- Kalākaua (November 16, 1836 – January 20, 1891), born David Laʻamea Kamananakapu Mahinulani Naloiaehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua and sometimes called The Merrie Monarch, was the last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Succeeding Lunalilo, he was elected to the vacant throne of Hawaiʻi against Queen Emma. He reigned from February 12, 1874, until his death in San Francisco, California, on January 20, 1891. Kalākaua had a convivial personality and enjoyed entertaining guests with his singing and ukulele playing. At his coronation and his birthday jubilee, the hula that had been banned from public in the kingdom became a celebration of Hawaiian culture.During his reign, the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 brought great prosperity to the kingdom. Its renewal continued the prosperity but allowed the United States to have exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In 1881, he took a trip around the world to encourage the immigration of contract sugar plantation workers. Kalākaua wanted Hawaiians to broaden their education beyond their nation. He instituted a government-financed program to sponsor qualified students to be sent abroad to further their education. Two of Kalākaua's projects, the statue of Kamehameha I and the rebuilding of ʻIolani Palace, were expensive endeavors but are popular tourist attractions today. Extravagant expenditures and his plans for a Polynesian confederation played into the hands of annexationists who were already working towards a United States takeover of Hawaiʻi. In 1887, he was pressured to sign a new constitution that made the monarchy little more than a figurehead position. He had faith in his sister Liliʻuokalani's abilities to rule as regent when he named her as his heir-apparent following the death of their brother, William Pitt Leleiohoku II, in 1877. After his death, she became the last monarch of Hawaiʻi.
- Liliʻuokalani (Hawaiian pronunciation: [liˌliʔuokəˈlɐni]; born Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha; September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917) was the only queen regnantand the last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, ruling from January 29, 1891, until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17, 1893. The composer of "Aloha ʻOe" and numerous other works, she wrote her autobiography Hawaiʻi's Story by Hawaiʻi's Queenduring her imprisonment following the overthrow.Liliʻuokalani was born on September 2, 1838, in Honolulu, on the island of Oʻahu. While her natural parents were Analea Keohokālole and Caesar Kapaʻakea, she was hānai (informally adopted) at birth by Abner Pākī and Laura Kōnia and raised with their daughter Bernice Pauahi Bishop. Baptized as a Christian and educated at the Royal School, she and her siblings and cousins were proclaimed eligible for the throne by King Kamehameha III. She was married to American-born John Owen Dominis, who later became the Governor of Oʻahu. The couple had no biological children but adopted several. After the accession of her brother David Kalākauato the throne in 1874, she and her siblings were given Western style titles of Prince and Princess. In 1877, after her younger brother Leleiohoku II's death, she was proclaimed as heir apparent to the throne. During the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, she represented her brother as an official envoy to the United Kingdom.Liliʻuokalani ascended to the throne on January 29, 1891, nine days after her brother's death. During her reign, she attempted to draft a new constitutionwhich would restore the power of the monarchy and the voting rights of the economically disenfranchised. Threatened by her attempts to abrogate the Bayonet Constitution, pro-American elements in Hawaiʻi overthrew the monarchy on January 17, 1893. The overthrow was bolstered by the landing of US Marines under John L. Stevens to protect American interests, which rendered the monarchy unable to protect itself.The coup d'état established the Republic of Hawaiʻi, but the ultimate goal was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which was temporarily blocked by President Grover Cleveland. After an unsuccessful uprising to restore the monarchy, the oligarchical government placed the former queen under house arrest at the ʻIolani Palace. On January 24, 1895, Liliʻuokalani was forced to abdicate the Hawaiian throne, officially ending the deposed monarchy. Attempts were made to restore the monarchy and oppose annexation, but with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, the United States annexed Hawaiʻi. Living out the remainder of her later life as a private citizen, Liliʻuokalani died at her residence, Washington Place, in Honolulu on November 11, 1917.
- The House of Kawānanakoa, or the Kawānanakoa Dynasty, are descendants to the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.A collateral branch of the reigning House of Kalākaua (from Kauaʻi island) and descendants of chiefs of areas such as Waimea on Hawaiʻi island, the dynastic line was established by Prince David Kawānanakoa who was declared an heir to King David Kalākaua. He was the son of High Chief David Kahalepouli Piʻikoi and High Chiefess Victoria Kinoiki Kekaulike. Kawānanakoa was engaged to Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani on February 3, 1898,[1] who would have become a monarch in her own right upon the death of Queen Liliʻuokalani had she not predeceased her. David Kawānanakoa's paternal ancestry comes from a cadet branch of the Kauaʻi royal family. His paternal grandmother High Chiefess Kekahili was a half-sister of High Chief Caesar Kapaʻakea, the father of Kalākaua, both being children of the Chiefess Kamokuiki. This made her an aunt of King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani, which makes the Kawānanakoas the closest surviving collateral relatives of the formerly reigning Kalākaua house. The said grandmother descended, besides from the ancient line of chiefs of Kauaʻi, also from the chief of Kaʻū, a great-uncle of King Kamehameha I.However, the higher ranking ancestry of David Kawānanakoa actually is that through his mother. His maternal grandmother High Chiefess Kekaulike Kinoiki was the daughter of the last king of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau Kaumualiʻi. She was the granddaughter of Kaneoneo, who attempted to take Oʻahu back from Kahekili II in rebellion. She descended from the lines of high chiefs of Niʻihau, Koloa, Oʻahu, Kauaʻi and Maui. High Chief Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole the maternal grandfather Kanekoa, on his part, was a descendant of several districts of the island of Hawaiʻi (such as Waimea, Kona and Hilo) and descended directly from the chief of Waimea. Kanekoa was the half-uncle of King Kamehameha I who himself was originally a chief of Kona. The House of Kawānanakoa survives today and is believed to be heirs to the throne by a number of genealogists.[2] Members of the family are sometimes called prince and princess, as a matter of tradition and respect of their status as aliʻi or chiefs of native Hawaiians, being lines of ancient ancestry. The House of Kawānanakoa in contemporary Hawaiian politics is closely aligned with the Hawaii Republican Party, a political party it helped organize since the creation of the Territory of Hawaiʻi. Its matriarch, Abigail Kawānanakoa, became a national party leader in the early years of the twentieth century.
- The House of Keōua Nui (Hale O Keōua Nui), or simply House of Keōua, is the extended royal family of Ancient Hawaii from which the reigning family of Kamehameha I and Lunalilo were descended.A younger branch of the reigning family of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku (from the Big Island of Hawaiʻi), the dynastic line was established by Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻikalaninui Ahilapalapa, who was the father of Kamehameha I. He was the only son of Keʻeaumoku the Great and High Chiefess Kamakaʻimoku. Keōua's paternal lineage derives from a branch of the royal family of Hawaiʻi Island. His father, High Chief Keʻeaumoku-nui of Kohala and Kona, was the second son of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku, King of Hawaiʻi Island and his half-sister bride, Kalanikauleleiaiwi. He was known as a pio chief of the highest rank since both his mother and father were pure royal blood. He even outranked his elder brother Kalaninuiamamao, from whom descends the House of Kalākaua and House of Kawānanakoa. It was because of these two brothers, who contested for the succession to the kingship of the island of Hawaiʻi after Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku death, that the island was dissolved into a handful independent warring factions. The ancestry of Keōua's mother, High Chiefess Kamaka'imoku, daughter of Kuʻa Nuʻuanu, Oʻahu district chief descended from the nobility of Hilo who were descendants of King ʻUmi-a-Liloa's youngest son Kumalae, ruler of Hilo. His mother was also mother of Kalaniʻōpuʻu, by Kalaninuiamamao, making him half-brother of Kalaniʻōpuʻu and uncle of Kiwalao. Kamakaʻimoku was also the half-sister of Heulu (through their mother Umiula-a-kaʻahumanu), the father of Keawe-a-Heulu, another ancestor of the House of Kalākaua. Kamehameha I of the House of Keōua Nui conquered the separate islands in 1795, uniting them under a single Kingdom of Hawaii. His direct descendants area called the House of Kamehameha. His siblings' houses were then also considered a part of the royal family.
- who is this person - [太平洋島嶼的智慧]塔布提国波马雷一世
nobles
- [太平洋島嶼的智慧] ???在夏威夷人中,最高級的貴族世系、即尼奧皮歐充實的馬那太大了
Honolulu (/ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/; Hawaiian pronunciation: [honoˈlulu]) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Hawaii.Honolulu means "sheltered harbor" or "calm port". The old name is said to be Kou, a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan near the city on December 7, 1941.
- Nickname(s): Crossroads of the Pacific, Sheltered Bay, HNL, The Big Pineapple,
Town ("Town" is a commonly used local nickname for Honolulu, in reference to the fact that the Honolulu, or "Town" side of the island is the most urbanized and dense part of Oahu.),
Paradise
- Washington Place is a Greek Revival palace in the Hawaii Capital Historic District in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi. It was where Queen Liliʻuokalani was arrested during the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Later it became the official residence of the Governor of Hawaiʻi. In 2007, it was designated as a National Historic Landmark.[3] The current governor's residence was built in 2008 behind the historic residence, and is located on the same grounds as Washington Place.An American merchant sea captain, John Dominis (1796–1846) came to America in 1819 from Trieste, probably from a Croatian family.[4]After making a number of voyages across the Pacific, he relocated to the islands in 1837 with his Bostonian wife Mary Jones Dominis(1803–1889) and son John Owen Dominis(1832–1891) from New York. The captain was awarded some land in 1842 as settlement of a lawsuit with the British Consul Richard Charlton. The captain continued to take voyages to raise money for the construction of a house. In 1846 he sailed for China on the Brig William Neilson, intending to purchase Chinese-made furniture for the house, which was nearing completion. The ship was lost at sea, along with the American Agent George Brown, and Mary Dominis became a widow.[2] She rented out a suite of rooms to support herself and young John Owen. One of the first boarders was Anthony Ten Eyck, an American Commissioner to the islands appointed by President James K. Polk who established the American Legation in the house. Ten Eyck named the house "Washington Place" in a February 22, 1848 letter, after George Washington in celebration of the first US president's birthday. King Kamehameha III officially approved the name.The foundation of the building, the lower level walls and the lower columns are constructed of coral stone. The upper floor is of wood frame construction. Washington Place conforms to period French Creole Greek Revival houses that were built along the lower Gulf-Coastal region of the southeastern United States. The home was constructed with an almost square core surrounded by a peristyle, a two tiered verandah, Tuscan columns on its upper floor, and a hipped roof. The interior of the home is arranged in a traditional Georgian floor plan, with four distinct parlors on the first floor and four bedchambers on the second floor.
Kahoʻolawe (/kəˌhoʊ.əˈlɑːwiː/; Hawaiian: [kəˈhoʔoˈlɐve]) is the smallest of the eight main volcanic islands in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Kahoʻolawe has always been sparsely populated, due to its lack of fresh water. During World War II, Kahoʻolawe was used as a training ground and bombing range by the Armed Forces of the United States. After decades of protests, the U.S. Navy ended live-fire training exercises on Kahoolawe in 1990, and the whole island was transferred to the jurisdiction of the state of Hawaii in 1994. The Hawaii State Legislature established the Kahoolawe Island Reserve to restore and to oversee the island and its surrounding waters. Today Kahoolawe can be used only for native Hawaiian cultural, spiritual, and subsistence purposes.
- history
- Sometime around the year 1000, Kahoolawe was settled by Polynesians, and small, temporary fishing communities were established along the coast. Some inland areas were cultivated. Puʻu Moiwi, a remnant cinder cone, is the location of the second-largest basalt quarry in Hawaii, and this was mined for use in stone tools such as koʻi (adzes). Originally a dry forest environment with intermittent streams, the land changed to an open savanna of grassland and trees when inhabitants cleared vegetation for firewood and agriculture. Hawaiians built stone platforms for religious ceremonies, set rocks upright as shrines for successful fishing trips, and carved petroglyphs, or drawings, into the flat surfaces of rocks. These indicators of an earlier time can still be found on Kahoolawe.
- 1845年，卡美哈梅哈三世將夏威夷王國的首都從毛伊島遷至本島。
ni'ihau
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-forbidden-island-in-Hawaii-forbidden
company
- www.bigislandcoffeeroasters.com
- coffee made in the form of chocolate bars, exhibited at rbhk and gourmet 2019
industry
- aerospace
- https://globalnews.ca/news/5665524/hawaii-telescope-protest-march/ The Honolulu Star-Advertiser reports that activists opposed to the Thirty Meter Telescope started marching Sunday morning in Waikiki. Hundreds of protesters last week blocked a road to stop construction of the $1.4 billion telescope on Mauna Kea.
- cane
- first commercial production in 1835
- workers recruited from china, japan, portugal, korea and philippines in late 19th and early 20th c
people
- Sanford Ballard Dole (April 23, 1844 – June 9, 1926) was a lawyer and jurist in the Hawaiian Islands as a kingdom, protectorate, republic and territory. A descendant of the American missionary community to Hawaii, Dole advocated the westernization of Hawaiian government and culture. After the overthrow of the monarchy, he served as the President of the Republic of Hawaii until his government secured Hawaii's annexation by the United States.Dole was born April 23, 1844 in Honoluluto Protestant Christian missionaries from Maine in the United States. His father was Daniel Dole (1808–1878), principal at Punahou School and his mother was Emily Hoyt Ballard (1808–1844). His mother died from complications within a few days of his birth. Dole was named after his uncle, Sandford K. Ballard, who was a classmate of his father's at Bowdoin College (and brother of his mother) who died in 1841.[1] He was nursed by a native Hawaiian, and his father married Charlotte Close Knapp in 1846. In 1855 the family moved to Kōloa on the island of Kauaʻi, where they operated another school. Dole attended Punahou school for one year, and then Williams College in 1866–1867. He worked in a law office in Bostonfor another year, and although he never attended law school, he received an honorary LL.D. degree from Williams in 1897. In December 1880 he was commissioned as a Notary Public in Honolulu. Dole won the 1884 and 1886 elections to the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom as a representative from Kauaʻi.
- In June 1887 local businessmen, sugarplanters and politicians backed by the Honolulu Rifles forced the dismissal of the cabinet of controversial Walter M. Gibsonand forced the adoption of the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. The new documents limited voting rights exclusively to only the literate males of the following populations: Hawaiian, European, and American descent...while imposing income and wealth requirements to be eligible to vote for the House of Nobles, thus, effectively consolidating power among only the elite residents of the island. In addition, the new Constitution minimized the power of the Monarch in favor of more influential governance by the cabinet. Dole and other lawyers of American descent drafted this document, which became known as the "Bayonet Constitution". King Kalākaua appointed Dole a justice of the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii on December 28, 1887, and to a commission to revise judiciary laws on January 24, 1888. After Kalākaua's death, his sister Queen Liliʻuokalani appointed him to her Privy Council on August 31, 1891.
- His cousin Edmund Pearson Dole (1850–1928) came to Hawaii to practice as a lawyer in 1895, and became Attorney General of Hawaii from 1900 to 1903.[17]Sanford Dole was the cousin once removed of James Dole who came to Hawaii in 1899 and founded the Hawaiian Pineapple Company on Oahu, which later became the Dole Food Company. James' father Charles Fletcher Dole also came to Hawaii in 1909. Dole Middle School, located in Kalihi Valley on the island of Oʻahu, was named after him in April 1956, about a century after his father founded the school in Kōloa.[20] In the film Princess Kaiulani, his role was played by Will Patton. In Hawaiian, the pale and hair-like Spanish moss is called ʻumiʻumi-o-Dole, meaning "Dole's beard".
- own currency (called dala) between 1847 and 1898
national anthem
- "Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī" is the current state song of the State of Hawaii. The words were written in 1874 by King David Kalākaua with music composed by Captain Henri Berger, then the king's royal bandmaster. Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī was one of the national anthems of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻiand also was the National Anthem of the Republic of Hawaii.It was adopted as the national anthem in 1876,[1] replacing Liliuokalani's composition He Mele Lāhui Hawaiʻi. It was the adopted song of the Territory of Hawaiʻi before becoming the state symbol by an act of the Hawaiʻi State Legislature in 1967. The melody is reminiscent of "God Save the Queen" and the Prussian anthem "Heil dir im Siegerkranz".
hawaii shirt
- https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/article/3020264/why-hawaiian-shirts-or-aloha-shirts-have-strong-chinese
official language
- redesignated as an official language of the state in 1978
- hawaiian national park language correction act of 2000 preserve and honor the islands' original language
hawaiian (language)
- economist 23feb19 "speak, memory" how the hawaiian language came back from near extinction
- Hawaiian (an Austronesian language) has only 13 letters: A, E, I, O, U, H, K, L, M, N, P, W, 'https://www.quora.com/Which-language-has-the-least-letters-that-is-12
- https://www.quora.com/In-the-Hawaiian-language-how-do-you-pronounce-a-W
- terms
- https://hawaiianmyths.weebly.com/the-4-major-gods.html the "k" may sound like "t" while "n" like "g/k"
The Kingdom of Hawaii was established in 1795 with the unification of the independent islands of Hawaiʻi, Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, and Lānaʻiinto one government with the use of western military technology. In 1810 the entirety of the archipelago was finally unified when Kauaʻi andNiʻihau joined the kingdom willingly and without bloodshed or war. The kingdom was ruled by two major dynastic families: the House of Kamehameha and the Kalākaua Dynasty. The chief advisers and ministers and government officials were haole (white); they followed European-American standards. The kingdom won recognition from major European powers. The United States became its chief trading partner, and the kingdom was watched jealously lest Britain, Japan or another power threatened to seize control. A new Constitution was imposed in 1887, to reduce the absolute power of the king. The queen who succeeded him tried to restore the old order, but was overthrown in 1893, largely at the hands of United States citizens. Hawaii became a republic until it was annexed by the United States in 1898.
- kamehameha II (1819-1842)
- The 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii was a legal document prepared by the unicameral legislative body. It was signed by King Kalakaua who denied any intimidation in the creation of a modern parliamentary for of government. The document again returned the Kings authority to that of a president, empowering the legislature and cabinet of the government.The Bayonet Constitution was the first great implement in the decline of the monarchy. Though it did not depose the King, it did place considerable limitations on his power.
- hong kong
- migration of polynesian seafarers (centuries before advent of james cook)
- country development comparison
japan
- https://www.quora.com/If-the-United-States-never-annexed-Hawaii-would-another-country-have-taken-it-instead King Kalakaua himself had proposed a marriage between his niece, Princess Ka’iulani with Prince Higashifumi Yorihito due to some concerns of a United States takeover, hoping for Japanese protection. Although it didn’t happen, I’m sure that the possibility of Hawaii becoming a Japanese colony wasn’t as far off as many people make it. Had the marriage gone through and the Japanese managed to secure a strong political foothold in the islands, I’m sure Hawaii would’ve seen a similar status of that of the South Pacific Islands. The already rising Japanese population in the state would’ve exploded, American plantation owners expelled, multicultural recruiting efforts for plantation work halted, and Hawaiian children sent to boarding schools and such.
- https://www.quora.com/While-I-was-in-Honolulu-I-found-there-are-buses-that-only-serve-the-Japanese-people-All-non-Japanese-passengers-are-denied-boarding-Is-this-legal
chinese
- chen fong
- Kuiokalani "Kui" Lee (July 31, 1932 – December 3, 1966) was a singer-songwriter, and the 1960s golden boy artist of Hawaii. Lee achieved international fame when Don Ho began performing and recording his compositions, with Ho promoting Lee as the songwriter for a new generation of Hawaiian music.
china
- real estate
hong kong
- association
- Hawaiian (an Austronesian language) has only 13 letters: A, E, I, O, U, H, K, L, M, N, P, W, 'https://www.quora.com/Which-language-has-the-least-letters-that-is-12
- https://www.quora.com/In-the-Hawaiian-language-how-do-you-pronounce-a-W
- terms
- aloha - hello, goodbye
- mahalo - thank you
- hau'oli - happy, joy
- aloha ia'oe - i love you
- pilialoha - romance
- powehi - a Hawaiian phrase referring to an "embellished dark source of unending creation."
The groundbreaking, first-ever photograph of a black hole was published around the world when it was unveiled on Wednesday, captivating viewers and providing the only direct visual evidence that these regions of spacetime exist. The responsibility of finding it a name fell to Larry Kimura, a Hawaiian language professor at the University of Hawaii at Hilo, who was approached by astronomers involved with the project. Two of the eight telescopes used to capture the photograph are located in Hawaii. Powehi was chosen for its roots in the Kumulipo, an 18th-century Hawaiian chant that describes a creation story.It puts together two terms from the chant: Po, meaning profound dark source of unending creation, and wehi (or wehiwehi) which is one of the several ways that po is described in the chant. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/12/world/black-hole-name-powehi-scli-intl/index.html
- https://hawaiianmyths.weebly.com/the-4-major-gods.html the "k" may sound like "t" while "n" like "g/k"
The Kingdom of Hawaii was established in 1795 with the unification of the independent islands of Hawaiʻi, Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, and Lānaʻiinto one government with the use of western military technology. In 1810 the entirety of the archipelago was finally unified when Kauaʻi andNiʻihau joined the kingdom willingly and without bloodshed or war. The kingdom was ruled by two major dynastic families: the House of Kamehameha and the Kalākaua Dynasty. The chief advisers and ministers and government officials were haole (white); they followed European-American standards. The kingdom won recognition from major European powers. The United States became its chief trading partner, and the kingdom was watched jealously lest Britain, Japan or another power threatened to seize control. A new Constitution was imposed in 1887, to reduce the absolute power of the king. The queen who succeeded him tried to restore the old order, but was overthrown in 1893, largely at the hands of United States citizens. Hawaii became a republic until it was annexed by the United States in 1898.
- kamehameha II (1819-1842)
- abolished the traditional kapu system
- husband charles reed bishop founded bishop museum in 1889
- The Paulet affair was the five-month occupation of the Hawaiian Islands in 1843 by British naval officer Captain Lord George Paulet, of HMS Carysfort. Paulet destroyed all Hawaiian flags he could find, and raised the British Union Flag for an occupation that would last six months. He cleared 156 residents off of the contested Charlton land. The dispute would take years to resolve. James F. B. Marshall, an American merchant of Ladd and Company was invited aboard Boston where he secretly met chief Hawaiian Kingdom minister Judd. Judd gave Marshall an emergency commission as "envoy extraordinary" and sent him to plead the case for an independent Hawaii in London. Paulet closed down all shipping, but wanted to send Alexander Simpson back to England so that his side of the case could be heard first. Paulet rechristened the Hawaiian ship Hoikaika as Albert, and both Simpson and Marshall (telling Paulet he was only on a business mission) sailed to San Blas, Mexico. On 12 April they left overland and reached Veracruz by 1 May. Simpson continued to England, while Marshal went by ships and trains to Boston by 2 June. He spread the news in the American press, and met 4 June with fellow Bostonians such as U.S. Secretary of State Daniel Webster and business partner and future minister to Hawaii Henry A. Peirce. Webster gave him letters for Edward Everett who was the American minister to the United Kingdom. On 30 June Marshall arrived in London and met with Everett. Two other envoys from Hawaii, William Richards and Timothy Haʻalilo were in Paris, France negotiating treaties. They had already received verbal assurance that Hawaii's independence would be respected.The USS Constellation arrived in Honolulu under Commodore Lawrence Kearny in early July. Acting American Agent William Hooper protested the takeover to Kearny.[8] American Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones arrived with the USS United States on 22 July, but first landed in Hilo on the island of Hawaiʻi where he consulted with American missionary Titus Coan. By this time Admiral Thomas heard conflicting reports about the surprising developments in Hawaii. He had also heard how Jones had briefly occupied Monterey, California and some historians think he was trying to defuse the situation before it spiralled into a larger conflict.On 26 July Thomas sailed into Honolulu harbor on his flagship HMS Dublin and requested an interview of the king. This time Kamehameha was more than happy to tell his side of the story. On 31 July Thomas informed Kamehameha III the occupation was over; he reserved the right to protect British citizens, but respected the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hawaii. The site of a ceremony raising the flag of Hawaii was made into a park in Downtown Honolulu 21°18′9″N 157°50′56″W named Thomas Square in his honor.[10] The pathways are shaped in the form of the British flag. 31 July is celebrated as Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea or Restoration Day holiday.[11] A phrase from the speech made by Kamehameha III became the motto of the Hawaiian Kingdom and state, and is included on the coat of arms and Seal of Hawaii: Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono, roughly translated from the Hawaiian language into English as "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness."
- Faced with the quintessential problem of foreign encroachment of Hawaiian territory, His Hawaiian Majesty King Kamehameha III deemed it prudent and necessary to dispatch a Hawaiian delegation to the United States and then to Europe with the power to settle alleged difficulties with nations, negotiate treaties and to ultimately secure the recognition of Hawaiian Independence by the major powers of the world. In accordance with this view, Timoteo Ha'alilio, William Richards and Sir George Simpson were commissioned as joint Ministers Plenipotentiary on April 8, 1842. Sir George Simpson, shortly thereafter, left for England, via Alaska and Siberia, while Mr. Ha'alilio and Mr. Richards departed for the United States, via Mexico, on July 8, 1842. The Hawaiian delegation, while in the United States of America, secured the assurance of U.S. President Tyler on December 19, 1842 of its recognition of Hawaiian independence, and then proceeded to meet Sir George Simpson in Europe and secure formal recognition by Great Britain and France. On March 17, 1843, King Louis-Phillipe of France recognizes Hawaiian independence at the urging of King Leopold of Belgium, and on April 1, 1843, Lord Aberdeen on behalf of Her Britannic Majesty Queen Victoria, assured the Hawaiian delegation that "Her Majesty's Government was willing and had determined to recognize the independence of the Sandwich Islands under their present sovereign." On November 28, 1843, at the Court of London, the British and French Governments entered into a formal agreement of the recognition of Hawaiian independence.On July 6, 1846, U.S. Secretary of State John C. Calhoun, on behalf of President Tyler, afforded formal recogntion of Hawaiian independence. As a result of the recognition of Hawaiian independence the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into treaties with the major nations of the world and established over ninety legations and consulates in multiple seaports and cities.https://www.hawaiiankingdom.org/treaties.shtml
- hkej 19apr18 shum article
- The 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii was a legal document prepared by the unicameral legislative body. It was signed by King Kalakaua who denied any intimidation in the creation of a modern parliamentary for of government. The document again returned the Kings authority to that of a president, empowering the legislature and cabinet of the government.The Bayonet Constitution was the first great implement in the decline of the monarchy. Though it did not depose the King, it did place considerable limitations on his power.
- hkej 19apr18 shum article
- hong kong
- leaders visit
- king kalakaua's global tour in 1881, stops include shanghai and HK. While in HK, he was received by Governor Hennessy hkej 26apr18 shum article
- hong kong and sun yat sen's links with the kingdom hkej 19apr18 shum article
- migration of polynesian seafarers (centuries before advent of james cook)
- stratified society
- king assisted by a chief minister and a priest
- chiefs - ali'i
- priest craftsmen - kahuna
- commoners - maka'ainata
- low level labours - kauwa
- religion
- The Newlands Resolution was a joint resolution passed on July 4, 1898, by the United States Congress to annex the independent Republic of Hawaii. In 1900 Congress created the Territory of Hawaii. It was drafted by Congressman Francis G. Newlands of Nevada, a Democrat. Annexation was a highly controversial political issue, along with the similar issue of the acquisition of the Philippines in 1898.In 1897 President William McKinley signed the treaty of annexation for the Republic of Hawaii. It failed to gain two thirds support in the Senate, with only 46 out of 90 senators voting yea. In April 1898, the United States went to war with Spain, and Republic of Hawaii declared its neutrality. In practice, it gave enormous support to the United States, demonstrating its value as a naval base in wartime, and winning widespread American approval for its non-neutral behavior. [1] With the opposition weakened, Hawaii was supposedly annexed by means of the Newlands Resolution, a domestic congressional law, which required only majority vote in both houses, and no input from Native Hawaiians. Most of the support came from Republicans. It passed the house by a vote of 209 to 91; the yeas included 182 Republicans. It was approved on July 4, 1898 and signed on July 7 by McKinley. On August 12, a ceremony was held on the steps of ʻIolani Palace to signify the official transfer of Hawaiian sovereignty to the United States, the majority of Hawaiian citizens did not recognize the legitimacy of this event did not attend.
- goddess pele is most well known
- TheUnited States assumed $4 million in Hawaiian debt as part of the annexation. David R. Barker of the University of Iowa stated in 2009 that unlike the Alaska Purchase, Hawaii has been profitable for the country, with net tax revenue almost always exceeding non-defense spending. Barker estimated an internal rate of return for the annexation of more than 15%.
- country development comparison
- https://www.quora.com/Were-there-horses-or-donkeys-in-the-Hawaiian-islands-prior-to-the-arrival-of-Europeans-Did-Hawaiians-know-the-wheel-How-did-Hawaiians-transport-heavy-cargo Horses, donkeys, and cattle were not present, cats and mongoose were not present. As I recall, Horses and Cattle were introduced by British explorer George Vancouver in 1794 and horses by a trader Richard Cleveland in 1803.The Hawaiians did not use the wheel.The Hawaiians transported everything either on a sledge or they carried it. They would also float timber and had large double canoes.In the 1790s human chains were used to pass rocks from one person to another for 20 miles to move the rocks to build the Pu’ukohola Heiau.They made some monumental stone works - temple platforms (Heiau), walls, foot paths, house platforms, irrigation canals, and fish traps using these methods.
japan
- https://www.quora.com/If-the-United-States-never-annexed-Hawaii-would-another-country-have-taken-it-instead King Kalakaua himself had proposed a marriage between his niece, Princess Ka’iulani with Prince Higashifumi Yorihito due to some concerns of a United States takeover, hoping for Japanese protection. Although it didn’t happen, I’m sure that the possibility of Hawaii becoming a Japanese colony wasn’t as far off as many people make it. Had the marriage gone through and the Japanese managed to secure a strong political foothold in the islands, I’m sure Hawaii would’ve seen a similar status of that of the South Pacific Islands. The already rising Japanese population in the state would’ve exploded, American plantation owners expelled, multicultural recruiting efforts for plantation work halted, and Hawaiian children sent to boarding schools and such.
- https://www.quora.com/While-I-was-in-Honolulu-I-found-there-are-buses-that-only-serve-the-Japanese-people-All-non-Japanese-passengers-are-denied-boarding-Is-this-legal
chinese
- chen fong
- according to justin of hk sacred space, Meixi Village, is a palace built by Chen Fong, the first Sino-Hawai’ian multi millionaire
- On his way to the California Gold Rush, a Chinese man would instead end up in Hawaii--and become Hawaii's first Chinese millionaire.In 1849, Chun Afong left behind his wife and son in his hometown, Zhongshan (Xiangshan) village in China. He settled in the Kingdom of Hawaii, with about a hundred Chinese, and opened a shop near King Street. In only six years, the Chinese immigrant made a fortune in retailing, real estate, sugar, rice, and opium. Afong married Julia Fayerweather, a seventeen-year-old granddaughter of a Hawaiian chief, and raised four sons and twelve daughters. In 1889, Afong would return to China with his younger son Toney, to the village of Meixi. He earned more money through business and funded projects to improve the village. Afong died in 1906, and his family would fight for his fortune in court.https://sites.google.com/a/hawaii.edu/ndnp-hawaii/Home/historical-feature-articles/chun-afong----hawaii-s-first-millionaire
- Kuiokalani "Kui" Lee (July 31, 1932 – December 3, 1966) was a singer-songwriter, and the 1960s golden boy artist of Hawaii. Lee achieved international fame when Don Ho began performing and recording his compositions, with Ho promoting Lee as the songwriter for a new generation of Hawaiian music.
china
- real estate
- 一名中國地產商人在夏威夷檀香山發展公寓項目，但頻頻被揭違規。當地傳媒周二往工地視察，發現地產商未有遵守僱用當地工人的承諾。有市議員批評發展商言而無信，要求公司離開，「拿走資金及項目回家」。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190112/00180_023.html
hong kong
- association
- hong kong hawai'i chamber of commerce www.hkchcc.org
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