemala jusqu'en 1977.

    - Álvaro Colom Caballeros (Spanish: [ˈalβaɾo koˈlom]; June 15, 1951) is a Guatemalan politician who was the President of Guatemala from 2008 to 2012, as well as leader of the social-democratic National Unity of Hope (UNE).Colom was born in Guatemala City, the son of Antonio Colom Argueta and Yolanda Caballeros Ferraté, being the fourth of five siblings. His uncle, Manuel Colom, was a mayor of Guatemala City who was killed by the military in 1979 just after the creation of his political party was approved.[1] He is also the father of Antonio Colom Szarata, the bass player of a Guatemalan pop rock band, Viento en Contra.[2] He and his third wife, Sandra Torres, divorced in 2011 in order for his wife to be able to run in the 2011 presidential election. After gaining a degree as an industrial engineer at the University of San Carlos (USAC) he became a businessman involved in a variety of businesses, and a government civil servant, including being the founding General Director of the Fondo Nacional para la Paz and Vice Minister of the Economy before turning to politics. One of his businesses was a "maquila" with associate Luis Mendizabal  Representing the UNE (Unidad Nacional de la Esperanza) in the 2003 presidential elections, he lost to Óscar Berger on December 28, 2003, this is the closest a left-wing presidential candidate had come to winning the presidency since democracy was restored in 1985.As President, Colom expanded social programs[7] and access to health, education, and social security. These contributed to a rise in the living standards of the Guatemalan poor. In 2010 he appointed Helen Mack Chang, a noted human rights activist, to investigate police corruption and make recommendations for changes. She noted that their low pay and poor working conditions made them open to influence and needed to be addressed.On 13 February 2018, Colom was arrested alongside former finance minister Juan Alberto Fuentes "as part of a local corruption investigation".
    - diplomat
    • Jorge Skinner-Klée (1923 – 2008) fue un político, embajador, abogado y notario guatemalteco (Arenales & Skinner-Klée Abogados, 2015). Skinner-Klée fue fundador de la firma y bufete Arenales & Skinner-Klée Abogados. Se graduó de la licenciatura en CIencas Jurídicas y Sociales de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala -USAC-. 
    • private library in guatemala city
    - Alejandro Giammattei participated in elections in 1985, 1988, and 1990 as general coordinator of the electoral processes. He gained recognition at both the national and international level under the orders of former Vice President of the Republic of Guatemala Arturo Herbruger Asturias. Giammattei has been recognized as a consultant to several companies and private services since 2000. After the great failure with the mayoral elections, he was appointed director of the Guatemalan Penitentiary System in 2006. After he took office, he had several conflicts and accusations about the Pavorreal case, leading to his incarceration for a short time. He ceased to be director of the Penitentiary System in 2008 after the election of President. Giammattei has had three appearances in the general elections for President of Guatemala. The first was in 2007, with the then Official Party Great National Alliance GANA with strong participation. The second was in 2011 with the Social Action Center Party but with many difficulties, which caused the Party to be dissolved due to not reaching the minimum percentage of votes required by the TSE. In the elections of 2015, he joined the presidency with the FUERZA party.
    - Juan Alberto Fuentes is a Guatemalan politician and non-profit official. He served as the Finance Minister of Guatemala, and later as chairman of Oxfam International. On 13 February 2018, he was "arrested on corruption charges in Guatemala" alongside former president Álvaro Colom.
    - asian origin
    • Helen Mack Chang (born 19 January 1952) is a Guatemalan businesswoman and human rights activist. She became an outspoken advocate for human rights after her sister, anthropologist Myrna Mack Chang, was assassinated by the Guatemalan military on September 11, 1990. She pursued prosecution of her sister's assailants, including ground-breaking cases in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, achieving convictions of one assailant and a high-ranking colonel. The Guatemalan government acknowledged responsibility in 2004 and has paid compensation to Mack and her family. In 1992 she received the Right Livelihood Award in Sweden, and has received other awards for her human rights work. In 1993 she established the Myrna Mack Foundation, to support the prosecution of her sister's murder and do other work for human rights, establishing programs and support for victims. In 2010, she was appointed by Guatemala President Álvaro Colom to lead investigations into continuing police corruption and recommend changes.Helen Mack Chang was born in Barrio San Nicolás, Retalhuleu Department, in southwest Guatemala. Her mother was Chinese and her father was Mayan. She had an older sister Myrna, who became an anthropologist. Helen went into business.During the long Guatemalan civil war, her sister Myrna Mack worked with indigenous Mayan rural peoples. She documented their displacement by fighting and the scale of the government's attacks on them. She was killed in 1990 near her office in Guatemala City by unknown assailants, believed to be ordered by a government that wanted to silence her public criticism. Beginning in 1991, Helen Mack Chang pursued prosecution in Guatemala of those suspected of the crime, which included several men trained at the US Army School of the Americas (later renamed the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation). After more than a decade of seeking justice in Guatemala, Mack Chang took the case to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in Washington, DC, and later to the Inter-American Court in Costa Rica.[2] Two years later, one of Myrna’s killers, former Army Sergeant Noel de Jesus Beteta, was convicted in a groundbreaking decision. The Court sentenced him to 25 years in prison.
    - zuyen

    • [manuscript hunter] the last royal governor of rabinal, a descendant of the royal family of the area

    - vincent toh

    • described by brasseur as a short, stocky man; his wide, flat face bore a strong similiarity to the descriptions that historians have made of attila and his huns.  He was the direct descendant of the former royal family of the tribe of rabinal, the king of vera paz

    - collector
    • jose mariano padilla - in guatemala city, brasseur's friend



    Indigenous people
    - K'iche' (pronounced [kʼi ˈtʃeʔ]; previous Spanish spelling: Quiché) are indigenous peoples of the Americas, one of the Maya peoples. The K'iche' language is a Mesoamerican language in the Mayan language family.The meaning of the word K'iche' is "many trees." The Nahuatl translation, Cuauhtēmallān "Place of the Many Trees (People)", is the origin of the word Guatemala. Quiché Department is also named for them.

    • [manuscript hunter] name derived from mexican gumarcaah; R'al qahol is an expression that is often repeated in k'iche' histories and has the connotations of sons of a same tribe, who are the subjects of a lord, who is also the father and chief of this tribe - a sort of scottish clan leader
    • Popol Vuh (also Popol Wuj) is a cultural narrative that recounts the mythology and history of the K'iche' people who inhabit(ed) the Guatemalan highlands northwest of present-day Guatemala City. Popol Vuh is a pre-conquest narrative dating to the Post Classic period, roughly CE 1000-1500. The actual written text, however, is a product of the Spanish colonial period. The title translates as "Book of the Community", "Book of Counsel", or more literally as "Book of the People". Popol Vuh's prominent features are its creation myth, its diluvian suggestion, its epic tales of the Hero Twins Hunahpú and Xbalanqué, and its genealogies. The myth begins with the exploits of anthropomorphic ancestors and concludes with a regnal genealogy, perhaps as an assertion of rule by divine right. As with other texts (Chilam Balam, being one example), a great deal of Popol Vuh's significance lies in the scarcity of early accounts dealing with Mesoamerican mythologies. Popol Vuh's fortuitous survival is attributable to the Spanish 18th century Dominican friar Francisco Ximénez.
    • The Rabinal Achí is a Maya theatrical play written in the K'iche' language[1] and performed annually in Rabinal, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. Its original name is Xajoj Tun, meaning "Dance of the Trumpet".[2] This is one of the few surviving performance pieces from before colonization. It takes place every year on January 25th and involves the entire community of Rabinal. A combination of movement, song, and instrumentation meld the piece together. This performance has been a part of Rabinal history for centuries, and continues to be a part of the culture today. The story of the Rabinal Achí centers on a historical feud between Rabinal and K'iche', two neighboring cities.
    - The Kaqchikel (also called Kachiquel) are one of the indigenous Maya peoples of the midwestern highlands in Guatemala. The name was formerly spelled in various other ways, including Cakchiquel, Cakchiquel, Kakchiquel, Caqchikel, and Cachiquel. In Postclassic Maya times the capital of the main branch of the Kaqchikel was Iximché. Like the neighboring K'iche' (Quiché), they were governed by four lords: Tzotzil, Xahil, Tucuché and Acajal, who were responsible for the administrative, military and religious affairs. The Kakchikel recorded their history in the book Annals of the Cakchiquels, also known as Memorial de Sololá[4]. The Chajoma were another Kaqchikel-speaking people; the ruins of Mixco Viejo have been identified as their capital.
    • ******** [manuscript hunter] tecpan-quauhtemalan is the nahuatl or mexican name for kaqchikel city, which was called iximche, meaning bamboo trees in kaqchikel.  The descendants of these ancient people live a large pueblo of the same name*************
    • language
    • [manuscript hunter] more elegant and refined k'iche language

    - The Tz'utujil (Tzutujil, Tzutuhil, Sutujil) are a Native American people, one of the 21 Maya ethnic groups that dwell in Guatemala.
    • [manuscript hunter] name derived from mexican tziquinihay
    • language
    • [manuscript hunter] more elegant and refined k'iche language

    history
    - [manuscript hunter] when the conquistador pedro de alvarado arrived in central america in 1523 this region was divided into states of various sizes, the largest of which were the kingdom of utatlan (inhabited by majority of k'ich' and mam speakers, had suzerain control over the two other regions until it was conquered early in 1524. Alvarado ordered king oxib queh and his presumptive heir, beleheb tzy burned alive and their capital was set aflame), quauhtemalan (tecpan quauhtemalan from which the spaniards derived the name guatemala, was where the royal house of kaqchikels resided), and atitlan (home of the tz'utujil royal house), each named for their capital cities.

    • in 1527 first spanish city built at the foot of mount hunahpu, which is called the agua volcano and was given the name ciudad de santiago de los caballeros de guatemala. 
    • in 1541 following several catastrophes, the city was moved to panchoy valley and the city prospered
    • in 1773 a violent tremor completely destroyed it
    • in 1776 the spanish court mandated that the capital be moved to the ermita valley, known as antigua guatemala
    • current capital is nueva guatemala or simply guatemala
    • when francisco morazan won in 1836, the country's archives and books suffered worst fate.  The archbishop of london purchased his acquisitions and now one of the most enviable guatemalan monastic collections can be found in england. 

    - The Burning of the Spanish Embassy (sometimes called the Spanish Embassy Massacre or the Spanish Embassy Fire) refers to the peaceful occupation of the Spanish Embassy in Guatemala City, Guatemala, on January 31st, 1980, by indigenous peasants and their allies and the subsequent police raid that resulted in a fire which destroyed the embassy and left 36 people dead. The incident has been called "the defining event" of the Guatemalan Civil War.
    - reference

    • [manuscript hunter] author of a history of guatemala entitled compendio de la historia de la ciudad de guatemala
    usa
    - https://www.ft.com/content/8eba7be2-920d-11e9-aea1-2b1d33ac3271 Guatemala, where 140,000 people were killed by death squads in a 30-year civil war, is discussing with Washington becoming a recognised safe third country for refugees in the latest consequence of President Donald Trump’s crackdown on migration. Enrique Degenhart, Guatemalan interior minister, told reporters that terms had not yet been agreed, but they were trying “to find a measure that will suit both countries”. “The fact that a country like the US sees us as a safe country in principle is hugely positive,” he said.  More than 100,000 people fled Guatemala last year and the state department advises Americans to “reconsider travel” there because of rampant violent crime. Mr Degenhart said crime was at a 15-year low and the US designation would be a vote of confidence, even though Mr Trump announced on Monday he would withhold hundreds of millions of dollars in aid to Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador over their failure to stem the flow of illegal migrants.

    • https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-signs-guatemala-agreement-white-house-today-2010-07-26-live-updates/

    - William Wadsworth Hodkinson (August 16, 1881 – June 2, 1971), known more commonly as W. W. Hodkinson, was born in Pueblo, Colorado. Known as The Man Who Invented Hollywood,[1] he opened one of the first movie theaters in Ogden, Utah in 1907 and within just a few years changed the way movies were produced, distributed, and exhibited. He became a leading West Coast film distributor in the early days of motion pictures and in 1912 he founded and became president of the first nationwide film distributor, Paramount PicturesCorporation. Hodkinson was also responsible for doodling the mountain that became the Paramount logo in 1914.[2] After being driven out of Paramount, he established his own independent distribution company W.W. Hodkinson in 1918, before selling it off in 1924. He left the motion picture business in 1929 to form Hodkinson Aviation Corporation, and later formed the Central American Aviation Corporation and Companía Nacional de Aviación in Guatemala.
    - immigration




    belize
    - https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21740784-belizeans-are-sanguine-their-country-will-remain-intact-guatemala-votes-demand-53 In a referendum on April 15th, Guatemalan voters chose to file a claim at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) demanding sovereignty over 53% of Belize, their eastern neighbour. The Belizean government, however, responded with congratulations, saying the result “contributes further to the strengthening of democracy, peace and security”. It had reason to be sanguine: the most likely outcome is that nothing will happen. Guatemala’s demand for a bigger chunk of Central America’s Caribbean coast is far older than Belize itself. In the 1700s Spain agreed to let Britain cut timber in the northern half of modern Belize. Britons searching for mahogany crept southwards. After Spain retreated from Latin America in the 1800s, Britain formally took over the entire territory, naming it British Honduras. The new state of Guatemala said it had “inherited” the region from Spain. Guatemala gave up its claim in 1859, in exchange for Britain building a road from Guatemala City to the Caribbean. But the road never materialised, and Guatemala declared the treaty void.The dispute remained an irritant for most of the 20th century. Both Britain and Guatemala intermittently deployed troops to the region, and the threat of invasion by Guatemala’s military dictators contributed to the relatively late decolonisation of Belize; it did not gain independence until 1981. Although Guatemala recognised Belize in 1991, it reasserted its territorial claim eight years later. The two countries have set up an “adjacency zone” 2km wide to separate them. Tensions occasionally flare over shootings of people crossing the border. Only in 2008 did their leaders bury the hatchet. After years of stalled talks, they agreed to resolve the dispute at the ICJ—if and only if both countries’ voters approved via referendum. That is the latest sign that old grudges are fading. Guatemala long ago dropped its demand from its constitution, and no longer reserves three empty seats in congress marked “Belize” and draped in its national colours. With the country’s political agenda dominated by corruption and crime, a decade passed before it held its referendum. Although 89% of people who voted chose to file at the ICJ, turnout was just 26%. “Most people consider it irrelevant,” says Fernando Carrera, a former foreign minister.
    Now it is Belize’s turn. The government says its electoral roll will not be ready until 2019. Perhaps surprisingly, some Belizeans support a “yes” vote. Winning at the ICJ would not only lift an age-old cloud over the country, but also bring international law to Belize’s side when policing illegal fishing and logging by Guatemalans. A defeat, however, would be catastrophic. Guatemala’s demand covers a large hunk of the mainland, several islands and a wide swathe of sea territory. In total, the court would rule on an area containing 43% of Belize’s people, 50% of its exports and 38% of its GDP. “If Belize wins, we win nothing,” says Osmond Martinez, a professor at Galen University in Belmopan, who expects Belizeans to vote no. “If we lose, we lose 12,000 [square] km of our country.”If the case does reach the ICJ, the court is expected to take up to four years to rule. And now that Guatemala has in effect given Belize a veto over its own dismemberment, if Belize does vote no, passions are likely to wane further. Residents along the frontier tend to get along. Belize, which considers itself a Caribbean country, is becoming more Latin as Spanish-speaking migrants flock in. And next year Guatemala, according to its president, Jimmy Morales, will get at last what Britain never built: a four-lane, $600m highway running 200km (135 miles) to the Caribbean coast. Footing much of the bill is not its old rival, Britain, but a new friend: Taiwan.

    belgium
    - [manuscript hunter] santo tomas de castillo was settled by belgium starting in 1843.  The territory was administered by the compagnie belge de colonisation, a private belgian company under the protection of king leopold I of belgium. The living conditions were extremely difficult for the settlers, who lacked food and soon fell victim to disease.  In 1854, the year prior to brasseur's arrival, the belgian company withdrew from the unprofitable concession.


    israel
    - https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/guatemala-opens-embassy-jerusalem-move-180516082355162.html Guatemala has opened its embassy in Jerusalem, following in the footsteps of the United States, which inaugurated its embassy in the city two days prior




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