Saturday, January 5, 2019

russia arts and culture

Saints
- https://www.rbth.com/history/327138-5-icons-russian-orthodox-saints

The Monument to Minin and Pozharsky (Russian: Па́мятник Ми́нину и Пожа́рскому) is a bronze statue on Red Square in Moscow, Russia, in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral. The statue commemorates Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, who gathered an all-Russian volunteer army and expelled the forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the command of King Sigismund III of Poland from Moscow, thus putting an end to the Time of Troubles in 1612.

ballet
- The Bolshoi Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company, based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russian Federation. Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi is among the world's oldest ballet companies. It only achieved worldwide acclaim, however, in the early 20th century when Moscow became the capital of Soviet Russia. Along with the Mariinsky Ballet in Saint Petersburg, the Bolshoi is recognised as one of the foremost ballet companies in the world.The earliest origins of the Bolshoi Ballet, can be found in the creation of a dance school for a Moscow orphanage in 1773. In 1776, dancers from the school were employed by Prince Pyotr Vasilyevich Ouroussoff and the English theatrical entrepreneur Michael Maddox, to form part of their new theatre company. Originally performing in privately owned venues, they later acquired the Petrovsky Theatre, which, as a result of fires and erratic redevelopment, would later be rebuilt as today's Bolshoi Theatre. 
- The Mariinsky Ballet is the resident classical ballet company of the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Founded in the 18th century and originally known as the Imperial Russian Ballet, the Mariinsky Ballet is one of the world's leading ballet companies. Internationally, the Mariinsky Ballet continues to be known by its former Soviet name the Kirov Ballet. The Mariinsky Ballet is the parent company of the Vaganova Ballet Academy, a leading international ballet school.The Mariinsky Ballet was founded in the 1740s, following the formation of the first Russian dance school in 1738. The Imperial Theatre School as it was originally known, was established on 4 May 1738, at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. It would become the predecessor of today's Vaganova Ballet Academy. The school's founder director was the French ballet master and teacher Jean-Baptiste Landé and the purpose of creating the school was to train young dancers to form the first Russian ballet company. 


russian cuisine
- https://www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/331815-russian-dishes-foreign-cuisines

Faberge eggs
- story behind http://rbth.com/longreads/eastereggs/
- https://www.facebook.com/notes/russia-beyond-the-headlines/10-facts-about-peter-carl-fabergé/1290913334276827?qid=6342460533064912308&mf_story_key=-2361435248363115975

The village of Kazakovo is the centre of artistic processing of metal. This processing is called filigran, which comes from Latin filum- a thread and granum (a grain). This art was brought to Kazakovo from the famous village of Krasnoye on the Volga. The Kazakovo factory of artistic goods continues the best traditions of the Volga craftsmen. The artists make beautiful vases, boxes, chests, sporting cups and some religious things, like icon frames, crusifications, icon-lamps and censers.

Porcelain
- The Imperial Porcelain Factory (Russian: Императорский Фарфоровый Завод, translit. Imperatorskii Farforovyi Zavod), also known as the Imperial Porcelain Manufactory(abbreviated as IPM), is a producer of hand-painted ceramics in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was established by Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov in 1744 and was supported by the Russian tsars since Empress Elizabeth. Many still refer to the factory by its well-known former name, the Lomonosov Porcelain Factory.The Russian porcelain by Vinogradov had qualities similar to the Saxon porcelain, while its formula (which consisted of only Russian ingredients) took its style from Chinese porcelain. At the beginning of the Vinogradov period, the motifs were monochrome and simplified; by the end of this period, the fine miniatures were completed on porcelain. Gold leaf for gilding porcelain was prepared from golden coins from the Imperial Treasury. ‘The Golden Age of Catherine’ – the reign of Catherine II the Great – was the age of prosperity for the fine Russian porcelain. In 1765, the manufactory was renamed the Imperial Porcelain Manufactory (IPM). From the very beginning of Catherine's reign, IPM was obliged to produce fine porcelain and also to bring profit. The Imperial Court's need for porcelain was large, and the permanent orders from the Court let IPM maintain the highest quality. During the reign of Paul I (1796 to 1801), Russian porcelain continued to develop in style of Neoclassicism, with the increasing influence of Hellenic and Roman motifs.

bell
- The Tsar Bell (Russian: Царь–колокол, Tsar-kolokol), also known as the Tsarsky Kolokol, Tsar Kolokol III, or Royal Bell, is a 6.14-metre (20.1 ft) tall, 6.6-metre (22 ft) diameter bell on display on the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin. The bell was commissioned by Empress Anna Ivanovna, niece of Peter the Great.It has never been in working order, suspended, or rung. The present bell is sometimes referred to as Kolokol III (Bell III), because it is the third generation. The history of Russian bell founding goes back to the 10th century, but in the medieval Russian Orthodox Church, bells were not typically rung to indicate church services, but to announce important ceremonies, celebrations, and as an alarm in case of fire or enemy attack. One of the largest of the early bells was the original Tsar Bell, cast in the 16th century. Completed in 1600, it weighed 18,000 kilograms (40,000 lb) and required 24 men to ring its clapper. Housed in the original wooden Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin, it crashed to the ground in a fire in the mid-17th century and was broken to pieces.[citation needed] The second Tsar Bell was cast in 1655, using the remnants of the former bell, but on a much larger scale. This bell weighed 100,000 kilograms (220,000 lb), but was again destroyed by fire in 1701.[citation needed] After becoming Empress, Anna ordered that the pieces be cast into a new bell with its weight increased by another hundred tons, and dispatched the son of Field Marshal Münnich to Paris to solicit technical help from the master craftsmen there. However, a bell of such size was unprecedented, and Münnich was not taken seriously. In 1733, the job was assigned to local foundry masters, Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail, based on their experience in casting a bronze cannon.However, before the last ornamentation was completed, a major fire broke out at the Kremlin in May 1737. The fire spread to the temporary wooden support structure for the bell, and fearing damage, guards threw cold water on it, causing eleven cracks, and a huge 10,432.6 kilograms (23,000 lb) slab to break off. The fire burned through the wooden supports, and the damaged bell fell back into its casting pit. The Tsar Bell remained in its pit for almost a century. Unsuccessful attempts to raise it were made in 1792 and 1819. Napoleon Bonaparte, during his occupation of Moscow in 1812, considered removing it as a trophy to France, but was unable to do so, due to its size and weight.[citation needed] It was finally successfully raised in the summer of 1836 by the French architect Auguste de Montferrand and placed on a stone pedestal. The broken slab alone is nearly three times larger than the world's largest bell hung for full circle ringing, the tenor bell at Liverpool Cathedral. For a time, the bell served as a chapel, with the broken area forming the door.


Literature
- http://rbth.com/multimedia/pictures/2016/09/13/book-guess_629525
- https://www.rbth.com/arts/330790-most-popular-russian-poems
- Vasily Zhukovsky was the foremost Russian poet of the 1810s and a leading figure in Russian literature in the first half of the 19th century. He held a high position at the Romanovcourt as tutor to the Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna and later to her son, the future Tsar-Liberator Alexander II.Zhukovsky was born in the village of Mishenskoe, in Tula Governorate, Russian Empire, the illegitimate son of a landowner named Afanasi Bunin and his Turkish housekeeper Salkha. The Bunin family had a literary bent and some 90 years later produced the Nobel Prize-winning modernist writer Ivan Bunin. Although raised in the Bunin family circle, the infant poet was formally adopted by a family friend for reasons of social propriety and kept his adopted surname and patronymic for the rest of his life. At the age of fourteen, he was sent to Moscow to be educated at the Moscow University Noblemen's Pension. There he was heavily influenced by Freemasonry, as well as by the fashionable literary trends of English Sentimentalism and German Sturm und Drang.
茹科夫斯基在布寧家受到了良好的教育。十四歲時進入了莫斯科大學附屬貴族寄宿中學。這所中學與當時軍校所實行的「斯巴達式」和私人學校實行的「羅馬式」教育不同，實行的是「雅典式」的教育，課程設置是百科全書式的，且強調外國語言的學習。

  • https://mos-tour.moscow/en/location/pereslavl/sights/house-of-berendey/ In the House of King Berendey you will enter the timeless world of Russian legend. Wise King Berendey’s merry servants will greet you on the threshold of his magical palace with bread and salt - the age-old Russian symbols of hospitality, songs and jokes - and a cup of mead. Then the legendary King Berendey himself will come out onto the porch and welcome you into his house to join in a joyful traditional festival. There are many legends about the magical town of Pereslavl-Zalessky, and one of the best-known is about King Berendey. He is both a symbol – and legendary leader - of the ancient Berendey tribe and also the wise king from Ostrovsky’s fairy tale the Snow Maiden – the source for Rimsky-Korsakov’s opera of the same name.

-  Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (English: /ˈpʊʃkɪn/; Russian: Александр Сергеевич Пушкин, tr. Aleksándr Sergéyevich Púshkin, IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn] ; 6 June [O.S. 26 May] 1799 – 10 February [O.S. 29 January] 1837) was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era[2] who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Pushkin was born into Russian nobility in Moscow. His father, Sergey Lvovich Pushkin, belonged to Pushkin noble families. A maternal great-grandfather was African-born general Abram Petrovich Gannibal. He published his first poem at the age of 15, and was widely recognized by the literary establishment by the time of his graduation from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Upon graduation from the Lycee, Pushkin recited his controversial poem "Ode to Liberty", one of several that led to his being exiled by Tsar Alexander the First. While under the strict surveillance of the Tsar's political police and unable to publish, Pushkin wrote his most famous play, the drama Boris Godunov. His novel in verse, Eugene Onegin, was serialized between 1825 and 1832. Pushkin was fatally wounded in a duel with his brother-in-law, Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthès, also known as Dantes-Gekkern, a French officer serving with the Chevalier Guard Regiment, who attempted to seduce the poet's wife, Natalia Pushkina.
Pushkin's father, Sergei Lvovich Pushkin (1767–1848), was descended from a distinguished family of the Russian nobility that traced its ancestry back to the 12th century.Pushkin's mother, Nadezhda (Nadya) Ossipovna Gannibal (1775–1836), was descended through her paternal grandmother from German and Scandinavian nobility.[12][13] She was the daughter of Ossip Abramovich Gannibal (1744–1807) and his wife, Maria Alekseyevna Pushkina (1745–1818).
  •  Ossip Abramovich Gannibal's father, Pushkin's great-grandfather, was Abram Petrovich Gannibal (1696–1781), an African page kidnapped to Constantinople as a gift to the Ottoman Sultan and later transferred to Russia as a gift for Peter the Great. Abram wrote in a letter to Empress Elizabeth, Peter the Great's daughter, that Gannibal was from the town of "Lagon". Largely on the basis of a mythical biography by Gannibal's son-in-law Rotkirkh, some historians concluded from this that Gannibal was born in a part of what was then the Abyssinian Empire, located today in Eritrea.[14] Vladimir Nabokov, when researching Eugene Onegin, cast serious doubt on this origin theory. Later research by the scholars Dieudonné Gnammankou and Hugh Barnes eventually conclusively established that Gannibal was instead born in Central Africa, in an area bordering Lake Chad in modern-day Cameroon.[14][15] After education in France as a military engineer, Gannibal became governor of Reval and eventually Général en Chef (the third most senior army rank) in charge of the building of sea forts and canals in Russia. 
  •  Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals. That angered the government and led to his transfer from the capital in May 1820.[19] He went to the Caucasus and to Crimea and then to Kamianka and Chișinău in Moldavia, where he became a Freemason. 
  •  He joined the Filiki Eteria, a secret organization whose purpose was to overthrow Ottoman rule in Greece and establish an independent Greek state. He was inspired by the Greek Revolution and when the war against the Ottoman Turks broke out, he kept a diary recording the events of the national uprising.
  • notable works
  •  1824 – Tsygany (Цыганы); English translation: The Gypsies
  •  1837 – Istoria sela Goryuhina (История села Горюхина); English translation: The Story of the Village of Goryukhino, unfinished short story
  • 1837 – Egypetskie nochi (Египетские ночи); English translation: The Egyptian Nights[[ ]] [ru], unfinished short story
  • 1841 – Dubrovsky (Дубровский); English translation: Dubrovsky, unfinished novel
    - Nikolai Alexeevich Ostrovsky (Russian: Николай Алексеевич Островский; Ukrainian: Микола Олексійович Островський; 29 September 1904 – 22 December 1936) was a Soviet socialist realist writer, of Ukrainian origin. He is best known for his novel How the Steel Was Tempered.Ostrovsky was born in the village of Viliya (today a village in Ostroh Raion, Rivne Oblast) in the Volhynian Governorate (Volhynia), then part of the Russian Empire, into a Ukrainian working-class family. He attended a parochial school until he was nine and was an honor student. In 1914, his family moved to the railroad town of Shepetivka (today in Khmelnytskyi Oblast) where Ostrovsky started working in the kitchens at the railroad station, a timber yard, then becoming a stoker's mate and then an electrician at the local power station. In 1917, at the age of thirteen he became a Bolshevik party activist.[1] At the same period he contracted ankylosing spondylitis, which would later blind and paralyze him.

    Costume
    - Kokoshnik is a traditional Russian headdress worn by women and girls to accompany the sarafan, primarily worn in the northern regions of Russia in the 16th to 19th centuries.https://www.facebook.com/events/117846945561900/

    • The kokoshnik tradition has existed since the 10th century in the ancient Russian city Veliky Novgorod.Historically a kokoshnik[2] is a headdress worn by married women, though maidens also wore a headdress very similar to a kokoshnik, but open in the back, named a povyazka.[3] The word kokoshnik describes a great variety of headdresses worn throughout Russia, including the cylindrical hats of Veliky Novgorod, two-pointed nimbus kika of Vladimir, triangular kika of Kostroma, small pearl hats of Kargopol, and scarlet kokoshniks of Moscow. While in the past kokoshnik styles varied greatly, currently a kokoshnik is generally associated with a tall, nimbus or crest shaped headdress which is tied at the back of the head with long thick ribbons in a large bow. The crest can be embroidered with pearls and goldwork or simple applique, usually using plant and flower motifs. The forehead area is frequently decorated with pearl netting. While wearing a kokoshnik the woman usually wears her hair in a plait. The kokoshnik were often also combined with the Russian braid.The word kokoshnik first appears in 16th-century documents, and comes from the Old Slavic kokosh, which means a hen or a cockerel.

    • Kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the traditional Russian architecture, a type of corbel zakomara (that is an arch-like semicircular top of the church wall). Unlike zakomara that continues the curvature of the vault behind and carries a part of the vault's weight, kokoshnik is pure decoration and doesn't carry any weight. Kokoshnik shares its name with the traditional Russian headdress worn by women and girls.Kokoshniks were used in the Russian church architecture from the 16th century, and they were especially popular in the 17th century. They were placed on walls, at the basement of tented roofs or tholobates, over the window frames, or in rows above the vaults.

    • in popular culture

      • One of the costumes of Senator Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars saga, the Gold Travel Costume, was based on the Russian national costume with kokoshnik,[7] known in the rest of Europe from the photographs taken during 1903 Ball in the Winter Palace.Fans of Russia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup were seen wearing simple versions of kokoshniki.[8] In the last years Kokoshniks made out of flowers became also popular.


    folklore
    - Snegurochka (diminutive) or Snegurka (Russian: Снегу́рочка, Снегу́рка, IPA: [sʲnʲɪˈgurətɕkə, snʲɪˈgurkə]), or The Snow Maiden, is a character in Russian fairy tales. This character has no apparent roots in traditional Slavic mythology and customs and its first appearance in Russian folklore occurred in the 19th century. Since Soviet times, Snegurochka is also depicted as the granddaughter and helper of Ded Moroz during the New Yearparties for children.

    Fairy tale
    -http://rbth.com/arts/literature/2016/08/08/numerous-russian-animated-fairytales-are-available-in-english_618467

    Comics
    -http://rbth.com/multimedia/video/2016/06/09/soyuzmultfilm-80-comparison_601829

    Music
    - http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/01/07/a25-0107.pdf Alexandrov Ensemble
    - https://rbth.com/politics_and_society/society/2016/04/22/russias-map-of-genres-and-moods_587259
    - http://rbth.com/arts/2013/12/28/top_8_russian_drinking_songs_33035.html
    - http://rbth.com/multimedia/pictures/2016/12/26/moscow-decorated-for-holidays_664606
    - opera









  • Three arias fit into the plot as descriptions by foreign merchants of their respective countries.








  • Song of the Varangian Guest (Песня Варяжского гостя), or "Song of the Viking Guest"
  • Song of the Indian Guest (Песня Индийского гостя)
    •  
  • Song of the Venetian Guest (Песня Веденецкого гостя)
    • Volkhova's Lullaby (Колыбельная Волховы)
    - folk music

    • http://www.rmda.us/music.htm

    - Military music

    • https://sputniknews.com/photo/20160828/1044709075/moscow-military-music-festival.htmlfilm
    - soviet music

    • http://sovmusic.ru/


    films
    - 俄罗斯人“除夕”都看啥电影？
    来源：«透视俄罗斯» - http://tsrus.cn/wenhua/wenyi/2018/12/29/664151

    cats in russia culture
    - http://tsrus.cn/wenhua/yule/2017/05/21/657665

    Wedding
    - http://tsrus.cn/shehui/2018/01/23/660363

    https://www.rbth.com/arts/2016/03/25/spring-is-coming-10-flower-superstitions-in-russia_579079

    Taboo
    - http://tsrus.cn/shehui/2018/01/10/660021  盘点与俄罗斯人交流中八大禁忌

    festivals
    - 俄罗斯人过的八个主要节日
    来源：«透视俄罗斯» - http://tsrus.cn/wenhua/yule/2018/12/28/664067

    soviet era
    - https://www.rbth.com/arts/lifestyle/2017/07/12/6-habits-from-the-soviet-union-that-russians-cant-shake_801305
    - architecture

    • The Moscow neighborhood of Northern Chertanovo was an architectural modernist experiment in the autumn years of the USSR. It was intended to house the country’s most exemplary communists. https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/332080-soviet-northern-chertanovo

    - films

    • https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/331844-handshake-greeting-coronavirus

    - products

    • https://www.quora.com/What-can-you-buy-in-Russia-that-you-cannot-find-in-the-United-States
    • candies https://www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/332374-quiz-soviet-candies


    https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/332045-things-prove-you-russian
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