龍膽屬Gentiana /ˌdʒɛntʃiˈeɪnə/ belongs to the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Many beverages are made with gentian root. Gentiana lutea is used to produce gentian, a distilled beverage produced in the Alps. Some species are harvested for the manufacture of apéritifs, liqueurs, and tonics. Gentian root is a common beverage flavouring for bitters. The soft drink Moxie contains gentian root. The French liqueur Suze is made with gentian. Americano apéritifscontain gentian root for bitter flavoring. It is an ingredient in the Italian liqueur Aperol. It is also used as the main flavor in the German after-dinner digestif called Underberg, and the main ingredient in Angostura bitters and Peychaud's Bitters. The bitter principle of gentian root is primarily gentiopicrin (also called gentiopicroside)[7], a glycoside. A 2007 paper by a Japanese group identified 23 compounds in fresh gentian root: gentiopicrin was absent from fresh root: it possibly develops during drying and storage of the root.
- Gentian[specify] is used in herbal medicine for digestive problems, fever, hypertension, muscle spasms, parasitic worms, wounds, cancer, sinusitis, and malaria, although studies have shown minimal efficacy beyond that of a placebo with regards to the treatment of anxiety and ADHD in children. It has been studied and proven in effectively managing dyspepsia. Gentiana punctata leaves and roots have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally and externally as liqueur or tea for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, locomotor system, liver and bile, and for pediatric problems, fever, flu, rheumatism, and gout.龍膽屬植物的根含有龍膽苦甙，可以用作苦味健胃劑，許多品種的根可以作為中藥入藥，功能瀉肝火、退虛熱。龍膽花是一種藏藥，藏藥名「榜間」、「邦見」，可以單味或複方入藥。《晶珠本草》說榜間可治毒病及各類熱症，如氣管炎、咳嗽和天花。此外還有抗肝纖維化、抗子宮頸癌的作用。
- The Gentian flower was used as the emblem of the Minamoto clan (源氏) , one of the four great clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period and went on to establish the very first Shogunate in the aftermath of the Genpei War.姓の代表的なものの一つとして、平氏・藤原氏・橘氏とともに「源平藤橘」（四姓）と総称されている。代表的な家紋である「笹竜胆」は日本最古の家紋であると言われている。
Common chicory, Cichorium intybus, is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Many varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons (blanched buds), or roots (var. sativum), which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and additive. It is also grown as a forage crop for livestock. It lives as a wild plant on roadsides in its native Europe, and is now common in North America, China, and Australia, where it has become widely naturalized. "Chicory" is also the common name in the United States for curly endive(Cichorium endivia); these two closely related species are often confused.
- Common chicory is also known as blue daisy, blue dandelion, blue sailors, blue weed, bunk, coffeeweed, cornflower, hendibeh, horseweed, ragged sailors, succory, wild bachelor's buttons, and wild endive. (Note: "Cornflower" is commonly applied to Centaurea cyanus.) Common names for varieties of var. foliosum include endive, radicchio, radichetta, Belgian endive, French endive, red endive, sugarloaf, and witloof (or witlof).
- Wild chicory leaves usually have a bitter taste.
- Chicory may be cultivated for its leaves, usually eaten raw as salad leaves. Cultivated chicory is generally divided into three types, of which there are many varieties: radicchio, sugarloaf, belgian endive. The Catalogna chicory (also known as puntarelle) includes a whole subfamily (some varieties from Belgian endive and some from radicchio) of chicory and used throughout Italy. Although leaf chicory is often called "endive", true endive (Cichorium endivia) is a different species in the genus, distinct from Belgian endive.
- Root chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) has been cultivated in Europe as a coffee substitute. The roots are baked, roasted, ground, and used as an additive, especially in the Mediterranean region (where the plant is native). As a coffee additive, it is also mixed in Indian filter coffee, and in parts of Southeast Asia, South Africa, and southern United States, particularly in New Orleans. It has been more widely used during economic crises such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and during World War II in Continental Europe. Chicory, with sugar beet and rye, was used as an ingredient of the East German Mischkaffee (mixed coffee), introduced during the "East German coffee crisis" of 1976-79. Some beer brewers use roasted chicory to add flavor to stouts (commonly expected to have a coffee-like flavour). Others have added it to strong blond Belgian-style ales, to augment the hops, making a witlofbier, from the Dutch name for the plant. Around 1970, it was found that the root contains up to 20% inulin, a polysaccharide similar to starch. Inulin is mainly found in the plant family Asteraceae as a storage carbohydrate (for example Jerusalem artichoke, dahlia, yacon, etc.). It is used as a sweetener in the food industry with a sweetening power 1⁄10 that of sucrose[26] and is sometimes added to yogurts as a prebiotic. Inulin is also gaining popularity as a source of soluble dietary fiber and functional food.
- Root chicory contains volatile oils similar to those found in plants in the related genus Tanacetum which includes tansy, and is similarly effective at eliminating intestinal worms. All parts of the plant contain these volatile oils, with the majority of the toxic components concentrated in the plant's root. Chicory is well known for its toxicity to internal parasites. Studies indicate that ingestion of chicory by farm animals results in reduction of worm burdens, which has prompted its widespread use as a forage supplement. Only a few major companies are active in research, development, and production of chicory varieties and selections, most in New Zealand. Chicory (especially the flower), used as a folk medicine in Germany, is recorded in many books as an ancient German treatment for everyday ailments. It is variously used as a tonic and as a treatment for gallstones, gastroenteritis, sinus problems, and cuts and bruises.
蒲公英属植物通称蒲公英、黄花地丁、婆婆丁，華花郎、蒲公草、食用蒲公英、尿床草、西洋蒲公英 Taraxacum (/təˈræksəkʊm/) is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, which consists of species commonly known as dandelions. Dandelions are thought to have evolved about 30 million years ago in Eurasia. Fossil seeds of Taraxacum tanaiticum have been recorded from the Pliocene of southern Russia. Dandelions have been used by humans for food and as an herb for much of recorded history.[24] They were well known to ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, and have been used in Chinese traditional medicine for over a thousand years. The plant was used as food and medicine by Native Americans. Dandelions probably arrived in North America on the Mayflower—not as stowaways, but brought on purpose for their medicinal benefits.The Latin name Taraxacum originates in medieval Persian writings on pharmacy. The Persian scientist Al-Razi around 900 CE wrote "the tarashaquq is like chicory". The Persian scientist and philosopher Ibn Sīnā around 1000 CE wrote a book chapter on Taraxacum. Gerard of Cremona, in translating Arabic to Latin around 1170, spelled it tarasacon. The English name, dandelion, is a corruption of the French dent de lion[28] meaning "lion's tooth", referring to the coarsely toothed leaves. The plant is also known as blowball, cankerwort, doon-head-clock, witch's gowan, milk witch, lion's-tooth, yellow-gowan, Irish daisy, monks-head, priest's-crown, and puff-ball;[29] other common names include faceclock, pee-a-bed, wet-a-bed,[30] swine's snout,[31] white endive, and wild endive. The English folk name "piss-a-bed" (and indeed the equivalent contemporary French pissenlit) refers to the strong diuretic effect of the plant's roots. In various northeastern Italian dialects, the plant is known as pisacan ("dog pisses"), because they are found at the side of pavements. In Swedish, it is called maskros (worm rose) after the small insects (thrips) usually present in the flowers.[35] In Finnish and Estonian, the names (voikukka, võilill) translate as butter flower, due to the color of the flower. In Lithuanian, it is known as "Pienė", meaning "milky", because of the white latex that is produced when the stems are cut. The Welsh (dant-y-llew), German (Löwenzahn), Norwegian (løvetann), Portuguese (dente de leão) and Spanish (diente de león) names mean the same as the French and the English names.The entire plant, including the leaves, stems, flowers, and roots, is edible and nutritious. Dandelions are found on 6 continents and have been gathered for food since prehistory, but the varieties commercially cultivated for consumption are mainly native to Eurasia and North America. A perennial plant, its leaves grow back if the taproot is left intact. To make leaves more palatable, they are often blanched to remove bitterness,[24] or sauteed in the same way as spinach.[36] Dandelion leaves and buds have been a part of traditional Kashmiri cuisine, Albanian cuisine, Slovenian, Sephardic Jewish, Chinese, Greek cuisine (χόρτα) and Korean cuisines. In Crete, the leaves of a variety called 'Mari' (Μαρί), 'Mariaki' (Μαριάκι), or 'Koproradiko' (Κοπροράδικο) are eaten by locals, either raw or boiled, in salads. T. megalorhizon, a species endemic to Crete, is eaten in the same way; it is found only at high altitudes (1000 to 1600 m) and in fallow sites, and is called pentaramia (πενταράμια) or agrioradiko (αγριοράδικο). The flower petals, along with other ingredients, usually including citrus, are used to make dandelion wine. Its ground, roasted roots can be used as a caffeine-free coffee alternative.[38] Dandelion was also traditionally used to make the traditional British soft drink dandelion and burdock, and is one of the ingredients of root beer. Dandelions were once considered delicacies by the Victorian gentry, who used them mostly in salads and sandwiches.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/06/27/a26-0627.pdf
- Gentian[specify] is used in herbal medicine for digestive problems, fever, hypertension, muscle spasms, parasitic worms, wounds, cancer, sinusitis, and malaria, although studies have shown minimal efficacy beyond that of a placebo with regards to the treatment of anxiety and ADHD in children. It has been studied and proven in effectively managing dyspepsia. Gentiana punctata leaves and roots have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally and externally as liqueur or tea for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, locomotor system, liver and bile, and for pediatric problems, fever, flu, rheumatism, and gout.龍膽屬植物的根含有龍膽苦甙，可以用作苦味健胃劑，許多品種的根可以作為中藥入藥，功能瀉肝火、退虛熱。龍膽花是一種藏藥，藏藥名「榜間」、「邦見」，可以單味或複方入藥。《晶珠本草》說榜間可治毒病及各類熱症，如氣管炎、咳嗽和天花。此外還有抗肝纖維化、抗子宮頸癌的作用。
- The Gentian flower was used as the emblem of the Minamoto clan (源氏) , one of the four great clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period and went on to establish the very first Shogunate in the aftermath of the Genpei War.姓の代表的なものの一つとして、平氏・藤原氏・橘氏とともに「源平藤橘」（四姓）と総称されている。代表的な家紋である「笹竜胆」は日本最古の家紋であると言われている。
Common chicory, Cichorium intybus, is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Many varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons (blanched buds), or roots (var. sativum), which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and additive. It is also grown as a forage crop for livestock. It lives as a wild plant on roadsides in its native Europe, and is now common in North America, China, and Australia, where it has become widely naturalized. "Chicory" is also the common name in the United States for curly endive(Cichorium endivia); these two closely related species are often confused.
- Common chicory is also known as blue daisy, blue dandelion, blue sailors, blue weed, bunk, coffeeweed, cornflower, hendibeh, horseweed, ragged sailors, succory, wild bachelor's buttons, and wild endive. (Note: "Cornflower" is commonly applied to Centaurea cyanus.) Common names for varieties of var. foliosum include endive, radicchio, radichetta, Belgian endive, French endive, red endive, sugarloaf, and witloof (or witlof).
- Wild chicory leaves usually have a bitter taste.
- Chicory may be cultivated for its leaves, usually eaten raw as salad leaves. Cultivated chicory is generally divided into three types, of which there are many varieties: radicchio, sugarloaf, belgian endive. The Catalogna chicory (also known as puntarelle) includes a whole subfamily (some varieties from Belgian endive and some from radicchio) of chicory and used throughout Italy. Although leaf chicory is often called "endive", true endive (Cichorium endivia) is a different species in the genus, distinct from Belgian endive.
- Root chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) has been cultivated in Europe as a coffee substitute. The roots are baked, roasted, ground, and used as an additive, especially in the Mediterranean region (where the plant is native). As a coffee additive, it is also mixed in Indian filter coffee, and in parts of Southeast Asia, South Africa, and southern United States, particularly in New Orleans. It has been more widely used during economic crises such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and during World War II in Continental Europe. Chicory, with sugar beet and rye, was used as an ingredient of the East German Mischkaffee (mixed coffee), introduced during the "East German coffee crisis" of 1976-79. Some beer brewers use roasted chicory to add flavor to stouts (commonly expected to have a coffee-like flavour). Others have added it to strong blond Belgian-style ales, to augment the hops, making a witlofbier, from the Dutch name for the plant. Around 1970, it was found that the root contains up to 20% inulin, a polysaccharide similar to starch. Inulin is mainly found in the plant family Asteraceae as a storage carbohydrate (for example Jerusalem artichoke, dahlia, yacon, etc.). It is used as a sweetener in the food industry with a sweetening power 1⁄10 that of sucrose[26] and is sometimes added to yogurts as a prebiotic. Inulin is also gaining popularity as a source of soluble dietary fiber and functional food.
- Root chicory contains volatile oils similar to those found in plants in the related genus Tanacetum which includes tansy, and is similarly effective at eliminating intestinal worms. All parts of the plant contain these volatile oils, with the majority of the toxic components concentrated in the plant's root. Chicory is well known for its toxicity to internal parasites. Studies indicate that ingestion of chicory by farm animals results in reduction of worm burdens, which has prompted its widespread use as a forage supplement. Only a few major companies are active in research, development, and production of chicory varieties and selections, most in New Zealand. Chicory (especially the flower), used as a folk medicine in Germany, is recorded in many books as an ancient German treatment for everyday ailments. It is variously used as a tonic and as a treatment for gallstones, gastroenteritis, sinus problems, and cuts and bruises.
蒲公英属植物通称蒲公英、黄花地丁、婆婆丁，華花郎、蒲公草、食用蒲公英、尿床草、西洋蒲公英 Taraxacum (/təˈræksəkʊm/) is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, which consists of species commonly known as dandelions. Dandelions are thought to have evolved about 30 million years ago in Eurasia. Fossil seeds of Taraxacum tanaiticum have been recorded from the Pliocene of southern Russia. Dandelions have been used by humans for food and as an herb for much of recorded history.[24] They were well known to ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, and have been used in Chinese traditional medicine for over a thousand years. The plant was used as food and medicine by Native Americans. Dandelions probably arrived in North America on the Mayflower—not as stowaways, but brought on purpose for their medicinal benefits.The Latin name Taraxacum originates in medieval Persian writings on pharmacy. The Persian scientist Al-Razi around 900 CE wrote "the tarashaquq is like chicory". The Persian scientist and philosopher Ibn Sīnā around 1000 CE wrote a book chapter on Taraxacum. Gerard of Cremona, in translating Arabic to Latin around 1170, spelled it tarasacon. The English name, dandelion, is a corruption of the French dent de lion[28] meaning "lion's tooth", referring to the coarsely toothed leaves. The plant is also known as blowball, cankerwort, doon-head-clock, witch's gowan, milk witch, lion's-tooth, yellow-gowan, Irish daisy, monks-head, priest's-crown, and puff-ball;[29] other common names include faceclock, pee-a-bed, wet-a-bed,[30] swine's snout,[31] white endive, and wild endive. The English folk name "piss-a-bed" (and indeed the equivalent contemporary French pissenlit) refers to the strong diuretic effect of the plant's roots. In various northeastern Italian dialects, the plant is known as pisacan ("dog pisses"), because they are found at the side of pavements. In Swedish, it is called maskros (worm rose) after the small insects (thrips) usually present in the flowers.[35] In Finnish and Estonian, the names (voikukka, võilill) translate as butter flower, due to the color of the flower. In Lithuanian, it is known as "Pienė", meaning "milky", because of the white latex that is produced when the stems are cut. The Welsh (dant-y-llew), German (Löwenzahn), Norwegian (løvetann), Portuguese (dente de leão) and Spanish (diente de león) names mean the same as the French and the English names.The entire plant, including the leaves, stems, flowers, and roots, is edible and nutritious. Dandelions are found on 6 continents and have been gathered for food since prehistory, but the varieties commercially cultivated for consumption are mainly native to Eurasia and North America. A perennial plant, its leaves grow back if the taproot is left intact. To make leaves more palatable, they are often blanched to remove bitterness,[24] or sauteed in the same way as spinach.[36] Dandelion leaves and buds have been a part of traditional Kashmiri cuisine, Albanian cuisine, Slovenian, Sephardic Jewish, Chinese, Greek cuisine (χόρτα) and Korean cuisines. In Crete, the leaves of a variety called 'Mari' (Μαρί), 'Mariaki' (Μαριάκι), or 'Koproradiko' (Κοπροράδικο) are eaten by locals, either raw or boiled, in salads. T. megalorhizon, a species endemic to Crete, is eaten in the same way; it is found only at high altitudes (1000 to 1600 m) and in fallow sites, and is called pentaramia (πενταράμια) or agrioradiko (αγριοράδικο). The flower petals, along with other ingredients, usually including citrus, are used to make dandelion wine. Its ground, roasted roots can be used as a caffeine-free coffee alternative.[38] Dandelion was also traditionally used to make the traditional British soft drink dandelion and burdock, and is one of the ingredients of root beer. Dandelions were once considered delicacies by the Victorian gentry, who used them mostly in salads and sandwiches.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/06/27/a26-0627.pdf
-「蒲公英的葉子、花柄、鮮花、根等可以做成保健茶，我們現在還開發了蒲公英含片、蒲公英酵素、蒲公英酒、蒲公英飲料、蒲公英面膜等新產品。」濟南市長清區五峰山街道陳莊村黨支部書記石英先告訴香港文匯報記者，蒲公英全身都是寶，而且種植成本小、風險低，食藥兩用有市場，還帶動了周邊20多個村脫貧致富。蒲公英屬多年生草本植物，味甘而微苦，富含蒲公英醇、蒲公英素、膽鹼、有機酸、菊糖等多種健康營養成分，清熱解毒，利尿散結，是藥食兼用的植物。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/12/16/a10-1216.pdf
Lactuca canadensis is a species of wild lettuce known by the common names Canada lettuce, Canada wild lettuce, tall lettuce, and Florida blue lettuce. Lactuca canadensis contains lactucarium, which is the milky sap (white latex) that flows through stem, leaves, and roots of plant. It is used as a medicinal herb when dries after contact with air. Used as medicinal treatments for its anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative properties. Concentrations of lactucarium are low in young plants but increase in older plants, occurring highest when in blooming period. Sap can be applied to skin in use for treatment of external warts.[11] Has been seen as valuable in treatment as a remedy for insomnia and muscular arthritis. It is a relaxing and sedative herb that is used to induce sleepiness, and calm restlessness and anxiety.
Artemisia /ˌɑːrtɪˈmiːziə/ is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 and 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. Common names for various species in the genus include mugwort, wormwood, and sagebrush.
- The name "artemisia" ultimately derives from the Greek goddess Artemis (Roman Diana), the namesake of Greek Queens Artemisia I and II.[7] A more specific reference may be to Artemisia II of Caria, a botanist and medical researcher who died in 350 BC.
- The aromatic leaves of some species are used for flavouring. Most species have an extremely bitter taste. A. dracunculus(tarragon) is widely used as a culinary herb, particularly important in French cuisine. Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) was used to repel midges (mug > midge), fleas and moths, intestinal worms, and in brewing (mugwort beer, mugwort wine) as a remedy against hangovers and nightmares. Artemisia absinthium is used to make the highly potent spirits absinthe. Malört also contains wormwood. The aperitif vermouth (derived from the German word Wermut, "wormwood") is a wine flavored with aromatic herbs, but originally with wormwood.Artemisia arborescens (tree wormwood, or sheeba in Arabic) is an aromatic herb indigenous to the Middle East used in tea, usually with mint.
- Artemisinin (from Artemisia annua) and derivatives are a group of compounds with the most rapid action of all current drugsused to treat malaria.[11] Treatments containing an artemisinin derivative (artemisinin-combination therapies) are now standard treatment worldwide for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum.Artemisia cina and other Old World species are the source of the antihelminthic drug, santonin. Chinese mugwort, Artemisia argyi, is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
- 中亞苦蒿 Artemisia absinthium (wormwood, grand wormwood, absinthe, absinthium, absinthe wormwood) is a species of Artemisia native to temperate regions of Eurasia[5] and Northern Africa and widely naturalized in Canada and the northern United States.[6] It is grown as an ornamental plant and is used as an ingredient in the spirit absinthe as well as some other alcoholic beverages.洋艾（江蘇南部種子植物手冊），苦艾、苦蒿、啤酒蒿（新疆、江蘇）日本には江戸時代末期に渡来した。葉、枝を健胃薬、駆虫薬としてもちいる。干したものを袋に詰め衣類の防虫剤として使う。
- 莪蒿(多年生草本植物。叶像针，花黄绿色，生在水边。嫩茎叶可作蔬菜。也叫萝、萝蒿、廪蒿，俗称抱娘蒿) [cowherb; artemisia]
- 莪术- 多年生草本植物。中医以根状茎入药，称“郁金”。全草亦称“蓬莪术”、“山姜黄”。
- Artemisia argyi, commonly known as silvery wormwood or Chinese mugwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant with a creeping rhizome. It is native to China, Korea, Mongolia, Japan, and the Russian Far East (Amur Oblast, Primorye).[2][3] It is known in Chinese as àicǎo (艾草) or ài yè (艾叶) or ài hao (艾蒿) and in Japanese as gaiyou. It is used in herbal medicine for conditions of the liver, spleen and kidney. It is a common flavoring and colorant in the Chinese dish qīng tuán (青团). 艾草（Artemisia argyi），又稱作艾葉、艾、艾蓬、甜艾、香艾、冰臺、艾蒿、灸草，是一種多年生草本植物，分布於亞洲及歐洲地區。艾葉主要的醫學用法是用於灸療，因為艾葉是為數不多能通12條經絡的藥物，人們常說的艾灸，就是點燃艾條，「煙熏火燎」體表穴位的一種中醫治療方法。新鮮艾葉中含有較多葉油，具揮發性，燃燒後火力猛烈，不僅會產生有害物質，還會灸傷皮膚，損傷經絡，達不到慢火細灸使艾熱慢慢滲透到人體經絡的作用。但艾灸用的艾草並不是越陳越好。2年以下和5年以上的艾葉，有的油脂過多，火力猛烈，有的油脂全無，易出明火，不能持久，均不適合艾灸燃燒溫和持久、藥效隨溫熏和熱力滲入機體的需要。艾草有很多種，有濃烈芬香氣味的，南方人端午節用來懸掛於大門以避邪。還有一種氣味比較溫和，可以食用。在中國南方傳統食品中，有一種糰子就是用艾草作為主要原料做成的（參見艾糍 (note by me: eg taizhou, suzhou province 青团)）。即：用清明前後鮮嫩的艾草和糯米粉按一比二的比例和在一起，包上花生、芝麻及白糖等餡料（部分地區會加上綠豆蓉），再將之蒸熟即可。在中國北方，人們會採摘初生的艾蒿葉與麵粉摻在一起做食品。在廣東東江流域，當地人在冬季和春季採摘鮮嫩的艾草葉子和芽，作蔬菜食用。廣東梅州客家人最喜歡的做法將老艾草曬乾留存。可以將一把干艾草塞進雞肚子裡，加一些薑片，就可以用電壓力鍋蒸熟。也可以揉下艾葉蒸切好的小雞塊，普通鍋蒸熟即可。還可以用小沙袋裝好，煲雞湯，加入桂圓肉、枸杞、黨參等。
- 蒿属植物，山艾树，三齿蒿。有银绿色叶子、大花束和小的白色头状花序。
Honeysuckles (Lonicera, /lɒˈnɪsərə/;[1] syn. Caprifolium Mill.) are arching shrubs or twining bines in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere.
- Lonicera japonica, known as golden-and-silver honeysuckle and Japanese honeysuckle, is a species of honeysuckle native to eastern Asia including China, Japan, and Korea. Japanese honeysuckle flowers are edible to humans and appreciated for their sweet-tasting nectar. The flowers can also be a significant source of food for deer, rabbits, hummingbirds, and other wildlife. In traditional Chinese medicine,[9] Lonicera japonica is called rěn dōng téng (忍冬藤; literally "winter enduring vine"[citation needed]) or jīn yín huā[9] (金銀花; literally "gold silver flower"). Alternative Chinese names include er huaand shuang hua. In Korean, it is called geumeunhwa.[citation needed] The dried leaves and flowers (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) are employed in traditional Chinese medicine, being used to treat fever, headache, cough, thirst, and sore throat.スイカズラ（吸い葛、Lonicera japonica）はスイカズラ科スイカズラ属の常緑つる性木本。別名、ニンドウ（忍冬）。冬場を耐え忍ぶ事からこの名がついた。
- Lonicera szechuanica
- Lonicera taipeiensis
- Lonicera tatarica (Tatarian honeysuckle)
- 傳說，遠在三國時期，諸葛亮南征，七擒孟獲，將士們水土不服，中了山嵐瘴氣。後經一村寨，諸葛亮見村民面黃肌瘦，發放軍糧施救，村民感激不盡。一白髮老人得知蜀兵患「熱毒病」，便叫來孿生孫女，說：「金花、銀花，你們去採幾筐仙藥來為蜀軍解難。」3天後，姐妹倆遲遲未歸。後在一處山崖下，見兩隻藥筐中已採滿草藥，筐邊有野狼的足跡和被撕碎的衣服鞋子。蜀軍將士含淚食藥得救，而金花、銀花卻獻出了生命。為紀念她們，後世把這種草藥開的花叫「金銀花」。宋代張邦基的《墨莊漫錄》中，記載過這樣一則故事：崇寧年間，平江府天平山白雲寺的幾位僧人，從山上採回一籃野蕈煮食。不料野蕈有毒，僧人們飽餐之後便開始上吐下瀉。其中3位僧人因及時服用鮮品金銀花，結果平安無事；而另外幾位僧人，沒有及時服用金銀花，則枉死黃泉。可見，金銀花的解毒功效非同一般。至於擅長清解暑熱的「金銀花露」，便是以金銀花提純而成的蒸餾液，用之可緩解暑溫、口渴、小兒痱子等症，有時還能輔助治療上呼吸道感染、感冒等症。中醫常將其與連翹、牛蒡子、荊芥等配伍，用於治療外感風熱或各種溫病，對癰腫疔瘡、腸癰、肺癰具有較強的散癰消腫作用。金銀花味甘、性寒，還可治療暑熱症、瀉痢、流感、牙周炎等。金銀花抗病原微生物，對溶血性鏈球菌、大腸桿菌、霍亂弧菌、副傷寒桿菌等細菌、病毒有抑制功效。金銀花以河南禹州市和新密市所產品質最好，花條長，骨茬硬，色澤佳，質地純，味濃清香。山東沂蒙山區的金銀花，亦聞名全國。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/08/06/b04-0806.pdf
- 在禹州，金銀花又被稱為「禹密二花」，以產於禹州、新密交界處的山區命名，當地人都直接簡稱為「二花」。羅平告訴記者，十年前，禹州只有他們種植金銀花，而現在則有二十多家，更不要提新鄉封丘的金銀花基地了。她以「車多路多」形容現時金銀花市場──金銀花種植量上去了，但金銀花的用處也多，「化工食品行業都能用，因為金銀花有清熱解毒的功效，現在人們又注重健康養生，因此相比於以前，金銀花的用處也多了。」據禹州市金銀花協會負責人介紹，在禹州，農民種植小麥、玉米，每畝一般收入1000元左右，而種植金銀花每畝收入可達10000元左右，若有疫情發生，每畝的收入更是成倍上升。目前，全國金銀花需求量達2000萬公斤以上，而實際產量不足800萬公斤，除了廣東的加多寶飲料公司外，哈藥集團等大型企業也在當地進行採購，北京匯源果汁等金銀花加工項目正在建設中，韓國、日本以及東南亞很多國家更是把金銀花視作珍寶，金銀花的國際需求量很大。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/finance/236132/2021/0109/540149.html
- 忍冬纹
Platycodon grandiflorus (from Ancient Greek πλατύς "wide" and κώδων "bell") is a species of herbaceous flowering perennial plant of the family Campanulaceae, and the only member of the genus Platycodon. It is native to East Asia (China, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East). It is commonly known as balloon flower (referring to the balloon-shaped flower buds), Chinese bellflower,[2] or platycodon.In Korea, the plant as well as its root are referred to as doraji (도라지). The root, fresh or dried, is one of the most common namul vegetables. It is also one of the most frequent ingredients in bibimbap. Sometimes, rice is cooked with balloon flower root to make doraji-bap. Preparation of the root always involves soaking and washing (usually rubbing it with coarse sea salt and rinsing it multiple times), which gets rid of the bitter taste. The root is also used to make desserts, such as doraji-jeonggwa. Syrup made from the root, called doraji-cheong (balloon flower root honey), can be used to make doraji-cha (balloon flower root tea). The root can be used to infuse liquor called doraji-sul, typically using distilled soju or other unflavored hard alcohol that has an ABV higher than 30% as a base.
- The Chinese bellflower (called 桔梗 in Chinese) is also used in traditional Chinese medicine. In China, they are used as a cough suppressant and expectorant for common colds, cough, sore throat, tonsillitis, and chest congestion.
- In Korea, the roots are commonly used for treating bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, diabetes, and other inflammatory diseases.Doraji taryeong (Korean: 도라지타령) is one of the most popular folk songs in both North and South Korea, and in China among the ethnic Koreans. It is also a well known song in Japan, by the name Toraji (Japanese: トラジ). It is a folk song originated from Eunyul in Hwanghae Province. However, the currently sung version is classified as a Gyeonggi minyo (Gyeonggi Province folk song), as the rhythm and the melody have changed to acquire those characteristics.
- The bellflower is called kikyō (桔梗) in Japanese. Traditionally, it is one of the Seven Autumn Flowers. In addition, the "Bellflower Seal" (桔梗紋 kikyōmon) is the crest (kamon) of some clans. 花の形から「桔梗紋」が生まれた。美濃の山県氏、土岐氏一族は桔梗紋を紋所にしていた事で知られている。明智光秀も土岐氏一族であり、桔梗紋を用いていた。安倍晴明が使用した五芒星を桔梗印と呼び、現在の晴明神社では神紋とされている。
藍鈴花Hyacinthoides non-scripta (formerly Endymion non-scriptus or Scilla non-scripta) is a bulbous perennial plant, found in Atlantic areas from north-western Spain to the British Isles, and also frequently used as a garden plant. It is known in English as the common bluebell or simply bluebell, a name which is used in Scotland to refer to the harebell, Campanula rotundifolia. In common with other members of their genus, bluebells- particularly their bulbs- are normally considered to be toxic. Bluebells synthesise a wide range of chemicals with potential medicinal properties: they contain at least 15 biologically active compounds that may provide them with protection against insects and animals. Certain extracts – water-soluble alkaloids – are similar to compounds tested for use in combating HIV and cancer.[33][34] The bulbs of bluebells are used in folk medicine as a remedy for leucorrhoea, and as a diuretic or styptic,[35] while the sap can be used as an adhesive.
-Almost half the world's bluebells are found in the UK, they’re relatively rare in the rest of the worldhttps://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/6-things-you-might-not-know-about-bluebells
Murraya paniculata is a tropical, evergreen plant native to Southeast Asia and China. bearing small, white, scented flowers, which is grown as an ornamental tree or hedge. Murraya is closely related to Citrus, and bears small orange to red fruit resembling kumquats, though some cultivars do not set fruit.Some of the common names include Orange jessamine, Jasmine orange,Chinese box, mock orange, mock lime, satinwood or Lakeview jasmine (mainly in Florida)月橘（Murraya paniculata）[1][2]，別稱七里香、九里香、十里香、千里香、萬里香、滿山香、九秋香、九樹香、千隻眼、千隻眼跌打、千枝葉、臭千隻眼、小萬年青、青木香、四季香、四時橘、石柃、石芬等[3][4][5][6][7][8]，為芸香科九里香屬植物[9][10]，種加詞 paniculata 意為「圓錐花序式的」[1]。月橘的花能提煉芳香油[5][11][12]，花及熟果可供食用[13]，曬乾後的花可泡茶飲用[5]，古時貴族使用月橘的樹皮或樹脂，與雅香同置薰籠中薰香衣服[14] ，木材堅硬可作手杖、印章、農具及小刀柄等[13]，亦常人工栽培作綠籬之用[15]。花期4－9月，果期9－12月[9]。月橘的花因濃郁而獨特的香味，能飄散往遠處故而有七里香、九里香、十里香、千里香、萬里香、滿山香等之稱。
- Traditionally, Murraya paniculata is used both in traditional medicine as an analgesic and for wood (for tool handles). In the West, Murraya paniculata is cultured as an ornamental tree or hedge because of its hardiness, wide range of soil tolerance (M. paniculata may grow in alkaline, clayey, sandy, acidic and loamy soils), and is suitable for larger hedges. The plant flowers throughout the year and produces small, fragrant flower clusters which attract bees, while the fruits attract small frugivorous birds. Honey bee farms have been known to plant Orange Jessamine near bee hives[citation needed]. Serving not only as food for the bees but as protection from harsh winds. Honey collected from bee hive colonies that collect pollen from orange jessamines, have a tangy sweet orange undertone[citation needed]. 月橘以葉和帶葉嫩枝入藥，味辛、微苦，性溫，有小毒，歸心、肝、肺經，陰虛火亢者忌用，藥材主產於廣西、廣東、福建等地。中藥名為九里香，藥用之名始載於《嶺南採藥錄》，具祛風除濕、行氣活血、散瘀止痛、解毒等功效，主治胃痛、脘腹氣痛、風濕痹痛、牙痛、疥癬、腫毒、皮膚瘙癢、跌打腫痛、蟲蛇咬傷等。根莖煎劑有抗生育、局部麻醉及解痙等功效，能治平喘、老年慢性支氣管炎等。花果有散瘀止痛、行氣活血、解毒消腫等功效，能治風濕痹痛、胃脘疼痛、跌打損傷、蛇蟲咬傷等。
Sonchus oleraceus, with many common names including common sowthistle,[2] sow thistle,[3] smooth sow thistle, annual sow thistle, hare's colwort, hare's thistle, milky tassel, milk thistle,[4] soft thistle,[4] or swinies, is a plant in the dandelion tribe within the daisy family. Sonchus oleraceus is native to Europe and western Asia. The scientific name Sonchus refers to the hollow stem, while oleraceus refers to its good taste.[5] The common name sow thistle refers to its attractiveness to swine, and the similarity of the leaf to younger thistle plants. The common name hare's thistle refers to its purported beneficial effects on hare and rabbits. Leaves are eaten as salad greens or cooked like spinach. This is one of the species used in Chinese cuisine as kŭcài(苦菜; lit. bitter vegetable).[12] Blanching or boiling removes bitter flavour.Sonchus oleraceus has a variety of uses in herbalism. It also has been ascribed medicinal qualities similar to dandelion and succory.[6] The early Māori people of New Zealand are likely to have gathered it for food and medical use.
毛茛屬 Ranunculus /ræˈnʌŋkjʊləs/[1] is a large genus of about 500 species[2] of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus are known as buttercups, spearworts and water crowfoots.The water crowfoots (Ranunculussubgenus Batrachium), which grow in still or running water, are sometimes treated in a separate genus Batrachium (from Greekβάτραχος bátrakhos, "frog"). They have two different leaf types, thread-like leaves underwater and broader floating leaves. In some species, such as R. aquatilis, a third, intermediate leaf type occurs. Ranunculus species are used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Hebrew character and small angle shades. All Ranunculus (buttercup) species are poisonous when eaten fresh, but their acrid taste and the blistering of the mouth caused by their poison means they are usually left uneaten. Poisoning in livestock can occur where buttercups are abundant in overgrazed fields where little other edible plant growth is left, and the animals eat them out of desperation. Symptoms of poisoning include bloody diarrhea, excessive salivation, colic, and severe blistering of the mouth, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract. When Ranunculus plants are handled, naturally occurring ranunculin is broken down to form protoanemonin, which is known to cause contact dermatitis in humans and care should therefore be exercised in extensive handling of the plants.[9] The toxins are degraded by drying, so hay containing dried buttercups is safe.
- 水毛茛 in sardinia, food for a breed of horse called giara
黃連屬（Coptis）是毛茛科下的一個屬。該屬共有16種，分佈於北溫帶。其中黃連（Coptis chinensis）為常用中藥。 Coptis (goldthread or canker root) is a genus of between 10–15 species of flowering plantsin the family Ranunculaceae, native to Asia and North America. Coptis teeta is used as a medicinal herb in China and the Eastern Himalayan regions of Indiaparticularly in Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh where it is used as a bitter tonic for treating malarial fever[1][2] and dyspepsia.[3] It is also believed to help insomnia in Chinese herbology.[citation needed] The roots contain the bitter alkaloid berberine.[4] Studies have shown that the species has become endangered both due to overexploitation as well as intrinsic genetic bottlenecks such as high male sterility induced by genetic mutations.[5][6] As a result of the synpatic mutation and ensuing male sterility the sexual reproduction in the species is significantly depressed [6] The dried roots (goldthread) were commercially marketed in Canada until the 1950s or early 60s, to be steeped into a "tea" and swabbed onto areas affected by thrush (candidiasis) infection.
Lactuca canadensis is a species of wild lettuce known by the common names Canada lettuce, Canada wild lettuce, tall lettuce, and Florida blue lettuce. Lactuca canadensis contains lactucarium, which is the milky sap (white latex) that flows through stem, leaves, and roots of plant. It is used as a medicinal herb when dries after contact with air. Used as medicinal treatments for its anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative properties. Concentrations of lactucarium are low in young plants but increase in older plants, occurring highest when in blooming period. Sap can be applied to skin in use for treatment of external warts.[11] Has been seen as valuable in treatment as a remedy for insomnia and muscular arthritis. It is a relaxing and sedative herb that is used to induce sleepiness, and calm restlessness and anxiety.
Artemisia /ˌɑːrtɪˈmiːziə/ is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 and 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. Common names for various species in the genus include mugwort, wormwood, and sagebrush.
- The name "artemisia" ultimately derives from the Greek goddess Artemis (Roman Diana), the namesake of Greek Queens Artemisia I and II.[7] A more specific reference may be to Artemisia II of Caria, a botanist and medical researcher who died in 350 BC.
- The aromatic leaves of some species are used for flavouring. Most species have an extremely bitter taste. A. dracunculus(tarragon) is widely used as a culinary herb, particularly important in French cuisine. Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) was used to repel midges (mug > midge), fleas and moths, intestinal worms, and in brewing (mugwort beer, mugwort wine) as a remedy against hangovers and nightmares. Artemisia absinthium is used to make the highly potent spirits absinthe. Malört also contains wormwood. The aperitif vermouth (derived from the German word Wermut, "wormwood") is a wine flavored with aromatic herbs, but originally with wormwood.Artemisia arborescens (tree wormwood, or sheeba in Arabic) is an aromatic herb indigenous to the Middle East used in tea, usually with mint.
- Artemisinin (from Artemisia annua) and derivatives are a group of compounds with the most rapid action of all current drugsused to treat malaria.[11] Treatments containing an artemisinin derivative (artemisinin-combination therapies) are now standard treatment worldwide for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum.Artemisia cina and other Old World species are the source of the antihelminthic drug, santonin. Chinese mugwort, Artemisia argyi, is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
- 中亞苦蒿 Artemisia absinthium (wormwood, grand wormwood, absinthe, absinthium, absinthe wormwood) is a species of Artemisia native to temperate regions of Eurasia[5] and Northern Africa and widely naturalized in Canada and the northern United States.[6] It is grown as an ornamental plant and is used as an ingredient in the spirit absinthe as well as some other alcoholic beverages.洋艾（江蘇南部種子植物手冊），苦艾、苦蒿、啤酒蒿（新疆、江蘇）日本には江戸時代末期に渡来した。葉、枝を健胃薬、駆虫薬としてもちいる。干したものを袋に詰め衣類の防虫剤として使う。
- In the Bible, the Book of Revelation tells of a star named Wormwood that plummets to Earth and turns a third of the rivers and fountains of waters bitter.
- 莪蒿(多年生草本植物。叶像针，花黄绿色，生在水边。嫩茎叶可作蔬菜。也叫萝、萝蒿、廪蒿，俗称抱娘蒿) [cowherb; artemisia]
- 莪术- 多年生草本植物。中医以根状茎入药，称“郁金”。全草亦称“蓬莪术”、“山姜黄”。
- Artemisia argyi, commonly known as silvery wormwood or Chinese mugwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant with a creeping rhizome. It is native to China, Korea, Mongolia, Japan, and the Russian Far East (Amur Oblast, Primorye).[2][3] It is known in Chinese as àicǎo (艾草) or ài yè (艾叶) or ài hao (艾蒿) and in Japanese as gaiyou. It is used in herbal medicine for conditions of the liver, spleen and kidney. It is a common flavoring and colorant in the Chinese dish qīng tuán (青团). 艾草（Artemisia argyi），又稱作艾葉、艾、艾蓬、甜艾、香艾、冰臺、艾蒿、灸草，是一種多年生草本植物，分布於亞洲及歐洲地區。艾葉主要的醫學用法是用於灸療，因為艾葉是為數不多能通12條經絡的藥物，人們常說的艾灸，就是點燃艾條，「煙熏火燎」體表穴位的一種中醫治療方法。新鮮艾葉中含有較多葉油，具揮發性，燃燒後火力猛烈，不僅會產生有害物質，還會灸傷皮膚，損傷經絡，達不到慢火細灸使艾熱慢慢滲透到人體經絡的作用。但艾灸用的艾草並不是越陳越好。2年以下和5年以上的艾葉，有的油脂過多，火力猛烈，有的油脂全無，易出明火，不能持久，均不適合艾灸燃燒溫和持久、藥效隨溫熏和熱力滲入機體的需要。艾草有很多種，有濃烈芬香氣味的，南方人端午節用來懸掛於大門以避邪。還有一種氣味比較溫和，可以食用。在中國南方傳統食品中，有一種糰子就是用艾草作為主要原料做成的（參見艾糍 (note by me: eg taizhou, suzhou province 青团)）。即：用清明前後鮮嫩的艾草和糯米粉按一比二的比例和在一起，包上花生、芝麻及白糖等餡料（部分地區會加上綠豆蓉），再將之蒸熟即可。在中國北方，人們會採摘初生的艾蒿葉與麵粉摻在一起做食品。在廣東東江流域，當地人在冬季和春季採摘鮮嫩的艾草葉子和芽，作蔬菜食用。廣東梅州客家人最喜歡的做法將老艾草曬乾留存。可以將一把干艾草塞進雞肚子裡，加一些薑片，就可以用電壓力鍋蒸熟。也可以揉下艾葉蒸切好的小雞塊，普通鍋蒸熟即可。還可以用小沙袋裝好，煲雞湯，加入桂圓肉、枸杞、黨參等。
- 蒿属植物，山艾树，三齿蒿。有银绿色叶子、大花束和小的白色头状花序。
- 艾草榛雞的生存仰賴成片的山艾樹，這種木質堅硬、耐旱的灌木是它們的食物來源，在冬天則更是不可或缺；山艾樹還能庇護它們和它們的巢。但各地的山艾樹都在減少，一個世紀前，大規模的過度放牧毀壞了植被，入侵性雜草趁虛而入，這些雜草在艾草榛雞生活的西部地區引發了毀滅性的火災。道路和住宅區、輸電線、農場、天然氣田和風力渦輪機——所有這些都破壞了曾經綿延不絕的鼠尾草海。原文網址：https://kknews.cc/news/voqr25a.html
Honeysuckles (Lonicera, /lɒˈnɪsərə/;[1] syn. Caprifolium Mill.) are arching shrubs or twining bines in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere.
- Lonicera japonica, known as golden-and-silver honeysuckle and Japanese honeysuckle, is a species of honeysuckle native to eastern Asia including China, Japan, and Korea. Japanese honeysuckle flowers are edible to humans and appreciated for their sweet-tasting nectar. The flowers can also be a significant source of food for deer, rabbits, hummingbirds, and other wildlife. In traditional Chinese medicine,[9] Lonicera japonica is called rěn dōng téng (忍冬藤; literally "winter enduring vine"[citation needed]) or jīn yín huā[9] (金銀花; literally "gold silver flower"). Alternative Chinese names include er huaand shuang hua. In Korean, it is called geumeunhwa.[citation needed] The dried leaves and flowers (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) are employed in traditional Chinese medicine, being used to treat fever, headache, cough, thirst, and sore throat.スイカズラ（吸い葛、Lonicera japonica）はスイカズラ科スイカズラ属の常緑つる性木本。別名、ニンドウ（忍冬）。冬場を耐え忍ぶ事からこの名がついた。
- Lonicera szechuanica
- Lonicera taipeiensis
- Lonicera tatarica (Tatarian honeysuckle)
- 傳說，遠在三國時期，諸葛亮南征，七擒孟獲，將士們水土不服，中了山嵐瘴氣。後經一村寨，諸葛亮見村民面黃肌瘦，發放軍糧施救，村民感激不盡。一白髮老人得知蜀兵患「熱毒病」，便叫來孿生孫女，說：「金花、銀花，你們去採幾筐仙藥來為蜀軍解難。」3天後，姐妹倆遲遲未歸。後在一處山崖下，見兩隻藥筐中已採滿草藥，筐邊有野狼的足跡和被撕碎的衣服鞋子。蜀軍將士含淚食藥得救，而金花、銀花卻獻出了生命。為紀念她們，後世把這種草藥開的花叫「金銀花」。宋代張邦基的《墨莊漫錄》中，記載過這樣一則故事：崇寧年間，平江府天平山白雲寺的幾位僧人，從山上採回一籃野蕈煮食。不料野蕈有毒，僧人們飽餐之後便開始上吐下瀉。其中3位僧人因及時服用鮮品金銀花，結果平安無事；而另外幾位僧人，沒有及時服用金銀花，則枉死黃泉。可見，金銀花的解毒功效非同一般。至於擅長清解暑熱的「金銀花露」，便是以金銀花提純而成的蒸餾液，用之可緩解暑溫、口渴、小兒痱子等症，有時還能輔助治療上呼吸道感染、感冒等症。中醫常將其與連翹、牛蒡子、荊芥等配伍，用於治療外感風熱或各種溫病，對癰腫疔瘡、腸癰、肺癰具有較強的散癰消腫作用。金銀花味甘、性寒，還可治療暑熱症、瀉痢、流感、牙周炎等。金銀花抗病原微生物，對溶血性鏈球菌、大腸桿菌、霍亂弧菌、副傷寒桿菌等細菌、病毒有抑制功效。金銀花以河南禹州市和新密市所產品質最好，花條長，骨茬硬，色澤佳，質地純，味濃清香。山東沂蒙山區的金銀花，亦聞名全國。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/08/06/b04-0806.pdf
- 在禹州，金銀花又被稱為「禹密二花」，以產於禹州、新密交界處的山區命名，當地人都直接簡稱為「二花」。羅平告訴記者，十年前，禹州只有他們種植金銀花，而現在則有二十多家，更不要提新鄉封丘的金銀花基地了。她以「車多路多」形容現時金銀花市場──金銀花種植量上去了，但金銀花的用處也多，「化工食品行業都能用，因為金銀花有清熱解毒的功效，現在人們又注重健康養生，因此相比於以前，金銀花的用處也多了。」據禹州市金銀花協會負責人介紹，在禹州，農民種植小麥、玉米，每畝一般收入1000元左右，而種植金銀花每畝收入可達10000元左右，若有疫情發生，每畝的收入更是成倍上升。目前，全國金銀花需求量達2000萬公斤以上，而實際產量不足800萬公斤，除了廣東的加多寶飲料公司外，哈藥集團等大型企業也在當地進行採購，北京匯源果汁等金銀花加工項目正在建設中，韓國、日本以及東南亞很多國家更是把金銀花視作珍寶，金銀花的國際需求量很大。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/finance/236132/2021/0109/540149.html
- 忍冬纹
- 古代寓意纹样。忍冬为一种蔓生植物，俗呼“金银花”、“金银藤”，通称卷草，其花长瓣垂须，黄白相半，因名金银花。凌冬不凋，故有忍冬之称。又称卷草纹，六朝时期流行的一种植物纹样。东汉末期开始出现，南北朝时最流行，因它越冬而不死，所以被大量运用在佛教上，比作人的灵魂不灭、轮回永生。以后又广泛用于绘画和雕刻等艺术品的装饰上。忍冬纹是魏晋南北朝流行的一种植物纹，此时忍冬纹较为清瘦和程式化，一般为三叶片和多叶片，但是其变化是多种多样的。汉代铜镜的编式称卷云纹就是卷草纹的前身，到唐代演化成复杂的卷草，近代称香草。
Platycodon grandiflorus (from Ancient Greek πλατύς "wide" and κώδων "bell") is a species of herbaceous flowering perennial plant of the family Campanulaceae, and the only member of the genus Platycodon. It is native to East Asia (China, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East). It is commonly known as balloon flower (referring to the balloon-shaped flower buds), Chinese bellflower,[2] or platycodon.In Korea, the plant as well as its root are referred to as doraji (도라지). The root, fresh or dried, is one of the most common namul vegetables. It is also one of the most frequent ingredients in bibimbap. Sometimes, rice is cooked with balloon flower root to make doraji-bap. Preparation of the root always involves soaking and washing (usually rubbing it with coarse sea salt and rinsing it multiple times), which gets rid of the bitter taste. The root is also used to make desserts, such as doraji-jeonggwa. Syrup made from the root, called doraji-cheong (balloon flower root honey), can be used to make doraji-cha (balloon flower root tea). The root can be used to infuse liquor called doraji-sul, typically using distilled soju or other unflavored hard alcohol that has an ABV higher than 30% as a base.
- The Chinese bellflower (called 桔梗 in Chinese) is also used in traditional Chinese medicine. In China, they are used as a cough suppressant and expectorant for common colds, cough, sore throat, tonsillitis, and chest congestion.
- In Korea, the roots are commonly used for treating bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, diabetes, and other inflammatory diseases.Doraji taryeong (Korean: 도라지타령) is one of the most popular folk songs in both North and South Korea, and in China among the ethnic Koreans. It is also a well known song in Japan, by the name Toraji (Japanese: トラジ). It is a folk song originated from Eunyul in Hwanghae Province. However, the currently sung version is classified as a Gyeonggi minyo (Gyeonggi Province folk song), as the rhythm and the melody have changed to acquire those characteristics.
- The bellflower is called kikyō (桔梗) in Japanese. Traditionally, it is one of the Seven Autumn Flowers. In addition, the "Bellflower Seal" (桔梗紋 kikyōmon) is the crest (kamon) of some clans. 花の形から「桔梗紋」が生まれた。美濃の山県氏、土岐氏一族は桔梗紋を紋所にしていた事で知られている。明智光秀も土岐氏一族であり、桔梗紋を用いていた。安倍晴明が使用した五芒星を桔梗印と呼び、現在の晴明神社では神紋とされている。
藍鈴花Hyacinthoides non-scripta (formerly Endymion non-scriptus or Scilla non-scripta) is a bulbous perennial plant, found in Atlantic areas from north-western Spain to the British Isles, and also frequently used as a garden plant. It is known in English as the common bluebell or simply bluebell, a name which is used in Scotland to refer to the harebell, Campanula rotundifolia. In common with other members of their genus, bluebells- particularly their bulbs- are normally considered to be toxic. Bluebells synthesise a wide range of chemicals with potential medicinal properties: they contain at least 15 biologically active compounds that may provide them with protection against insects and animals. Certain extracts – water-soluble alkaloids – are similar to compounds tested for use in combating HIV and cancer.[33][34] The bulbs of bluebells are used in folk medicine as a remedy for leucorrhoea, and as a diuretic or styptic,[35] while the sap can be used as an adhesive.
-Almost half the world's bluebells are found in the UK, they’re relatively rare in the rest of the worldhttps://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/6-things-you-might-not-know-about-bluebells
Murraya paniculata is a tropical, evergreen plant native to Southeast Asia and China. bearing small, white, scented flowers, which is grown as an ornamental tree or hedge. Murraya is closely related to Citrus, and bears small orange to red fruit resembling kumquats, though some cultivars do not set fruit.Some of the common names include Orange jessamine, Jasmine orange,Chinese box, mock orange, mock lime, satinwood or Lakeview jasmine (mainly in Florida)月橘（Murraya paniculata）[1][2]，別稱七里香、九里香、十里香、千里香、萬里香、滿山香、九秋香、九樹香、千隻眼、千隻眼跌打、千枝葉、臭千隻眼、小萬年青、青木香、四季香、四時橘、石柃、石芬等[3][4][5][6][7][8]，為芸香科九里香屬植物[9][10]，種加詞 paniculata 意為「圓錐花序式的」[1]。月橘的花能提煉芳香油[5][11][12]，花及熟果可供食用[13]，曬乾後的花可泡茶飲用[5]，古時貴族使用月橘的樹皮或樹脂，與雅香同置薰籠中薰香衣服[14] ，木材堅硬可作手杖、印章、農具及小刀柄等[13]，亦常人工栽培作綠籬之用[15]。花期4－9月，果期9－12月[9]。月橘的花因濃郁而獨特的香味，能飄散往遠處故而有七里香、九里香、十里香、千里香、萬里香、滿山香等之稱。
- Traditionally, Murraya paniculata is used both in traditional medicine as an analgesic and for wood (for tool handles). In the West, Murraya paniculata is cultured as an ornamental tree or hedge because of its hardiness, wide range of soil tolerance (M. paniculata may grow in alkaline, clayey, sandy, acidic and loamy soils), and is suitable for larger hedges. The plant flowers throughout the year and produces small, fragrant flower clusters which attract bees, while the fruits attract small frugivorous birds. Honey bee farms have been known to plant Orange Jessamine near bee hives[citation needed]. Serving not only as food for the bees but as protection from harsh winds. Honey collected from bee hive colonies that collect pollen from orange jessamines, have a tangy sweet orange undertone[citation needed]. 月橘以葉和帶葉嫩枝入藥，味辛、微苦，性溫，有小毒，歸心、肝、肺經，陰虛火亢者忌用，藥材主產於廣西、廣東、福建等地。中藥名為九里香，藥用之名始載於《嶺南採藥錄》，具祛風除濕、行氣活血、散瘀止痛、解毒等功效，主治胃痛、脘腹氣痛、風濕痹痛、牙痛、疥癬、腫毒、皮膚瘙癢、跌打腫痛、蟲蛇咬傷等。根莖煎劑有抗生育、局部麻醉及解痙等功效，能治平喘、老年慢性支氣管炎等。花果有散瘀止痛、行氣活血、解毒消腫等功效，能治風濕痹痛、胃脘疼痛、跌打損傷、蛇蟲咬傷等。
Sonchus oleraceus, with many common names including common sowthistle,[2] sow thistle,[3] smooth sow thistle, annual sow thistle, hare's colwort, hare's thistle, milky tassel, milk thistle,[4] soft thistle,[4] or swinies, is a plant in the dandelion tribe within the daisy family. Sonchus oleraceus is native to Europe and western Asia. The scientific name Sonchus refers to the hollow stem, while oleraceus refers to its good taste.[5] The common name sow thistle refers to its attractiveness to swine, and the similarity of the leaf to younger thistle plants. The common name hare's thistle refers to its purported beneficial effects on hare and rabbits. Leaves are eaten as salad greens or cooked like spinach. This is one of the species used in Chinese cuisine as kŭcài(苦菜; lit. bitter vegetable).[12] Blanching or boiling removes bitter flavour.Sonchus oleraceus has a variety of uses in herbalism. It also has been ascribed medicinal qualities similar to dandelion and succory.[6] The early Māori people of New Zealand are likely to have gathered it for food and medical use.
毛茛屬 Ranunculus /ræˈnʌŋkjʊləs/[1] is a large genus of about 500 species[2] of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus are known as buttercups, spearworts and water crowfoots.The water crowfoots (Ranunculussubgenus Batrachium), which grow in still or running water, are sometimes treated in a separate genus Batrachium (from Greekβάτραχος bátrakhos, "frog"). They have two different leaf types, thread-like leaves underwater and broader floating leaves. In some species, such as R. aquatilis, a third, intermediate leaf type occurs. Ranunculus species are used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Hebrew character and small angle shades. All Ranunculus (buttercup) species are poisonous when eaten fresh, but their acrid taste and the blistering of the mouth caused by their poison means they are usually left uneaten. Poisoning in livestock can occur where buttercups are abundant in overgrazed fields where little other edible plant growth is left, and the animals eat them out of desperation. Symptoms of poisoning include bloody diarrhea, excessive salivation, colic, and severe blistering of the mouth, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract. When Ranunculus plants are handled, naturally occurring ranunculin is broken down to form protoanemonin, which is known to cause contact dermatitis in humans and care should therefore be exercised in extensive handling of the plants.[9] The toxins are degraded by drying, so hay containing dried buttercups is safe.
- 水毛茛 in sardinia, food for a breed of horse called giara
黃連屬（Coptis）是毛茛科下的一個屬。該屬共有16種，分佈於北溫帶。其中黃連（Coptis chinensis）為常用中藥。 Coptis (goldthread or canker root) is a genus of between 10–15 species of flowering plantsin the family Ranunculaceae, native to Asia and North America. Coptis teeta is used as a medicinal herb in China and the Eastern Himalayan regions of Indiaparticularly in Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh where it is used as a bitter tonic for treating malarial fever[1][2] and dyspepsia.[3] It is also believed to help insomnia in Chinese herbology.[citation needed] The roots contain the bitter alkaloid berberine.[4] Studies have shown that the species has become endangered both due to overexploitation as well as intrinsic genetic bottlenecks such as high male sterility induced by genetic mutations.[5][6] As a result of the synpatic mutation and ensuing male sterility the sexual reproduction in the species is significantly depressed [6] The dried roots (goldthread) were commercially marketed in Canada until the 1950s or early 60s, to be steeped into a "tea" and swabbed onto areas affected by thrush (candidiasis) infection.
-重慶石柱縣洗新鄉位於渝鄂交界的武陵山區，距離重慶主城300公里，平均海拔1,500多米。今年46歲的譚榮富曾是當地建卡貧困戶，通過種植中藥材黃連，實現了兩年內脫貧。重慶石柱縣是黃連的原始產地，素有「中國黃連之鄉」之稱，全縣黃連產量佔全國60%和世界40%以上。因為靠着黃連的種植、研發和銷售，不少石柱人實現了脫貧致富。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/12/16/a10-1216.pdf
三七又稱三七草、三七仔、參漆草、蔘三七、田七、土三七、血山草、六月淋、蠍子草、山漆、田漆，為五加科人參屬的物種，是雲南白藥的主要成分。主產地在中國的雲南文山及廣西深山中。[2]三七的三條枝上各生七片葉，因而得名[3]；也有人說，它在種植後，三至七年收獲而得名。性溫，味甘微苦，入肝、胃、大腸經。[6]田七的功用，原來可用「止血、散瘀、定痛」六個字來概括，所以，歷來都是以三七作為傷科金瘡要藥，很少作為補品食用。三七與亞洲人蔘（Panax ginseng）同為人蔘屬（Panax）而拉丁文 Panax 的意義是「能治百病」。Panax notoginseng is a species of the genus Panax, and it is commonly referred to in English as Chinese ginseng[1] or notoginseng. In Chinese it is called tiánqī (田七), tienchi ginseng, sānqī (三七) or sanchi, three-seven root, and mountain plant. P. notoginseng belongs to the same scientific genus as Asian ginseng. In Latin, the word panax means "cure-all", and the family of ginseng plants is one of the best-known herbs.
Taxus chinensis is a species of yew. It is commonly called the Chinese yew, though this term also refers to Taxus celebica or Taxus sumatrana. This plant is used against cancer.[3][4]Paclitaxel or Taxol can be produced. The tree can also be used in many other ways and is under special protection of national and international laws. 紅豆杉，又名中國紅豆杉、紫杉
- china daily 8oct18
- hk
皂荚（Gleditsia sinensis），（American Honeylocust、Bigspine Honeylocust,、Common Honeylocust、Chinese Honey Locust、China Honeylocust、Chinese Locust、 Chinese Soap-pod Locust、Sweet Locust ），别称 皂角（中国高等植物图鉴）、皂角树、皂角子、皂角针、皂针、皂丁、长皂角、扁皂角、大皂荚、皂荚树（浙江）、皂节（江西）、皂荚板、山皂荚、山皂角、山皂树、肥皂荚、肥皂树、皂角刺、荚角刺、穿心刺、金钩刺、刺皂、台树、悬刀（山西、广西、《外丹本草》）、鸡栖子（《广志》）、乌犀（《曾氏方》）、猪牙皂、猪牙皂荚、眉皂、小皂、小皂荚、小牙皂、牙皂（四川）、刀皂（湖南）、𣍰皂、胰皂、天丁、人见愁等[2][3][4][5][6] ，为豆科皂荚属的植物[3]，是中国的特有植物。 Gleditsia sinensis is a species of flowering plant native to Asia.In China, Gleditsia sinensis is commonly known as zào jiá[1]. The English equivalents include Chinese honey locust (or Chinese honeylocust),[2] soap bean[3] and soap pod.It is one of the alleged "50 fundamental herbs" used in traditional Chinese medicine. Gleditsia sinensis has been used in China for at least 2000 years as a detergent.[5] The thorns of Gleditsia sinensis are used as a medicinal herb in China and Korea and may have antitumor properties.[6] The thorns of Gleditsia sinensis LAM. (Leguminosae) have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including swelling, suppuration, carbuncle and skin diseases.皂荚，中药名。为豆科植物皂荚Gleditsia sinensis Lam.的果实或不育果实。前者称皂荚，后者称猪牙皂。分布于东北、华北、华东、华南以及四川、贵州等地。具有祛痰止咳，开窍通闭，杀虫散结之功效。用于痰咳喘满，中风口噤，痰涎壅盛，神昏不语，癫痫，喉痹，二便不通，痈肿疥癣。
三七又稱三七草、三七仔、參漆草、蔘三七、田七、土三七、血山草、六月淋、蠍子草、山漆、田漆，為五加科人參屬的物種，是雲南白藥的主要成分。主產地在中國的雲南文山及廣西深山中。[2]三七的三條枝上各生七片葉，因而得名[3]；也有人說，它在種植後，三至七年收獲而得名。性溫，味甘微苦，入肝、胃、大腸經。[6]田七的功用，原來可用「止血、散瘀、定痛」六個字來概括，所以，歷來都是以三七作為傷科金瘡要藥，很少作為補品食用。三七與亞洲人蔘（Panax ginseng）同為人蔘屬（Panax）而拉丁文 Panax 的意義是「能治百病」。Panax notoginseng is a species of the genus Panax, and it is commonly referred to in English as Chinese ginseng[1] or notoginseng. In Chinese it is called tiánqī (田七), tienchi ginseng, sānqī (三七) or sanchi, three-seven root, and mountain plant. P. notoginseng belongs to the same scientific genus as Asian ginseng. In Latin, the word panax means "cure-all", and the family of ginseng plants is one of the best-known herbs.
- china
- 11月7日，第六屆文山三七節在雲南省文山壯族苗族自治州開幕。中國特產協會、中國 特產之鄉推薦評審活動組委會決定授予文山州 「中國三七之鄉」 稱號。 三七，是名貴藥材中的璀璨 「明珠」 ，使用至今已有3000多年的歷史，是人參屬中最原 始的物種，具有 「活血化瘀、消腫定痛」 的強大功效，更是名副其實的 「參中之王」 「補 血之王」 。作為三七的原產地和主產區，文山州委、州政府自1992年起就將三七產業作為 支柱產業進行重點培育和打造。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202011/1110/HA05B10CZB4_HKCD.pdf
Taxus chinensis is a species of yew. It is commonly called the Chinese yew, though this term also refers to Taxus celebica or Taxus sumatrana. This plant is used against cancer.[3][4]Paclitaxel or Taxol can be produced. The tree can also be used in many other ways and is under special protection of national and international laws. 紅豆杉，又名中國紅豆杉、紫杉
- china daily 8oct18
- hk
- 一名五十七歲男子本周日（14日）飲用自製的含紅豆杉酒後懷疑中毒，三十分鐘後出現肌肉痛、下肢無力和麻痹等病徵，同日前往律敦治醫院急症室求醫並入院，前晚（15日）被轉送到深切治療部，現情況嚴重。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190417/00176_048.html
皂荚（Gleditsia sinensis），（American Honeylocust、Bigspine Honeylocust,、Common Honeylocust、Chinese Honey Locust、China Honeylocust、Chinese Locust、 Chinese Soap-pod Locust、Sweet Locust ），别称 皂角（中国高等植物图鉴）、皂角树、皂角子、皂角针、皂针、皂丁、长皂角、扁皂角、大皂荚、皂荚树（浙江）、皂节（江西）、皂荚板、山皂荚、山皂角、山皂树、肥皂荚、肥皂树、皂角刺、荚角刺、穿心刺、金钩刺、刺皂、台树、悬刀（山西、广西、《外丹本草》）、鸡栖子（《广志》）、乌犀（《曾氏方》）、猪牙皂、猪牙皂荚、眉皂、小皂、小皂荚、小牙皂、牙皂（四川）、刀皂（湖南）、𣍰皂、胰皂、天丁、人见愁等[2][3][4][5][6] ，为豆科皂荚属的植物[3]，是中国的特有植物。 Gleditsia sinensis is a species of flowering plant native to Asia.In China, Gleditsia sinensis is commonly known as zào jiá[1]. The English equivalents include Chinese honey locust (or Chinese honeylocust),[2] soap bean[3] and soap pod.It is one of the alleged "50 fundamental herbs" used in traditional Chinese medicine. Gleditsia sinensis has been used in China for at least 2000 years as a detergent.[5] The thorns of Gleditsia sinensis are used as a medicinal herb in China and Korea and may have antitumor properties.[6] The thorns of Gleditsia sinensis LAM. (Leguminosae) have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including swelling, suppuration, carbuncle and skin diseases.皂荚，中药名。为豆科植物皂荚Gleditsia sinensis Lam.的果实或不育果实。前者称皂荚，后者称猪牙皂。分布于东北、华北、华东、华南以及四川、贵州等地。具有祛痰止咳，开窍通闭，杀虫散结之功效。用于痰咳喘满，中风口噤，痰涎壅盛，神昏不语，癫痫，喉痹，二便不通，痈肿疥癣。
- 中國陝西西安長安區學府大道路中央生長着一棵263歲高齡的皂莢古樹，被稱為最牛「釘子樹」，當地修路都要為它而繞道，樹的周圍更修建了護欄和混凝土圍牆，又設置了交通警示標誌。現在的長安區學府大街是由東向西貫穿該區的一條主幹道，而該路原本被當地水磨村一分為二。據了解，很多村民都不清楚這棵老樹多老，直至3年前該處計劃動工修路，經專家鑑定後才得知樹齡。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210626/00180_068.html
- could be made as incense? (refer to npac prayer sheet)
- 饼桌made of this wood, placing 12 陈设饼, six in a row, each representing a tribe of israel, symbolising the daily food of israeli came from god and they should be thankful
Gingko
- Ginkgo biloba, known as ginkgo, also spelled gingko (both pronounced /ˈɡɪŋkoʊ/), or as the maidenhair tree, is the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta, all others being extinct. It is found in fossils dating back 270 million years. Native to China,[2]the tree is widely cultivated and was introduced early tohuman history.The ginkgo leaf is the symbol of the Urasenke school of Japanese tea ceremony. The tree is the official tree of the Japanese capital of Tokyo, and the symbol of Tokyo is a ginkgo leaf.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-10/23/content_27144214.htm
Gingko trees add color to Long March commemoration
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161115/00178_005.html傳是唐太宗李世民栽種而聞名的陝西西安古觀音禪寺銀杏樹，入秋後再現金黃落葉，吸引大批民眾排隊觀賞。寺方預計本周五起每日客流量將超過十萬人次，為此大聲呼籲官方介入協助設立網絡預約系統，控制擁擠現象，減少安全隱患。
- 地壇公園在舉辦銀杏文化節，附近農 村、郊縣的商家都來擺攤賣農產品。 從方澤壇往西走，古樹森森，柏樹、 槐樹、棗樹、榆樹、楸樹都有，據說 此地大部分古樹的樹齡都超過三百年 了。公園裏著名的銀杏大道離方澤壇 不遠。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191231/PDF/b8_screen.pdf
- 盘州(in guizhou)被称为世界古银杏之乡
- millennium gingko tree in qiandeng, suzhou
- ancient gingko forest in panzhou, guizhou china daily 17jul18
- 保寧銀杏村, 洪川银杏林，korea
- [paju city wiki page] Ginkgos are usually planted as street trees. People can obtain high-quality wood from them.[citation needed] Also, their leaves and fruits are used as a valuable medicine.
- 自2013年起，遼寧大學設立「銀杏節」; 西南邊陲的雲南騰沖亦有銀杏村。雖然是甄子丹主演的電影《武俠》的拍攝地，然而此地有相當一段時間卻默默無聞，卻不料正是這種「默默無聞」，保留了其古樸的氣質和原始的景致，發展為「網紅」打卡地。銀杏村位於雲南保山騰沖固東鎮http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/11/04/a13-1104.pdf
- 以 「古 銀杏、新思維、新合作」 為主題 的 2019 中國（南雄）國際銀杏產 業大會暨首屆韶商大會南雄項目 推介會 10 月 29 日在廣東南雄舉 行，中國林業產業聯合會銀杏產 業分會和銀杏生物產業開發利用 國家創新聯盟當天成立，2019 中 國（南雄）國際銀杏產業創新發 展高峰論壇同期舉辦。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201910/1030/HZ23A30CHBB_HKCD.pdf
- could be made as incense? (refer to npac prayer sheet)
- 饼桌made of this wood, placing 12 陈设饼, six in a row, each representing a tribe of israel, symbolising the daily food of israeli came from god and they should be thankful
Gingko
- Ginkgo biloba, known as ginkgo, also spelled gingko (both pronounced /ˈɡɪŋkoʊ/), or as the maidenhair tree, is the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta, all others being extinct. It is found in fossils dating back 270 million years. Native to China,[2]the tree is widely cultivated and was introduced early tohuman history.The ginkgo leaf is the symbol of the Urasenke school of Japanese tea ceremony. The tree is the official tree of the Japanese capital of Tokyo, and the symbol of Tokyo is a ginkgo leaf.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-10/23/content_27144214.htm
Gingko trees add color to Long March commemoration
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161115/00178_005.html傳是唐太宗李世民栽種而聞名的陝西西安古觀音禪寺銀杏樹，入秋後再現金黃落葉，吸引大批民眾排隊觀賞。寺方預計本周五起每日客流量將超過十萬人次，為此大聲呼籲官方介入協助設立網絡預約系統，控制擁擠現象，減少安全隱患。
- 地壇公園在舉辦銀杏文化節，附近農 村、郊縣的商家都來擺攤賣農產品。 從方澤壇往西走，古樹森森，柏樹、 槐樹、棗樹、榆樹、楸樹都有，據說 此地大部分古樹的樹齡都超過三百年 了。公園裏著名的銀杏大道離方澤壇 不遠。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191231/PDF/b8_screen.pdf
- 盘州(in guizhou)被称为世界古银杏之乡
- millennium gingko tree in qiandeng, suzhou
- ancient gingko forest in panzhou, guizhou china daily 17jul18
- 保寧銀杏村, 洪川银杏林，korea
- [paju city wiki page] Ginkgos are usually planted as street trees. People can obtain high-quality wood from them.[citation needed] Also, their leaves and fruits are used as a valuable medicine.
- 自2013年起，遼寧大學設立「銀杏節」; 西南邊陲的雲南騰沖亦有銀杏村。雖然是甄子丹主演的電影《武俠》的拍攝地，然而此地有相當一段時間卻默默無聞，卻不料正是這種「默默無聞」，保留了其古樸的氣質和原始的景致，發展為「網紅」打卡地。銀杏村位於雲南保山騰沖固東鎮http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/11/04/a13-1104.pdf
- 以 「古 銀杏、新思維、新合作」 為主題 的 2019 中國（南雄）國際銀杏產 業大會暨首屆韶商大會南雄項目 推介會 10 月 29 日在廣東南雄舉 行，中國林業產業聯合會銀杏產 業分會和銀杏生物產業開發利用 國家創新聯盟當天成立，2019 中 國（南雄）國際銀杏產業創新發 展高峰論壇同期舉辦。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201910/1030/HZ23A30CHBB_HKCD.pdf
- 醫 生根據我的身體狀況，給我開了一味 常用藥，名曰《銀杏葉片》，囑咐我 經常服用，不要中斷。此藥的說明書 上記載：銀杏葉片為銀杏葉提取物的 薄膜衣片，味微苦。可防治瘀血阻絡 引起的疾病，有活血化瘀通絡之功 效。我遵醫囑一直適量服用，對維持 身體血壓平穩確有益處。當我每次服 用銀杏葉片時，就會想到屋外那高高 的銀杏樹，似乎分外親切，因為它有 恩於我。 銀杏樹確實身材很高，目前已發現 世界上最高的銀杏樹在中國貴州，達 50米，直衝雲霄，壯觀堅實。這株古 銀杏，樹徑 5.8米，13人才能合抱，被 載入上海健力士記錄。成都亦有 50米 高古銀杏。浙江、山東、湖北、河 南、陝西，均已發現高過二三四十米 的野生古銀杏。 銀杏樹的經濟價值高。此樹屬於乾 果類，所結之果名叫白果，白殼內包 藏着綠果，炒後吃，面糯香甜，很受 歡迎。我小時候常在街頭買炒白果解 饞，還有潤肺定喘作用。它的果和 葉，藥用價值極高，其提取物是防治 高血壓、心臟病的重要醫藥原料，且 副作用少。目前我國白果產量佔世界 總產量 90%，是重要出口創匯產品。 它的皮亦可製藥。它的樹幹雖有些粗 糙，但其木質光澤，紋理直，結構 細，耐腐蝕，有特殊藥香味，是製作 傢具，尤其是製作樂器和測繪儀器的 優質材料。 銀杏樹的生態價值亦高。它是優良 的綠化樹、行道樹、觀賞樹，可綠化 環境、淨化空氣、保持水土、防治蟲 害、調節氣溫、美化大地，幾可謂無 所不能。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/04/27/a18-0427.pdf
- sightings
山楂树Crataegus (/krəˈtiːɡəs/), (from the Greek kratos strength and akis sharp, referring to the thorns of some species[4]) commonly called hawthorn, thornapple, May-tree, whitethorn,[6] or hawberry, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America.Several species of hawthorn have been used in traditional medicine. The products used are often derived from C. monogyna, C. laevigata, or related Crataegus species, "collectively known as hawthorn",[13] not necessarily distinguishing between these species.[7] The dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida (called shān zhā in Chinese) are used in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily as a digestive aid. A closely related species, Crataegus cuneata (Japanese hawthorn, called sanzashi in Japanese) is used in a similar manner. Other species (especially Crataegus laevigata) are used in herbal medicine where the plant is believed to strengthen cardiovascular function. The Kutenai people of northwestern North America used black hawthorn fruit (Kutenai language: kaǂa; approximate pronunciation: kasha) for food, and red hawthorn fruit (Kutenai language: ǂupǂi; approximate pronunciation: shupshi) in traditional medicine.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200422/PDF/a20_screen.pdf在北方，山楂最大的用處就是蘸糖葫蘆，酸甜爽脆，可解冬日煤爐炭火之氣。或者做山楂糕、山楂羹，生津開胃。北京人燉肉還講究「羊肉蘿蔔牛肉茶，豬肉裏面放山楂」。由食材「逆襲」而成浪漫IP，其實源於一個舶來的美麗誤會。上世紀中期，蘇聯歌曲風靡中國。其中一首就是《山楂樹》：「歌聲輕輕盪漾，在黃昏水面上，暮色中的工廠，在遠處閃着光；列車在飛快地奔馳，車窗的燈火輝煌，山楂樹下兩青年，在把我盼望。」能將鋼鐵、煤礦、鐵路等與愛情一起釀成音樂，是蘇聯東歐的專長。中國的愛情更多的生長於麥浪、草原之間。這首《山楂樹》，觸動了無數青年男女的心弦。他們坐着拖拉機，唱着《山楂樹》，奔赴天南海北。在那段激情燃燒而又苦難迷惘的青春年華裏，留下無法磨滅的旋律。酸澀而樸素的山楂，不正是平凡世界的喻示嗎？從一九八○年代至今，山楂樹題材的詩歌、小說、影視、歌曲經久不衰。本來，那首蘇聯歌曲原名是《烏拉爾的花楸樹》。花楸與山楂一樣都是紅色，但小得多，與紅豆差不多，在俄羅斯文化中也被看作是愛情的象徵。不過花楸對於中國人來說太陌生了。
Sorbus aucuparia, commonly called rowan (UK: /ˈrəʊən/, US: /ˈroʊən/) and mountain-ash, is a species of deciduous tree or shrub in the rose family. 花楸樹（Sorbus pohuashanensis），又名歐洲花楸、百華花楸、紅果臭山槐、山槐子（河北土名）、馬加木（東北土名）等對人類來說，花楸的果實味苦，不應大量直接食用[11]，但可製成果醬食用。冷凍、乾燥及烹飪也可以去除其苦味。此外它還可用作瀉藥、利尿劑、利膽劑。澳大利亞民間醫學使用花楸果實來治療感冒、發燒、風濕和痛風。The plant is commonly known as rowan and mountain-ash, and has also been called Amur mountain-ash, European mountain-ash, quick beam, quickbeam, or rowan-berry.The fruit of S. aucuparia were used in the past to lure and catch birds. To humans, the fruit are bitter, astringent, laxative, diuretic and a cholagogue. They have vitamin C, so they prevent scurvy, but the parasorbic acid irritates the gastric mucosa. Pharmacist Mannfried Pahlow wrote that he doubted the toxicity of the fruit but advised against consuming large amounts. The fruit contain sorbitol, which can be used as a sugar substitute by diabetics, but its production is no longer relevant.[48] Sorbus aucuparia fruits have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea, syrup, jelly or liqueur) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, fever, infections, colds, flu, rheumatism and gout.The robust qualities of S. aucuparia make it a source for fruit in harsh mountain climate and Maria Theresa, ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy, recommended the planting of the species in 1779.
- sightings
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/11/22/a25-1122.pdf
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/12/03/b07-1203.pdf
- hubei 隨州 五條古銀杏群落帶 hkcd 14dec18 a10
- jiangdong village, Tengchong騰沖, yunnan china daily 15dec18
- 浙 江省湖州市長興縣小浦鎮被稱為「世界古銀杏之鄉」，在八都岕十里古銀杏長 廊中，3萬餘株原生態銀杏樹遍佈其中http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/02/01/a08-0201.pdf
- 河南登封市近日一段影片引發網民熱議，兩名身穿武僧裝扮的男子，在少林寺外的銀杏樹拍攝影片，卻為了營造拍攝效果，用掃帚打落銀杏樹葉。少林寺周一表示，該樹有1,500多年歷史，將核實情況後，再向上級匯報。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201112/00178_017.html
- 浙江省湖州市長興縣小浦鎮八都岕 「十里 古銀杏長廊」 景區http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20201113/PDF/a15_screen.pdf
- 忠清北道的槐山文光貯水池
山楂树Crataegus (/krəˈtiːɡəs/), (from the Greek kratos strength and akis sharp, referring to the thorns of some species[4]) commonly called hawthorn, thornapple, May-tree, whitethorn,[6] or hawberry, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America.Several species of hawthorn have been used in traditional medicine. The products used are often derived from C. monogyna, C. laevigata, or related Crataegus species, "collectively known as hawthorn",[13] not necessarily distinguishing between these species.[7] The dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida (called shān zhā in Chinese) are used in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily as a digestive aid. A closely related species, Crataegus cuneata (Japanese hawthorn, called sanzashi in Japanese) is used in a similar manner. Other species (especially Crataegus laevigata) are used in herbal medicine where the plant is believed to strengthen cardiovascular function. The Kutenai people of northwestern North America used black hawthorn fruit (Kutenai language: kaǂa; approximate pronunciation: kasha) for food, and red hawthorn fruit (Kutenai language: ǂupǂi; approximate pronunciation: shupshi) in traditional medicine.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200422/PDF/a20_screen.pdf在北方，山楂最大的用處就是蘸糖葫蘆，酸甜爽脆，可解冬日煤爐炭火之氣。或者做山楂糕、山楂羹，生津開胃。北京人燉肉還講究「羊肉蘿蔔牛肉茶，豬肉裏面放山楂」。由食材「逆襲」而成浪漫IP，其實源於一個舶來的美麗誤會。上世紀中期，蘇聯歌曲風靡中國。其中一首就是《山楂樹》：「歌聲輕輕盪漾，在黃昏水面上，暮色中的工廠，在遠處閃着光；列車在飛快地奔馳，車窗的燈火輝煌，山楂樹下兩青年，在把我盼望。」能將鋼鐵、煤礦、鐵路等與愛情一起釀成音樂，是蘇聯東歐的專長。中國的愛情更多的生長於麥浪、草原之間。這首《山楂樹》，觸動了無數青年男女的心弦。他們坐着拖拉機，唱着《山楂樹》，奔赴天南海北。在那段激情燃燒而又苦難迷惘的青春年華裏，留下無法磨滅的旋律。酸澀而樸素的山楂，不正是平凡世界的喻示嗎？從一九八○年代至今，山楂樹題材的詩歌、小說、影視、歌曲經久不衰。本來，那首蘇聯歌曲原名是《烏拉爾的花楸樹》。花楸與山楂一樣都是紅色，但小得多，與紅豆差不多，在俄羅斯文化中也被看作是愛情的象徵。不過花楸對於中國人來說太陌生了。
Sorbus aucuparia, commonly called rowan (UK: /ˈrəʊən/, US: /ˈroʊən/) and mountain-ash, is a species of deciduous tree or shrub in the rose family. 花楸樹（Sorbus pohuashanensis），又名歐洲花楸、百華花楸、紅果臭山槐、山槐子（河北土名）、馬加木（東北土名）等對人類來說，花楸的果實味苦，不應大量直接食用[11]，但可製成果醬食用。冷凍、乾燥及烹飪也可以去除其苦味。此外它還可用作瀉藥、利尿劑、利膽劑。澳大利亞民間醫學使用花楸果實來治療感冒、發燒、風濕和痛風。The plant is commonly known as rowan and mountain-ash, and has also been called Amur mountain-ash, European mountain-ash, quick beam, quickbeam, or rowan-berry.The fruit of S. aucuparia were used in the past to lure and catch birds. To humans, the fruit are bitter, astringent, laxative, diuretic and a cholagogue. They have vitamin C, so they prevent scurvy, but the parasorbic acid irritates the gastric mucosa. Pharmacist Mannfried Pahlow wrote that he doubted the toxicity of the fruit but advised against consuming large amounts. The fruit contain sorbitol, which can be used as a sugar substitute by diabetics, but its production is no longer relevant.[48] Sorbus aucuparia fruits have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea, syrup, jelly or liqueur) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, fever, infections, colds, flu, rheumatism and gout.The robust qualities of S. aucuparia make it a source for fruit in harsh mountain climate and Maria Theresa, ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy, recommended the planting of the species in 1779.
- mentioned in bamburgh folktale dragon castle - used for making boat
- durham folktale the weardale fairies - rowan sprig has power to protect one from malicious enchantments
The Noble Dendrobium, Dendrobium nobile, is a member of the family Orchidaceae. It has become a popular cultivated decorative house plant, because it produces colourful blooms in winter and spring, at a time when little else is in flower. It is also one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, known as shí hú (石斛) or shí hú lán (石斛兰).
- Dendrobium nobile has been added to the EU novel foods catalogue as it is deemed unsafe for human consumption within food supplements without a safety assessment.
- 全草を加熱乾燥するか、あるいは湯に浸けた後に乾燥させたものを金釵石斛（きんさせっこく）と呼ぶ。漢方で強壮、強精、または美声薬として高貴薬とし、人参と並び称されるという。成分としては粘液質と、セスキテルペン系のアルカロイドである dendrobine、methodendrobine、nobiline、dendeamine などが発見されている。ただし、薬草の品質としてはホンセッコク D. officinale の方が良いとされている[11]。なお、これらの薬理成分については現在も多くの研究がなされている[12]
Salvadora persica (arak, Galenia asiatica, meswak, peelu, pīlu, Salvadora indica, or toothbrush tree, mustard tree, mustard bush), is a species of Salvadora. Salvadora persica has antiurolithiatic properties. Used for centuries as a natural toothbrush, its fibrous branches have been mentioned by the World Health Organization for oral hygiene use.
- The miswak (miswaak, siwak, sewak, Arabic: سواك or مسواك) is a teeth cleaning twig made from the Salvadora persica tree (known as arāk, أراك, in Arabic). It is reputed to have been used over 7000 years ago.[1] The miswak's properties have been described thus: "Apart from their antibacterial activity which may help control the formation and activity of dental plaque, they can be used effectively as a natural toothbrush for teeth cleaning. Such sticks are effective, inexpensive, common, available, and contain many medical properties".[2] It also features prominently in Islamic hygienical jurisprudence. The miswak is predominant in Muslim-inhabited areas. It is commonly used in the Arabian peninsula, the Horn of Africa, North Africa, parts of the Sahel, the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia and Southeast Asia.[citation needed] In Malaysia, miswak is known as Kayu Sugi (Malay for 'chewing stick').
mint
- 唇萼薄荷（Mentha pulegium），又称普列薄荷、除蚤薄荷、胡薄荷 , commonly (European) pennyroyal, or pennyrile, also called squaw mint, mosquito plant and pudding grass, is a species of flowering plant in the Lamiaceae family, or mint family, native to Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.[3] Crushed pennyroyal leaves emit a very strong fragrance similar to spearmint. Pennyroyal is a traditional folk remedy, emmenagogue, abortifacient, and culinary herb. Documented use of pennyroyal dates back to ancient Greek, Roman, and Medieval cultures. Its name – although of uncertain etymology – is associated with Latin pulex (flea), alluding to the manner it was used to drive away fleas when smeared on the body.[5] Pennyroyal was commonly incorporated as a cooking herb by the Greeks and Romans. A large number of the recipes in the Roman cookbook of Apicius called for the use of pennyroyal, often along with such herbs as lovage, oregano and coriander. Although it was commonly used for cooking also in the Middle Ages, it gradually fell out of use as a culinary herb and is seldom used as such today.Pennyroyal is toxic to humans and has differing effects dependent on the volume and concentration ingested. The most concentrated and toxic form of the pennyroyal plant is pennyroyal oil. The oil contains 80% to 92% of cyclohexanone pulegone. Pulegone, the molecule in highest concentration in the pennyroyal plant, causes a variety of ailments in those who ingest it and is what causes the plant to have its peppermint flavor. Symptoms that may persist after ingesting a small dose (<10 mL) of pennyroyal oil are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and dizziness. Larger volumes may result in multiorgan failure that could lead to death. There are no current toxicokinetics studies performed on humans for the effects of pulegone, but there are some studies performed on other mammals. When pulegone is ingested, it is broken down by the liver and reacts to form multiple toxic metabolites that can wreak havoc in the body. Some identified metabolites are menthofuran, piperitenone, piperitone, and menthone.
trade conflicts – like the United States and China today – it serves as a warning about how cultural differences and misunderstandings can lead to fatal errors. Rhubarb seems to have originated in the northern parts of Russia and China, and it was being used as far as 2700BC. For the Chinese, rhubarb – called da huang or “big yellow” in Mandarin – was a potent purgative, used only to treat grave illness. Only the roots and fluorescent red stalks were consumed; the huge green leaves contain large quantities of oxalic acid, making them highly toxic. In the Ming dynasty, the Chinese pharmacopoeia Bencao Gangmu, or Compendium of Materia Medica, listed 48 uses for the plant; Zhang Jiebing, a physician at the time, extolled rhubarb as one of the four cardinal drugs. Export demand for rhubarb became massive during the 1700s – a Russian royal monopoly on Chinese rhubarb was in force until 1781 – and silk, porcelain, tea and rhubarb were Qing China’s main exports.But it seems the Chinese emperor and his court had little knowledge of, or interest in, why Westerners consumed so much rhubarb. During a long border war with Russia in the 1780s, Chinese threats to cut off rhubarb exports seemed to bring the Russians quickly to the negotiating table, and the imperial court in Beijing concluded that there was something special about rhubarb that made foreign barbarians peculiarly reliant on it.According to a marvellous 2005 paper by Chang Che-chia at the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, in Taipei, the court believed that the Russians ate a lot of fish, and needed an antidote to toxins from fish. “General Rhubarb” was credited with bringing the Russians to their knees. According to imperial aide Xiao Lingyu, “It is in the nature of barbarians that they have a predilection for dairy products, which cause intestinal blockages that can be relieved only with rhubarb and tea, and unless they take these, they become critically ill.”So in the lead-up to the first opium war, imperial commissioner Lin Zexu sent a communique to Queen Victoria threatening a rhubarb embargo. As Chang observed: “At the time, the Chinese were not in a position to imagine that rhubarb could be wanted for any other reason than to purge an acute and dangerous intestinal blockage.” The fact that there was simply a passionate love affair between Victorians and rhubarb, which reached a crescendo around Queen Victoria’s coronation in 1838, seemed inconceivable in Beijing. Needless to say, the rhubarb embargo came to naught. Constipated Britons did not die in their thousands. Nor were the British colonial forces brought to their knees. This preposterous miscalculation was among the factors that contributed to China’s chaotic management of the opium wars. Rhubarb produced a “tragicomic interlude in modern Chinese history”, wrote Chang.Around 1817, the industry was augmented by an accidental discovery in the Chelsea Physic Garden that rhubarb that had been left covered underwent a powerful growth spurt that made them sweeter: tastier in pies and desserts, and even sparkling wine. In the 19th century, a special train transported rhubarb from Yorkshire to London to meet demand. Today, Yorkshire Forced Rhubarb, grown and cropped in sheds by candlelight, has achieved protected designation of origin status, like champagne, Parma ham and Stilton. But the Victorian passion for rhubarb has evaporated and only a meagre few of the original producers still keep the Yorkshire Rhubarb Triangle alive.https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3019192/donald-trump-should-learn-lesson-imperial-chinas-failed-rhubarb-war
黃荊（Huánɡ Jīnɡ），馬鞭草科牡荊屬植物黃荊及牡荊以果實（黃荊子）及根、莖、葉入藥。
原文網址：https://kknews.cc/news/ye43maa.html
- 相傳"負荊請罪"的典故里，廉頗背的就是這個荊條，向藺相如請罪。記得小時候家裏做豆豉時，就拿荊葉來覆蓋上漚豆豉，不會變質還有特殊的芳香。清洗豬肚，大腸之類也先用莖葉一起加鹽揉搓過，去味去油膩，更好清洗
原文網址：https://kknews.cc/history/blzrv3o.html
車前屬 Plantago is a genus of about 200 species of small, inconspicuous plants commonly called plantains or fleaworts. They are found all over the world, including the Americas, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and Europe. Plantago species have been used since prehistoric times as herbal remedies. The herb is astringent, anti-toxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-histamine, as well as demulcent, expectorant, styptic and diuretic.[4] Externally, a poultice of the leaves is useful for insect bites, poison-ivy rashes, minor sores, and boils. In folklore it is even claimed to be able to cure snakebite and was used by the Dakota Indian tribe of North America for this.[5] Internally, it is used for coughs and bronchitis, as a tea, tincture, or syrup.[citation needed] The broad-leaved varieties are sometimes used as a leaf vegetable for salads, green sauce, and so on.[citation needed] Plantain seed husks expand and become mucilaginous when wet.
- Everyone who grew up in the USSR is likely to have a similar childhood memory: you are running along a road, you fall, you graze your knees, you start crying but then you remember what your granny taught you - put a plantain leaf on the wound (don't mix up with cooking plantain, a kind of banana). You tear off a dusty leaf and apply it to the wound, but first you spit on the leaf - either to make it stick to the graze or to wash away the dirt, you don’t remember. Then suddenly, as if by magic, after about 10 minutes, the blood stops and the pain seems less.https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/331897-plantain-russian-podorozhnik-cure
- Baldellia ranunculoides, aussi appelée alisma fausse-renoncule[1], flûteau fausse-renoncule[1] ou plantain d’eau fausse-renoncule, est une espèce de plantes aquatiques du genre Baldellia, de la famille des alismatacées, originaire d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord.
Iris is a genus of 260–300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers. It takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, which is also the name for the Greek goddess of the rainbow, Iris.
- 原來鳶尾花圖騰從很早便是法國國王的象徵，公元496年前克洛維一世歸信基督教，受洗典禮上用的是鳶尾花油。傳說，那一天眾多天使翩然降臨，他們蘸一點小瓶中的鳶尾花油為國王膏抹。自此後，鳶尾花油變成為聖潔的標誌。後來，受膏抹的法國國王，如公元8世紀時的查理大帝，均深信他與克洛維國王一樣，擁有上帝賦予的神聖權力。約旦黑鳶尾花，屬於相當奇特和稀有的花卉品種，海拔700米到900米的高度且排水性良好的沙質土壤是其最佳的生長環境。1999年初，侯賽因在美國治病期間，當地花商接到來自全球政要及關心他病情人士的要求，專送黑鳶尾花進行探望，使得鄰近各州栽培黑鳶尾花的花商供不應求。
http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/05/07/b08-0507.pdf
Lycium is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.Common names English names for plants of this genus include box-thorn and desert-thorn. The plants are also called אטד (ațad) in Hebrewand عَوْسَج (eawsaj) in Arabic.[citation needed] There are about 70 to 80 species. The most important are Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense, whose fruits (wolfberries or goji berries) are an important traditional food crop in China and have recently become a popular health foodall over the world.The generic name Lycium is derived from the Greek word λυκιον (lykion), which was applied by Pliny the Elder (23-79) and Pedanius Dioscorides(ca. 40-90) to a plant known as dyer's buckthorn. It was probably a Rhamnus species and was named for Lycia (Λυκία), the ancient southern Anatolian region in which it grew. The berry is called lycii fructus ("lycium fruit") in old Latinpharmacological texts.
睡茄（Withania somnifera），俗稱南非醉茄、印度人參或心葉青牛膽, known commonly as ashwagandha,[2] Indian ginseng, poison gooseberry,[3] or winter cherry,[2] is a plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family.
The species name somnifera means "sleep-inducing" in Latin.[6] The name, ashwagandha, is a combination of the Sanskrit words ashva, meaning horse, and gandha, meaning smell, reflecting that the root has a strong horse-like odor.Withania somnifera is cultivated in many of the drier regions of India. It is also found in Nepal, China and Yemen. It prefers dry stony soil with sun to partial shade. The plant, particularly its root powder, has been used for centuries in traditional Indian medicine.
- https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/coronavirus-treatment-ayurvedic-drug-covid-19-cure-ashwagandha-against-coronavirus-researchers-from-iit-delhi-and-japans-aist-make-an-interesting-discovery-about-the-ayurvedic-drug/photostory/75864118.cms?picid=75864414
地黄属（Rehmannia）是玄参科下的一个属，为多年生草本植物。该属共有6－8种，分布于亚洲东部。Rehmannia is named for Joseph Rehmann (1788–1831), a physician in St. Petersburg. According to The Plant List, Rehmannia comprises six species.
The Noble Dendrobium, Dendrobium nobile, is a member of the family Orchidaceae. It has become a popular cultivated decorative house plant, because it produces colourful blooms in winter and spring, at a time when little else is in flower. It is also one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, known as shí hú (石斛) or shí hú lán (石斛兰).
- Dendrobium nobile has been added to the EU novel foods catalogue as it is deemed unsafe for human consumption within food supplements without a safety assessment.
- 全草を加熱乾燥するか、あるいは湯に浸けた後に乾燥させたものを金釵石斛（きんさせっこく）と呼ぶ。漢方で強壮、強精、または美声薬として高貴薬とし、人参と並び称されるという。成分としては粘液質と、セスキテルペン系のアルカロイドである dendrobine、methodendrobine、nobiline、dendeamine などが発見されている。ただし、薬草の品質としてはホンセッコク D. officinale の方が良いとされている[11]。なお、これらの薬理成分については現在も多くの研究がなされている[12]
Salvadora persica (arak, Galenia asiatica, meswak, peelu, pīlu, Salvadora indica, or toothbrush tree, mustard tree, mustard bush), is a species of Salvadora. Salvadora persica has antiurolithiatic properties. Used for centuries as a natural toothbrush, its fibrous branches have been mentioned by the World Health Organization for oral hygiene use.
- The miswak (miswaak, siwak, sewak, Arabic: سواك or مسواك) is a teeth cleaning twig made from the Salvadora persica tree (known as arāk, أراك, in Arabic). It is reputed to have been used over 7000 years ago.[1] The miswak's properties have been described thus: "Apart from their antibacterial activity which may help control the formation and activity of dental plaque, they can be used effectively as a natural toothbrush for teeth cleaning. Such sticks are effective, inexpensive, common, available, and contain many medical properties".[2] It also features prominently in Islamic hygienical jurisprudence. The miswak is predominant in Muslim-inhabited areas. It is commonly used in the Arabian peninsula, the Horn of Africa, North Africa, parts of the Sahel, the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia and Southeast Asia.[citation needed] In Malaysia, miswak is known as Kayu Sugi (Malay for 'chewing stick').
スペインカンゾウ（スペイン甘草）は、マメ科カンゾウ属の1種で、広義では甘草に含まれる。別名セイホクカンゾウ（西北甘草）、ヨーロッパカンゾウ。Liquorice (British English) or licorice (American English) (/ˈlɪkərɪʃ,
- Liquorice, which grows best in well-drained soils in deep valleys with full sun, is harvested in the autumn two to three years after planting.[13]Countries producing liquorice include India, Iran, Italy, Afghanistan, the People’s Republic of China, Pakistan, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Turkey. The world's leading manufacturer of liquorice products is M&F Worldwide, which manufactures more than 70% of the worldwide liquorice flavours sold to end users.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-people-annoyingly-insist-on-pronouncing-liquorice-as-liquorish-I-pronounce-it-as-I-believe-it-should-be-which-is-liquoriss
- china
- ningxia 鹽池縣 produces this herb
Apocynum venetum, commonly known as sword-leaf dogbane, is a plant species in the dogbane family, poisonous but used as a source of fiber, medicine, and nectar for production of honey.Apocynum venetum leaves have been used in the traditional medicine for hypertension treatment. 罗布麻，别称红麻、茶叶花、红柳子等，直立半灌木，高1.5-3米，一般高约2米，最高可达4米，生长于河岸、山沟、山坡的砂质地，在中国淮河、秦岭、昆仑山以北各省（自治区）都有罗布麻分布，有清火，降压，强心，利尿。治心脏病等作用。
mint
- 唇萼薄荷（Mentha pulegium），又称普列薄荷、除蚤薄荷、胡薄荷 , commonly (European) pennyroyal, or pennyrile, also called squaw mint, mosquito plant and pudding grass, is a species of flowering plant in the Lamiaceae family, or mint family, native to Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.[3] Crushed pennyroyal leaves emit a very strong fragrance similar to spearmint. Pennyroyal is a traditional folk remedy, emmenagogue, abortifacient, and culinary herb. Documented use of pennyroyal dates back to ancient Greek, Roman, and Medieval cultures. Its name – although of uncertain etymology – is associated with Latin pulex (flea), alluding to the manner it was used to drive away fleas when smeared on the body.[5] Pennyroyal was commonly incorporated as a cooking herb by the Greeks and Romans. A large number of the recipes in the Roman cookbook of Apicius called for the use of pennyroyal, often along with such herbs as lovage, oregano and coriander. Although it was commonly used for cooking also in the Middle Ages, it gradually fell out of use as a culinary herb and is seldom used as such today.Pennyroyal is toxic to humans and has differing effects dependent on the volume and concentration ingested. The most concentrated and toxic form of the pennyroyal plant is pennyroyal oil. The oil contains 80% to 92% of cyclohexanone pulegone. Pulegone, the molecule in highest concentration in the pennyroyal plant, causes a variety of ailments in those who ingest it and is what causes the plant to have its peppermint flavor. Symptoms that may persist after ingesting a small dose (<10 mL) of pennyroyal oil are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and dizziness. Larger volumes may result in multiorgan failure that could lead to death. There are no current toxicokinetics studies performed on humans for the effects of pulegone, but there are some studies performed on other mammals. When pulegone is ingested, it is broken down by the liver and reacts to form multiple toxic metabolites that can wreak havoc in the body. Some identified metabolites are menthofuran, piperitenone, piperitone, and menthone.
- china
- 薄荷倒是中國自古就有的香料，在秦漢時代的中 藥專書《神農本草經》便有記載，那時的名字是叫 菝葀。北宋時代已經成為季節性的市售食物。記得 在雲南旅遊時，曾在一家路邊小店裡吃火鍋，老闆 就從路邊的水溝裡採摘薄荷作佐料。 http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/09/24/a30-0924.pdf
Die Engelwurzen Angelica is a genus of about 60 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far north as Iceland, Lapland and Greenland.Some species are grown as flavouring agents or for their medicinal properties. The most notable of these is garden angelica (A. archangelica), which is commonly known simply as angelica. Natives of Lapland use the fleshy roots as food and the stalks as medicine. Crystallized strips of young angelica stems and midribs are green in colour and are sold as decorative and flavoursome cake decoration material, but may also be enjoyed on their own. The roots and seeds are sometimes used to flavour gin. Its presence accounts for the distinct flavour of many liqueurs, such as Chartreuse. Among the Sami people of Lapland, the plant is used to make a traditional musical instrument the fadno. Seacoast angelica (A. lucida) has been eaten as a wild version of celery. In parts of Japan, especially the Izu Islands, the shoots and leaves of ashitaba (A. keiskei) are eaten as tempura, particularly in the spring. A. sylvestris and some other species are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including bordered pug, grey pug, lime-speck pug and the V-pug. A. dawsonii was used by several first nations in North America for ritual purposes. A. atropurpurea is found in North America from Newfoundland west to Wisconsin and south to Maryland, and was smoked by Missouri tribes for colds and respiratory ailments.[medical citation needed] This species is very similar in appearance to the poisonous water hemlock. The boiled roots of angelica were applied internally and externally to wounds by the Aleut people in Alaska to speed healing.[medical citation needed] The herb, also known by the Chinese name, bai zhi, and Latin name, radix angelicae dahurica, is used medicinally in traditional Chinese medicine. 當歸屬是傘形科下的一個屬的草本植物。其特徵為1至3米高，擁有羽狀葉片，並有白色或淺綠色的花朵。它的成员包括白芷、当归、东当归等常用药草。
- france
- france
- [les carnets de julie episode on charente] linked with john the baptist
ウスベニタチアオイ Athaea officinalis (薄紅立葵、Marsh mallow)は、アオイ科の多年草であり、別名ビロードアオイ。 Der Echte Eibisch (Althaea officinalis), auch Arznei-Eibisch genannt La Guimauve officinale (Althaea officinalis L.), aussi appelée Guimauve sauvage ou Mauve blanche Althaea officinalis, or marsh-mallow, is a perennial species indigenous to Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, which is used in herbalism and as an ornamental plant. A confection made from the root since ancient Egyptian times evolved into today's marshmallow treat,[3] but most modern marshmallow treats no longer contain any marsh-mallow root.The leaves, flowers and the root of A. officinalis (marshmallow) have been used in traditional herbal medicine. This use is reflected in the name of the genus, which comes from the Greek ἄλθειν (althein), meaning "to heal."Marshmallow was traditionally used as relief for irritation of mucous membranes,[8] including use as a gargle for mouth and throat ulcersand gastric ulcers. In Russia, the root syrup is sold without a prescription by pharmacies, with intent to treat minor respiratory ailments.The flowers and young leaves can be eaten, and are often added to salads or are boiled and fried. The root extract (halawa extract) is sometimes used as flavoring in the making of a Middle Eastern snack called halva. The later French version of the recipe, called pâte de guimauve (or guimauve for short), included an egg white meringue and was often flavored with rose water. Pâte de guimauve more closely resembles contemporary commercially available marshmallows, which no longer contain Althaea officinalis.药蜀葵为锦葵科蜀葵属下的一个种。是歐洲、西亞和北非原生的多年生植物，亦產於中國大陸新疆塔城縣依滅勒河沿岸。藥蜀葵的根主要作為藥用，古埃及的醫師會抽取其根搾取其汁來紓緩喉痛和咳嗽，此種藥品亦演變成為今日的棉花糖。
- [the new vegetables, herbs & fruit an illustrated encyclopedia by firefly books] it is common to find it in salt marshes and on banks near the sea
- japanese brand uchino 棉花糖三重紗products
- japanese brand uchino 棉花糖三重紗products
Rhubarb is a cultivated plant in the genus Rheum in the family Polygonaceae. It is a herbaceous perennial growing from short, thick rhizomes. Historically, different plants have been called "rhubarb" in English and used for two distinct purposes. The roots of some species were first used in medicine. Later, the fleshy, edible stalks (petioles) of other species and hybrids (culinary rhubarb) were cooked and used for food. The large, triangular leavescontain high levels of oxalic acid, making them inedible. The small flowers are grouped in large compound leafy greenish-white to rose-red inflorescences. The precise origin of culinary rhubarb is unknown. The species Rheum rhabarbarum (syn. R. undulatum) and R. rhaponticum were grown in Europe before the 18th century and used for medicinal purposes. By the early 18th century, these two species and a possible hybrid of unknown origin, R. × hybridum, were grown as vegetable crops in England and Scandinavia. They readily hybridize, and culinary rhubarb was developed by selecting open-pollinated seed, so that its precise origin is almost impossible to determine.[2] In appearance, culinary rhubarb varies continuously between R. rhaponticum and R. rhabarbarum.Although rhubarb is a vegetable, it is often put to the same culinary uses as fruits.[4] The leaf stalks can be used raw, when they have a crisp texture (similar to celery, although it is in a different family), but are most commonly cooked with sugar and used in pies, crumbles and other desserts. They have a strong, tart taste. Many cultivars have been developed for human consumption, most of which are recognised as Rheum × hybridum by the Royal Horticultural Society.大黃，又稱作生大黃、熟大黃、生將軍、生錦紋、酒軍、黃良，是多種蓼科大黃屬的多年生草本植物的合稱，一般從粗短的根莖種植。大黃長有三角形的大葉，葉柄肥厚。花形細小，聚集成花序，顏色從綠白色到玫瑰紅色。在中國的文獻裡，「大黃」指的往往是馬蹄大黃；但在歐洲及中東地區，他們的大黃往往指另外幾個品種。大黃的葉片富含草酸，不適宜食用，但可藥用，在中國，大黃的主要用途就是作藥用。此外，它的莖可作食用，一般用於製作餡餅或為其他食物帶來餡餅的味道，因此又有「Pie Plant」 之稱。目前最常見的大黃品種，是由英國皇家園藝學會分類的Rheum × hybridum。大黃是中醫常用的通便瀉火藥物，「藥性峻利」，「性大苦大寒」[2]。其根部用作瀉藥的歷史，至少有5000年[3]，不論是傳統的中醫藥或是中世紀時期的阿拉伯世界及歐洲的藥方中均有提及[4][5]。 大黃能夠令口腔和鼻腔的黏膜具有收斂作用（astringent effect）[6]。大黃的根和莖含豐富的蒽醌類化合物，例如：大黃素（emodin）、蘆薈大黃素（Aloe emodin）、大黃素甲醚（Physcion）、大黃酚（Chrysophanol）及大黃酸（Rhein）等。這些化合物部分有輕瀉的作用。"rhubarb"（ルバーブ）という言葉は古代ギリシア語の "ρά" (rha) + "βάρβαρον" (barbarum) に由来すると考えられている。"ρά" はディオスコリデスが呼んでいたルバーブの名で、"βάρβαρον" は「蛮族の」を意味する。ほかにルバーブ（レウム属）の瀉下作用との関連でギリシア語の "rheo"（流れる）が語源となったという説もある[7]。"Rha" はまたヴォルガ川の水名でもある[23]。ルバーブは初期には "rha ponticum" とも呼ばれていたが、「ヴォルガ川 (Rha) と黒海 (Pontus) を越えて」という意味だという説がある[7]。日本へは明治初期に伝えられたが、生食における独特の風味が好まれず定着しなかった[46]。1920年代には、長野県の野尻湖畔や軽井沢など、外国人避暑地の周辺で在留外国人向けに栽培が始められた[31]。長野県の信濃村でキリスト教牧師を務めていた太田愛人は、全国的には知名度が低かったルバーブを1976年の著書『辺境の食卓』で紹介した。当時ルバーブは限られた地域でしか栽培されておらず、太田は外国人客が他県から「ルバーブを仕入れに」来訪する様子を筆にしている[30][47]。英国では、大勢の俳優が背景音としてガヤガヤと会話を交わすこと（en:walla、がや）を俗に「ルバーブ」と呼ぶ。その際、耳に立ちにくい音の連なりとして実際に「ルバーブ、ルバーブ」と発声することがある[75]。北米では野球の試合中に行われる乱闘や口論を「ルバーブ」と呼ぶ[45][75]。ルバーブの葉は複数の有毒物質を含んでいる。その1つであるシュウ酸は多くの植物に見られ、腎毒性・腐食性を有している。ルバーブの葉の摂取によって健康被害を起こす例は昔から多く、特に第一次世界大戦後の英国で食料源として推奨された際に問題となった。 有毒の葉から抽出された液体は、炭酸カルシウム沈殿物を混合することでシュウ酸の除去処理 を行ってから香料として利用される。シュウ酸は茎にも存在するが、微量であるため人体に害を及ぼすことはない。
- hkej 24mar2021 c6 imported from islamic states to europe through silk road (aleppo, smyrna) during medieval times; mentioned by ruy gonzalez de clavijo (who had been to samarkand) to timur; marco polo found the origin of rhubarb plant production base in the region of modern day ningxia, gansu and qinghai (inhabited by 党项 people) and imported them to europe
- Revisiting the English county of Yorkshire this month for the first time in decades has brought back sharp, poignant memories – and none so peculiar as those of the frost pocket known as the Rhubarb Triangle between Leeds, Wakefield and Bradford. I’m sure most readers have neither heard of nor ever tasted rhubarb. But old-timers like me nurture fond post-war ration-era memories of plundering the rhubarb patch in the back garden, of rhubarb pies, rhubarb with custard, and of the stolen pleasure of chomping on long red sticks of rhubarb plonked into a bowl of sugar. While rhubarb has fallen quite out of fashion in recent times (and beyond reliable global measures of production or trade), the vegetable claims a startling role in Britain’s opium wars against China, at the heart of what must be one of the most ludicrous strategic miscalculations in recent Chinese history. For anyone involved in trade conflicts – like the United States and China today – it serves as a warning about how cultural differences and misunderstandings can lead to fatal errors. Rhubarb seems to have originated in the northern parts of Russia and China, and it was being used as far as 2700BC. For the Chinese, rhubarb – called da huang or “big yellow” in Mandarin – was a potent purgative, used only to treat grave illness. Only the roots and fluorescent red stalks were consumed; the huge green leaves contain large quantities of oxalic acid, making them highly toxic. In the Ming dynasty, the Chinese pharmacopoeia Bencao Gangmu, or Compendium of Materia Medica, listed 48 uses for the plant; Zhang Jiebing, a physician at the time, extolled rhubarb as one of the four cardinal drugs. Export demand for rhubarb became massive during the 1700s – a Russian royal monopoly on Chinese rhubarb was in force until 1781 – and silk, porcelain, tea and rhubarb were Qing China’s main exports.But it seems the Chinese emperor and his court had little knowledge of, or interest in, why Westerners consumed so much rhubarb. During a long border war with Russia in the 1780s, Chinese threats to cut off rhubarb exports seemed to bring the Russians quickly to the negotiating table, and the imperial court in Beijing concluded that there was something special about rhubarb that made foreign barbarians peculiarly reliant on it.According to a marvellous 2005 paper by Chang Che-chia at the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, in Taipei, the court believed that the Russians ate a lot of fish, and needed an antidote to toxins from fish. “General Rhubarb” was credited with bringing the Russians to their knees. According to imperial aide Xiao Lingyu, “It is in the nature of barbarians that they have a predilection for dairy products, which cause intestinal blockages that can be relieved only with rhubarb and tea, and unless they take these, they become critically ill.”So in the lead-up to the first opium war, imperial commissioner Lin Zexu sent a communique to Queen Victoria threatening a rhubarb embargo. As Chang observed: “At the time, the Chinese were not in a position to imagine that rhubarb could be wanted for any other reason than to purge an acute and dangerous intestinal blockage.” The fact that there was simply a passionate love affair between Victorians and rhubarb, which reached a crescendo around Queen Victoria’s coronation in 1838, seemed inconceivable in Beijing. Needless to say, the rhubarb embargo came to naught. Constipated Britons did not die in their thousands. Nor were the British colonial forces brought to their knees. This preposterous miscalculation was among the factors that contributed to China’s chaotic management of the opium wars. Rhubarb produced a “tragicomic interlude in modern Chinese history”, wrote Chang.Around 1817, the industry was augmented by an accidental discovery in the Chelsea Physic Garden that rhubarb that had been left covered underwent a powerful growth spurt that made them sweeter: tastier in pies and desserts, and even sparkling wine. In the 19th century, a special train transported rhubarb from Yorkshire to London to meet demand. Today, Yorkshire Forced Rhubarb, grown and cropped in sheds by candlelight, has achieved protected designation of origin status, like champagne, Parma ham and Stilton. But the Victorian passion for rhubarb has evaporated and only a meagre few of the original producers still keep the Yorkshire Rhubarb Triangle alive.https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3019192/donald-trump-should-learn-lesson-imperial-chinas-failed-rhubarb-war
黃荊（Huánɡ Jīnɡ），馬鞭草科牡荊屬植物黃荊及牡荊以果實（黃荊子）及根、莖、葉入藥。
原文網址：https://kknews.cc/news/ye43maa.html
- 相傳"負荊請罪"的典故里，廉頗背的就是這個荊條，向藺相如請罪。記得小時候家裏做豆豉時，就拿荊葉來覆蓋上漚豆豉，不會變質還有特殊的芳香。清洗豬肚，大腸之類也先用莖葉一起加鹽揉搓過，去味去油膩，更好清洗
原文網址：https://kknews.cc/history/blzrv3o.html
車前屬 Plantago is a genus of about 200 species of small, inconspicuous plants commonly called plantains or fleaworts. They are found all over the world, including the Americas, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and Europe. Plantago species have been used since prehistoric times as herbal remedies. The herb is astringent, anti-toxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-histamine, as well as demulcent, expectorant, styptic and diuretic.[4] Externally, a poultice of the leaves is useful for insect bites, poison-ivy rashes, minor sores, and boils. In folklore it is even claimed to be able to cure snakebite and was used by the Dakota Indian tribe of North America for this.[5] Internally, it is used for coughs and bronchitis, as a tea, tincture, or syrup.[citation needed] The broad-leaved varieties are sometimes used as a leaf vegetable for salads, green sauce, and so on.[citation needed] Plantain seed husks expand and become mucilaginous when wet.
- Everyone who grew up in the USSR is likely to have a similar childhood memory: you are running along a road, you fall, you graze your knees, you start crying but then you remember what your granny taught you - put a plantain leaf on the wound (don't mix up with cooking plantain, a kind of banana). You tear off a dusty leaf and apply it to the wound, but first you spit on the leaf - either to make it stick to the graze or to wash away the dirt, you don’t remember. Then suddenly, as if by magic, after about 10 minutes, the blood stops and the pain seems less.https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/331897-plantain-russian-podorozhnik-cure
- Baldellia ranunculoides, aussi appelée alisma fausse-renoncule[1], flûteau fausse-renoncule[1] ou plantain d’eau fausse-renoncule, est une espèce de plantes aquatiques du genre Baldellia, de la famille des alismatacées, originaire d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord.
- 英國植物學家近日在薩默塞特郡，發現了在當地已消失達一百年的國家稀有植物——小澤瀉（The lesser water plantain，又稱水車前草或小水芭蕉）。英國及愛爾蘭植物學會等組織表示，這種稀有植物自一九一四年以來已絕迹薩默塞特郡，但近日於當地一條古老木材軌道重現https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200813/00180_037.html
Iris is a genus of 260–300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers. It takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, which is also the name for the Greek goddess of the rainbow, Iris.
- Rhizomes of the German Iris (I. germanica) and Sweet Iris(I. pallida) are traded as orris root and are used in perfumeand medicine, though more common in ancient times than today. Today Iris essential oil (absolute) from flowers are sometimes used in aromatherapy as sedative medicines. The dried rhizomes are also given whole to babies to help in teething. Gin brands such as Bombay Sapphire and Magellan Gin use orris root and sometimes iris flowers for flavor and color.For orris root production, iris rhizomes are harvested, dried, and aged for up to 5 years. In this time, the fats and oils inside the roots undergo degradation and oxidation, which produces many fragrant compounds that are valuable in perfumery. The scent is said to be similar to violets. The aged rhizomes are steam-distilled which produces a thick oily compound, known in the perfume industry as "iris butter" or orris oil.Iris rhizomes also contain notable amounts of terpenes, and organic acids such as ascorbic acid, myristic acid, tridecylenic acid and undecylenic acid. Iris rhizomes can be toxic. Larger blue flag (I. versicolor) and other species often grown in gardens and widely hybridized contain elevated amounts of the toxic glycoside iridin. These rhizomes can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or skin irritation, but poisonings are not normally fatal. Irises should only be used medicinally under professional guidance.
- In Christianity, the iris represents Our Lady of Sorrows as its sharp leaves are like swords.The Iris croatica is the unofficial National Flower of Croatia .[28] Iris nigricans, the Black Iris is the national flower of Jordan.[29] Iris bismarckiana, the Nazareth Iris, is the symbol of the city of Upper Nazareth.In 1998, Iris lacustris, the Dwarf Lake Iris was designated the state wildflower of Michigan,[32][33] where the vast majority of populations exist.In 1990, the Louisiana iris was voted the state wildflower of Louisiana,[35] though the state flower is the magnolia blossom.In Iran and Kashmir,[37] Iris kashmiriana and Iris germanica[38] are most commonly grown on Muslim[39] grave yards.An iris — species unspecified — is one of the state flowers of Tennessee.- 原來鳶尾花圖騰從很早便是法國國王的象徵，公元496年前克洛維一世歸信基督教，受洗典禮上用的是鳶尾花油。傳說，那一天眾多天使翩然降臨，他們蘸一點小瓶中的鳶尾花油為國王膏抹。自此後，鳶尾花油變成為聖潔的標誌。後來，受膏抹的法國國王，如公元8世紀時的查理大帝，均深信他與克洛維國王一樣，擁有上帝賦予的神聖權力。約旦黑鳶尾花，屬於相當奇特和稀有的花卉品種，海拔700米到900米的高度且排水性良好的沙質土壤是其最佳的生長環境。1999年初，侯賽因在美國治病期間，當地花商接到來自全球政要及關心他病情人士的要求，專送黑鳶尾花進行探望，使得鄰近各州栽培黑鳶尾花的花商供不應求。
http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/05/07/b08-0507.pdf
Lycium is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.Common names English names for plants of this genus include box-thorn and desert-thorn. The plants are also called אטד (ațad) in Hebrewand عَوْسَج (eawsaj) in Arabic.[citation needed] There are about 70 to 80 species. The most important are Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense, whose fruits (wolfberries or goji berries) are an important traditional food crop in China and have recently become a popular health foodall over the world.The generic name Lycium is derived from the Greek word λυκιον (lykion), which was applied by Pliny the Elder (23-79) and Pedanius Dioscorides(ca. 40-90) to a plant known as dyer's buckthorn. It was probably a Rhamnus species and was named for Lycia (Λυκία), the ancient southern Anatolian region in which it grew. The berry is called lycii fructus ("lycium fruit") in old Latinpharmacological texts.
睡茄（Withania somnifera），俗稱南非醉茄、印度人參或心葉青牛膽, known commonly as ashwagandha,[2] Indian ginseng, poison gooseberry,[3] or winter cherry,[2] is a plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family.
The species name somnifera means "sleep-inducing" in Latin.[6] The name, ashwagandha, is a combination of the Sanskrit words ashva, meaning horse, and gandha, meaning smell, reflecting that the root has a strong horse-like odor.Withania somnifera is cultivated in many of the drier regions of India. It is also found in Nepal, China and Yemen. It prefers dry stony soil with sun to partial shade. The plant, particularly its root powder, has been used for centuries in traditional Indian medicine.
- https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/coronavirus-treatment-ayurvedic-drug-covid-19-cure-ashwagandha-against-coronavirus-researchers-from-iit-delhi-and-japans-aist-make-an-interesting-discovery-about-the-ayurvedic-drug/photostory/75864118.cms?picid=75864414
委陵菜属 Potentilla /ˌpoʊtənˈtɪlə/[1] is a genus containing over 300[2] species of annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae. They are usually called cinquefoils in English. Potentilla are generally only found throughout the northern continents of the world (holarctic), though some may even be found in montane biomes of the New Guinea Highlands. Several other cinquefoils formerly included here are now separated in distinct genera - notably the popular garden shrub P. fruticosa, now Dasiphora fruticosa. Some species are called tormentils, though this is often used specifically for common tormentil (P. erecta). Others are referred to as barren strawberries, which may also refer to P. sterilis in particular, or to the closely related but not congeneric Waldsteinia fragarioides.金露梅（Potentilla fruticosa），又名金老梅，在藏語中被稱為格桑花（藏語：བསྐལ་བཟང་མེ་ཏོག་，藏語拼音：Gaisang Mêdog，威利：bsKal bZang Me Tog，音譯「格桑梅朵」），意思是幸福的，為拉薩市的市花。
- Some species are used in herbalism. Common tormentil (P. erecta), for example, has been used as an herbal remedy for inflammation and gastrointestinal disorders.[14] Research continues to determine its safety and usefulness as an alternative medicine for such disorders as ulcerative colitis. Potentilla discolor and P. multifida are Chinese medicinal herbs used to treat diabetes.
- In heraldry, the cinquefoil emblem or potentilla signified strength, power, honor, and loyalty. Depiction of the five-petalled flower appears as early as 1033, in the architecture of the church built in the village of Reulle-Vergy in Burgundy, France, two years before the reign of William the Conqueror. The cinquefoil emblem was used generously in the architecture of numerous churches built in Normandy and Brittany through the 15th century. From the 11th to 14th century, the word potence, related to potentilla, was used mainly in a military context and to describe the condition of the soul. At the time of William the Conqueror, the potentilla was used as the device of Bardolph of Brittany, who at the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066–1067 was the master of William's military engineer corps.
- yellow cinquefoil is the badge of hamilton clan, also presents the city of hamilton canada
- looks a bit like the flower logo of urban council
- Rehmannia chingii
- Rehmannia elata
- Rehmannia glutinosa – (gan) di huang in Chinese (Chinese: (干)地黃)
- Rehmannia henryi
- Rehmannia piasezkii
- Rehmannia solanifolia
Sometimes known as Chinese foxglove due to its superficial resemblance to the genus Digitalis, the species of Rehmannia are perennial herbs. The plants have large flowers and are grown as ornamental garden plants in Europe and North America, and are used medicinally in Asia.Known as dìhuáng (地黄) or gān dìhuáng (干地黄) in Chinese, R. glutinosa is used as a medicinal herb for many conditions within Chinese traditional formulations.It is the main ingredient in a mixture called si wu tang (four substance decoction) along with Dang gui, Chinese peony (bai shao yao), and Ligusticum striatum (chuan xiong) that is considered a fundamental medicine to support making blood.When two ingredients, peach (tao ren) and safflower (hong hua), are added, it is called tao hong si wu tang (four substance decoction with peach pit and safflower), which is used in TCM for fatigue
连翘属Forsythia /fɔːrˈsɪθiə/[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the olive family Oleaceae. There are about 11 species, mostly native to eastern Asia, but one native to southeastern Europe. Forsythia is also one of the plant's common names, along with Easter tree; It is widely stated that forsythia flowers are able to produce lactose (the milk sugar). Lactose is very rarely established in other natural sources except milk. However, the presence of lactose could not be confirmed.The genus is named after William Forsyth (1737–1804), a Scottish botanist who was royal head gardener and a founding member of the Royal Horticultural Society.連翹屬有兩種變種：連翹和金鐘花。這兩個物種是連翹家族最早從遠東進入西方園林的物種
- 连翘属于野生植物油料，连翘籽含油率达25%-33%，籽实油含胶质，挥发性能好，是绝缘油漆工业和化妆品的良好原料，具有很好的开发潜力，油可供制造肥皂及化妆品，又可制造绝缘漆及润滑油等，还富含易被人体吸收、消化的油酸和亚油酸，油味芳香，精炼后是良好的食用油。连翘提取物可作为天然防腐剂用于食品保鲜，尤其适用于含水分较多的鲜鱼制品的保鲜。连翘提取物能有效抑制环境中常见腐败菌的繁殖，延长食品的保质期，是一种较有希望的成本低而安全的新型食品防腐剂口。
-连翘根系发达，其主根、侧根、须根可在土层中密集成网状，吸收和保水能力强；侧根粗而长，须根多而密，可牵拉和固着土壤，防止土块滑移。连翘萌发力强，树冠盖度增加较快，能有效防止雨滴击溅地面，减少侵蚀，具有良好的水土保持作用，是国家推荐的退耕还林优良生态树种和黄土高原防治水土流失的最佳经济作物。
- korea
- 韩国首都首尔市花。
- china
- 在河南新密市岐伯山上，岐伯墓东有一个地方叫大臣沟。沟上沟下遍布连翘，连翘不仅是一剂名贵中药材，而且是一种适宜观赏的景观树，其叶是久传盛名的茶品原料，其果是清热解毒的佳品。相传，五千年前岐伯在这里采药、种药，岐伯有个孙女叫连翘，一日岐伯和孙女连翘在山上采药时，岐伯自品自验一种药物，不幸中毒，口吐白沫，神昏脑胀，双目直视，不省人事，在病情十分严重的情况下，嘴里不停地喊着：连翘、连翘，连翘看爷爷中毒严重，有生命危险，泪流满面的抱着爷爷哭喊着：救命！救命！连翘呼喊了好久无人应答，心急之下她虽无抢救办法，也不忍心看着爷爷离去，无奈之下，她急中生智顺手捋了一把身边的绿叶，在手里揉碎后塞进爷爷的嘴里。稍过片刻，岐伯慢慢苏醒过来，把绿叶咽下肚里，两刻之后，岐伯面舌如常，连翘搀扶着爷爷回到家里，进行药物和膳食的调养，岐伯仙师逐渐恢复健康。从此，他开始研究起这绿叶来，经过多次试验，发现这绿叶有较好的清热解毒作用，效果甚佳，便把这绿叶记入他的中药名录，取名为连翘，以孙女代名
- 麻田鎮連翹以野生為主，全鎮境內 野生連翹面積 3萬餘畝，年產連翹約 500噸，是名 副其實的連翹大鎮。麻田鎮家家戶戶或多或少都採 摘野生連翹補貼家用。據了解，山西省政府辦公廳駐左權縣麻田鎮幫扶 工作隊幫扶澤城、郭家峪、北艾舖等貧困村發展荒 坡人工栽植連翹 9,000畝，北艾舖建成標準化連翹 示範園50畝，帶動貧困戶戶均年增收2,000元。香港俗稱一串金，是木 犀科連翹屬植物。連翹 是連花清瘟膠囊的主要成分之一，對治 療SARS和新冠肺炎有一定療效。連翹 別名旱連子、空翹、落翹、黃奇丹。為 植物連翹乾燥果實。性味苦涼微寒，入 肺、心、膽經。既善清熱解毒，消癰散 結，治瘡癰、瘰癧。有「瘡家聖藥」之 稱；且清解熱毒兼可升浮宣散透熱，常 用治外感風熱、溫病初起。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/07/15/a15-0715.pdf
异株荨麻Urtica dioica, often known as common nettle, stinging nettle (although not all plants of this species sting) or nettle leaf, or just a nettle or stinger, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Urticaceae. Originally native to Europe, much of temperate Asia and western North Africa,[1] it is now found worldwide, including New Zealand[2] and North America.The plant has a long history of use as a source for traditional medicine, food, tea, and textile raw material in ancient societies.
- In Great Britain and Ireland, the stinging nettle (U. dioica subsp. dioica) is the only common stinging plant and has found a place in several figures of speech in the English language. Shakespeare's Hotspur urges that "out of this nettle, danger, we pluck this flower, safety" (Henry IV, part 1, Act II Scene 3). The figure of speech "to grasp the nettle" probably originated from Aesop's fable "The Boy and the Nettle". In Seán O'Casey's Juno and the Paycock, one of the characters quotes Aesop "Gently touch a nettle and it'll sting you for your pains/Grasp it as a lad of mettle and soft as silk remains". The metaphor may refer to the fact that if a nettle plant is grasped firmly rather than brushed against, it does not sting so readily, because the hairs are crushed down flat and do not penetrate the skin so easily. In the German language, the idiom sich in die Nesseln setzen, or to sit in nettles, means to get into trouble. In Hungarian, the idiom csalánba nem üt a mennykő, the thunderbolt does not strike into nettle, means bad people escape trouble or the devil looks after his own.[25] The same idiom exists in the Serbian language - неће гром у коприве. In Dutch, a netelige situatie means a predicament. In French, the idiom faut pas pousser mémé dans les orties (don't push grandma in the nettles) means that we should be careful not to abuse a situation. The name urticaria for hives comes from the Latin name of nettle (Urtica, from urere, to burn).The English word 'nettled', meaning irritated or angry, is derived from 'nettle'.[26]There is a common idea in Great Britain that the nettle was introduced by the Romans. The idea was mentioned by William Camden in his book Britannia of 1586.
- As Old English stiðe, nettle is one of the nine plants invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm, recorded in 10th century traditional medicine. Nettle was believed to be a galactagogue – a substance that promotes lactation.[43] "Urtication" or flogging with nettles is the process of deliberately applying stinging nettles to the skin to provoke inflammation. An agent thus used was considered to be a rubefacient (something that causes redness), used as a folk remedy for treating rheumatism.
- Nettle stems contain a bast fibre that has been traditionally used for the same purposes as linen and is produced by a similar retting process. Unlike cotton, nettles grow easily without pesticides. The fibres are coarser, however.Historically, nettles have been used to make clothing for almost 3,000 years, as ancient nettle textiles from the Bronze Age have been found in Denmark.[47] German Army uniforms were almost all made from nettle during World War I due to a potential shortage of cotton. More recently, companies in Austria, Germany, and Italy have started to produce commercial nettle textiles.
冬凌草又名冰凌草為藥用植物，為唇形科香菜屬碎米椏變種，多年生草本植物，陽性耐陰植物，略喜陰，抗寒性強；一般高30~130厘米，葉對生，葉片皺縮，呈帶棱的卵圓形。8~10月開花，9~11月結果。因冬季植株葉片凝結成薄入蟬翼的冰晶片而得名。具有清熱解毒，消炎止痛，活血功效。藥用成分為揮發油和二萜類、冬凌夏草甲素、乙素、丙素、丁素、戊素、辛素以及α-香樹脂醇。中藥用以治療咽喉腫痛、感冒、頭痛、炎症。
- 濟源市克井鎮棗廟村是一個以農業為主的國家級貧困村。村民苗喜中對記者說：「種冬凌草省耕種，省犁地，好生長，一年種下一直都是收入，也不用打藥，一年能收入兩三茬，比種傳統莊稼多收入兩倍。」 「以前，誰相信種『草』能發家致富？如今，漫山遍野的冬凌草變成金元寶。」濟源市克井鎮棗廟村的扶貧幹部告訴記者。據了解，2006年，濟源冬凌草憑藉冬凌草甲素、乙素含量高的特點，榮獲「國家地理標誌保護產品」稱號，並成功被「馴化」實現規模種植。「以前冬凌草含片啊，茶啊在國內市場接受度低，基本上都是當地人在用。但現在隨着人們健康意識的提高，冬凌草相關產品已通過網絡銷售到全國。」 目前，濟源市冬凌草種植面積萬餘畝，是中國最大的冬凌草種植基地，年產量近7000噸，全市7個鎮10個基地約1萬個農戶從事冬凌草產業的種植生產，帶動2500戶農戶脫貧致富。濟源也因此成為中國唯一將冬凌草作為產業來發展的區域。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/finance/236132/2021/0109/540151.html
timo
- to kiv
literature
- De materia medica (Latin name for the Greek work Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, Peri hulēs iatrikēs, both meaning "On Medical Material") is a pharmacopoeia of medicinal plants and the medicines that can be obtained from them. The five-volume work was written between 50 and 70 CE by Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the Roman army. It was widely read for more than 1,500 years until supplanted by revised herbals in the Renaissance, making it one of the longest-lasting of all natural history books.
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