Monday, January 7, 2019

france royalty

The Robertians, or Robertines, was the Frankish redecessor family of origin to the ruling houses of France; it emerged to prominence in the ancient Frankish kingdom of Austrasia as early as the eighth century—in roughly the same region as present-day Belgium—and later emigrated to West Francia, between the Seine and the Loire rivers. The members were ‘forefathers’ of the Capetian dynasty. With fealty (sometimes mixed with rancor) to the Carolingians they held the power of West Francia through the whole period of the Carolingian Empire; and from 888 to 987 theirs was the last extant kingdom of that house until they were succeeded by their own (Robertian) lineage, the house of Capet. The family frequently named its sons Robert, including Robert of Hesbaye (c. 800), Robert III of Worms (800-834), Robert the Strong (d. 866) and Robert I of France (866-923). It figured prominently amongst the Carolingian nobility and married into this royal family. Eventually the Robertians themselves delivered Frankish kings such as the brothers Odo (reigned 888-898) and Robert I (r. 922-923), then Hugh Capet (r. 987-996), who ruled from his seat in Paris as the first Capetian king of France. Although Philip II was officially the last king of the Franks (rex Francorum) and the first king of France (roi de France), in (systematic application of) historiography, Hugh Capet holds this distinction. He is the founder of the Capetians, the royal dynasty that ruled France until the revolution of the Second French Republic in 1848—save during the interregnum of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. It still reigns in Europe today; both King Felipe VI of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg are descendants of this family through the Bourbon cadet branch of the dynasty.
Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (French: Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305, as well as Count of Champagne. Although Philip was known as handsome, hence the epithet le Bel, his rigid and inflexible personality gained him (from friend and foe alike) other nicknames, such as the Iron King (French: le Roi de fer). His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him: "he is neither man nor beast. He is a statue." Philip relied on skillful civil servants, such as Guillaume de Nogaret and Enguerrand de Marigny, to govern the kingdom rather than on his nobles. Philip and his advisors were instrumental in the transformation of France from a feudal country to a centralized state.[3] The king, who sought an uncontested monarchy, compelled his vassals by wars and restricted feudal usages.[4] His ambitions made him highly influential in European affairs. His goal was to place his relatives on foreign thrones. Princes from his house ruled in Naples and Hungary. He tried and failed to make another relative the Holy Roman Emperor. He began the long advance of France eastward by taking control of scattered fiefs. The most notable conflicts of Philip's reign include a dispute with the English over King Edward I's fiefs in southwestern France, and a war with the Flemish, who had rebelled against French royal authority and humiliated Philip at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302. In 1306, Philip expelled the Jews from France, and in 1307 he annihilated the order of the Knights Templar. He was in debt to both groups and saw them as a "state within the state". To further strengthen the monarchy, Philip tried to take control of the French clergy, leading to a violent conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. This conflict resulted in the transfer of the papal court to the enclave of Avignon in 1309. His final year saw a scandal amongst the royal family, known as the Tour de Nesle affair, in which Philip's three daughters-in-law were accused of adultery. His three sons were successively kings of France, Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV. Their deaths without surviving sons of their own would compromise the future of the French royal house, which until then seemed secure, precipitating a succession crisis that would eventually lead to the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453).
- A member of the House of Capet, Philip was born in the medieval fortress of Fontainebleau (Seine-et-Marne) to the future Philip III, the Bold, and his first wife, Isabella of Aragon.[6] He was the second of four sons born to the couple. His father was the heir apparent of France at that time, being the eldest son of King Louis IX (better known as St. Louis).
- After marrying Joan I of Navarre, becoming Philip I of Navarre, Philip ascended the French throne at the age of 17. He was crowned on January 6, in 1286 in Reims. As king, Philip was determined to strengthen the monarchy at any cost. He relied, more than any of his predecessors, on a professional bureaucracy of legalists. To the public he kept aloof, and left specific policies, especially unpopular ones, to his ministers; as such he was called a "useless owl" by his contemporaries, among them Bishop Saisset.[14] His reign marks the transition in France from a charismatic monarchy – which could all but collapse in an incompetent reign – to a more bureaucratic kingdom, a move, under a certain historical reading, towards modernity.
- mongols
  • Philip had various contacts with the Mongol power in the Middle East, including reception at the embassy of the Uyghur monk Rabban Bar Sauma, originally from the Yuan dynasty of China.[18][19][20] Bar Sauma presented an offer of a Franco-Mongol alliance with Arghun of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Baghdad. Arghun was seeking to join forces between the Mongols and the Europeans, against their common enemy the Muslim Mamluks. In return, Arghun offered to return Jerusalem to the Christians, once it was re-captured from the Muslims. Philip seemingly responded positively to the request of the embassy, by sending one of his noblemen, Gobert de Helleville, to accompany Bar Sauma back to Mongol lands.[21] There was further correspondence between Arghun and Philip in 1288 and 1289,[22] outlining potential military cooperation. However, Philip never actually pursued such military plans. In April 1305, the new Mongol ruler Öljaitü sent letters to Philip,[23] the Pope, and Edward I of England. He again offered a military collaboration between the Christian nations of Europe and the Mongols against the Mamluks. European nations attempted another Crusade but were delayed, and it never took place. On 4 April 1312, another Crusade was promulgated at the Council of Vienne. In 1313, Philip "took the cross", making the vow to go on a Crusade in the Levant, thus responding to Pope Clement V's call. He was, however, warned against leaving by Enguerrand de Marigny[24] and died soon after in a hunting accident.

The Capetian dynasty /kəˈpiːʃⁱən/, also known as the House of France, is a dynasty of Frankish origin, founded byHugh Capet. It is among the largest and oldest European royal houses, consisting of Hugh Capet's male-line descendants. The senior line ruled in France as theHouse of Capet from the election of Hugh Capet in 987 until the death of Charles IVin 1328. They were succeeded by cadet branches, the Houses of Valois and theBourbon, which ruled until the French Revolution. The dynasty had a crucial role in the formation of the French state. Initially obeyed only in their own demesne, the Île-de-France, the Capetian kings slowly but steadily increased their power and influence until it grew to cover the entirety of their realm. For a detailed narration on the growth of French royal power, seeCrown lands of France. Members of the dynasty were traditionally Catholic. The early Capetians had an alliance with the Church. The French were also the most active participants in the Crusades, culminating in a series of five Crusader Kings – Louis VII, Philip Augustus, Louis VIII, Saint Louis, and Philip III. The Capetian alliance with the papacy suffered a severe blow after the disaster of the Aragonese Crusade. Philip III's son and successor, Philip IV, humiliated a pope and brought the papacy under French control. The later Valois, starting with Francis I, ignored religious differences and allied with the Ottoman Sultan to counter the growing power of the Holy Roman Empire.Henry IV was a Protestant at the time of his accession, but realized the necessity of conversion after four years of religious warfare. The Capetians generally enjoyed a harmonious family relationship. By tradition, younger sons and brothers of the King of France are given appanages for them to maintain their rank and to dissuade them from claiming the French crown itself. When Capetian cadets did aspire for kingship, their ambitions were directed not at the French throne, but at foreign thrones. Through this, the Capetians spread widely over Europe. In modern times, both King Felipe VI of Spain and Grand Duke Henri ofLuxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty. Along with the House of Habsburg, it was one of the two most powerful continental European royal families, dominating European politics for nearly five centuries.
  •  Charles I (early 1226/1227 – 7 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou. He was Count of Provence (1246–85) and Forcalquier (1246–48, 1256–85) in the Holy Roman Empire, Count of Anjou and Maine (1246–85) in France; he was also King of Sicily (1266–85) and Prince of Achaea (1278–85). In 1272, he was proclaimed King of Albania; and in 1277 he purchased a claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.The youngest son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile, Charles was destined for a Church career until the early 1240s. He acquired Provence and Forcalquier through his marriage to their heiress, Beatrice. His attempts to secure comital rights brought him into conflict with his mother-in-law, Beatrice of Savoy, and the nobility. He received Anjou and Maine from his brother, Louis IX of France, in appanage. He accompanied Louis during the Seventh Crusade to Egypt. Shortly after he returned to Provence in 1250, Charles forced three wealthy free imperial cities—Marseilles, Arles and Avignon—to acknowledge his suzerainty.Charles supported Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut, against her eldest son, John, in exchange for Hainaut in 1253. Two years later Louis IX persuaded him to renounce the county, but compensated him by instructing Margaret to pay him 160,000 marks. Charles forced the rebellious Provençal nobles and towns into submission and expanded his suzerainty over a dozen towns and lordships in the Kingdom of Arles. In 1263, after years of negotiations, he accepted the offer of the Holy See to seize the Kingdom of Sicily from the Hohenstaufens. This kingdom included, in addition to the island of Sicily, southern Italy to well north of Naples and was known as the Regno. Pope Urban IV declared a crusade against the incumbent Manfred of Sicily and assisted Charles to raise funds for the military campaign.Charles was crowned king in Rome on 5 January 1266. He annihilated Manfred's army and occupied the Regno almost without resistance. His victory over Manfred's young nephew, Conradin, at the Battle of Tagliacozzo in 1268 strengthened his rule. In 1270 he took part in the Eighth Crusade (which had been organized by Louis IX) and forced the Hafsid caliph of Tunis to pay a yearly tribute to him. Charles's victories secured his undisputed leadership among the popes' Italian partisans (known as Guelphs), but his influence on papal elections and his strong military presence in Italy disturbed the popes. They tried to channel his ambitions towards other territories and assisted him in acquiring claims to Achaea, Jerusalem and Arles through treaties. In 1281 Pope Martin IV authorised Charles to launch a crusade against the Byzantine Empire. Charles' ships were gathering at Messina, ready to begin the campaign when a riot—known as the Sicilian Vespers—broke out on 30 March 1282. It put an end to Charles' rule on the island of Sicily, but he was able to defend the mainland territories (or the Kingdom of Naples) with the support of France and the Holy See.
  •  https://www.quora.com/What-were-the-most-intricate-plots-that-actually-occurred-in-medieval-Europe Have you ever wondered how the term “Mafia” originated? Legend has it that its first use was during the so called “Sicilian Vesper” in 1282 against Charles of Anjou, the king of Sicily.
  • Louis XI (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), called "Louis the Prudent" (French: le Prudent), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of Francefrom 1461 to 1483. He succeeded his father Charles VII. Louis entered into open rebellion against his father in a short-lived revolt known as the Praguerie in 1440. The king forgave his rebellious vassals, including Louis, to whom he entrusted the management of the Dauphiné, then a province in southeastern France. Louis's ceaseless intrigues, however, led his father to banish him from court. From the Dauphiné, Louis led his own political establishment and married Charlotte of Savoy, daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy, against the will of his father. Charles VII sent an army to compel his son to his will, but Louis fled to Burgundy, where he was hosted by Philip the Good, the Duke of Burgundy, Charles' greatest enemy. When Charles VII died in 1461, Louis left the Burgundian court to take possession of his kingdom. His taste for intrigue and his intense diplomatic activity earned him the nicknames "the Cunning" (Middle French: le rusé) and "the Universal Spider" (Middle French: l'universelle aragne), as his enemies accused him of spinning webs of plots and conspiracies. In 1472, the subsequent Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, took up arms against his rival Louis. However, Louis was able to isolate Charles from his English allies by signing the Treaty of Picquigny (1475) with Edward IV of England. The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War. With the death of Charles the Bold at the Battle of Nancy in 1477, the dynasty of the dukes of Burgundy died out. Louis took advantage of the situation to seize numerous Burgundian territories, including Burgundy proper and Picardy. Without direct foreign threats, Louis was able to eliminate his rebellious vassals, expand royal power, and strengthen the economic development of his country. 
  •  Francis' personal emblem was the salamander and his Latin motto was Nutrisco et extinguo ("I nourish [the good] and extinguish [the bad]").
  • In medieval iconography it represented the man who never lost the peace of his soul (went through the fires of passion) and who was confident in God despite all troubles. So it corresponded to chastity, virginity, loyalty. It was also identified with Christ who would baptize the world with fire flames. The salamander was a powerful symbol because it was associated with both fire and poison and many people were afraid of it. At the time it was believed that salamanders could use any type of fire without harm. Even brilliant minds like Leonardo da Vinci believed this because he wrote about the salamander: “This has no digestive organs, and gets no food but from the fire, in which it constantly renews its scaly skin. The salamander, which renews its scaly skin in the fire,—for virtue. This seems of course really odd to us, but it wasn’t really Leonardo’s fault that he came to this odd conclusion about salamanders. In medieval times some really rich people had bought exotic mantles that were said to be made of salamander wool and had the wonderful ability that it could withstand fire perfectly. Many people testified that this wonderful salamander hair didn’t burn or got damaged by fire but it sounds to be good to be true and it was. The “salamander hair” wasn’t salamander hair at all it wasn’t even hair! It was asbestos! Marco Polo almost got it right after he had witnessed people in China digging up “salamander” which was in fact asbestos but he was a bit unlucky in his thinking. He concluded that “the real truth is that the Salamander is no beast, as they allege in our part of the world, but is a substance found in the earth.” He should have concluded that the fibers known as salamander hair simply weren’t coming from any type of animal and had very little to do with the animal called salamander. https://hemmahoshilde.wordpress.com/2015/05/21/francis-i-with-his-salamander/
  • The Hundred Years' War could be considered a lengthy war of succession between the houses of Valois and Plantagenet. The warring parties arranged long truces, during which the French king prepared for the renewal of war, while the English relaxed and took a break from fresh taxes. By 1450, the French had reconquered Normandy, and Guyenne the next year. A final English attempt to recover their losses ended in defeat at the Battle of Castillon, 1453. With this victory, the English had been expelled in all of France except Calais. The Valois succession was upheld and confirmed.
- At least one Capetian has been on an European throne from 987 to this day without interruption. The Capetians reigned France from 987 to 1848, and have reigned in several other countries as well, as in Spain from 1700 to this date. The king Felipe VI (Bórbon y Bórbon) is a direct descendant of King Hugues Capet of France on descending male line. Although the direct Capetian line became extinct 1328, the various cadet branches, of which Bourbon is today the most prominent and significant, do exist and prevail today. The Capetians must also be the most numerous royal house today if measured by the number of people as blood relatives to each other today.https://www.quora.com/Which-dynasty-is-the-most-successful-in-world-history

The House of Babenberg was the ruling noble family of Austria from 976 to 1246. Originally from Bamberg in Franconia in present-day Bavaria, the Babenbergs were counts, margraves, and dukes in the Danube region of present-day Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and Styria.


The House of Bourbon (English /ˈbɔːrbən/;French: [buʁˈbɔ̃]) is a European royal houseof French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty (/kəˈpiːʃⁱən/). Bourbon kings first ruled France and Navarre in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Bourbon dynasty also held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma. Spain and Luxembourg currently have Bourbon monarchs. The royal Bourbons originated in 1268, when the heiress of the lordship of Bourbon married a younger son of KingLouis IX.[1] The house continued for three centuries as a cadet branch, while more senior Capetians ruled France, until Henry IV became the first Bourbon king of France in 1589. Bourbon monarchs then unified France with the small kingdom of Navarre, which Henry's father had acquired by marriage in 1555, and ruled until the 1792 overthrow of the monarchy during theFrench Revolution. Restored briefly in 1814 and definitively in 1815 after the fall of theFirst French Empire, the senior line of the Bourbons was finally overthrown in theJuly Revolution of 1830. A cadet Bourbon branch, the House of Orléans, then ruled for 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. The Princes de Condé were a cadet branch of the Bourbons descended from an uncle of Henry IV, and the Princes de Conti were a cadet branch of the Condé. Both houses were prominent in French affairs, even during exile in the French Revolution, until their respective extinctions in 1830 and 1814. When the Bourbons inherited the strongest claim to the Spanish throne, the claim was passed to a cadet Bourbon prince, a grandson of Louis XIV of France, who became Philip V of Spain. Permanent separation of the French and Spanish thrones was secured when France and Spain ratified Philip's renunciation, for himself and his descendants, of the French throne in the Treaty of Utrecht in 1714, and similar arrangements later kept the Spanish throne separate from those of the Two Sicilies and Parma. The Spanish House of Bourbon (rendered in Spanish asBorbón [borˈβon]) has been overthrown and restored several times, reigning 1700–1808, 1813–1868, 1875–1931, and since 1975. Bourbons ruled in Naples from 1734–1806 and in Sicily from 1734–1816, and in a unified Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1816–1860. They also ruled in Parma from 1731–1735, 1748–1802 and 1847–1859. Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourgmarried a cadet of the Parmese line and thus her successors, who have ruled Luxembourg since her abdication in 1964, have also been members of the House of Bourbon. Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, regent for her father, Pedro II of theEmpire of Brazil, married a cadet of the Orléans line and thus their descendants, known as the Orléans-Braganza, were in the line of succession to the Brazilian throne and expected to ascend its throne had the monarchy not been abolished by revolution in 1889. All legitimate, living members of the House of Bourbon, including its cadet branches, are direct agnatic descendants of Henry IV.
- The House of Bourbon-Parma (Italian: Casa di Borbone di Parma) is a cadet branch of the Spanish royal family, whose members once ruled as King of Etruria and as Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Guastalla, and Lucca. The House descended from the French Capetian dynasty in male line. Its name of Bourbon-Parma comes from the main name (Bourbon) and the other (Parma) from the title of Duke of Parma. The title was held by the Spanish Bourbons as the founder was the great-grandson of Duke Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma.The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered on the city of Parma. In 1556, the second Duke, Ottavio Farnese, was given the city of Piacenza, becoming thus also Duke of Piacenza, and so the state was thereafter properly known as the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza. The Farnese family continued to rule until their extinction in 1731, at which point the duchy was inherited by the young son of the King of Spain, Charles, whose mother Elisabeth was a member of the Farnese family. He ruled until 1735 during the War of the Polish Succession, when Parma was ceded to Emperor Charles VI in exchange for the Two Sicilies.

  • https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/discover-spectacular-treasures-from-the-bourbon-parma-family
- The Most Serene House of Condé (named after Condé-en-Brie, now in the Aisne département) was a French princely house and a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon. The name of the house was derived from the title of Prince of Condé (French: prince de Condé) that was originally assumed around 1557 by the French Protestant leader, Louis de Bourbon (1530–1569),[2] uncle of King Henry IV of France, and borne by his male-line descendants. This line became extinct in 1830 when his eighth-generation descendant, Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon, died without surviving male issue. The princely title was held for one last time by Louis d'Orléans, Prince of Condé, who died in 1866.
  • Count of Vendôme, and, later, Duke of Vendôme, were French titles of nobility. The first known holder of the title was Bouchard Ratepilate. The county passed by marriage to various houses, coming in 1372 to a junior branch of the House of Bourbon. In 1514, Vendôme was made a duchy-peerage. In 1589, the then-Duke of Vendôme came to the throne as Henry IV of France, and the title passed into the royal domain. It was re-granted to his illegitimate son César in 1598, and held by his descendants until the extinction of the legitimate male line in 1727.
  • Place Vendôme (French pronunciation: ​[plas vɑ̃dom]) is a square in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France, located to the north of the Tuileries Gardens and east of the Église de la Madeleine. It is the starting point of the Rue de la Paix. Its regular architecture by Jules Hardouin-Mansart and pedimented screens canted across the corners give the rectangular Place Vendôme the aspect of an octagon. The original Vendôme Column at the centre of the square was erected by Napoleon I to commemorate the Battle of Austerlitz; it was torn down on 16 May 1871, by decree of the Paris Commune, but subsequently re-erected and remains a prominent feature on the square today.Place Vendôme was laid out in 1702 as a monument to the glory of the armies of Louis XIV, the Grand Monarque and called Place des Conquêtes, to be renamed Place Louis le Grand, when the conquests proved temporary; an over life-size equestrian statue of the king was set up in its centre, donated by the city authorities; this was by François Girardon (1699) and is supposed to have been the first large modern equestrian statue to be cast in a single piece. It was destroyed in the French Revolution; however, there is a small version in the Louvre.[1] This led to the popular joke that while Henri IV dwelled among the people by the Pont Neuf, and Louis XIII among the aristocrats of the Place des Vosges, Louis XIV preferred the company of the tax farmers in the Place Vendôme; each reflecting the group they had favoured in life. The site of the square was formerly the hôtel of César, duc de Vendôme, the illegitimate son of Henry IV and his mistress Gabrielle d'Estrées. Hardouin-Mansart bought the building and its gardens, with the idea of converting it into building lots as a profitable speculation. The plan did not materialize, and Louis XIV's minister of finance, Louvois, purchased the piece of ground, with the object of building a square, modelled on the successful Place des Vosges of the previous century. Louvois came into financial difficulties and nothing came of his project, either. After his death, the king purchased the plot and commissioned Hardouin-Mansart to design a housefront that the buyers of plots round the square would agree to adhere to. When the state finances ran low, the financier John Law took on the project, built himself a residence behind one of the façades, and the square was complete by 1720, just as his paper-money Mississippi bubble burst. Law suffered a major blow when he was forced to pay back taxes amounting to some tens of millions of dollars. With no way to pay such an amount, he was forced to sell the property he owned on the square. The buyers were members of the exiled Bourbon-Condé family who later returned to the country to reclaim their land in the town of Vendôme itself. Between 1720 and 1797, they acquired much of the square, including a freehold to parts of the site on which the Hôtel Ritz Paris now stands and in which they still maintain apartments. Their intention to restore a family palace on the site is dependent on the possible intentions of the adjacent Justice Ministry to expand its premises.The original column was started in 1806 at Napoleon's direction and completed in 1810. It was modelled after Trajan's Column, to celebrate the victory of Austerlitz; its veneer of 425 spiralling bas-relief bronze plates was made out of cannon taken from the combined armies of Europe, according to his propaganda (the usual figure given is hugely exaggerated: 180 cannon were actually captured at Austerlitz.[3])After his death in 1990, American artist Keith Haring was cremated and his ashes were sprinkled out on a hillside near Kutztown. Except for one handful, that Yoko Ono brought to the Place Vendôme because she believed the spirit of Haring had told her to. In the 1920s, American architect, Alonzo C. Webb worked making advertisements and designs in English for some of the fashionable houses along the Place Vendôme. Place Vendôme was a 1998 movie by Nicole Garcia starring Catherine Deneuve.
  • see also http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170930/PDF/b8_screen.pdf
  •  Léonard Tsuguharu Foujita (藤田 嗣治 Fujita Tsuguharu, November 27, 1886 – January 29, 1968), a Japanese–French painter and printmaker had a painting on place vendome
  •  He is one of the few Montparnasse artists who made a great deal of money in his early years. By 1925, Tsuguharu Foujita had received the Belgian Order of Leopold and the French government awarded him the Legion of Honor.[citation needed]On his return to France, Foujita converted to Catholicism. He was baptised in Reims Cathedral on 14 October 1959, with René Lalou (the head of the Mumm champagne house) as his godfather and Françoise Taittinger as his godmother. This is reflected in his last major work,at the age of 80, the design, building and decoration of the Foujita Chapel in the gardens of the Mumm champagne house in Reims, France, which he completed in 1966, not long before his death. Tsuguharu Foujita died of cancer on January 29, 1968, in Zürich, Switzerland and was interred in the Cimetière de Villiers-le-Bâcle, Essonne département, France. In 2003, his coffin was reinterred at the Foujita Chapel under the flagstones in the position he originally intended when constructing the chapel.

  • name of property development in markham, ontario, canada, inspired by place vendome in paris.  Companies involved: H&W developments; paul nodwell landscape design; simon ko dialog architecture; tomas pearce interior design

- Marguerite de Navarre (French: Marguerite d'Angoulême, Marguerite d'Alençon; 11 April 1492 – 21 December 1549), also known as Marguerite of Angoulême and Margaret of Navarre, was the princess of France, Queen of Navarre, and Duchess of Alençon and Berry.[1]She was married to Henry II of Navarre. Her brother became King of France, as Francis I, and the two siblings were responsible for the celebrated intellectual and cultural court and salons of their day in France.Marguerite is the ancestress of the Bourbon kings of France, being the mother of Jeanne d'Albret, whose son, Henry of Navarre, succeeded as Henry IV of France, the first Bourbon king. As an author and a patron of humanists and reformers, she was an outstanding figure of the French Renaissance. Samuel Putnam called her "The First Modern Woman".

  • Her salon, known as the "New Parnassus", became famous internationally.
  • Marguerite wrote many poems and plays. Her most notable works are a classic collection of short stories, the Heptameron, and a remarkably intense religious poem, Miroir de l'âme pécheresse (Mirror of the Sinful Soul). This poem is a first-person, mystical narrative of the soul as a yearning woman calling out to Christ as her father-brother-lover. Her work was passed to the royal court of England, suggesting that Marguerite had influence on the Protestant Reformation in England.
- Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (le Roi-Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715.[1] His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a major[clarification needed] country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's France was a leader in the growing centralization of power. Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin.[4] An adherent of the concept of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin of monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling many members of the nobility to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles (formerly a hunting lodge belonging to Louis' father), succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis' minority. By these means he became one of the most powerful French monarchs and consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution. Louis encouraged and benefited from the work of prominent political, military, and cultural figures such as Mazarin, Colbert, Louvois, the Grand Condé, Turenne, and Vauban, as well as Molière, Racine, Boileau, La Fontaine, Lully, Marais, Le Brun, Rigaud, Bossuet, Le Vau, Mansart, Charles and Claude Perrault, and Le Nôtre. Under his rule, the Edict of Nantes, which granted rights to Huguenots, was abolished. The revocation effectively forced Huguenots to emigrate or convert in a wave of dragonnades, which managed to virtually destroy the French Protestant minority. During Louis' reign, France was the leading European power, and it fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. There were also two lesser conflicts: the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions. Warfare defined Louis XIV's foreign policies, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled "by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique," Louis sensed that warfare was the ideal way to enhance his glory. In peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military.
- The Spanish Steps (Italian: Scalinata di Trinità dei Monti) are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the Piazza di Spagna at the base and Piazza Trinità dei Monti, dominated by the Trinità dei Monti church at the top. The monumental stairway of 135 steps (the slightly elevated drainage system is often mistaken for the first step) was built with French diplomat Étienne Gueffier’s bequeathed funds of 20,000 scudi, in 1723–1725, linking the Bourbon Spanish Embassy, and the Trinità dei Monti church (The church and its surrounding area (including the Villa Medici) are a French State property.) that was under the patronage of the Bourbon kings of France, both located above — to the Holy Seein Palazzo Monaldeschi located below. The stairway was designed by architects Francesco de Sanctis and Alessandro Specchi. At the top, the stairway ramp up the Pincio which is the Pincian Hill. From the top of the steps the Villa Medici can be reached.

  • The 1953 film Roman Holiday, starring Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck. On 16 January 2008, Italian artist Graziano Cecchini covered the Steps with hundreds of thousands of multicoloured plastic balls. He claimed that it was done to make the world notice the situation of the Karen people in Myanmar, and as a protest against the living conditions of artists in Italy. Featured in michael portillo's railway series
  • no french, espanol or italian wikipedia versions
- louis xiv

  • https://www.quora.com/Louis-XVI-adopted-four-children-What-happened-to-them-during-the-French-Revolution-Are-there-any-well-known-descendants-living-today
- Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (Spanish: María Teresa Isabel Eugenia del Patrocinio Diega de Borbón y Habsburgo, Infanta de España;[2]12 November 1882 in Madrid, Kingdom of Spain[1][2] – 23 September 1912 in Madrid, Kingdom of Spain) was the second eldest child and daughter[1][2] of Alfonso XII of Spainand his second wife Maria Christina of Austria.[1][2] Maria Teresa was an Infanta of Spain and a member of the House of Bourbon by birth.
- King Felipe VI of Spain is a member of the Spanish branch of the Bourbon family, which dates back to the XIII century.https://www.quora.com/Do-the-Medici-have-living-descendants-still-in-2019-is-it-extraordinary

The House of Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte) is an imperial and royal European dynastyfounded in 1804 by Italian noble Carlo Buonaparte and his son Napoleon I, a French military leader of Italian heritage who had risen to notability out of the French Revolution and who in 1804 transformed the First French Republic into the First French Empire, five years after his coup d'état of November 1799. The House of Bonaparte formed the Imperial House of France during the French Empire, together with some non-Bonaparte family members. In addition to holding the title of Emperor of the French, the Bonaparte dynasty held various other titles and territories during the Napoleonic Wars, including their ancestral Kingdom of Italy, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Kingdom of Holland, and the Kingdom of Naples. 
- The Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte) family were patricians in the Italian towns of Sarzana, San Miniato and Florence. The name derives from Italian: buona ("good") and parte ("part" or "side"). Gianfaldo Buonaparte was the first known Buonaparte at Sarzana around 1200. His descendant Giovanni Buonaparte in 1397 married Isabella Calandrini, a cousin of later cardinal Filippo Calandrini. Giovanni became mayor of Sarzana and was named commissioner of the Lunigiana by Giovanni Maria Visconti in 1408. Their great-grandson Francesco Buonaparte was an equestrian mercenary at the service of the Genoese Bank of Saint George. In 1490, he went to the island of Corsica, which was controlled by the bank. In 1493, he married the daughter of Guido da Castelletto, representative of the Bank of Saint George in Ajaccio, Corsica. Most of their descendants during subsequent generations were members of the Ajaccio town council. Napoleon's father, Carlo Buonaparte, received a patent of nobilityfrom the King of France in 1771.
- napoleon bonaparte

  • nationality https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-most-inaccurate-thing-you-were-taught-by-a-history-teacher
  • coat of arms
  • eagle (symbol of imperial rome)/jupiter's bird long associated with military victory
  • bee - symbol of immortality and resurrection, has been used in design of oldest emblem of france 
  • imperial mantle 
  • https://www.quora.com/Why-didnt-they-just-execute-Napoleon-Was-it-a-respect-thing
  • https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-Napoleon-Bonaparte-s-son
  • Marie Louise (Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Therese Josepha Lucia; Italian: Maria Luigia Leopoldina Francesca Teresa Giuseppa Lucia; 12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was an Austrian archduchess who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 1814 until her death. She was Napoleon's second wife and, as such, Empress of the French from 1810 to 1814. As the eldest child of the Habsburg Emperor Francis II of Austria and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Marie Louise grew up during a period of continuous conflict between Austria and revolutionary France. A series of military defeats at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte had inflicted a heavy human toll on Austria and led Francis to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire. The end of the War of the Fifth Coalition resulted in the marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise in 1810, which ushered in a brief period of peace and friendship between Austria and the French Empire. Marie Louise agreed to the marriage despite being raised to despise France. She was adored by Napoleon, who had been eager to marry a member of one of Europe's leading royal houses to cement his relatively young Empire. With Napoleon, she bore a son, styled the King of Rome at birth, later Duke of Reichstadt, who briefly succeeded him as Napoleon II.
  • Januševec castle in croatia - foundations were dug in 1830 on the order of baron josip vrkljan, the former finance minister of archduchess of parma. Works were led by angelo chicco.

  • https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-British-not-execute-Napoleon-after-his-defeat-at-Waterloo
- Lucien Bonaparte, Prince Français, 1st Prince of Canino and Musignano (born Luciano Buonaparte; 21 May 1775 – 29 June 1840), the third surviving son of Carlo Bonaparte and his wife Letizia Ramolino, was a French statesman, who served as the final President of the Council of Five Hundred at the end of the French Revolution. Lucien was a younger brother of Joseph and Napoleon Bonaparte, and an older brother of Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline and Jérôme Bonaparte.
- Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte, 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano (24 May 1803 – 29 July 1857), was a French biologist and ornithologist. Lucien and his wife had twelve children, including Cardinal Lucien Bonaparte.

  • charles lucien bonaparte (also known as prince of musignan) was nephew of napoleon bonaparte.  He grew up in italy and was made a prince by grace of the pope.  When he married his cousin zenaide, he receivedva generous dowry from his father-in-law, joseph bonaparte, the former king of naples and spain. In 1822, the couple immigrated to us and settled near philadelphia. He became a member of academy of natural sciences and soon set about studying birds of n america. When he married alexandrine de bleschamps (considered to be socially inferior), napoleon bonaparte disinherited him. 
  • Lucien Louis Joseph Napoleon Cardinal Bonaparte, 4th Prince of Canino and Musignano (15 November 1828 – 19 November 1895), was a French cardinal. He was born in Rome, the son of Charles Lucien Bonaparte and his wife, Zénaïde Bonaparte. His paternal grandparents were Lucien Bonaparte and his second wife, Alexandrine de Bleschamp. His maternal grandparents were Joseph Bonaparte and Julie Clary. His godfather was the future Napoleon III, first cousin to both his parents. He was ordained to the priesthood on 13 December 1856 by Pope Pius IX, giving up his Italian title. He served at numerous posts both in France and in Italy. He was created Cardinal of Santa Pudenziana in 1868. In 1879, he was given the additional title of Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, as in this year Napoleon III's progeny has died out, while cardinal Lucien was the most genetically senior member of the Bonaparte family. Cardinal Bonaparte participated in the First Vatican Council. He also was one of the voting cardinals that elected Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Cardinal Pecci, as Pope Leo XIII. He died in 1895 and was buried in Rome.
- Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon (Jean-Christophe Louis Ferdinand Albéric Napoléon; born 11 July 1986) is, in the views of some Bonapartists, head of the former Imperial House of France and the heir of Napoleon Bonaparte.Prince Jean-Christophe was born in Saint-Raphaël, Var, France. He is the son of Prince Charles Napoléon and his first wife Princess Béatrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, daughter of the late Prince Ferdinand of Bourbon, Duke of Castro, a claimant to headship of the former Royal House of the Two Sicilies.[1] His parents divorced on 2 May 1989, two months before Jean-Christophe's 3rd birthday.Jean-Christophe is the great-great-great-great-nephew of Emperor Napoleon I (who has no legitimate direct descendants) through the emperor's youngest brother, Jérôme, King of Westphalia. Through his mother, he is a descendant of King Louis XIV of France and through his great-grandmother, Princess Clémentine of Belgium, he descends from William IV, Prince of Orange, Charles III of Spain, Frederick William I of Prussia, George II of Great Britain and Louis Philippe I, King of the French, who was the last king to rule France, while his great-great-grandfather was Prince Napoléon Bonaparte, the heir of the Emperor Napoleon III, France’s most recent monarch.He has lived and worked in New York City as an investment banking analyst for Morgan Stanley and in London as a private equity associate for Advent International.[4] He is fluent in French, English and Spanish.[4] He represents his dynasty's heritage at public events and ceremonies in France and elsewhere in Europe.  On October 17, 2019, he contracted civil marriage with Countess Olympia von und zu Arco-Zinneberg at Neuilly-sur-Seine. On October 19, 2019, the couple was married religiously by Roman Catholic bishop Antoine de Romanet at the Cathedral of Saint-Louis des Invalides in Paris.[8] The wedding ball took place at the Palace of Fontainebleau.1997年，其祖父拿破崙六世去世，遺囑剝奪了拿破崙七世的族長繼承權，「拿破崙親王」頭銜由拿破崙七世的11歲獨子讓-克里斯托夫·拿破崙繼承，人稱拿破崙八世。

  • hkej 9nov19 c6 wedding in oct19
- François Coty (born Joseph Marie François Spoturno; 3 May 1874 – 25 July 1934) was a French perfumer and businessman. During World War I,  he became one of the wealthiest men in France. He gained control in 1922 of daily newspaper Le Figaro. To check the growth of French socialism and Communism, he founded two other daily papers in 1928. In later years his wealth was much reduced.[1] The company he founded in 1904 is now Coty, Inc., based in New York City.Joseph Marie François Spoturno was born on 3 May 1874 in Ajaccio, Corsica. He was a descendant of Isabelle Bonaparte, an aunt of Napoleon Bonaparte.[2] His parents were Jean-Baptiste Spoturno and Marie-Adolphine-Françoise Coti, both descendants of Genoese settlers who founded Ajaccio in the 15th century. 


Polish root
- Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska (23 June 1703 – 24 June 1768), better known as Marie Leszczyńska (Polish pronunciation: [lɛʂˈtʂɨɲskʲa]) and recorded as Marie Leczinska in French (pronounced [maʁi lɛɡzɛ̃ska]), was a Polish noblewoman who became queen consort of France. She was the daughter of King Stanisław I of Poland (later Duke of Lorraine) and Catherine Opalińska. She married King Louis XV of France and was the grandmother of Louis XVI, Louis XVIII, and Charles X. She was the longest-serving queen of France and was popular due to her generosity and piety.She was born in Trzebnica (German: Trebnitz) in Lower Silesia, the year before her father was made king of Poland by Charles XII of Sweden, who had invaded the country in 1704. In 1709, her father was deposed when the Swedish army lost the military upper hand in Poland, and the family was granted refuge by Charles XII in the Swedish city of Kristianstad in Scania. During the escape, Marie was separated from the rest of her family; she was later found with her nurse hiding in a crib in a stable, although another version claims it was actually a cave in an old mineshaft. In Sweden, the family was welcomed by the queen dowager Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp and became popular members of society life on the estates of the nobility around Kristianstad. In 1712, they made an official visit to Medevi, the spa of the Queen Dowager.[2] During this period in her life, Marie began speaking the Swedish language(with a Scanian accent). As Queen of France, she was known to welcome Swedish ambassadors to France with the phrase "Welcome, Dearest Heart!" in Swedish.In 1718, with the support of the Duke of Lorraine, the family was allowed to settle in Wissembourg in the French province of Alsace, a place suggested by Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, a nephew of Louis XIV and Regent of the Kingdom of France during Louis XV's minority. The family lived a modest life in a large town house at the expense of the French Regent.
- her reign is the setting of beauty and the beast
- polish cuisine became popular in the first half of 18thc e.g. northern pike 白斑狗鱼（學名：Esox lucius）, krakow roast chicken, ox tripe, ox tongue, 小龙虾

present day descendents
- https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-the-French-royal-family

Château de Fontainebleau
- The first recorded reference to the The first recorded reference to the Château de Fontainebleau in a royal charter dates back to 1137, the year of the accession of Louis VII, known as Louis the Younger. The huge keep (or central tower) dates from this period. In 1169, Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas à Becket, then exiled in France, consecrated the Château de Fontainebleau chapel to both the Virgin Mary and Saint Saturnin. In 1259 Saint Louis, who was very fond of his fortified castle in Fontainebleau, established a monastery hospital there, presided over by the Trinitarian or Mathurin monks. The foundations of their chapel and other monastery buildings are all that remain from this original configuration, now located near to the current Chapel of the Trinity. Philip IV of France (1268-1314 ; known as Philip the Fair, the son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon) was born and died at Fontainebleau. In 1323 his daughter Isabella of France, queen consort of Edward II of England, came to visit him in Fontainebleau. It was at Fontainebleau in 1332 that the marriage contract between Jean de France (the future Jean II, or John the Good) and Bonne of Bohemia was signed. Charles VII (King of France from 1422 to 1461) began extending the château complex from the start of his reign. He made several extended visits there, sometimes staying for over six months at a time.in a royal charter dates back to 1137, the year of the accession of Louis VII, known as Louis the Younger. The huge keep (or central tower) dates from this period. In 1169, Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas à Becket, then exiled in France, consecrated the Château de Fontainebleau chapel to both the Virgin Mary and Saint Saturnin. In 1259 Saint Louis, who was very fond of his fortified castle in Fontainebleau, established a monastery hospital there, presided over by the Trinitarian or Mathurin monks. The foundations of their chapel and other monastery buildings are all that remain from this original configuration, now located near to the current Chapel of the Trinity. Philip IV of France (1268-1314 ; known as Philip the Fair, the son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon) was born and died at Fontainebleau. In 1323 his daughter Isabella of France, queen consort of Edward II of England, came to visit him in Fontainebleau. It was at Fontainebleau in 1332 that the marriage contract between Jean de France (the future Jean II, or John the Good) and Bonne of Bohemia was signed. Charles VII (King of France from 1422 to 1461) began extending the château complex from the start of his reign. He made several extended visits there, sometimes staying for over six months at a time.
- Saint Louis founded a monastery hospital at the edges of what is now the Main Courtyard (also known as the Cour du Cheval Blanc ) or the Cour des Adieux. Part of the main building which looks out onto this courtyard, the current Chapel of the Trinity (rebuilt in the 16th century) is on the site of the Trinitarian or Mathurin monks’ chapel. The monastery buildings were built alongside the Cour d’Honneur and the courtyard which looks out over the town still bears the name of the Cour des Mathurins, after the Mathurin monks. The monastery was to be acquired by Francis I during the extension works which he commissioned in 1528.
- It was the Renaissance which saw the first major changes to the Château de Fontainebleau. In addition to the major building extension works, followed by extensive decoration works by Italian artists, there were court visits. Francis I (1494-1547) often came to stay at Fontainebleau, where he liked it so much that when he spoke of going there, he referred to it as “going home”. From 1528 onwards, the date of his first commissioned works there, the king particularly liked to spend the winter at Fontainebleau, to hunt boar and other quarry in the forests. In December 1536, his future son-in-law James V, King of Scotland, came to visit him there.
- From 24 to 30 December 1539, Fontainebleau was famously host to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. His son Henry II of France was also a regular visitor, carrying out work there. The Château de Fontainebleau was also where Catherine de Medici gave birth to six of their children. Francis II was born on 19 January 1544 and was baptised at Fontainebleau on 10 February of the same year ; Elizabeth (the future queen of Spain) on 2 April 1546 ; Claude (the future Duchess of Lorraine) on 12 November 1547 ; Edouard-Alexandre (the future Henry III of France) on 19 September 1551 ; Hercule (the future Duke of Anjou) on 18 March 1555 ; and Jeanne and Victoire, Princesses of France, on 24 June 1556.
- In 1560, Charles IX of France called a meeting of various dignitaries in order to try and calm the religious conflicts which were raging, and it was at Fontainebleau that the French legislative assembly known as the States-General (États généraux) was revived. For the carnival of 1564, Catherine de Medici organised lavish festivities for her son Charles IX, attended by the poet Ronsard.
- In 1593, Henry IV of France reconvened his court at Fontainebleau, before returning to Paris, still in the grip of the Catholic League. 14 to 21 December 1599 saw the visit of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy.
- Whilst conflict raged between Catholics and Protestants, Henry IV (King of France from 1589 to 1610) visited Fontainebleau on 4 May 1600 for the public disputation between Monseigneur Du Perron, the Bishop of Evreux, and Protestant theologian Duplessis-Mornay, dealing with arguments made by the latter in his treatise on the Eucharist.
- The first Bourbon king regularly visited the château, to which he added the new Cour des Offices and a grand entrance to the town, as well as numerous buildings. The canal was dug and new gardens designed and planted. Their visits to Fontainebleau covered some key moments in the royal family’s lives. Weddings there included that of Concini and Leonora Dori Galigaï, on June 12th 1601 ; while Caesar, Duke of Vendôme, the legitimised son of Henry IV and Gabrielle d’Estrées, married Henriette de Lorraine, daughter of the Duke of Mercoeur, on 7 July 1609. The château also witnessed the births of the future dauphin, Louis XIII, born on 27 September 1601 ; Élisabeth, future queen of Spain, on 22 November 1602 ; the Duke of Anjou, later known as Gaston, Duke of Orléans, on 25 April 1608, and the dauphin Louis, son of Louis XIV and Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche, on 1 November 1661.
- Particularly memorable was the baptism of the dauphin and future King of France Louis XIII and his sisters Élisabeth and Chrétienne in the Cour Ovale on 14 September 1606.
- Louis XIII spent a happy childhood at Fontainebleau, filled with activities such as hunting, tennis and frequent drawing lessons with artist Martin Fréminet. Later in his life he would come here to take the waters. Princes also died at Fontainebleau, foreshadowing the sad end of Louis XIV’s reign. Louis-Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, the King’s son-in-law, died there on 9 November 1685, followed by Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé (also known as the Great Condé) on 11 December the following year.
- In the political sphere, it was at Fontainebleau that Marshal Biron and Charles, Count of Auvergne were arrested on 14 June 1602 ; they were convicted of treason and Biron was decapitated in Paris on 29 July. Similarly, on 4 May 1626, Louis XIII had his brother Gaston’s governor Marshal Ornano arrested.
- On 14 and 15 May 1633, 49 knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit were appointed, including Cardinal Richelieu. On 17 August 1661, travelling from Fontainebleau to a lavish party thrown in his honour by Fouquet at the Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte, Louis XIV decided to have his superintendent of finances imprisoned. In July 1664 the chambre de justice, the judicial body which dealt with financiers, held its session at Fontainebleau.The Edict of Fontainebleau, or the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, was signed in Madame de Maintenon’s office on 17 October 1685.
- 17th-century diplomatic history was also made at Fontainebleau when the ratification of the peace treaty between France and England was signed on 16 September 1629. Henrietta Maria of France, queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland and wife of Charles I visited with her son the Prince of Wales, the future Charles II, between 19 and 23 August 1646.
- Queen Christine of Sweden made two visits in the autumn of 1565 and the autumn of 1657. The second visit became sadly infamous when on 10 November 1657, in the Galerie des Cerfs (Hall of Stags) the queen had Monaldeschi, her Master of the Horse, executed.
- On 29 July 1664, Cardinal Chigi, the papal legate to Pope Alexander VII, came to convey the Roman Pontiff’s apologies to Louis XIV for an unseemly fracas which had ensued in Rome in 1662 between the Corsican Guard and French embassy staff. During this visit, the legate expressed his admiration of Moliere’s play Tartuffe. Between the autumn of 1690 and the autumn of 1700, King James II, then former King of England, and his wife Maria of Modena made ten consecutive visits to Fontainebleau, at Louis XIV’s request.
- On 5 November 1696 Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, the future Duchess of Burgundy, paid a visit. A number of alliances have been forged at Fontainebleau, such as the marriage between Ladislas IV, King of Poland, and Anna Maria Gonzaga on 25 September 1645 in the King’s Chamber. On 31 August 1679 the Chapel of the Trinity saw the proxy marriage of Charles II of Spain and Marie-Louise d’Orléans (or Mademoiselle d’Orléans to give her her birth title), the daughter of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, and Princess Henrietta of England. During the same visit on 2 September 1679 a treaty was signed between France and Sweden on the one hand, and Denmark and the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp on the other. On 13 October 1698 the proxy marriage of Leopold Duke of Lorraine and Elizabeth Charlotte d’Orléans (or Mademoiselle d’Orléans), the daughter of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (known as Monsieur), and Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate.
- Between 9 and 11 November 1700, Louis XIV held several meetings with Madame de Maintenon, as a result of which he decided to accept the evidence of the King of Spain, making the Duke of Anjou his heir. It was not until a visit between 21 and 24 August 1712 that negotiations conducted with Queen Anne’s envoy, Viscount Bolingbroke, led to a peace settlement between France and England, and put an end to the War of the Spanish Succession.
- A year before the death of Louis XIV on 26 September 1714, the elector of Saxony Friedrich Augustus II was received, under his then title Count of Lusatia. The future king of Poland, he was to reign under the title of Augustus III.
- Czar Peter the Great was received at Fontainebleau by the Regent on 30 and 31 May 1717. On 27 October 1743, a secret alliance treaty was signed between France and Spain. In autumn 1786, King Christian VII of Denmark stayed there.
- Marking the end of the American Revolutionary War, Louis XVI signed a trade agreement with England.
The two sisters Marie-Josèphe-Louise and Marie-Thérèse, princesses of the House of Savoy, were received at Fontainebleau on 12 May 1771 and again on 14 November 1773. They had just married the King’s brothers, the Counts of Provence and Artois, respectively future French kings Louis XVIII and Charles X.
- Life at the Château de Fontainebleau under the First Empire was closely linked to the rise and fall of the imperial Eagle. He made his own mark on the “True home of Kings”. Napoleon did more than anyone to restore the Château de Fontainebleau, refurbishing it completely immediately after the Revolution, during which the former royal residence had seen its collections broken up and sold off, as was the case for so many other Crown properties.
- On 20 November 1803, Napoleon first came to the Château de Fontainebleau to inspect the military academy known as the École spéciale militaire, set up in June of that year. A second inspection was carried out here on 28 June 1804. On 29 June he visited the Château accompanied by architect Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine, to whom he gave instructions to transform it into a second country residence, after that at Saint-Cloud, for the autumn months.
- After Pope Pius VII was arrested and his lands seized, he was held captive from 19 June 1812 at Fontainebleau in the former Queen Mothers’ apartment (now known as the Papal Apartment), the very room which had been specially converted for use in the 1804 Coronation.
- On 19 January 1813 the unexpected arrival of the Emperor and Empress on their way back from hunting at Grosbois brought matters to a head. On 25 January the Emperor secured a concordat from Pius VII, but on 24 March the Pope abrogated it. Bearing the brunt of Napoleon’s wrath, he was only released from the Château de Fontainebleau the following year on 23 January 1814.
- On 24 January 1814 Napoleon bade farewell to Marie-Louise and the King of Rome for the last time : he was never to see them again. He embarked on the Campaign for France. Napoleon held out against the allies but was ultimately outnumbered and thus defeated. Paris was taken on 30 March. On 31 March, Napoleon fled to Fontainebleau.
Chivalry
- The Order of the Holy Spirit, also known as the Order of the Knights of the Holy Spirit, (French: Ordre du Saint-Esprit or Ordre des chevaliers du Saint-Esprit; sometimes translated into English as the Order of the Holy Ghost)[1] is a French order of chivalry founded by Henry III in 1578. Today, it is a dynastic order of chivalry under the House of France. Due to the blue riband from which the Cross of the Holy Spirit was hung, the knights became known as "Les Cordons Bleus". Over time, this expression was extended to refer to other distinctions of the highest class – for example, Cordon Bleu cooking and Blue Ribandsporting events. It has been suggested that the term Cordon Bleu in cooking has derived from the splendour of feasts held by the knights and not simply from the term becoming synonymous with prestige; however, this is not confirmed.
  • Prior to the creation of the Order of the Holy Spirit in 1578 by Henri III, the senior order of chivalry in France had been the Order of Saint Michael.[2] This order had originally been created to rival the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece, and to help ensure that leading French nobles remained loyal to the Crown. Its membership was initially restricted to a small number of powerful princes and nobles, but this increased dramatically due to the pressures of the Wars of Religion: at the beginning of the reign of Henry III, the order had several hundred living members, ranging from kings to bourgeois. Recognising that the order had been significantly devalued, Henry founded the Order of the Holy Spirit in December 31, 1578–thereby creating a two-tier system: the new order would be reserved for princes and powerful nobles whilst the old Order of Saint Michael would be for less eminent servants of the Crown. This Order was dedicated to the Holy Spirit to commemorate the fact that Henry was elected King of Poland (1573) and inherited the throne of France (1574) on two Pentecosts. During the French Revolution, the Order of the Holy Spirit was officially abolished by the French government along with all other chivalric orders from the Ancien Régime, although the exiled Louis XVIII continued to acknowledge it. Following the Bourbon Restoration, the order was officially revived, only to be abolished again by the Orleanist Louis-Philippe following the July Revolution in 1830. Despite the abolition of the order, both the Orleanist[2] and Legitimist[4] pretenders to the French throne have continued to nominate members of the order, long after the abolition of the French monarchy itself.
palaces, residences
- The Tuileries Palace (French: Palais des Tuileries, IPA: [palɛ de tɥilʁi]) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine. It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs, from Henry IV to Napoleon III, until it was burned by the Paris Commune in 1871. Built in 1564, it was gradually extended until it closed off the western end of the Louvre courtyard and displayed an immense façade of 266 metres. Since the destruction of the Tuileries, the Louvre courtyard has remained open and the site is now the location of the eastern end of the Tuileries Garden, forming an elevated terrace between the Place du Carrousel and the gardens proper.

Posted by at
Labels:

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)