Prophets in Islam (Arabic: الأنبياء في الإسلام) include "messengers" (rasul, pl. rusul), bringers of a divine revelation via an angel (Arabic: ملائكة, malāʾikah); and "prophets" (nabī, pl. anbiyāʼ), lawbringers that Muslims believe were sent by God to every person, bringing God's message in a language they can understand. Knowledge of the Islamic prophets is one of the six articles of the Islamic faith,[4] and specifically mentioned in the Quran. Muslims believe that the first prophet was also the first human being, Adam (ادم), created by Allah (الله). Many of the revelations delivered by the 48 prophets in Judaism and many prophets of Christianity are mentioned as such in the Quran but usually in slightly different forms. For example, the Jewish Elisha is called Eliyas, Job is Ayyub, Jesus is Isa, etc. The Torah given to Moses (Musa) is called Tawrat, the Psalmsgiven to David (Dawud) is the Zabur, the Gospel given to Jesus is Injil. Unique to Islam is Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ʿAbdullāh), who Muslims believe is the "Seal of the Prophets" (Khatam an-Nabiyyin, i.e. the last prophet); and the Quran, revealed to Muhammad but not written down by him, which Muslims believe is unique among divine revelations as the only correct one protected by God from distortion or corruption, destined to remain in its true form until the Last Day. Muslims believe Muhammad to be the last prophet, although after the prophets there are still saints (though some modern schools, such as Salafism and Wahhabism, reject the theory of sainthood).
An Islamic state (Arabic: دولة إسلامية, dawlah islāmiyyah) is a type of government primarily based on the application of shari'a (Islamic law), dispensation of justice, maintenance of law and order. From the early years of Islam, numerous governments have been founded as "Islamic". However, the term "Islamic state" has taken on a more specific connotation since the 20th century. The concept of the modern Islamic state has been articulated and promoted by ideologues such as Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Israr Ahmed or Sayyid Qutb. Like the earlier notion of the caliphate, the modern Islamic state is rooted in Islamic law. It is modeled after the rule of Muhammad. However, unlike caliph-led governments which were imperial despotisms or monarchies(Arabic: malik), a modern Islamic state can incorporate modern political institutions such as elections, parliamentary rule, judicial review, and popular sovereignty. Today, many Muslim countries have incorporated Islamic law, wholly or in part, into their legal systems. Certain Muslim states have declared Islam to be their state religion in their constitutions, but do not apply Islamic law in their courts. Islamic states which are not Islamic monarchies are usually referred to as Islamic republics.
- A firman (Persian: فرمان farmân), or ferman (Turkish), at the constitutional level, was a royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in an Islamic state, namely the Ottoman Empire. During various periods they were collected and applied as traditional bodies of law. The word firman comes from Persian فرمان meaning "decree" or "order". On a more practical level, a firman was, and may still be, any written permission granted by the appropriate Islamic official at any level of government. Westerners are perhaps most familiar with the permission to travel in a country, which typically could be purchased beforehand, or the permission to conduct scholarly investigation in the country, such as archaeological excavation. Firmans may or may not be combined with various sorts of passports.Firmans were gathered in codes called "kanun" (from the Hellenic word kanon (κανών) meaning rule or rules, as well as the Arabic word qanun (قانون) also meaning rule or law). The kanun were "a form of secular and administrative law considered to be a valid extension of religious law as a result of the ruler's right to exercise legal judgement on behalf of the community." When issued by the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, firmans' importance was often displayed by the layout of the document; the more blank space at the top of the document, the more important the firman was.
The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ al-Khilāfah ar-Rāshidah) was the Islamic caliphate in the earliest period ofIslam, comprising the first four caliphs—the "Rightly Guided" or Rashidun caliphs (Arabic: اَلْخُلَفَاءُ ٱلرَّاشِدُونَ al-Khulafā’ ar-Rāshidūn). It was founded afterMuhammad's death in 632 (year 11 AH in the Islamic calendar). At its height, the Caliphate controlled an empire from theArabian Peninsula and the Levant, to theCaucasus in the north, North Africa fromEgypt to present-day Tunisia in the west, and the Iranian plateau to Central Asia in the east.
- Umar, also spelled Omar (Arabic: عمر بن الخطاب , translit. ʿUmar ibn Al-Khattāb,lit. 'Umar, Son of Al-Khattab', born c.583 CE – died 3 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and influential Muslimcaliphs in history. He was a seniorSahabi of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Abu Bakr (632–634) as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphateon 23 August 634. He was an expert Islamic jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet Al-Farooq ("the one who distinguishes (between right and wrong)"). He is sometimes referred to as Umar I by historians of Islam, since a later Umayyadcaliph, Umar II, also bore that name.Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship.[6] Umar was eventually killed by the Persian Piruz Nahavandi (known as ‘Abū-Lū‘lū‘ah in Arabic) in 644 CE. Umar is revered in the Sunni tradition as a great ruler and paragon of Islamic virtues,[7] and some hadiths identify him as the second greatest of the Sahaba after Abu Bakr. He is viewed negatively in the Shia tradition.
- Umar also ordered the expulsion to Syria and Iraq of the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar. He also permitted Jewish families to resettle in Jerusalem, which had previously been barred from all Jews. He issued orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and allotted them the equivalent amount of land in their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims to reside in the Hejaz for longer than three days.[130] He was first to establish the army as a state department.
- Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests. As new areas joined the Islamic State, they also benefited from free trade, while trading with other areas in the Islamic State, so as to encourage commerce, in Islam trade is not taxed, wealth is taxed. The Muslims paid zakat on their wealth to the poor. Since the so-called Constitution of Medina, drafted by the Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians continued to use their own laws in the Islamic State and had their own judges.
- In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Persian slave named Abu Lulu.
Umayyad dynasty
- The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الأموية, trans. Al-Khilāfah al-ʾumawiyya), also spelled Omayyad, was the second of the four majorArab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: الأمويون, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or بنو أمية, Banū ʾUmayya, "Sons of Umayya"), hailing from Mecca. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE/41 AH. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 15 million km2 (5.79 million square miles) and 62 million people (29% of the world's population), making it the fifth largest empire in history in both area and proportion of the world's population.
- Dynasty that ruled the Islamic caliphate from the death of the fourth Sunni caliph (first Shii imam), Ali , in 661 until 750 . Its founder was Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan of the Meccan clan of Umayyah. By the time of Muawiyah's death in 680 , he had established Damascus as the capital and a system of administration for the caliphate that gave it a degree of stability. A later caliph, Abd al-Malik , strengthened the organization of the empire, making Arabic the official language of government and replacing Byzantine and Sassanian coinage with coins with Arabic inscriptions. At times tribal rivalries threatened the unity of the empire. The dynasty was responsible for the expansion of the Islamic state westward through North Africa to the Atlantic Ocean. In 711 the Umayyads crossed into the Iberian peninsula and rapidly conquered most of it, establishing a forward base in southern France. They were defeated between Tours and Poitiers in 732 by Charles Martel , halting the expansion of Islam into western Europe. In the East, they moved from Iran into Central Asia and northwest India. Little progress was made in the North due to the strength of the Byzantine Empire. The Umayyads' great expansion was primarily military and political, not religious; conversion to Islam was discouraged for some time since it would reduce the treasury's intake of taxes on non-Muslims. Its armies were originally exclusively Arab and Muslim, but clients were ultimately included, mostly of Iranian and Berber origin. Later Muslim historians accused the Umayyads of transforming the Islamic state into an Arab kingdom. The Umayyads did rely largely on the traditional political ideas of Arabs, but they also claimed to be upholders of Islam. Overthrown by Abbasids in 750 .http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2421
Abbasid dynasty
- The Abbasid Caliphate (/əˈbæsᵻd/ or/ˈæbəsᵻd/ Arabic: الخلافة العباسية al-Khilāfah al-‘Abbāsīyah) was the third of the Islamiccaliphates to succeed the Islamic prophetMuhammad. The Abbasid dynasty descended from Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs, for most of their period from their capital in Baghdadin modern-day Iraq, after assuming authority over the Muslim empire from theUmayyads in 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, but in 762 the caliphAl-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, north of the Sasanian capital city ofCtesiphon. The choice of a capital so close to Persia proper reflected a growing reliance on Persian bureaucrats, most notably of the Barmakid family, to govern the territories conquered by Arab Muslims, as well as an increasing inclusion of non-Arab Muslims in the ummah. Despite this initial cooperation, the Abbasids of the late 8th century had alienated both Arabmawali and Iranian bureaucrats, and were forced to cede authority over Al-Andalus and Maghreb to the Umayyads,Morocco to the Idrisid dynasty, Ifriqiya to the Aghlabids, and Egypt to the Shi'iteCaliphate of the Fatimids. The political power of the caliphs largely ended with the rise of the Buyids and the Seljuq Turks. Although Abbasid leadership over the vast Islamic empire was gradually reduced to a ceremonial religious function, the dynasty retained control over its Mesopotamiandemesne. The capital city of Baghdad became a center of science, culture, philosophy and invention during theGolden Age of Islam. This period of cultural fruition ended in 1258 with the sack of Baghdad by theMongols under Hulagu Khan. The Abbasid line of rulers, and Muslim culture in general, recentered themselves in theMamluk capital of Cairo in 1261. Though lacking in political power, the dynasty continued to claim authority in religious matters until after the Ottoman conquest of Egypt (1517).
- The House of Wisdom (Arabic: بيت الحكمة; Bayt al-Ḥikmah), also known as the Grand Library of Baghdad, refers to either a major Abbasid public academy and intellectual center in Baghdad or to a large private library belonging to the Abbasid Caliphs during the Islamic Golden Age.The House of Wisdom is the subject of an active dispute over its functions and existence as a formal academy, an issue complicated by a lack of physical evidence following the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate and a reliance on corroboration of literary sources to construct a narrative. The House of Wisdom was founded either as a library for the collections of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the late 8th century and later turned into a public academy during the reign of Al-Ma'mun or was a private collection created by Al-Mansur(reign 754–775) to house rare books and collections of poetry in both Arabic and Persian.The House of Wisdom and its contents were destroyed in the Siege of Baghdad in 1258, leaving very little in the way of archaeological evidence for the House of Wisdom, such that most knowledge about it is derived from the works of contemporary scholars of the era such as Al-Tabari and Ibn al-Nadi
- The Siege of Baghdad, which lasted from January 29 until February 10, 1258, entailed the investment, capture, and sack of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops. The Mongols were under the command of Hulagu Khan (or Hulegu Khan), brother of the khagan Möngke Khan, who had intended to further extend his rule into Mesopotamia but not to directly overthrow the Caliphate. Möngke, however, had instructed Hulagu to attack Baghdad if the Caliph Al-Musta'sim refused Mongol demands for his continued submission to the khagan and the payment of tribute in the form of military support for Mongol forces in Iran. Hulagu began his campaign in Iran with several offensives against Nizari groups, including the Assassins, who lost their stronghold of Alamut. He then marched on Baghdad, demanding that Al-Musta'sim accede to the terms imposed by Möngke on the Abbasids. Although the Abbasids had failed to prepare for the invasion, the Caliph believed that Baghdad could not fall to invading forces and refused to surrender. Hulagu subsequently besieged the city, which surrendered after 12 days. During the next week, the Mongols sacked Baghdad, committing numerous atrocities and destroyed the Abbasids' vast libraries, including the House of Wisdom.
- people
- https://www.quora.com/Do-you-agree-if-Indonesia-bans-English-from-their-curriculum-and-replaces-it-with-the-Arabic-language
- Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub ibn Ja'far ibn Wahb Ibn Wadih al-Ya'qubi (died 897/8), known as Ahmad al-Ya'qubi, or Ya'qubi, was aMuslim geographer and perhaps the first historian of world culture in the Abbasid Caliphate.
The Fatimid Caliphate (Arabic: الفاطميون, al-Fāṭimīyūn) was an Ismaili Shia Islamiccaliphate that spanned a large area ofNorth Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The dynasty ruled across the Mediterraneancoast of Africa and ultimately made Egyptthe centre of the caliphate. At its height the caliphate included in addition to Egypt varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan,Sicily, the Levant, and Hijaz. The Fatimids claimed descent from Fatima bint Muhammad, the daughter of Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Fatimids conquered North Africa and their Fatimid state took shape among the KutamaBerbers, in the West of the North African littoral, particularly Algeria, in 909 conquering Raqqada, the Aghlabid capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of Mahdia as their new capital. In 948 they shifted their capital toAl-Mansuriya, near Kairouan in Tunisia. In 969 they conquered Egypt and establishedCairo as the capital of their caliphate; Egypt became the political, cultural, and religious centre of their empire. The ruling class belonged to the Ismailibranch of Shi'ism, as did the leaders of the dynasty. The existence of the caliphate marked the only time the descendants ofAli through Fatimah (the daughter of the prophet) were united to any degree (except for the final period of the Rashidun Caliphate under Ali himself from 656 to 661) and the name "Fatimid" refers to Fatimah. The different term Fatimite is sometimes used to refer to the caliphate's subjects.
Caliphate
- A caliphate (Arabic: خِلافة khilāfa) is an area containing an Islamic steward known as a caliph(Arabic: خَليفة khalīfah )—a person considered a religious successor to theIslamic prophet, Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ʿAbdullāh), and a leader of the entire Muslim community.[1] The Rashidun caliphs, who directly succeeded Muhammad as leaders of theMuslim community, were chosen through shura, a process of community consultation that some consider loosely to be an early form of Islamic democracy.[2] During the history of Islam after the Rashidun period, many Muslim states, almost all of them hereditary monarchies, have claimed to be caliphates.[1] Even though caliphs were thought to go back to Muhammad, they were not thought of as having the same prophetic power as he did.[3] The Sunni branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives.[4] Followers of Shia Islam, however, believe a caliph should be an Imam chosen by God from the Ahl al-Bayt (the "Family of the House", Muhammad's direct descendants).
Qur"an- means "the recitation"
- divided into 144 suras
- people of the book - jews, christians, sabians (a monotheistic group in iraq who especially venerated the psalms)
Law
- ādah, (Arabic: “custom”), in Islāmic law, a local custom that is given a particular consideration by judicial authorities even when it conflicts with some principle of canon law (Sharīʿah); in Indonesia it is known as adat, in North Africa it is ʿurf, and in East Africa, dustūr. Muslim communities developed their ʿādahs before accepting Islām and did not abandon them entirely afterward. Thus in Indonesian Minangkabau, where many Muslims still retain old Hindu or pagan traditions, a matriarchate is recognized,
guidance/other important rules
- 布哈里聖訓 Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī (Arabic: صحيح البخاري), also known as Bukhari Sharif (Arabic: بخاري شريف), is one of the Kutub al-Sittah (six major hadith collections) of Sunni Islam. These prophetic traditions, or hadith, were collected by the Muslim scholar Muhammad al-Bukhari, after being transmitted orally for generations. It was completed around 846 AD / 232 AH. Sunni Muslims view this as one of the two most trusted collections of hadith along with Sahih Muslim.[1][2]The Arabic word sahih translates as authentic or correct.[3] Sahih al-Bukhari, together with Sahih Muslim is known as Sahihayn.
-《穆斯林聖訓實錄》 Sahih Muslim (Arabic: صحيح مسلم , Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim; full title: Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli) is one of the Kutub al-Sittah (six major hadith collections) in Sunni Islam.[1] It is highly acclaimed by Sunni Muslims[2] as well as Zaidi Shia Muslims.[citation needed] It is considered the second most authentic hadith collection after Sahih al-Bukhari. It was collected by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, also known as Imam Muslim.[3] Its authenticity has sometimes been questioned due to the fact that it was written over 250 years after the Islamic Prophet, Muhammed. Regardless of this, Sunni Muslims believe it to be genuine and authentic. Sahih Muslim, together with Sahih al-Bukhari is termed as Sahihayn.
- 《伊瑪目馬立克聖訓集》或《穆宛塔聖訓集》The Muwaṭṭaʾ (Arabic: الموطأ) of Imam Malik is the earliest written collection of hadithcomprising the subjects of Islamic law, compiled by the Imam, Malik ibn Anas.[1] Malik's best-known work, Al-Muwatta was the first legal work to incorporate and join hadith and fiqhtogether.
Sheikh Mohammed Goni Islamic Spiritual Miracles Healings Leader Islamic religious leadershave traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. However, in the modern contexts of Muslims minorities in non-Muslim countries as well as secularised Muslim states like Turkey, Indonesia and Bangladesh, religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes. Compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other Abrahamic faiths, Islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. Unlike Catholic priests they do not "serve as intermediaries between mankind and God",[1] have "process of ordination",[2] or "sacramental functions",[1] but instead serve as "exemplars, teachers, judges, and community leaders," providing religious rules to the pious on "even the most minor and private" matters.[
Association
- The Tenth Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers (held in Fez – Kingdom of Morocco, 8-12 May 1979) confirmed the above recommendation in its Resolution relating to the establishment of an International Islamic Organization for Education, Science and Culture.http://www.isesco.org.ma/history/
- World Islamic Economic Forum http://wief.org/
People
- Muhammad (Arabic: مُحمّد, pronounced [muħammad];[n 2] c. 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE)[1] was an Arab religious, social and political leader and the founder of Islam.[2]According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.[2][3][4][5] He is viewed as the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though some modern denominations diverge from this belief.[n 3]Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. He is referred to by many appellations, including Messenger of Allah, The Prophet Muhammad, Allah's Apostle, Last Prophet of Islam and others; there are also many variant spellings of Muhammad, such as Mohamet, Mahamad, Muhamad and many others.
- Mahoma in spanish
- 阿伊莎，或译为阿以涉 ʿĀʾishah bint Abī Bakr (Arabic: عائشة [ˈʕaːʔɪʃa], c. 613/614 – c. 678 CE),[a] also transcribed as Aisha (/ˈɑːiːʃɑː/,[2][3] also US: /-ʃə,
- [islam a worldwide encyclopedia by cenap cakmak and published by ABC-CLIO based in santa barbara and denver] aisha's role in the first civil war in the muslim community made clear the role of women in politics. Both sunni and shia muslim scholars disagreed with her involvement in the war, even though sunni scholars did not condemn her participation. Althought her personality was strong and she was determined, "without her primary marital tie to the prophet, aisha would have had no foundation for her political involvement" (spellberg). According to medieval muslim scholars such as al-afghani, aisha is an example for all muslim women not to be involved in public life and politics because, as aisha did, a woman could be a cause of public and political chaos. Aisha remained a public and political figure in islamic history, which divided the muslim world into sunni and shiite sects.
- 阿伊莎完婚时应该是14岁左右。但9岁这个年龄仍对伊斯兰世界产生了重要影响。至今，穆斯林仍以她的事例作为容许童婚的理由。
- 2003年開工的銀川人工河典農河早期的名稱“艾依（莎）河”卽來源於此。
- https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/592860 The “Sacred Chamber,” refers to the Prophet’s House, where he (peace be upon him) used to live with Aisha Bint Abibakr Al-Siddiq, the “Mother of the Believers” (May Allah be pleased with her). It is prominently located in the eastern part of the Prophet’s Mosque in Madinah.
- ʻAmmār ibn ʻYāsir ibn Āmir ibn Mālik Abū al-Yaqzān (Arabic: عمار بن یاسر) was one of the Muhajirun in the history of Islam[2] and, for his dedicated devotion to Islam's cause, is considered to be one of the most loyal and beloved companions of Muhammad and ‘Ali; thus, he occupies a position of the highest prominence in Islam.[3][4][5]Historically, Ammar ibn Yasir is the first Muslim to build a mosque.[6] He is also referred to by Shia Muslims as one of the Four Companions. Muslims consider Ammar's ultimate fate to be unique among the fates of Muhammad's companions, for they perceive his death at the battle of Siffin as the decisive distinguisher between the righteous group and the sinful one in the First Fitna.
- Bahira (Arabic: بحيرى, Syriac: ܒܚܝܪܐ), or "Sergius the Monk" to the Latin West, was a Syriac orArab[1] Gnostic Manichean Nasorean or Nestorian Christian (or Arian[2]) monk who, according to tradition, foretold to the adolescent Muhammad his future as a prophet.[3][4] His name derives from the Syriac bḥīrā, meaning “tested (by God) and approved”.The story of Muhammad's encounter with Bahira is found in the works of the early Muslim historians Ibn Hisham, Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi, and Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, whose versions differ in some details. When Muhammad was either nine or twelve years old, he met Bahira in the town of Bosra in Syria during his travel with a Meccan caravan, accompanying his uncleAbu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib.[3] When the caravan was passing by his cell, the monk invited the merchants to a feast. They accepted the invitation, leaving the boy to guard the camel. Bahira, however, insisted that everyone in the caravan should come to him.[4] Then a miraculous occurrence indicated to the monk that Muhammad was to become a prophet. It was a miraculous movement of a cloud that kept shadowing Muhammad regardless of the time of the day. The monk revealed his visions of Muhammad's future to the boy's uncle (Abu Talib), warning him to preserve the child from the Jews (in Ibn Sa'd's version) or from theByzantines (in al-Tabari's version). Both Ibn Sa'd and al-Tabari write that Bahira found the announcement of the coming of Muhammad in the original, unadulterated gospels, which he possessed; the standard Islamic view is that Christians corrupted the gospels, in part by erasing any references to Muhammad.
- Khidr or al-Khidr (Arabic: ٱلْخَضِر al-Khaḍir), also transcribed as al-Khadir, Khader, Khizr, Khazer, Khadr, Khedher, Khizir, Khizar, is a figure described but not mentioned by name in the Quran[1] as a righteous servant of God possessing great wisdom or mystic knowledge. In various Islamic and non-Islamic traditions, Khidr is described as a messenger, prophet, wali, slave[2] or angel,[3][4] who guards the sea, teaches secret knowledge[5] and aids those in distress.[6] As guardian angel, he prominently figures as patron of the Islamic saint Ibn Arabi.[7] The figure of al-Khidr has been syncretized over time with various other figures including but not limited to Dūraoša [8] and Sorūsh in Iran,[9][10][11][12] Saint Sarkis the Warrior,[13][14] and Saint George in Asia Minor and the Levant, Samael (the divine prosecutor) in Judaism, John the Baptist in Armenia, and Jhulelal[15] in Sindh and Punjab in South Asia.Though not mentioned by name in the Quran, he is named by Islamic scholars as the figure described in Quran 18:65–82 as a servant of God who has been given "knowledge" and who is accompanied and questioned by the prophet Musa (Moses) about the many seemingly unjust or inappropriate actions he (Al-Khidr) takes (sinking a ship, killing a young man, repaying inhospitality by repairing a wall). At the end of the story Khidr explains the circumstances unknown to Moses that made each of the actions just and/or appropriate.
- The name "al-Khiḍr" shares exactly the same triliteral root as the Arabic "al-akhḍar" or "al-khaḍra", a root found in several Semitic languages meaning "green" or "verdant" (as in al-Qubbah al-Khaḍrā’ or the Green Dome). Therefore, the meaning of the name has traditionally been taken to be "the Green One" or "the Verdant One".
- Al-Chidr in german
- religion Sunni Islam (Shafi'i)
!!!!!!to further check 《古兰经》中提到的两个古代民族。相传为先知努哈之于雅伏希的后代，是在中亚地区作恶的两个野蛮民族，他们打家劫舍，骚乱百姓，闹得鸡犬不宁。古犹太人和基督教传说中，常把他们同世界末日相联系。《古兰经》中两处提到这两个民族，一处是叙述“双角人”左勒盖尔奈英出师远征，到达两山(据传指亚美尼亚Armenia和阿塞拜疆Azarbaijan两地区的山)之间，当地语言陌生难辨的达尔邦(Darband)居民向他控诉说：“雅朱者和马朱者，的确在地方上捣乱，我们向你进贡，务请你在我们和他们之间建筑一座壁垒，好吗?”左勒盖尔奈英便答应他们的请求，为他们建起了一道坚不可摧的铜墙铁壁，陡峭不可攀登，坚固不能凿孔。直到末日来临，安拉下令，它才会夷为平地(18：83～99)。另一处是讲到临近末日，“雅朱者和马朱者被开释，而从各高地蹈向四方”(21：96)，这是末日的前兆之一。
Muslim
- http://saudigazette.com.sa/life/muslim-vocabulary-101/
- The word Mosalman (Persian: مسلمان, alternatively Mussalman) is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central and South Asia. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans. Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God. Other obsolete terms include Muslimite and Muslimist.Musulmán/Mosalmán (Persian: مسلمان) is a synonym for Muslim and is modified from Arabic. It is the origin of the Spanish word musulmán, the (dated) German Muselmann, the French word musulman, the Polish words muzułmanin and muzułmański, the Portuguese word muçulmano, the Italian word mussulmano or musulmano, the Romanian word musulman and the Greek word μουσουλμάνος (all used for a Muslim). In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage.
- https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2020/modern-contemporary-south-asian-art/rudolf-swoboda-a-mussalman-sepoy-in-hh-maharaja
- [1776 chronicle] a clergyman pointed out the heinous sin os sabbth breaking, added that such wickedness would have been severely punished by mahometans, how much more ought to be by christian magistrates
Mullah (/ˈmʌlə,
Ansar (Arabic: الأنصار al-Anṣār, "The Helpers") are the local inhabitants of Medina who took the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and his followers (the Muhajirun) into their homes when they emigrated from Mecca (hijra). They belonged to two main tribes of Azd, the Banu Khazraj and the Banu Aus. Azd is the same tribe that Ghamd tribe and Zahran tribe belong to.
- Umm Hiram bint Milhan (Arabic: أم حرام بنت ملحان) was one of the companions of Muhammad. She was an Ansariyya.She was the sister of Umm Sulaym and their house was often visited by the prophet. Her two brothers, Hiram bin Milhan and Salim bin Milhan participated in the Battle of Badr and Uhud. She was married to another companion of the prophet, Ubayda ibn as-Samit. She was also aunt f Anas bin Malik the prophet servant. Ubayda was one of the first Ansari men to take part in the Pledge of Aqabah.
- the hala sultan tekke monument in cyprus was built over the grave of umm haram (believed to be sister of prophet mohammed's foster mother or a follower from medina to cyprus that died shortly after her arrival in cyprus in 647 or 649). Conservation work conducted by department of antiquities since 1967
muttaqun
- meaning righteous persons
Zalimun
- meaning polytheists and wrong-doers
Musselman
- to look up meaning
Mā schā' AllāhMashallah (Arabic: مَا شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ, mā shāʾ -llāhu), also spelled mashaAllah or ma sha Allah, is an Arabic phrase that means "what God has willed" and is used to express appreciation, joy, praise, or thankfulness for an event or person that was just mentioned. It is also a common expression used in the Muslim world to wish for God's protection of something or someone from the evil eye. it is used to say something good has happened, used in the past tense. Inshallah, literally "if God has willed", is used similarly but to refer to a future event."Masha Allah" can be used to congratulate someone.[2] It is a reminder that although the person is being congratulated, ultimately God willed it.[3] In some cultures, people may utter Masha Allah in the belief that it may help protect them from jealousy, the evil eye or a jinn. The phrase has also found its way into the colloquial language of many non-Arab Muslims including Indonesians, Malaysians, Persians, Turks, Kurds, Bosniaks, Azerbaijanis, Chechens, Avars, Circassians, Bangladeshis, Tatars, Albanians, Urdu-speaking South Asians, and others.It is also used by some Christians and others in areas which were ruled by the Ottoman Empire: Serbians, Bulgarians, Christian Albanians and Macedonians say "машала" ("mašala"), often in the sense of "a job well done";[4] also some Georgians, Armenians, Pontic Greeks(descendants of those that came from Turkey), and Cypriot Greeks[5].
- oman observer 6sep2020 fb post on oman granting citizenship to 32 people, one comment mentioned pakistani mashallah
Sunni and shia difference
- http://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/04/17/islam-sunni-shia-differences-orig-mg.cnn?sr=cnnifb
The Islamic calendar, Muslim calendar or Hijri calendar(Anno Hegirae or AH, Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to date events in many Muslim countries(concurrently with the Gregorian calendar), and used byMuslims everywhere to determine the proper days on which to observe the annual fasting, to attend Hajj, and to celebrate other Islamic holidays and festivals. The first year was the Islamic year beginning in AD 622 during which the emigration ofMuhammad from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra, occurred. Each numbered year is designated either "H" for Hijra or "AH" for the Latin Anno Hegirae ("in the year of the Hijra");hence, Muslims typically call their calendar the Hijri calendar. The current Islamic year is 1437 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, 1437 AH runs from approximately 14 October 2015 to 2 October 2016.
- The Day of Arafah (Arabic: يوم عرفة, translit. Yawm ‘Arafah) is an Islamic holiday that falls on the 9th day of Dhu al-Hijjah of the lunar Islamic Calendar. It is the second day of the Hajj pilgrimage and the day after is the first day of the major Islamic holiday of Eid al-Adha. At dawn of this day, Muslim pilgrims will make their way from Mina to a nearby hillside and plain called Mount Arafah and the Plain of Arafah.
- Eid al-Adha (Arabic: عيد الأضحى, translit. ʿīd al-ʾaḍḥā, lit. 'Feast of the Sacrifice', IPA: [ʕiːd ælˈʔɑdˤħæː]), also called the "Festival of Sacrifice", is the second of two Islamic holidays celebrated worldwide each year (the other being Eid al-Fitr), and considered the holier of the two. It honors the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God’s command. But, before Abraham could sacrifice his son, God provided a lamb to sacrifice instead. In commemoration of this, an animal is sacrificed and divided into three parts: one part of the share is given to the poor and needy; second part is for the home, third is given to relatives. In the Islamic lunar calendar, Eid al-Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah. In the international (Gregorian) calendar, the dates vary from year to year drifting approximately 11 days earlier each year.古尔邦节（意译为宰牲节，新馬汶稱哈芝節，阿拉伯语：عيد الأضحى，拉丁化：ʿĪd al-ʾAḍḥā，波斯語：عید قربان，维吾尔语：قۇربان ھېيىت，英语：Kurban Bairam），又称“大节”，是伊斯兰教的重要节日。在伊斯兰历每年的12月10日，麦加朝圣过后。该节日是为了纪念先知易卜拉欣（基督教翻译为亚伯拉罕）忠实执行真主命令，向安拉献祭自己的儿子易司哈格（基督教翻译成以撒），而后又用羊羔代替的这一事件。In languages other than Arabic, the name is often simply translated into the local language, such as English Feast of the Sacrifice, German Opferfest, Dutch Offerfeest, Romanian Sărbătoarea Sacrificiului, and Hungarian Áldozati ünnep. In Spanish it is known as Fiesta del Cordero or Fiesta del Borrego (both meaning "festival of the lamb"). It is also known as عید البقرة ʿĪd al-Baqarah in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East, as عید قربان Id-e Qorbān in Iran, Kurban Bayramı ("Holiday of Sacrifice") in Turkey,[3] কোরবানীর ঈদ Korbanir Id in Bangladesh, as عید الكبير ʿĪd el-Kebīr in the Maghreb, as Tfaska Tamoqqart in Jerba Berber, as Iduladha, Hari Raya Aiduladha, Hari Raya Haji or Qurban in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, as بکرا عید Bakrā Īd ("Goat Eid") or بڑی عید Baṛī Īd ("Greater Eid") in Pakistan and India, Bakara Eid in Trinidad and as Tabaski or Tobaski in Senegal and Odún Iléyá by Yorúbà People in Nigeria West Africa (most probably borrowed from the Serer language — an ancient Serer religious festival).
朝覲 The Hajj (/hædʒ/; Arabic: حَجّ Ḥaǧǧ "pilgrimage") is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, the most holy city for Muslims, and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and can support their family during their absence.[2][3][4] It is one of the five pillars of Islam, alongside Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, and Sawm. The Hajj is the largest annual gathering of people in the world.[5][6] The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah, and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati. The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to God (Allah).[7][8] The word Hajj means "to intend a journey", which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions.- The Day of Arafah (Arabic: يوم عرفة, translit. Yawm ‘Arafah) is an Islamic holiday that falls on the 9th day of Dhu al-Hijjah of the lunar Islamic Calendar. It is the second day of the Hajj pilgrimage and the day after is the first day of the major Islamic holiday of Eid al-Adha. At dawn of this day, Muslim pilgrims will make their way from Mina to a nearby hillside and plain called Mount Arafah and the Plain of Arafah.
- Eid al-Adha (Arabic: عيد الأضحى, translit. ʿīd al-ʾaḍḥā, lit. 'Feast of the Sacrifice', IPA: [ʕiːd ælˈʔɑdˤħæː]), also called the "Festival of Sacrifice", is the second of two Islamic holidays celebrated worldwide each year (the other being Eid al-Fitr), and considered the holier of the two. It honors the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God’s command. But, before Abraham could sacrifice his son, God provided a lamb to sacrifice instead. In commemoration of this, an animal is sacrificed and divided into three parts: one part of the share is given to the poor and needy; second part is for the home, third is given to relatives. In the Islamic lunar calendar, Eid al-Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah. In the international (Gregorian) calendar, the dates vary from year to year drifting approximately 11 days earlier each year.古尔邦节（意译为宰牲节，新馬汶稱哈芝節，阿拉伯语：عيد الأضحى，拉丁化：ʿĪd al-ʾAḍḥā，波斯語：عید قربان，维吾尔语：قۇربان ھېيىت，英语：Kurban Bairam），又称“大节”，是伊斯兰教的重要节日。在伊斯兰历每年的12月10日，麦加朝圣过后。该节日是为了纪念先知易卜拉欣（基督教翻译为亚伯拉罕）忠实执行真主命令，向安拉献祭自己的儿子易司哈格（基督教翻译成以撒），而后又用羊羔代替的这一事件。In languages other than Arabic, the name is often simply translated into the local language, such as English Feast of the Sacrifice, German Opferfest, Dutch Offerfeest, Romanian Sărbătoarea Sacrificiului, and Hungarian Áldozati ünnep. In Spanish it is known as Fiesta del Cordero or Fiesta del Borrego (both meaning "festival of the lamb"). It is also known as عید البقرة ʿĪd al-Baqarah in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East, as عید قربان Id-e Qorbān in Iran, Kurban Bayramı ("Holiday of Sacrifice") in Turkey,[3] কোরবানীর ঈদ Korbanir Id in Bangladesh, as عید الكبير ʿĪd el-Kebīr in the Maghreb, as Tfaska Tamoqqart in Jerba Berber, as Iduladha, Hari Raya Aiduladha, Hari Raya Haji or Qurban in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, as بکرا عید Bakrā Īd ("Goat Eid") or بڑی عید Baṛī Īd ("Greater Eid") in Pakistan and India, Bakara Eid in Trinidad and as Tabaski or Tobaski in Senegal and Odún Iléyá by Yorúbà People in Nigeria West Africa (most probably borrowed from the Serer language — an ancient Serer religious festival).
- Millions of Muslims celebrates the annual Eid al-Adha, known in China as Corban Festival, one of Islam's most important holidays on Sunday. On Sunday morning, people gathered for Shaman dance on the square in front of the Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, after morning prayers. The cheerful music and sounds of rhythmic drums attracted many tourists to join in the celebration. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/11/c_138301312.htm
- 我問女傭，印尼的回教徒在古爾邦節有什麼東西要做？她說她的鄉村不會為此節日大肆慶祝，像過年一樣，四處拜訪親友和大喝一番。不過，村民仍會應宰牲節之名，聘請屠夫在節日那天屠宰牛或羊。屠夫為了尊重這項神聖的工作，在節日的一星期前已經不可以剪頭髮和剪指甲。屠夫完成屠宰工作後，村民只會將宰好的牛肉和羊肉分成兩份，一份送給親友、一份送贈窮人，自己卻不能留下。當然，當你送牛肉和羊肉給別人時，人家又會送回他的肉食給你，你還是會有很多肉的。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/08/07/a20-0807.pdf
Mawlid or Mawlid al-Nabi al-Sharif (Arabic: مَولِد النَّبِي mawlidu n-nabiyyi, "Birth of the Prophet", sometimes simply called in colloquial Arabic مولد mawlid, mevlid, mevlit, mulud among other vernacular pronunciations; sometimes ميلاد mīlād) is the observance of the birthday of Islamic prophet Muhammad which is commemorated in Rabi' al-awwal, the third month in the Islamic calendar.[3] 12th Rabi' al-awwal[4] is the accepted date among most of the Sunni scholars, while Shi'a scholars regard 17th Rabi' al-awwal as the accepted date. The history of this celebration goes back to the early days of Islam when some of the Tabi‘un began to hold sessions in which poetry and songs composed to honour Muhammad were recited and sung to the crowds.[5] The Ottomans declared it an official holiday in 1588,[6] known as Mevlid Kandil.[7] The term Mawlid is also used in some parts of the world, such as Egypt, as a generic term for the birthday celebrations of other historical religious figures such as Sufi saints.Most denominations of Islam approve of the commemoration of Muhammad's birthday;[9][10] however, with the emerge of Wahhabism/Salafism,[11] Muslims began to disapprove its commemoration, considering it an illicit religious innovation (bid'ah or bidat).[12][13] Mawlid is recognized as a national holiday in all Muslim-majority countries of the world except Saudi Arabia and Qatarwhich are officially Wahhabi/Salafi.聖紀節（阿拉伯語：مولد النبي，al-Mawlid an-Nabī）是伊斯蘭教的重要節日，為紀念先知穆罕默德的誕辰日，但遜尼派和什葉派紀念聖紀節的日期不同，中國境內的少數民族穆斯林基本是遜尼派，所以聖紀節也是信仰伊斯蘭教的少數民族重要節日。遜尼派的聖紀節是伊斯蘭曆3月12日，什葉派是3月17日。據說當年穆罕默德經常在自己出生的日子（星期一）進行齋戒，但現在穆斯林過聖紀節並不把齋，而是準備食品慶祝，講述穆罕默德生前的事跡等。但事實，由於文化的變遷，在中國，少數民族並不紀念聖紀節。The date of Muhammad's birth is a matter of contention since the exact date is unknown and is not definitively recorded in the Islamic traditions. The issue of the correct date of the Mawlid is recorded by Ibn Khallikan as constituting the first proven disagreement concerning the celebration.According to many Muslim Sunni historians, the mawlid was never celebrated and has been always subject to debate but the year is clearly mentioned as the Year of the Elephant, approximately 570 AD. Speculation on the exact date of his birth is unknown because the Islamic Hijri calendar begin after the Migration from Bakkah (the ancient name of Mecca in the Qur'an) to Yathrib(current day Medina).
- uk
- hk
- appledaily 4nov19 muslims celebrating in tsuen wan on 3nov19
festival
- Yom Ashura or Ashura (Arabic: عاشوراء ʻĀshūrā’) is the tenth day of Muḥarram, the first month in the Islamic calendar.[3] For the majority of Shia Muslims, as well as some Sunni Muslims, Ashura marks the climax of the Remembrance of Muharram.
- Eid al-Adha (Arabic: عيد الأضحى ʿīd al-aḍḥā, [ʕiːd ælˈʔɑdˤħæː], "Festival of the Sacrifice"), also called the "Sacrifice Feast", is the second of two Muslim holidayscelebrated worldwide each year, and considered the holier of the two. It honors the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son, as an act of submission toGod's command, before God then intervened sending his angel Jibra'il (Gabriel) to inform him that his sacrifice had already been accepted. The meat from the sacrificed animal is divided into three parts. The family retains one third of the share; another third is given to relatives, friends and neighbors; and the remaining third is given to the poor and needy.
Link with catholicism?
- Sergius the Monk is often referred to as the Nestorian monk Bahira (George or Sergius) who met the boy Mohammed at Bostra in Syria and claimed to recognize in him the sign of a prophet. John of Damascus's writings were early writings soon after the Qur'an was written and is a valuable resource, in spite of it's anti-Arian stance and is more likely to be historically accurate. I think assumptions were made elsewhere because after the Nestorian schism, the Nestorian church established itself in Persia. However Islam's Christology is more closely associated with Arianism than Nestorianism. Even if Bahira was a Nestorian monk, Nestorianism is a derivative of Arianism in that Yeshua was physically human with a divine spirit (GOD); Arianism goes on to assert that his divine spirit was not of the same substance as God and that the spirit of Yeshua was created at the beginning of time and thus there was a time when Yeshua did not exist. Therefore, although he has been given all authority in heaven and earth as God's mediator, Yeshua is NOT GOD in substance! http://forum.arian-catholic.org/showthread.php?t=537
Attire
- https://www.learnreligions.com/islamic-clothing-glossary-2004255
- women http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160829/PDF/a17_screen.pdf
Mustafa is the primary transliteration of the Arabic given name, Arabic: مصطفى,Muṣṭafā. The name is an epithet ofMuhammad that means, The Chosen One. It is a very common male given name throughout the Muslim world. This name is mostly used in Turkey after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey.
Al-Masih ad-Dajjal (Arabic: المسيح الدجّال Al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl, "the false messiah, liar, the deceiver") is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology. He is to appear, pretending to be al-Masih (i.e. the Messiah), before Yawm al-Qiyamah (the Day of Resurrection). He is an anti-messianic figure, comparable to the Antichrist in Christian eschatology and to Armilus in medieval Jewish eschatology. Dajjāl (Arabic: دجال) is an adjective of Syriac origin.[1] It is also a common Arabic superlative form of the root word dajl meaning "lie" or "deception".[2] Al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl, with the definite article al- ("the"), refers to "the deceiving Messiah", a specific end times deceiver. The Dajjāl is an evil being who will seek to impersonate the true Messiah. The name Dajjal also is rooted in an Arabic word dajel, which means "to gold plate" or "to coat in gold". It is derived from word meaning "to mix".旦扎里，阿拉伯语的音译，意为“骗子手”，名叫“麦西哈旦扎里”，伊斯兰教《圣训》预言：他是世界末日临近前来自东方的纯种犹太人，旦扎里是他的绰号。他有欺骗成性和瞒天过海的本领。《圣训》对旦扎里的描述是：独眼龙，奇坏无比，红发瘸腿，大骗子、破坏份子，其右眼的形式是可憎的、凸出的独眼，他不会生儿育女，额头上写有“否认者”的字样。他出世后，妄言改良人类社会和指引正道，然后又妄言自称是宇宙的主宰，他拥有给世人幻显海市蜃楼般的天堂和火狱的神奇能力。他宣传的过程中们很多人步入后尘、上当受骗，他们大部分是犹太人。他的出现是对人类最大的磨难，自人祖先知阿丹（亚当）直到世界末日，没有类似这样的灾难，他以明升暗降的方式做无数的反常事情，他会破坏地球上一切，除麦加和麦地那，烟雾充满东方和西方之间四十天，穆斯林象伤风感冒似的,不信主者如同醉汉，烟从鼻、耳、后窍中冒出。最后真主派遣先知尔撒（耶稣）重返人间杀死旦扎里。
绥拉特桥(Sirat)
- 伊斯兰教有关后世的名词。系阿拉伯语音译，中国穆斯林学者亦意译为“天桥”。伊斯兰教教义学家赛尔顿丁·太弗塔扎尼(1312～1389)所著《教典诠释》说：该桥是架在火狱之上、直通天园的一座桥，细如头发和剑刃。升入天园者，将由桥上通过；堕入火狱者，将在桥上失足。并说，穆尔太齐赖派否认此说，认为从此桥上通过是不可能的。
symbol
- The Rub el Hizb (Arabic: ربع الحزب rubʿ al-ḥizb) is a Muslim symbol, represented as two overlapping squares, which is found on a number of emblems and flags. In Arabic, Rubʻ means "one fourth, quarter", while Hizb means a group or party. Initially, it was used in the Quran, which is divided into 60 Hizb (60 groups of roughly equal length); the symbol determines every quarter of Hizb, while the Hizb is one half of a juz'. The main purpose of this dividing system is to facilitate recitation of the Qur'an. The symbol is used as a marker for the end of a chapter in Arabic calligraphy. It is represented by two overlapping squares as in the Unicode glyph ۞ at U+06DE.The Rub el Hizb can be seen on:
- The flag of the Marinid and Saadi dynasties of Morocco
- The current coat of arms of Turkmenistan
- The current coat of arms of Uzbekistan
- The unofficial flag of Kazakhstan in the 1990s, the basis of the modern state flag, light blue with a hollow yellow rub el hizb
- La estrella de Lakshmi en el hinduismo es un polígono formado por dos cuadrados concéntricos con 45 grados de diferencia. Se utiliza para representar el ashta lakshmi [cita requerida], la octava forma o "tipo de riqueza" de la diosa Lakshmī.The Star of Lakshmi is a special octagram, a regular compound polygon, represented by Schläfli symbol {8/2} or 2{4}, made from two congruent squares with the same center at 45° angles, and figures in Hinduism, where it represents Ashtalakshmi (Sanskrit: अष्टलक्ष्मी, Aṣṭalakṣmi, lit. Eightfold Lakshmi), the eight forms, or "kinds of wealth", of the goddess Lakshmi.
- The al-Quds star (in Arabic نجمة القدس, najmat al-Quds) is an adaptation of the Islamic Rub el Hizb symbol which is specifically associated with al-Quds (i.e. Jerusalem). The eight-pointed star design is inspired by the octagonal ground-plan of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock shrine (built to commemorate Jerusalem's status as the first Qibla or direction of prayer in Islam), as well as by the standard Rub el Hizb symbol.
- The Bani Shaiba or the sons of Shaiba (Arabic: Banī Shaybah بني شيبه) are an Arabic tribe that hold the keys to the Kaaba.[1] The members of the tribe greet visitors into the Kaaba during the cleaning ceremony and clean the interior together with the visitors.
- The Pisa Griffin is a large bronze sculpture of a griffin, a mythical beast, which has been in Pisa in Italy since the Middle Ages, though it is of Islamic origin. It is the largest medieval Islamic metal sculpture known, at over three feet tall (42.5 inches, or 1.07 m.), and was probably created in the 11th century in Al-Andaluz (Islamic Spain).[1] It has been described as the "most famous as well as the most beautiful and monumental example" of a tradition of zoomorphic bronzes in Islamic art.[2] It is now in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Cathedral Museum), Pisa.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170126/PDF/b12_screen.pdf kiv the so called mari-cha lion
- emblem in flag of iran
Literature
- Layla and Majnun (English: Possessed by madness for Layla; Arabic: مجنون لیلی; (Majnun Layla)) is a love story that originated as poem in 5th Century Arabia, later was adopted by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi who also wrote "Khosrow and Shirin". It is the third of his five long narrative poems, Khamsa (the Quintet). Qays and Layla fall in love with each other when they are young, but when they grow up Layla’s father doesn't allow them to be together. Qays becomes obsessed with her, and the community gives him the epithet Majnun (مجنون, lit. "possessed"), the same epithet given to the semi-historical character Qays ibn al-Mulawwah of the Banu 'Amir tribe. Long before Nizami, the legend circulated in anecdotal forms in Arabic akhbar. The early anecdotes and oral reports about Majnun are documented in Kitab al-Aghani andIbn Qutaybah's al-Shi'r wal-Shu'ara'. The anecdotes are mostly very short, only loosely connected, and show little or no plot development.[1]
Prayer
- The adhan (Arabic: أَذَان [ʔaˈðaːn]), (or azan as pronounced in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan,Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Egypt, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, andTurkmenistan, ezan in Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, azon in Uzbekistan, and baang in some regions of Pakistan, Kurdistan, India, and Aceh, Indonesia) is the Islamiccall to worship, recited by the muezzin at prescribed times of the day. The root of the word isʾadhina أَذِنَ meaning "to listen, to hear, be informed about". Another derivative of this word isʾudhun (أُذُن), meaning "ear".
A kasbah Arabic قصبة , or in older English casbah, andqasbah or qassabah in India, is a type of medina, Islamiccity, or fortress (citadel). It was a place for the local leader to live and a defense when a city was under attack. A kasbah has high walls, usually without windows. Sometimes, they were built on hilltops so that they could be more easily defended. Some were placed near the entrance to harbors. Having a kasbah built was a sign of wealth of some families in the city. When colonization started in 1830, in northern Algeria, there were a great number of kasbahs that lasted for more than 100 years.
Islamic bond- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-11/10/content_27330436.htm A Chinese company plans its first dollar sukuk issuance to tap a four-fold increase in Chinese funds that can invest in bonds overseas. A sukuk is a type of bond consistent with the Islamic faith.
Sichuan Development Financial Leasing Co plans to sell $300 million of Islamic bonds via the Singapore-based special purpose vehicle, Silk Routes Capital Pte, in December, according to Silk Routes Financials, which is the financial adviser on the sale. The deal is being done in the city-state because China doesn't have equal tax treatment for sukuks, said Bobby Tay, an adviser at the consultancy.
- dispute case
- https://www.ft.com/content/83ace1c2-56a4-11e8-b8b2-d6ceb45fa9d0 Dana Gas has struck a restructuring deal with bondholders such as BlackRock and Goldman Sachs, as the UAE-based energy company looks to end a closely watched legal battle that had far-reaching implications in the world of Islamic finance. Dana Gas had been locked in a dispute with its creditors for a year over the repayment of a $700m sukuk — a type of Islamic bond — that Dana Gas said would be unlawful to pay as the debt was no longer compliant with sharia law. A group of bondholders led by BlackRock challenged the action in the English court, while a separate case in a UAE court has led to conflicting legal verdicts. Dana Gas announced on Sunday that it had reached an agreement with this group of bondholders to end the litigation and restructure the debt. The agreement has been reached with holders of over the half the “exchangeable” sukuk, the part of the debt that was mainly held by international investors, while 30 per cent of the so-called “ordinary” sukuk have also agreed. Dana Gas will now seek consent from the remaining holders of its sukuk and its shareholders, which it expects to complete in July.
- Jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزية jizya IPA: [d͡ʒɪzjæ]) is a per capita yearly tax historically levied[1] on non-Muslim subjects, called the dhimma, permanently residing in Muslim lands governed by Islamic law.[2][3][4] Muslim jurists required adult, free, sane males among the dhimma community to pay the jizya,[5] while exempting women, children, elders, handicapped, the ill, the insane, monks, hermits, slaves,[6][7][8][9][10] and musta'mins—non-Muslim foreigners who only temporarily reside in Muslim lands.[6][11] Dhimmis who chose to join military service were also exempted from payment,[2][7][12][13][14] as were those who could not afford to pay. The Quran and hadiths mention jizya without specifying its rate or amount.[17] However, scholars largely agree that early Muslim rulers adapted existing systems of taxation and tribute that were established under previous rulers of the conquered lands, such as those of the Byzantine and Sasanian empires. The application of jizya varied in the course of Islamic history. Together with kharāj, a term that was sometimes used interchangeably with jizya,[22][23][24] taxes levied on non-Muslim subjects were among the main sources of revenues collected by some Islamic polities, such as the Ottoman Empire.[25] Jizya rate was usually a fixed annual amount depending on the financial capability of the payer.[26] Sources comparing taxes levied on Muslims and jizya differ as to their relative burden depending on time, place, specific taxes under consideration, and other factors. Historically, the jizya tax has been understood in Islam as a fee for protection provided by the Muslim ruler to non-Muslims, for the exemption from military service for non-Muslims, for the permission to practice a non-Muslim faith with some communal autonomy in a Muslim state, and as material proof of the non-Muslims' submission to the Muslim state and its laws.[30][31][32] Jizya has also been understood by some as a badge or state of humiliation of the non-Muslims in a Muslim state for not converting to Islam,[33][34] while others argue that if it were meant to be a punishment for the dhimmis' unbelief then monks and the clergy wouldn't have been exempted. The term appears in the Quran referring to a tax or tribute from People of the Book, specifically Jews and Christians. Followers of other religions like Zoroastrians and Hindus too were later integrated into the category of dhimmis and required to pay jizya. In the Indian Subcontinent the practice was eradicated by the 18th century. It almost vanished during the 20th century with disappearance of Islamic states and spread of religious tolerance.[36] The tax is no longer imposed by nation states in the Islamic world,[37][38] although there are reported cases of organizations such as the Pakistani Taliban and ISIS attempting to revive the practice.
- in 1679, aurangzeb reinstates the jiziya tax for non-muslims
halal certification (opposite harem)
- also includes cosmetics and fragrance
- hk
- www.islamictrusthk.org/halal-certification
- https://www.sassyhongkong.com/halal-restaurants-in-hong-kong-eat-drink/
- divorce
- Triple talaq is a form of divorce that was practised in India, whereby a Muslim man could legally divorce his wife by pronouncing talaq (the Arabic word for divorce) three times. The pronouncement could be oral or written, or, in recent times, delivered by electronic means such as telephone, SMS, email or social media.[citation needed] The man did not need to cite any cause for the divorce and the wife need not have been present at the time of pronouncement.[citation needed] After a period of iddat, during which it was ascertained whether the wife is pregnant, the divorce became irrevocable.[15][16] In the recommended practice, a waiting period was required before each pronouncement of talaq, during which reconciliation was attempted. However, it had become common to make all three pronouncements in one sitting. While the practice was frowned upon, it was not prohibited.[17] A divorced woman could not remarry her divorced husband unless she first married another man, a practice called nikah halala. Until she remarried, she retained the custody of male toddlers and prepubescent female children. Beyond those restrictions, the children came under the guardianship of the father. The practice of ‘talaq-e-biddat’ is said to have been around since the period of Caliph Umar, more than 1400 years ago.[18][19][page needed] It is "manifestly arbitrary" and allows a man to "break down [a] marriage whimsically and capriciously”.
- The use and status of triple talaq in India has been a subject of controversy and debate. Those questioning the practice have raised issues of justice, gender equality, human rights and secularism. The debate has involved the Government of India and the Supreme Court of India, and is connected to the debate about a uniform civil code (Article 44) in India.[5] On 22 August 2017, the Indian Supreme Court deemed instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddah) unconstitutional. Three of the five judges in the panel concurred that the practice of triple talaq is unconstitutional.[9] The remaining two declared the practice to be constitutional while simultaneously asking the government to ban the practice by enacting a law. The Modi Government formulated a bill called The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2017 and introduced it in the Parliament which was passed on 28 December 2017 by the Lok Sabha.[11] The bill makes instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddah) in any form — spoken, in writing or by electronic means such as email, SMS and WhatsApp illegal and void, with up to three years in jail for the husband. MPs from RJD, AIMIM, BJD, AIADMK and IUML[clarification needed] opposed the bill, calling it arbitrary in nature and a faulty proposal, while Congress supported the Bill tabled in the Lok Sabha by law minister Ravi Shankar Prasad. The bill faced stiff resistance in the Rajya Sabha. Several Opposition lawmakers called for it to be sent to a select committee for close scrutiny. The bill was finally passed by Lok Sabha on 27th December 2018 with strong support. see also https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/2107777/indias-top-court-bans-islamic-triple-talaq-instant-divorce
- The secretive marriage of Malaysia’s Sultan Muhammad V to Russian beauty queen
Oksana Voevodina has once again become a source of heightened intrigue after local media reported the pair have split just months after their wedding and the
birth of their first child .The certificate states the divorce was undertaken through the mechanism under Muslim law known as
“triple talaq” , whereby men can divorce their wives by saying the word “talaq” or “divorce” in Arabic, three times.http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/07/18/a17-0718.pdf
Education
- Madrasa (Arabic: مدرسة, madrasah, pl. مدارس, madāris) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion). The word is variously transliterated madrasah, medresa, madrassa, madraza, medrese, etc. In the West, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the Islamic religion, though this may not be the only subject studied. In countries like India, not all students in madrasas are Muslims; there is also a modern curriculum.
The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root د-ر-س D-R-S 'to learn, study', through the wazn (form/stem) مفعل(ة); mafʻal(ah), meaning "a place where something is done". Therefore, madrasah literally means "a place where learning and studying take place". The word is also present as a loanword with the same innocuous meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as: Urdu, Bengali, Pashto, Baluchi, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malay and Bosnian. In the Arabic language, the word مدرسة madrasah simply means the same as school does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word school in British English, the word madrasah more closely resembles the term school in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the Ottoman Empire during the Early Modern Period, madaris had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as danişmends.[5] The usual Arabic word for a university, however, is جامعة (jāmiʻah). The Hebrew cognate midrasha also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term midrash literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations. However, in English (and Croatian), the term madrasah usually refers to the specifically Islamic institutions. A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study: a ḥifẓ course teaching memorization of the Qur'an (the person who commits the entire Qur'an to memory is called a ḥāfiẓ); and an ʻālim course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in Arabic, tafsir (Qur'anic interpretation), sharīʻah (Islamic law), hadiths (recorded sayings and deeds of Muhammad), mantiq (logic), and Muslim history. In the Ottoman Empire, during the Early Modern Period, the study of hadiths was introduced by Süleyman I. Depending on the educational demands, some madaris also offer additional advanced courses in Arabic literature, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history. Ottoman madaris along with religious teachings also taught "styles of writing, grammary, syntax, poetry, composition, natural sciences, political sciences, and etiquette."People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams.[6][citation needed] The certificate of an ʻālim, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study.[citation needed] A good number of the ḥuffāẓ (plural of ḥāfiẓ) are the product of the madaris. The madaris also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madaris is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madaris may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men.
- http://www.economist.com/news/international/21705335-fearing-extremism-and-lack-integration-european-governments-want-more-continents
- http://www.economist.com/news/international/21705334-rise-digital-madrassa-world-wide-mullahs?zid=310&ah=4326ea44f22236ea534e2010ccce1932
Reference
- https://quran.com/
- http://islamicencyclopedia.org/public/
- https://www.islamreligion.com/
- motif/symbols
- peter gould www.azaan.com.au
- muhammadeyat published by farid al-ali
- calligrapher in china called haji noor deen (米广江）who blended chinese and arabic script in his calligraphy
- Works of Ahmad Ibn Yusuf Ibn Ibrahim Abu Ja'far came from an important political family based in Baghdad that later moved to Fustat in Cairo
- Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsā ibn Saʿīd al-Maghribī (Arabic: علي بن موسى المغربي بن سعيد) (1213–1286),[1] also known as Ibn Saʿīd al-Andalusī,[2] was a geographer, historian, poet, and the most important collector of poetry from al-Andalus in the 12th and 13th centuries.
- Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Shams al-Dīn al-Muqaddasī (Arabic: محمد بن أحمد شمس الدين المقدسي), also transliterated as el-Mukaddasi or al-Maqdisī , (c. 945/946 - 991) was a medieval Arab geographer, author of Aḥsan al-taqāsim fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm (The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions).
- Ibn Jubayr (1 September 1145 –29 November 1217; Arabic: ابن جبير[2]), also written Ibn Jubair, Ibn Jobair, and Ibn Djubayr, was a geographer, traveler and poet from al-Andalus. His travel chronicle describes the pilgrimage he made to Mecca from 1183 to 1185, in the years preceding the Third Crusade. His chronicle describes Saladin's domains in Egypt and the Levant which he passed through on his way to Mecca. Further, on his return journey he passed through Christian Sicily, which had only been recaptured from the Muslims a century before, and he makes several observations on the hybrid polyglot culture which flourished there.
- Manuscript of mamluk sultan lajin
- Historians of mamluk period (such as ibn duqmaq and maqrizi) and ottoman period
history
- The ʿām al-fīl (Arabic: عام الفيل, Year of the Elephant) is the name in Islamic history for the year approximately equating to 570 CE. According to some Islamic resources, it was in this year that Muhammad (Arabic: مُـحَـمَّـد, consonant letters: m-ħ-m-d) was born.[1] The name is derived from an event said to have occurred at Mecca: Abraha, the Abyssinian, Christian ruler of Yemen, which was subject to the Kingdom of Aksum of Ethiopia,[2][3]marched upon the Ka‘bah in Mecca with a large army, which included one or more war elephants, intending to demolish it. However, the lead elephant, known as 'Mahmud' (Arabic: مَـحْـمُـوْد, consonant letters: m-ħ-m-w-d),[4] is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca, and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic, perhaps caused by smallpox, could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca. The year came to be known as the Year of the Elephant, beginning a trend for reckoning the years in the Arabian Peninsula. This reckoning was used until it was replaced with the Islamic calendar during the times of ‘Umar. Archaeological discoveries in Southern Arabia suggest that Year of the Elephant may have been 569 or 568, as the Sasanian Empire overthrew the Aksumite-affiliated rulers in Yemen around 570. The year is also recorded as that of the birth of ‘Ammar ibn Yasir.
- according to ica(hk), during the reign of heraclius (610-640), the byzantine empire fought three wars with persia and recovered syria, palestine and egypt. Islam was spread to palestine, syria, egypt and north africa in 636; and persia in 642.
"west"
- economist 16feb19 "muslims are going native" islam in the west is experiencing a little-noticed transformation, special report on muslims in the west
- The ʿām al-fīl (Arabic: عام الفيل, Year of the Elephant) is the name in Islamic history for the year approximately equating to 570 CE. According to some Islamic resources, it was in this year that Muhammad (Arabic: مُـحَـمَّـد, consonant letters: m-ħ-m-d) was born.[1] The name is derived from an event said to have occurred at Mecca: Abraha, the Abyssinian, Christian ruler of Yemen, which was subject to the Kingdom of Aksum of Ethiopia,[2][3]marched upon the Ka‘bah in Mecca with a large army, which included one or more war elephants, intending to demolish it. However, the lead elephant, known as 'Mahmud' (Arabic: مَـحْـمُـوْد, consonant letters: m-ħ-m-w-d),[4] is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca, and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic, perhaps caused by smallpox, could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca. The year came to be known as the Year of the Elephant, beginning a trend for reckoning the years in the Arabian Peninsula. This reckoning was used until it was replaced with the Islamic calendar during the times of ‘Umar. Archaeological discoveries in Southern Arabia suggest that Year of the Elephant may have been 569 or 568, as the Sasanian Empire overthrew the Aksumite-affiliated rulers in Yemen around 570. The year is also recorded as that of the birth of ‘Ammar ibn Yasir.
- according to ica(hk), during the reign of heraclius (610-640), the byzantine empire fought three wars with persia and recovered syria, palestine and egypt. Islam was spread to palestine, syria, egypt and north africa in 636; and persia in 642.
"west"
- economist 16feb19 "muslims are going native" islam in the west is experiencing a little-noticed transformation, special report on muslims in the west
brazil
- https://www.ft.com/content/40bb730c-1930-11e9-9e64-d150b3105d21 Brazil’s agriculture minister has tried to calm fears that the world’s biggest exporter of halal beef risks a boycott by Muslim countries over its decision to move the Brazilian embassy in Israel to Jerusalem.
germany
- german islamic conference
egypt
persia
- An akhoond (akhund or akhwand) [1] (Persian: آخوند) is a Persian title for an Islamic cleric, common in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Azerbaijan. Other names for similar Muslim clerics include sheikh and mullah. The Standard Chinese word for imam (阿訇; pinyin: āhōng), used in particular by the Hui people, also derives from this term.This term was traditionally a slang term in Iran, and it has been completely a derogatory term since the Pahlavi era. In Iran, they are also called mullah, molavi, sheikh, haj-agha, or rohani. The word rohani means "spiritual, holy". Rohani is considered a more polite term for Muslim clerics, used by Iranian national television and radio and by devout Muslim families. Akhoond is increasingly outmoded in Iran, usually with only the older clerics having the title as part of their name. It has not been used widely as a title since the Qajar dynasty.[citation needed]In Afghanistan, and among the Pashtuns of the Afghan-Pakistan border region, the term is still current in its original sense as an honorific.阿訇（漢語拼音：ā hōng；波斯語：آخوند，轉寫為Akhund，Akhoond，或 Akhwand），又譯阿衡、阿轟、阿洪、哈訇等等，是一個古波斯語詞彙，意為「老師」或「學者」，在古代也是受波斯文化影響的民族對本民族中各種宗教的宗教場所首領及德高望重者的尊稱。如今該詞也是中國回族、保安族、東鄉族、撒拉族穆斯林對本民族中伊斯蘭教的宗教場所首領及德高望重者的尊稱[1]。回族學者楊志玖指出，1930年版斯坦嘎斯（Steingass）編的波斯語－英語詞典《A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary》中所收的波斯語AYKhun一詞，便是漢語「阿訇」所翻譯的本字，該詞典對AYKhun的解釋是：「東方基督教主教。」此處的所謂「東方基督教」指中國明朝之前存在的「景教」，又作「大秦景教」（大秦即為古羅馬，也可指泛近東區域，唐代對歐洲、近東及中東了解甚少）、「波斯教」、「波斯景教」。431年，景教的前身「東方亞述教會聶斯脫利派」在今敘利亞發源。後來，該派在全基督教宗教會議上遭裁定為異端，該教派創始人聶斯脫利（今土耳其伊斯坦布爾人）與追隨者被逐出，不得不流亡波斯，在波斯獲國王支持，乃建立教會。後來，該派有成員經過絲綢之路抵達中國，在中國唐朝貞觀九年（635年）於長安城中興建了景教的大秦寺，景教在中國發展興盛起來，「法流十道、寺滿百城」。景教是中國歷史上的「三夷教」（祆教、景教、摩尼教）之一，曾經是在中國的胡人的主要宗教信仰之一。清朝學者魏源在《元史語解略》中稱：「答失蠻、耶里可溫者，本紀免租稅皆有此二等人，在增道之外蓋回教之師也。《元典章》稱先生曰耶里可溫，蓋可溫即今之所謂阿渾也」。 文中的「耶里可溫」即「也里可溫」，是蒙古語的漢語音譯，蒙古語意思是「有福緣之人」，「也里可溫」是元朝對景教信眾的統稱。文中的「阿渾」即「阿訇」的另一種譯法。此外，在西里亞語中，景教的掌教被稱為Mar（漢語音譯為「馬兒」）。除了景教使用該詞以外，其他源自古波斯的宗教也使用該詞。唐朝寶應元年（762年），牟羽可汗幫助唐朝軍隊平定了安史之亂以後，翌年自洛陽北歸回鶻汗國時帶走四位回回摩尼教僧人，這些僧人在回鶻汗國的汗廷斡耳朵百里向當地胡人傳播摩尼教時也使用Ahund一詞作為自身的稱謂。1999年，在中國山西省太原市發現一座古墓，墓主虞弘（碑文寫作「魚弘」）是魚國人（該國位於中亞粟特一帶），曾任「檢校薩保府」，負責祆寺以及西域諸國事宜，隋朝開皇十三年（592年）逝世。虞弘一名中的「弘」與「衡」、「訇」相同。虞弘是當時粟特地區（位於中亞地區）的神主阿訇、國君。可見「阿訇」這一稱謂當時並不限於景教使用，而是摩尼教、祆教、景教都在使用。這「三夷教」均來自古波斯，信奉者也都是回回人，故用相似詞語稱呼宗教人士。中國宋朝前後，又有從波斯來的伊斯蘭教什葉派及蘇非派回回人，他們可能也沿用了該詞。此後該詞逐漸經過發展演變，成為如今中國回族對本民族中伊斯蘭教的宗教場所首領及德高望重者的尊稱。
- 全國政協原常委、中國伊斯蘭教協會原會長陳廣元大阿訇，前天在北京逝世，享年八十八歲。陳廣元一九三二年出生於河北文安縣一個回族家庭，四四年入瀋陽清真寺任海里凡（宗教學員），之後到中國伊斯蘭教經學院學習，在北京市昌平清真寺、牛街禮拜寺、東四清真寺等擔任過阿訇。 二〇〇〇年至二〇一六，陳廣元連續三屆當選中國伊斯蘭教協會會長。https://std.stheadline.com/daily/article/2210853/日報-中國-中國伊斯蘭教領袖陳廣元逝世
China
- 胡登洲（1522-1597），字明普，经名穆罕默德·阿卜杜拉·伊莱亚斯，陕西省咸阳渭城区胡家沟人，明代伊斯兰教学者、经师，因开创伊斯兰经堂教育，被中国穆斯林尊称为“胡太师巴巴”。胡登洲不仅开创了伊斯兰教经堂教育，更是把中国文化与伊斯兰文化相结合、相融入的典范，中国伊斯兰教的宗教教育，从其传入的时候起就已存在。到了明代，由于胡登洲的提倡而蔚成大观。自明嘉靖年间（1522－1566年）陕西著名经师胡登洲先在陕西开创经堂教育之先河以来，相继在山东、河南、河北、云南等地出现了由清真寺阿訇招收学生传习经典，以培养宗教人才和普及知识的经堂教育制度。各地经堂教育在其发展演变过程中，形成各自的中心和特点。在西北地区以冯养吾、张少山为代表的陕西学者，推行寺院宗教教育，多以阿拉伯文读本为主，攻读认主学为特点。以常志美为代表的山东及内地诸省，阿拉伯文和波斯文兼授，多攻教法学。云南派创始人马复初，兼有陕西、山东两派特点。继经堂教育的发展之后，一些著名阿訇、经师、学者，为改变以往“教义不彰，教理不讲”的状况，相继开展了汉文译著伊斯兰教经籍的活动。这时以江南的南京和云南为中心，以汉语译述和阐发伊斯兰教义，弘扬伊斯兰学术文化，使教内外了解伊斯兰教。译著活动的前一阶段，以王岱舆、刘智、张中、马注、伍遵契为代表，译著内容多为教义、教法、典制、历史、哲学等。后一阶段以马复初、马联元等为代表，内容除教义、教法外，涉及阿拉伯语法、修辞学、地理、天文、历法等，并开始汉译《古兰经》。有的学者还用阿拉伯文书写，或汉阿两种文字并用。这些穆斯林学者大多通晓儒、佛、道学说，被称为“中阿兼通”、“学通四教”、“长攻儒者之学”的“回儒”。他们的译著“悉本尊经”，参考了不少苏菲典籍，大都采用了使伊斯兰教义与中国传统文化相结合的“以儒诠经”的方式，从而形成了中国伊斯兰教的宗教哲学思想体系。这一时期，在回族、撒拉、东乡、保安等民族穆斯林聚居的甘肃、宁夏、青海地区，由于伊斯兰教苏菲主义思想的传入，形成苏菲“门宦”派别。早在宋末元初，伊斯兰教苏菲派的修道者在中国东南沿海及内地某些要地已有传教活动，但并没有形成门宦和派别。明末清初以来，海禁开放后，中西交士通畅行，西亚和中亚的一些苏菲派传教来士到中国西北地区，传播苏菲主义教义；也有中国穆斯林因朝觐麦加及游学阿拉伯各国接受苏菲主义思想后回国传道的。苏菲派关于现实虚幻、净化灵魂以求人主合一的说教，以及提倡坚忍、苦行、节欲、修炼的做法，对于穷困的穆斯林有巨大的吸引力。随着门宦创始人声誉的不断提高，信仰者日渐增多，门宦也就应运而生，先后形成大小门宦有33个，按其宗教主张，主要有戛迪林耶、哲赫林耶、虎非耶和库布忍耶，习称“四大门宦”。门宦的特点，首先是尊崇该门宦的创始人，称为“老人家”、“谢赫”，信徒视他们为通向“安拉之道的引领人”。在世时受到教众的崇敬，殁后要在其墓地修建“拱北”墓庐，信徒每年在其忌日前往拜谒、念经等。其次各门宦管辖许多教坊。为了管理广大教徒，教主便委派“热依斯”为代理人，到各教坊的中心清真寺担任教长，从而形成了层层有隶属关系的扩大教坊制度。第三，有的门宦教主实行世袭制，“以始传者之子孙世世掌教”。少数门宦倡导传贤制，但教主的继承者也多出自其亲族。
- economist 19jan19 issue "losing hearts and minds" history shows the folly of china's self defeating paranoia about islam
- 中穆网 www.2muslim.com/
- www.islam.net.cn
south korea
- http://www.islamkorea.com/english/mosques_korea.html
malaysia
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3038829/malaysias-kl-summit-first-step-solving-muslim-worlds Malaysia’s Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad on Thursday said a new summit bringing together Islamic leaders, scholars and clerics next month would propose solutions to the many problems facing the world’s 1.7 billion Muslims, including rising Islamophobia. Dignitaries attending the KL Summit would include Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the Qatari Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani, and Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan, Mahathir said.The Malaysian Economic Affairs Minister Azmin Ali and Pakistan’s Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi will also take part in the summit, to be held from December 18 to 21, according to a draft programme seen by This Week in Asia.
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3042442/did-pressure-saudi-arabia-see-pakistan-pm-khan-skip-summit A highly anticipated three-day summit of Islamic countries that Malaysia is hosting later this week was dealt a blow on Tuesday after Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan pulled out – purportedly under pressure from Saudi Arabia.
The office of Malaysia’s Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in a statement said Khan had telephoned the 94-year-old leader to express his regret at not being able to attend the Kuala Lumpur Summit 2019. The statement did not explain why Khan was withdrawing – the Pakistani leader had been touted as having thought up the idea of an expanded summit with Mahathir last year – but said the new event was not meant to replace the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
indonesia
- [precarious belongings] china introduced islam to java; indonesian muslims, typically in aceh, are influenced by islam from the middle east
Hong kong
- www.islam.org.hk
- http://iuhk.org islamic union of hk
- islamic cultural asociation (hk) 伊斯蘭文化協會 www.ica.org.hk
- founded in 2004, registered as charity in hk in 2009
- 中華回教博愛社 香港回教婦女會 香港中國回教協會 香港伊斯蘭聯會 香港回教信託基金會 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200529/PDF/a26_screen.pdf
- muslim in hk
- [sacred spaces tour 16sep17] there are some 200,000 muslims in hk, half being domestic helpers, 300 shia; 6 mosques in hk; kowloon mosque being sunni, built by hong kong regiment in 1896
- 改了個中文名叫王大中的Emir Mustafa I?ler，可謂名副其實。他比大多數的大學生更積極，曾組織內閣去參選學生會，希望服務同學；他比大多數香港市民更「Pro-Hong Kong（親香港）」，為了參與社區事務，他加入了政黨參與義工活動；他比大多數「鍵盤戰士」更尊重多元意見，並建立了一個facebook專頁，就不同主題做街頭訪問、拍短片。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/05/09/a03-0509.pdf
blasphemy
- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5324635/H-M-recalls-childrens-socks-amid-Allah-pattern-row.html H&M has removed a range of socks amid claims a pattern on them resembles Allah written in Arabic upside-down.
The Swedish clothing giant has announced a recall of the line of socks which also shows a Lego workman figure holding a jackhammer.
H&M has insisted that while the pattern 'looks like "Allah" in Arabic', it is 'entirely a coincidence'.
Kiv
- http://www.historyofjihad.org/austria.html
- 309
- 300+9 (difference of solar and lunar calendar for 300 years is 9 years)
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