- 農業在全世界有四個獨立發展的中心先後出現 ：距今一萬一千至一萬年出現的中東地區農業 ， 相 當於今天土耳其 、伊朗 、伊拉克 、以色列 、約旦一 帶 ，栽培穀物為小麥 、大麥 、燕麥及豆類 ，馴化了 山羊 、綿羊等動物 ；距今大約九千年甚至更早 ， 在 我們中國出現的農業 ，栽培穀物為稻 （大米）、 粟 （ 穀 ，小米）、 黍 （黏米 ，黃粱 ）和其 他農作物 ， 馴化了豬等動物 ；大致同時期 ，出現在太平洋巴布 亞新幾內亞島的農業 ，史前居民種植芋頭 、香蕉和 蔬菜乃至甘蔗 ，後來馴養了豬 ；距今五千至四千五 百年或更早些出現在中南美洲 ，種植玉米 、豆類 、 瓜類和畜養駝馬 。這四個中心被公認為 ﹁原中心 ﹂ ，他們土生土長的農業 ，向鄰近地區逐漸擴散 ， 帶 動了全人類農業發展 。像有研究揭示 ，漢代水稻廣 為栽種後 ，逐漸向西傳播到印度 ，中世紀引入歐洲 南部 。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190428/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
wheat
- first farmed in egypt
- symbol of tribe of joseph
- Farmers in Pakistan are expecting improved crop yields as field trials conducted by a Chinese State-owned enterprise involving hybrid wheat has yielded impressive results. Chinas' Sinochem Group Co, which has interests in chemicals and other agriculture-related services, has conducted field trials of hybrid wheat varieties and realized on average 24.4 percent increase in crop yields, according to company officials. http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/22/WS5b7cc667a310add14f3871a9.html
焦土農耕
- 美媒引述美國太空總署（NASA）資料報道，中非安哥拉和剛果民主共和國上周多地同時發生大火，火場數字甚至較亞馬遜森林大火多近五倍。捲入大火的國家包括安哥拉、剛果民主共和國、馬達加斯加及贊比亞。報道未有提及火場面積，但從衞星圖來看甚至比亞馬遜大火嚴重。中非已非首次發生大火，去年六月曾於一周時間之內發生六萬七千場大火，相信與農民以火耕的手法闢地有關。
https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190826/00180_023.html 華西村種植的水稻和傳統的稻米不同，高學歷的知識農民、經過改良的稻種、日本引入的種植理念、全新的進口設備，收穫的是符合十九屆五中全會要求提高人民生活品質的優質新米。新一代華西農民不再是日出而作，日落而息，頭頂烈日、腳踩黃泥的種地郎。受惠改革開放發展的華西，是知識農民種植的智慧田，產出高品質的農作物。種出更好吃、更富營養的米，成了中國農業的商機。2014年起，華西先後考察了日本十幾個農場和專家，最終來到福井縣，選擇與在水稻生產久負盛名的朝日農場合作。回到華西後，華西村黨委書記吳協恩發出招聘令，鼓勵青年報名水稻研修種植項目。年輕人熱情高漲，立刻就有300多人應試。應聘者滿足35歲以下、大學本科等條件，還要接受日本農業專家面試。
2016年4月，這7名華西新農民飛赴日本福井縣，師從當地頗有名氣的農業專家清水豐之老師學習種大米。每天工作從早上8點到下午5點，中間只有1小時的吃飯休息時間；育苗、插秧、施肥、加工，每個環節都來一遍，哪怕是奚英瑋這個嬌小的女孩子，也要開着拖拉機在太陽下曝曬；7、8月氣溫高達35度，大家徒手田間鋤草，衣服一遍遍被汗水浸濕。
日本播種比江南早一個月，7個年輕人便馬不停蹄，一個月奔赴日本學習，一個月趕回江南試驗種植，現學現用。第一年便在華西試驗成功250畝優質水稻，收穫約60噸大米，這些大米獲得了江蘇好大米特等獎。
看好高品質大米的市場前景，華西闢出2,000畝土地，開啟高品質稻米的規模化生產。畝產千斤糧的華西臻米，以香甜可口受市場青睞，售價可以達到12元人民幣1斤。
如今，年輕人住在別墅裏，開着寶馬車，喝着咖啡，在空調房電子化操作，顛覆了日出而作、日落而息的農耕傳統。怎麼看也不像農民，倒像7位君子，用自己的知識、文化、智慧和勤勞，精心打造着這千畝農地。
日本的種植理念。華西年輕的農民總結出16個字：「農法自然，精耕細作，匠心永具，品質唯先」，最主要突出精耕細作。蘇南土地少，跟日本的情況很相似，以家庭為單位不大規模機械化，卻以更精細高品質著稱。
嚴格選種。江蘇省農科院自主研發的原種，以鹽水選種法，鹽和水1：1.13。把一個新鮮雞蛋放在水的表面，當雞蛋浮出水面一塊硬幣般大小，說明鹽水濃度達到標準。再把稻種放入水中，浮上來的全部篩選掉，沉下去才是合格的。選出的稻種淘洗乾淨後才可以播種。
平整土地，年輕人用上了鐳射平整儀，旱地平整後，再水田平，做到填平如鏡。收割機全程不落地，稻穀3小時之內，放烘乾機內循環烘乾。烘乾要用36個小時二段乾燥。稻穀的水分到18時，要休息半天，再烘12個小時。穀米的水分在15.3左右時的稻米是最好吃的。
華西臻米為什麼好吃？「軟糯香甜」就是特點。屬半糯米型的華西米，看上去不那麼透亮，但口感非常好。特別適合老人和孩子。吃到嘴中有糯糯的感覺，而且有點點回甘（甜味），所以不吃菜也能下飯。
因為糯，煮的飯黏合度很高，但一旦用湯泡飯，馬上又顯示完整的顆粒。糯且顆粒完整，做壽司也很好，一團團很香，吃到嘴裏則粒粒分明。現在，華西的稻田種植已經擴展到了宜興，在宜興的張渚和顧山的東岐兩個地方，有500畝土地的基地。華西村提供種子和栽培技術，然後以高於市場的價格收購。國家稻米收購價格是每斤1.3元，華西以每斤2元的價格收購，讓當地的農民得到了實惠。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/12/09/a17-1209.pdf
Vernalization (from Latin vernus, "of the spring") is the induction of a plant's flowering process by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter, or by an artificial equivalent. After vernalization, plants have acquired the ability to flower, but they may require additional seasonal cues or weeks of growth before they will actually flower. Vernalization is sometimes used to refer to herbal (non-woody) plants requiring a cold dormancy to produce new shoots and leaves but this usage is discouraged. see also hkej 5feb18 shum article
- Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (Russian: Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко, Ukrainian: Трохи́м Дени́сович Лисе́нко; 29 September [O.S. 17 September] 1898 – 20 November 1976) was a Soviet agrobiologist. As a student Lysenko found himself interested in agriculture, where he worked on a few different projects, one involving the effects of temperature variation on the life-cycle of plants. This later led him to consider how he might use this work to convert winter wheat into spring wheat. He named the process "jarovization" in Russian, and later translated it as "vernalization".[1] Lysenko was a strong proponent of soft inheritance and rejected Mendelian genetics in favor of pseudoscientific ideas termed Lysenkoism.
- hkej 5feb18 shum article
Liming is the application (to soil) of calcium- and magnesium-rich materials in various forms, including marl, chalk, limestone, or hydrated lime. In acid soils, these materials react as a base and neutralize soil acidity. This often improves plant growth and increases the activity of soil bacteria, but oversupply may result in harm to plant life. The degree to which a given amount of lime per unit of soil volume will increase soil pH depends on the buffer capacity of the soil (this is generally related to soil cation exchange capacity or CEC). Soils with low CEC will usually show a more marked pH increase than soils with high CEC. But the low-CEC soils will witness more rapid leaching of the added bases, and so will see a quicker return to original acidity unless additional liming is done. Over-liming is most likely to occur on soil which has low CEC, such as sand which is deficient in buffering agents such as organic matter and clay. Most acid soils are saturated with aluminium rather than hydrogen ions. The acidity of the soil is therefore a result of hydrolysis of aluminium. This concept of "corrected lime potential" to define the degree of base saturation in soils became the basis for procedures now used in soil testing laboratories to determine the "lime requirement" of soils.
- Agricultural lime, also called aglime, agricultural limestone, garden lime or liming, is a soil additive made from pulverized limestone or chalk. The primary active component is calcium carbonate. Additional chemicals vary depending on the mineral source and may include calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and magnesium carbonate. Unlike the types of lime called quicklime (calcium oxide) and slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), powdered limestone does not require lime burning in a lime kiln; it only requires milling. The effects of agricultural lime on soil are:
- it increases the pH of acidic soil (the lower the pH the more acidic the soil); in other words, soil acidity is reduced and alkalinity increased[1]
- it provides a source of calcium and magnesium for plants
- it permits improved water penetration for acidic soils
- it improves the uptake of major plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) of plants growing on acid soils.
Lime may occur naturally in some soils but may require addition of sulfuric acid for its agricultural benefits to be realized. Gypsum is also used to supply calcium for plant nutrition. The concept of "corrected lime potential" to define the degree of base saturation[clarification needed Explain] in soils became the basis for procedures now used in soil testing laboratories to determine the "lime requirement" of soils.Other forms of lime have common applications in agriculture and gardening, including dolomitic lime and hydrated lime. Dolomitic lime may be used as a soil input to provide similar effects as agricultural lime, while supplying magnesium in addition to calcium. In livestock farming, hydrated lime can be used as a disinfectant measure, producing a dry and alkaline environment in which bacteria do not readily multiply. In horticultural farming it can be used as an insect repellent, without causing harm to the pest or plant.
nano clay
- 挪威一間公司研發出新技術，利用「液態納米黏土」（Liquid Nanoclay）與沙粒或沙土結合，成功令阿聯酋杜拜的貧瘠沙漠，在短短五個月內長滿綠葉、新鮮水果和蔬菜，實現農業奇迹。美媒上周五報道，挪威初創公司「Desert Control」團隊今年三月前往杜拜，將液態納米黏土應用在乾旱的沙漠中，該地區數月後變成綠油油的青草地，長滿西瓜、青瓜及穀物等。團隊表示，把由水和黏土形成的「液態納米黏土」噴灑在沙粒或沙土，它會滲入和吸附沙粒，有效提高保水能力，為植物提供必要養分。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200816/00180_030.htmlHay is grass, legumes, or other herbaceous plants that have been cut and dried to be stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for large grazing animals raised as livestock, such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep. However, it is also fed to smaller domesticated animals such as rabbits and guinea pigs. Pigs may also be fed hay, but they do not digest it as efficiently as herbivores. Hay can be used as animal fodder when or where there is not enough pasture or rangeland on which to graze an animal, when grazing is not feasible due to weather (such as during the winter), or when lush pasture by itself would be too rich for the health of the animal. It is also fed when an animal is unable to access pasture, e.g. the animal is being kept in a stable or barn. Commonly used plants for hay include mixtures of grasses such as ryegrass (Lolium species), timothy, brome, fescue, Bermuda grass, orchard grass, and other species, depending on region. Hay may also include legumes, such as alfalfa (lucerne) and clovers (red, white and subterranean). Legumes in hay are ideally cut pre-bloom. Other pasture forbs are also sometimes a part of the mix, though these plants are not necessarily desired as certain forbs are toxic to some animals.Oat, barley, and wheat plant materials are occasionally cut green and made into hay for animal fodder; however they are more usually used in the form of straw, a harvest byproduct where the stems and dead leaves are baled after the grain has been harvested and threshed. Straw is used mainly for animal bedding. Although straw is also used as fodder, particularly as a source of dietary fiber, it has lower nutritional value than hay. 干草是指经过收割、干燥加工处理后的草料，以储备作动物饲料用途，特别是餵养畜类如马，山羊和绵羊等。干草还可作为宠物饲料，如兔子和豚鼠。猪也可以餵以干草，但它们对干草的消化并不是很好。在没有足够的草场或牧场或者天气恶劣的情况下，干草是较好的饲料来源。常见的干草来源植物包括牧场草的混合物，例如黑麦草、梯牧草、雀麦、牛毛草、狗牙根、果园草和其他本地物种。很多种类的干草还包括豆类，如苜蓿和三叶草，牧场里的花有时也是干草的一部分，但并非是豆类植物，理想的状态是在开花前就砍下来，没有必要包括花，花可能对动物有毒。干草裡的叶子和种子决定了干草的品质。农民尽量在种子还没有完全成熟时并且叶子处于最大的时候收割干草。收割下来的原料允许干燥，这样大量的水分被移除，但是叶子仍然足够强劲，使机器能将之从地上拾起来打包储存。Early farmers noticed that growing fields produced more fodder in the spring than the animals could consume, and that cutting the grass in the summer, allowing it to dry and storing it for the winter provided their domesticated animals with better quality nutrition than simply allowing them to dig through snow in the winter to find dried grass. Therefore, some fields were "shut up" for hay.[citation needed]Up to the end of the 19th century, grass and legumes were not often grown together because crops were rotated.[citation needed] However, by the 20th century, good forage management techniques demonstrated that highly productive pastures were a mix of grasses and legumes, so compromises were made when it was time to mow. Later still, some farmers grew crops, like straight alfalfa (lucerne), for special-purpose hay such as that fed to dairy cattle.Much hay was originally cut by scythe by teams of workers, dried in the field and gathered loose on wagons. Later, haying would be done by horse-drawn implements such as mowers. With the invention of agricultural machinery such as the tractor and the baler, most hay production became mechanized by the 1930s.After hay was cut and had dried, the hay was raked or rowed up by raking it into a linear heap by hand or with a horse-drawn implement. Turning hay, when needed, originally was done by hand with a fork or rake. Once the dried hay was rowed up, pitch forks were used to pile it loose, originally onto a horse-drawn cart or wagon, later onto a truck or tractor-drawn trailer, for which a sweep could be used instead of pitch forks.Loose hay was taken to an area designated for storage—usually a slightly raised area for drainage—and built into a hay stack. The stack was made waterproof as it was built (a skilled task) and the hay would compress under its own weight and cure by the release of heat from the residual moisture in the hay and from the compression forces. The stack was fenced from the rest of the paddock in a rick yard, and often thatched or sheeted to keep it dry. When needed, slices of hay would be cut using a hay knife and fed out to animals each day.On some farms the loose hay was stored in a barrack, shed, or barn, normally in such a way that it would compress down and cure. Hay could be stored in a specially designed barn with little internal structure to allow more room for the hay loft. Alternatively, an upper storey of a cow-shed or stable was used, with hatches in the floor to allow hay to be thrown down into hay-racks below.
herbicide
- 橙剂（或称橘剂、落叶剂、枯叶剂、落叶橘）Agent Orange is a herbicide and defoliant chemical, one of the tactical use Rainbow Herbicides. It is widely known for its use by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971.Agent Orange was to a lesser extent used outside Vietnam. Land in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia was also sprayed with Agent Orange during the Vietnam War because forests on the border with Vietnam were used by the Vietcong. Some countries, such as Canada, saw testing, while other countries, such as Brazil, used the herbicide to clear out sections of land for agriculture.
terraced fields
- 坡嶺的陡斜，是地勢起伏導致。地勢起伏，乃地殼運動和風雨侵襲形成，早就不知存在了多少年。在這樣的地方開墾梯田，壘築壩子是其最關鍵一環。壩子，在魯南山區常見。丘陵、山區的梯田，必須有壩子支撐，才能成形。山村坐落的地方，處處是梯田，也處處見壩子。野外的壩子，隨遇而安，村裡人幾乎人人會壘。壘壩子不像壘牆，沒有整齊劃一的外觀尺度，唯一的要求就是穩固。在建築行當，壘牆有很多輔料可用，譬如鋼筋，譬如水泥。在村外的坡嶺上壘築壩子，只有一堆天然形成的亂石可用，頂多有個錘頭、鐵掀作幫手。在荒野中，壩子與梯田，是一卵雙胞的存在。想讓水土駐足，就得先在斜坡上築起一道道壩子。就像河道裡豎起的攔河壩，堵住水土去路。壩子的壘築，村裡沒有文字記載，都是父輩影響子代，言傳身受傳承下來的。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/03/12/b06-0312.pdf
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/10/12/a18-1012.pdf 廣東省內梯田，大多分佈在粵北、粵東、粵 西，原生態保持良好，優美的景色讓人驚喜。 相較於連山歐家梯田、連山黑山梯田、仁化扶 溪梯田、大埔坪山梯田，韶關乳源的必背梯田知 名度略遜一籌，但勝在足夠的原始和寧靜，尤其 是與依山而建的瑤寨相互映襯，別致的樹皮房、 竹房、依山臨澗的吊角樓，與瑤山豐收的金色稻 田交織，引人入勝。 必背瑤寨地處韶關乳源瑤族自治縣城的崇山峻 嶺中，因有小山形如鱉魚背，故名「鱉背」，由 於「鱉」字筆畫多難寫，以諧音「必」字代之， 改為「必背」。
- 高千穗町鄰近觀光勝地高千穗峽，以風景優美的梯田聞名。血案為當地帶來不安氣氛。一名的士司機表示，透過無線電得悉發生殺人事件，形容令人不寒而慄，又指政府呼籲民眾鎖好門窗、提高警覺。當地居民則表示，該區向來和平寧靜，很少發生罪案，如今爆出七屍兇殺案，居民都非常恐懼。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181128/00180_017.html
crop circles
- note the shape!!! https://wrzesnia.info.pl/artykul/nadarzyce-drugim-roswell-kregi-zbozowe-w-okolicach-wrzesni
fertilisation
- economist 23feb19 nitrogen fertilisation - a big obstacle to agricultural productivity may soon be overcome
fruit picking farms
fruit picking farms
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200911/PDF/b6_screen.pdf 果園都是允許摘了直接吃的，我很 喜歡。出園的時候把摘的果子稱一稱， 人均摘夠一公斤或者半公斤就免了一兩 歐的門票錢，如果沒摘夠就付門票。大 部分情況是摘的果子遠遠超過這個門票 的價值，只是，兩個小朋友肚子裏的估 計比籃子裏還多。在 湖邊野餐時把藍莓草莓一起打成汁，再 加蘆薈果汁，還是酸到牙齒快掉。
Urban farming
- in Singapore and UK hkej 19jan15 a16
- economist 31aug19 "plant power" vertical farming "growing brighter" new ways to make vertical framing stack up
- companies
farming on sea, river
Urban farming
- in Singapore and UK hkej 19jan15 a16
- economist 31aug19 "plant power" vertical farming "growing brighter" new ways to make vertical framing stack up
- companies
- www.parpot.kr
farming on sea, river
- china daily 11nov2020 pirojpur bangladesh crops grown on long strips floating on a river
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190123/PDF/a14_screen.pdf 《山東省現代化海洋牧場建設綜合試點方案》日前正式獲國家批覆，山東成為國家唯一的海洋牧場建設綜合試點省份。該省將投資約53億元（人民幣，下同）建設山東省現代化海洋牧場，力爭經過3年試點，為全國提供可複製的「山東方案」。山東省發展改革委副主任梁文躍說，該省1月全面啟動試點工作，2021年上半年基本完成。
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190123/PDF/a14_screen.pdf 《山東省現代化海洋牧場建設綜合試點方案》日前正式獲國家批覆，山東成為國家唯一的海洋牧場建設綜合試點省份。該省將投資約53億元（人民幣，下同）建設山東省現代化海洋牧場，力爭經過3年試點，為全國提供可複製的「山東方案」。山東省發展改革委副主任梁文躍說，該省1月全面啟動試點工作，2021年上半年基本完成。
- aquaculture farm in xiaocheng town lianjiang county fujian china daily 12nov2020
- 據新華社報道，全球首艘10萬噸級智慧漁業大型養殖工船「國信1號」昨日在青島西海岸新區開工建造，其將於2022年3月正式交付運營。可移動躲避颱風 全球海域養殖作業 據「國信1號」投資方青島國信集團副總經理董韶光介紹，「國信1號」船總長249.9米，型寬45米，載重量約10萬噸，排水量13萬噸，設計航速10節，可移動躲避颱風、赤潮等惡劣氣候和災害，在全球海域開展養殖作業。「全船15個養殖艙能提供8萬立方米養殖水體。船上的養殖水體交換系統，將使養殖艙內水體與外界自然海水不間斷強制交換，借助深層取水裝置獲取適宜溫度、鹽度的海水養殖魚類，保持養殖魚類長期處於優良生長狀態，進而縮短養殖周期、提升養殖品質。」董韶光說。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/12/20/a15-1220.pdf
油麻，即是芝麻，當年對漁民來說是重要的產物，因為油是補船補網都要用到的。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200522/PDF/b8_screen.pdf
Gleaning is the act of collecting leftover crops from farmers' fields after they have been commercially harvested or on fields where it is not economically profitable to harvest. It is a practice described in the Hebrew Bible that became a legally enforced entitlement of the poor in a number of Christian kingdoms.
- economist 22dec18 "to the last grain"
large scale program to increase farm produce
- The Virgin Lands Campaign (Russian: Освое́ние целины́, romanized: Osvoyeniye tseliny, lit. 'reclamation of tselina'; Kazakh: Tyń ıgerý, [təŋ ɪjɡeɾʏw]) was Nikita Khrushchev's 1953 plan to dramatically boost the Soviet Union’s agricultural production in order to alleviate the food shortages plaguing the Soviet populace.
油麻，即是芝麻，當年對漁民來說是重要的產物，因為油是補船補網都要用到的。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200522/PDF/b8_screen.pdf
Gleaning is the act of collecting leftover crops from farmers' fields after they have been commercially harvested or on fields where it is not economically profitable to harvest. It is a practice described in the Hebrew Bible that became a legally enforced entitlement of the poor in a number of Christian kingdoms.
- economist 22dec18 "to the last grain"
large scale program to increase farm produce
- The Virgin Lands Campaign (Russian: Освое́ние целины́, romanized: Osvoyeniye tseliny, lit. 'reclamation of tselina'; Kazakh: Tyń ıgerý, [təŋ ɪjɡeɾʏw]) was Nikita Khrushchev's 1953 plan to dramatically boost the Soviet Union’s agricultural production in order to alleviate the food shortages plaguing the Soviet populace.
- Norman Ernest Borlaug (/ˈbɔːrlɔːɡ/; March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009)[3] was an American agronomist who led initiatives worldwide that contributed to the extensive increases in agricultural production termed the Green Revolution. Borlaug was awarded multiple honors for his work, including the Nobel Peace Prize, the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal.He took up an agricultural research position with CIMMYT in Mexico, where he developed semi-dwarf, high-yield, disease-resistant wheat varieties.[1][2] During the mid-20th century, Borlaug led the introduction of these high-yielding varieties combined with modern agricultural production techniques to Mexico, Pakistan, and India. As a result, Mexico became a net exporter of wheat by 1963. Between 1965 and 1970, wheat yields nearly doubled in Pakistan and India, greatly improving the food security in those nations.
近年不少內地公司專門由日本引入名產水果種子，再經改良後在內地種植，出產多款與日本水果味道相近，價錢便宜一大截的水果。有水果商指，內地公司有引入日本種子的做法，惟實際操作外人不得而知。海外入口果菜商會會長吳永恩指，內地農業技術近年不斷提升，有內地公司會引入日本或外國水果種子，再不斷改良及試種，去種植內地出產的外國名產水果，惟這些過程非必定成功，也不會一年半載成事，而是否真正從當地公司購入種子，外人也難知。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200810/00176_081.html
community supported agriculture
- emerged in the west as early as 1960s
- first csa in hk - organic farm founded by chu pui-kwan, developed rapidly after financial storm in 1997, especially between 2000 and 2003, and 2007 and 8 (boom of ngos)
- in taiwan - taiwan rural front
farming - trivial
- 朱皇帝問甲乙：你們都從事什麼 職業啊？甲答：我從農。皇帝問：你 從事農業，知不知道稻稈和麥稈節的 區別？甲答：我知道。它們的稈是不 相同的，稻三節麥四節。皇帝再問： 稻和麥都是植物呀，為什麼節不同呢 ？甲答：稻春季播種，秋季收穫，一 共經歷三個季節，所以三節；麥則需 要四個季節，所以四節。皇帝自言自 語：你確實清楚農業生產的艱難。於 是授他官為某州知州。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191212/PDF/b9_screen.pdf
Gmo?
近年不少內地公司專門由日本引入名產水果種子，再經改良後在內地種植，出產多款與日本水果味道相近，價錢便宜一大截的水果。有水果商指，內地公司有引入日本種子的做法，惟實際操作外人不得而知。海外入口果菜商會會長吳永恩指，內地農業技術近年不斷提升，有內地公司會引入日本或外國水果種子，再不斷改良及試種，去種植內地出產的外國名產水果，惟這些過程非必定成功，也不會一年半載成事，而是否真正從當地公司購入種子，外人也難知。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200810/00176_081.html
community supported agriculture
- emerged in the west as early as 1960s
- first csa in hk - organic farm founded by chu pui-kwan, developed rapidly after financial storm in 1997, especially between 2000 and 2003, and 2007 and 8 (boom of ngos)
- in taiwan - taiwan rural front
farming - trivial
- 朱皇帝問甲乙：你們都從事什麼 職業啊？甲答：我從農。皇帝問：你 從事農業，知不知道稻稈和麥稈節的 區別？甲答：我知道。它們的稈是不 相同的，稻三節麥四節。皇帝再問： 稻和麥都是植物呀，為什麼節不同呢 ？甲答：稻春季播種，秋季收穫，一 共經歷三個季節，所以三節；麥則需 要四個季節，所以四節。皇帝自言自 語：你確實清楚農業生產的艱難。於 是授他官為某州知州。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191212/PDF/b9_screen.pdf
Gmo?
-羊角蜜甜瓜
- looks like cucumber version of 蜜瓜
- 香港文匯報記者在東大橋村溫室大棚裏看到了趙雲勾畫的「花樣農業」，一步一景，一棚一春。趙雲說，羊角瓜、吊瓜市場價格在40元每公斤，草莓預計可以收益5萬元。瓜類6月上市，9月定植草莓。元旦草莓陸續上市，採摘期一直延續到次年的4月份。一棚一年都不閒。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/02/22/a18-0222.pdf
apiculture
- it was a medieval tradition for newly wed to stay at home for a month and not go out, and the bride prepares wine from honey for the bridegroom - that is the origin of honeymoon
- https://www.quora.com/If-a-bee-gets-trapped-in-your-car-and-then-flies-out-a-long-way-from-home-will-it-join-another-hive
- people
- Anton Janša (c. 20 May 1734 – 13 September 1773) was a Carniolan apiaristand painter. Janša is known as a pioneer of modern apiculture and a great expert in the field. He was educated as a painter, but was employed as a teacher of apiculture at the Habsburg court in Vienna.He became famous for his lectures in which he demonstrated his knowledge of bees. He also wrote two books in German: Discussion on Bee-keeping (1771) and A Full guide to Bee-keeping. The latter was published in 1775, after his death. In his Full guide he noted: Bees are a type of fly, hardworking, created by God to provide man with all needed honey and wax. Amongst all God's beings there are none so hard working and useful to man with so little attention needed for its keep as the bee. The Empress Maria Theresa issued a decree after Janša's death obliging all teachers of apiculture to use his books.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191212/PDF/b9_screen.pdf 皇帝問：你是個 醫生，知不知道蜜也有苦的膽也有甜 的呢？乙答：蜂釀黃蓮花則蜜苦，猴 食果多則膽甜。皇帝自言自語：你的 植物動物知識還真豐富。於是授他為 太醫院使官。
- 五月廿日是斯洛文尼亞養蜂先驅揚沙（Anton Jansa）的生日，他在十八世紀率先採用現代養蜂技術。聯合國去年接納斯洛文尼亞建議，將每年這日定為世界蜜蜂日作紀念。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180522/00180_028.html
The trabucco (Italian pronunciation: [traˈbukko] or trabocco; in some southern dialects called travocc) is an old fishing machine typical of the coast of Abruzzi region (specially in the Trabocchi Coast or Costa dei Trabocchi) and also in the coast of Gargano, where it is protected as historical monuments by the homonym National Park. Spread along the coast of southern Adriatic especially in the Italian provinces of Chieti, Campobasso, and Foggia and also in some parts of the coast of southern Tyrrhenian Sea. According with some historians of Apulia, the trabuccco was invented in the region imported from Phoenicians. The earliest documented existence dates back to 18th century, during which Gargano fishermen, during that period sparsely populated, devised an ingenious technique of fishing which wasn't subject to weather conditions in the area. Trabucchi were built in the most prominent promontories jutting nets out to sea through a system of monumental wooden arms: a trabucco allows to fish without having to be submitted to sea conditions using the morphology of Gargano rocky coast. The trabucco is built with traditional wood Aleppo pine -the typical pine of Gargano and common throughout the South-Western Adriatic- because this material is virtually limitless (for his dissemination in the area) modeled, elastic, weatherproof and resistant to salt (trabucco must resist to strong Mistral usually blowing in these areas). Some trabucchi have been rebuilt in recent years, thanks to public funds.[3] However, since they lost their economic function in the past centuries when they were the main economical source of entire families of fishermen, trabucchi rose into the role of cultural and architectural symbols and tourist attraction.
The fishing technique, quite efficacious, is "on sight". It consists of intercepting, with wide nets, the flows of fish moving along the ravines of the coast. Trabucchi are located where the sea is deep enough (at least 6 meters), and are built on rocky peaks generally oriented southeast or north in order to exploit the favorable marine current. The net is lowered into the water through a complex system of winchesand, likewise, promptly pulled up to retrieve its catch. At least two men are entrusted with the tough task of operating the winches that maneuver the giant net. Small trabucchi of Abruzzo and Molise Coast are often electrically powered. The trabucco is managed at least by four fishermen called ""trabuccolanti"" who share the duties of watching the fish and maneuvering.
[baidu] 网罟为一种利用潮差在湾内捕鱼的方式。渔民在开始涨潮时将渔网系在一列竹竿上，一些随著涨潮游进大鹏湾的鱼虾蟹类随之进入网中，等退潮时，渔民即随后收网上岸。这种采捕方式是大鹏湾内最普遍的捕捞方法。 [wiki] 牽罟（英語：Taiwanese Beach Seine），亦即曳地網，為先民最早發明的網具[1]，也是臺灣古老的捕魚方式之一。罟網屬近岸作業的捕魚方式。捕魚隊伍以漁船及舢舨組成。「罟」即是魚網，罟網亦稱為「罟仔」、「浮水圍網」或「大圍網」。漁民通常在晚上作業，以燈光吸引魚群，然後以罟網捕捉。海陸豐/鶴佬罟仔漁民多以此方法捕魚。從前西貢有數十艘「罟仔」（借代為有罟網的漁艇）作業，其後大部分漁民退休，只餘下少量鶴佬漁民的「罟仔」、木船和「P4舢舨」（舷外機開敞式舢舨）繼續停泊。自2012年底起，香港政府禁止漁民在香港水域進行拖網捕魚，以保護香港的海洋資源和生態環境。http://www.hkichdb.gov.hk/zht/item.html?f75fce80-d34a-4791-8486-8b4e346a168e
- 長洲一向是 罟網漁船（簡稱：罟仔）的集 散地，罟即漁網，罟仔是近岸 以圍網方式撈捕中小型魚類， 有鱭魚、泥、油立仔、牙 帶、池魚及墨魚等。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202011/1104/HA16B04CX01_HKCD.pdf
whale
- 鯨扒是我們最期待的重頭戲，畢竟冰島是極少數可以合法食用鯨魚的國家，而且小鬚鯨（minke whale）在數量上是被列為「無危」的物種，儘管是殘忍的但也是難得的經歷。看起來無論是顏色還是外形都和牛扒一樣的鯨扒除了貴，着實沒有什麼特別之處，放入口中，與牛扒徹底無關，是醬料都蓋不住的海中生物的腥味，肉質粗硬，是無需再次嘗試的食物。 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200518/PDF/b3_screen.pdf
hairy crabs
- 大閘蟹是中國美食之一，不過，大閘蟹因大量野生繁殖而被不少國家列為「入侵物種」。禁售大閘蟹的西班牙，警方近日搜查馬德里一個倉庫時，繳獲五百隻總重達八十公斤的大閘蟹，涉案華人目前正被調查。報道指，馬德里警方近日截查一輛駛往比斯開省首府畢爾巴鄂（Bilbao）的貨車，發現內藏十公斤大閘蟹，獲悉該批大閘蟹都是來自馬德里市郊科波卡葉哈一個倉庫。據了解，大閘蟹已被國際物種自然保護委員會（ISSG）列為「世界百種入侵物種」之一，會對當地自然生態環境造成破壞，其穴居性還會導致堤岸損壞和阻塞排水系統，而且會傳播疾病。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180724/00178_027.html
Callinectes sapidus (from the Greek calli- = "beautiful", nectes = "swimmer", and Latin sapidus= "savory"), the Blue Crab, Atlantic Blue Crab, or regionally as the Chesapeake blue crab, is a species of crab native to the waters of the western Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and introduced internationally.
- [aranas] alimasag, or blue crab, is abundant in philippine waters, which is why alimasag nga may gata is featured using soft-shelled crab cooked in coconut milk
squid
- https://www.ft.com/content/e7bd4094-ff34-11e6-96f8-3700c5664d30 Until two decades ago, these Chilean fishermen would not have bothered with squid. The prize then was mackerel and hake. Squid were considered dangerous because of the amount of water (and occasional sea lion) they bring up with the nets, enough to destabilise a boat in heavy waves. Poor families in Valparaíso ate enchiladas stuffed with loco, an abalone-like shellfish, sold from carts on street corners. The sea has changed, however. Overfishing is threatening once plentiful resources, and the communities that depended on them. Squid is just the latest and one of the last resources in the oceans to be exploited by humans.
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2150956/how-chinas-squid-fishing-programme-squeezing-its-neighbours-and China has been accused of using its dominance of the world’s supply of squid to provide low-quality seafood to other countries and virtually monopolising the fishing in neutral waters.Critics have said China keeps high-quality squid for domestic consumption, exports lower-quality products at higher prices, overwhelms vessels from other countries in major squid breeding grounds, and is in a position to influence international negotiations about conservation and distribution of global squid resources for its own interest.Fishing ships from China have accounted for 50 to 70 per cent of the squid caught in international waters in recent years, effectively controlling the supply of the popular seafood, according to an estimate by the Chinese government.
salmon
- The coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch; Karuk: achvuun) is a species of anadromous fishin the salmon family, one of the several species of Pacific salmon. Coho salmon are also known as silver salmon or "silvers". The scientific species name is based on the Russiancommon name kizhuch (кижуч).
Historically coho, along with other species, has been a staple in the diet of several indigenous peoples, who would also use it to trade with other tribes farther inland. The coho salmon is also a symbol of several tribes, representing life and sustenance.
- 美國阿拉斯加州蘇厄德市每年都舉辦釣銀鮭魚大賽https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200821/00180_025.html
- [columbia river inter-tribal fish commission activity book] salmon is a central part of the cultures of pacific northwest tribes. They celebrate the return of salmon each year with great feasts, dancing, singing and celebrations. Important fish harvested include chinnok salmon, sockeye calmon, coho salmon, pacific lamprey.
- WyKanUshPum means "salmon people" in sahaptin, the common language family of yakama, warm springs, umatilla, and nez perce tribes
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/04/01/a19-0401.pdf 中集旗下中集來福士為Nordlaks Oppdrett AS建造的全球最大最先進的深水養殖工船「HAVFARM 1」31日舉行命名暨離港儀式。工船全長385米，型寬59.5米，總面積約等於4個標準足球場，由6座深水智能網箱組成，養殖規模可達1萬噸，約合200多萬尾三文魚。
- After learning about catches of pink salmon near Salluit, Quebec wildlife officials, eager to know more about the salmon’s appearance in Nunavik waters, are urging any fishers who net the newcomers to report their catch.After learning about catches of pink salmon near Salluit, Quebec wildlife officials, eager to know more about the salmon’s appearance in Nunavik waters, are urging any fishers who net the newcomers to report their catch. Two pink salmon were netted in Nunavik during the summer of 2019 in the Ungava Bay region, one near Kangirsuk, and another near Kangiqsualujjuaq.Since 1960, pink salmon have been observed in Norwegian waters, after Russia introduced pink salmon fry in rivers draining into the White Sea in northwest Russia.Because of the spread of pink salmon, wildlife officials fear the species could put extra pressure on wild Atlantic salmon stocks from new parasites and diseases.https://www.arctictoday.com/pink-salmon-catches-in-nunavik-are-raising-red-flags-for-biologists/
Minnow is a general term for freshwater and saltwater fish, especially those used as bait fish or for fishing bait. More specifically, it refers to small freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae. They are also known in Ireland as pinkeens.
eels
- The eel is a long, thin bony fish of the order Anguilliformes. Because fishermen never caught anything they recognised as young eels, the life cycle of the eel was a mystery for a very long period of scientific history. Although more than 6500 publications mention eels, much of their life history remains an enigma. The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) was historically the one most familiar to Western scientists, beginning with Aristotle, who wrote the earliest known inquiry into the natural history of eels. He speculated that they were born of "earth worms", which he believed were formed of mud, growing from the "guts of wet soil" rather than through sexual reproduction. One well-known place where glass eels are collected large-scale (for deli food and stocking) is Epney, on the Severn, in England. (Glass eels are a food item in Spain.)
- Spanish and Portuguese authorities announced Friday that they have taken down a criminal network that has been making large profits by smuggling glass eels to Asia. Authorities across the continent have been trying to tackle the smugglers, who take European glass eels to Asian countries, where they are raised into adults and their meat commands high prices for local delicacies. The trading of the European eel has been restricted since 2009 under the rules of the CITES convention for the international trade of endangered wildlife. The European Union has banned all exports outside the bloc and regulated internal sales, although an underground black market in eels has thrived in recent years. In the latest operation against the traffickers, four Chinese citizens, three Spaniards and three Moroccans were arrested in Spain in an operation coordinated by the European Union's police body, Europol.http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/business/article208119889.html
- https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2157599/eel-youre-eating-japan-it-may-have-been-smuggled-spain-and
- 歐洲刑警早前公布，去年秋季至今年春季起獲至少一千五百萬條瀕危的歐洲鰻苗，拘捕了一百五十三名走私疑犯。日本上周六迎來民眾有食鰻習俗的「土用丑日」，當地媒體聚焦在走私鰻苗的問題，引述歐洲刑警在倫敦舉行的永續鰻魚組織（SEG）活動上公布的數據，指過去一年有逾四百噸鰻苗抵達歐洲，估計其中有十噸左右、約三億多條被走私。據悉，假扮成旅客的走私犯常把偷捕得來的鰻苗裝入行李箱，從歐洲各地機場偷運他方。西班牙當局曾指出，走私鰻苗涉及在歐洲的亞洲人際網絡，包括中國人，他們在中國養殖走私鰻苗後再出口日本。中國海關資料顯示，中國前年向日本出口近二萬噸鰻魚產品。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190728/00180_014.html
- singtao 6aug19 a12 hk as a port for re-exports of 鰻苗
- 日本大阪四名男子今年一月涉嫌企圖從關西機場將瀕臨絕種的日本鰻幼魚，走私到香港，遭當地執法人員發現。大阪警方近日以違反關稅法為由，於疑犯寓所等地搜證。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200417/00180_034.html
- that coat of arms of german town ahlen is a bedecked eel with a crown and feathers
- 英國英格蘭德文郡周一有一條巨型海鰻擱淺埃克斯茅斯（Exmouth）海灘，康吉鰻屬於康吉鰻科，一般在歐洲及北美大西洋海岸一帶出沒，有關歷史卻甚少記載，而體形最大的鰻魚則是歐洲康吉鰻。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210107/00180_035.html
Bonitos are a tribe of medium-sized, ray-finned predatory fish in the family Scombridae – a family it shares with the mackerel, tuna, and Spanish mackerel tribes, and also the butterfly kingfish. Also called the Sardini tribe, it consists of eight species across four genera; three of those four genera are monotypic, having a single species each. Pacific and Atlantic bonito meat has a firm texture and a darkish color. The bonito has a moderate fat content. The meat of young or small bonito can be of lighter color, close to that of skipjack tuna, and is sometimes used as a cheaper substitute for skipjack, especially for canning purposes, and occasionally in the production of katsuobushi. Bonito may not be marketed as tuna in all countries, however. The Atlantic bonito is also found in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, where it is a popular food fish, eaten grilled, pickled (lakerda), or baked.
粗鳍魚科The ribbonfish are any lampriform fishes in the family Trachipteridae. These pelagic fish are named for their slim, ribbon-like appearance. They are rarely seen alive, as they typically live in deep waters, though are not bottom feeders. They are readily recognized by their anatomy — a long, compressed, tape-like body, short head, narrow mouth and feeble teeth. The species Trachipterus ishikawae is commonly called "earthquake fish" in Taiwan because the fish are popularly believed to appear following major earthquake events due to alleged sensitivity to disturbances in the ocean floor.
高黎貢鰋
- 科學家在雲南保山高黎貢山怒江水系發現魚類新種--高黎貢鰋。該研究成果發表在Zoological Research上，並得到中科院東南亞生物多樣性研究中心、國家自然科學基金委、美國自然科學基金會的資助。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/12/03/a12-1203.pdf
Tilapia (/tɪˈlɑːpiə/ tih-LAH-pee-ə) is the common name for nearly a hundred species of cichlid fish from the tilapiine cichlid tribe. Tilapia are mainly freshwater fish inhabiting shallow streams, ponds, rivers, and lakes, and less commonly found living in brackish water. Historically, they have been of major importance in artisanal fishing in Africa, and they are of increasing importance in aquaculture and aquaponics. Tilapia can become a problematic invasive species in new warm-water habitats such as Australia,[2] whether deliberately or accidentally introduced, but generally not in temperate climates due to their inability to survive in cold water.The aquaculture of Nile tilapia goes back to Ancient Egypt, where it was represented by the hieroglyph K1, of the Gardiner list.
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Tilapia was a symbol of rebirth in Egyptian art, and was in addition associated with Hathor. It was also said to accompany and protect the sun god on his daily journey across the sky. Tilapia painted on tomb walls, reminds us of spell 15 of the Book of the Dead by which the deceased hopes to take his place in the sun boat: "You see the tilapia in its [true] form at the turquoise pool", and "I behold the tilapia in its [true] nature guiding the speedy boat in its waters." Tilapia were one of the three main types of fish caught in Talmudic times from the Sea of Galilee, specifically the "Galilean Comb" (Tilapia galilea). Today, in Modern Hebrew, the fish species is called amnoon (Suggested derivative: Am= mother, Noon= fish.). In English, it is sometimes known by the name "St. Peter's fish", which comes from the story in the Gospel of Matthew about the apostle Peter catching a fish that carried a coin in its mouth, though the passage does not name the fish.[5] While the name also applies to Zeus faber, a marine fish not found in the area, a few tilapia species (Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus, Paratilapia sacer, and others) are found in the Sea of Galilee, where the author of the Gospel of Matthew recounts the event took place. These species have been the target of small-scale artisanal fisheries in the area for thousands of years. The common name tilapia is based on the name of the cichlid genus Tilapia, which is itself a latinization of thlapi, the Tswana word for "fish".[8]Scottish zoologist Andrew Smith named the genus in 1840.[9] Tilapia is the official fish of the state of India.罗非鱼，又名吳郭鱼、非洲鲫鱼、非鲫、聖彼得魚、越南鱼、南洋鯽(仔)、南洋𩸙仔等，台灣近年改良之養殖品系又特稱台灣鯛。該等鱼種在1954年前后传入到華南，作为一种淡水塘养鱼类，因其形似鲫鱼，原产非洲，称为非洲鲫鱼，简称非鲫。又一度因自越南传入，而称之为越南鯽。后认为其不是鲫鱼，而是属鲈形目（鲫鱼屬鯉形目）。1981年郑葆珊在《广西淡水鱼类志》中将此鱼称为罗非鱼，属丽鱼科（Cichlidae）。罗非鱼得名自越南语中“罗非”鱼的发音为“罗非”，可能是广西养鱼者对此鱼来自越南的称呼。在馬來西亞，其中文名非洲魚或金凤鱼；在新加坡亦然。金凤鱼 是指红色品种。
- https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/article/3008691/tilapia-fish-feed-world-and-deadly-virus-may-destroy-it A small African fish called the tilapia may be vital for meeting the future food needs of humanity, according to scientists, but they are also concerned that a killer disease discovered in recent years could wipe out the species. That, they warn, would have devastating social and economic consequences for China and the rest of the Asia-Pacific region. Although its name may not be widely known, the freshwater tilapia is second only to carp as the world’s most widely farmed fish, and China is the largest producer. With global production of farmed tilapia reaching 6.3 million tonnes in 2018 and an estimated market value of US$9.8 billion, the little fish is big business. That’s because it is an essential source of protein, revenue and employment in the developing world.
- israel- featured in wild israel documentary series
- china
- 有統計顯示，美國人最喜愛的水產品中，羅非魚連續10年上榜高居前五位。廣西羅非魚是輸美的主要水產品，但如今受中美貿易戰的影響，原本性價比超高的羅非魚也要面臨徵收高關稅。 北海市僑港鎮一家羅非魚養殖戶梁先生表示，由於中國羅非魚供應商多而散，一直以來，美國仗着自己的市場地位持續打壓羅非魚售價，而近幾年隨着地租、人工、飼料各種成本上漲，羅非魚的出口價一再跌破底線，美國消費都能以很優惠的價格吃到來自中國的優質羅非魚。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190711/PDF/a20_screen.pdf
- 小時候吃得最多的魚是鯽魚，因為 父親喜歡釣魚，在傳說是岳飛洗馬的 「 洗馬池」 裏釣上來的都是鯽魚。生活在溫哥華，只有華人超市才有 活魚賣，活魚中最便宜的是鰂魚，就是 香港地名 「鰂魚涌」 的鰂魚。英文叫 Tilapia，我一直把牠當鯽魚，上網查看 才知是不同的兩種，牠們的樣子很相似 ，只覺鰂魚比家鄉的鯽魚較少骨。 鰂魚又依顏色分黑鰂、紅鰂兩種， 紅鰂每磅貴一元，其實味道無分別。內 子愛吃魚，她又省儉，總是買黑鰂。還 有剛 「上水」 的那種，即是已經死去的 ，每磅便宜兩元，吃起來也無大分別。 她認為吃魚最有益，見我吃得少， 總是要我多吃。而她最喜歡吮骨，是真 正的喜歡，不是禮讓。 近兩個月不知何故，超市的鰂魚絕 跡。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191017/PDF/b7_screen.pdf
Carp are various species of oily freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia.Various species of carp have been domesticated and reared as food fish across Europe and Asia for thousands of years. These various species appear to have been domesticated independently, as the various domesticated carp species are native to different parts of Eurasia. Aquaculture has been pursued in China for at least 2,400 years. A tract by Fan Li in the fifth century BC details many of the ways carp were raised in ponds. The common carp, Cyprinus carpio, is originally from Central Europe.[41] Several carp species (collectively known as Asian carp) were domesticated in East Asia. Carp that are originally from South Asia, for example catla (Gibelion catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), are known as Indian carp. Their hardiness and adaptability have allowed domesticated species to be propagated all around the world. Although the carp was an important aquatic food item, as more fish species have become readily available for the table, the importance of carp culture in Western Europe has become less important. Demand has declined, partly due to the appearance of more desirable table fish such as trout and salmon through intensive farming, and environmental constraints. However, fish production in ponds is still a major form of aquaculture in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation, where most of the production comes from low or intermediate-intensity ponds. In Asia, the farming of carp continues to surpass the total amount of farmed fish volume of intensively sea-farmed species, such as salmon and tuna.
- usa
- singtao 12aug19 c1 asian carp (as an invasive species) in USA
- Ojiya (小千谷市 Ojiya-shi), niigata is the home of japanese carp
- claypot carp a traditional new year dish https://www.scmp.com/video/asia/3047438/vietamese-prepare-claypot-carp-lunar-new-year-while-wearing-gas-masks
- china
- 穿城而過的黃河，不僅哺育了蘭州人民，滾滾而下的泥沙更造就「中國四大名魚」之一的黃河鯉。據了解，黃河流經黃土高原地帶，因而河水裹挾大量泥沙，使河水質地渾濁，泥沙中的微量元素養育了肥美、細嫩、鮮美的黃河鯉。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190704/PDF/b12_screen.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200116/PDF/b8_screen.pdf 家家謝灶過年，少不了買一條 鯉魚回來供神，鯉魚肥大，象徵 「 大利」 ， 「鯉」 與 「利」 諧音，先 人選擇鯉魚，不作他想，很是聰明 大智。我們以鯉寓利，不止是金錢 財富，還包含順利之意，打工、創 業、營商的人都祈求 「順利」 ，先 人留下 「水利」 一詞，河道治理， 利及民生，做水利工程的人也崇拜 鯉魚。 「謝灶」 這一日，以鯉魚供 奉灶君老爺。家裏老人說，如今謝灶改用鯪 魚， 「壓年」 也用鯪魚代替了。鯉 魚難買，走幾處街市，魚檔不賣鯉 魚，問原因，魚販說沒有來貨，據 說珠三角一帶越來越少人願意養， 村人轉養價錢高的魚類。 老人家說，酒樓飯店也不賣鯉 魚了。從前有 「春鯿秋鯉」 之說， 香港人吃時令，入秋鯉魚肥，雌鯉 多卵，雄鯉長精，魚鱗下面含油脂 因此不去鱗。入秋開始，煲仔菜登 場，薑葱煀鯉魚煲風行數十年，九 龍廟街的飯店與食檔，夜市各式煲 仔菜上枱，菜式名稱以大字寫在牆 上，各式煲仔菜少說有三十多種， 獨不見薑葱煀鯉魚煲，好生奇怪， 這菜式似是被淘汰了。
- 蘇州城西有座瑞光寺，寺內塔 高數十丈。我（作者江盈科）在長 洲做縣令時，有許多人傳播這樣一 則消息：塔頂的空處，以前放有一 口缸，現在，缸裏突然出現了尺長 的鯉魚，大家都說神奇。 後來，寺廟有個姓林的看門人 這樣說原因：這其實沒什麼奇怪， 這魚是鸛鳥嘴裏掉出來的。那些在 塔頂做巢的鸛鳥，牠們要經常抓活 魚來餵小鸛，塔頂年久失修，每每 下雨，水就會滲透進缸內，鸛鳥銜 着小魚，偶爾也有掉下來的，牠們 也不去捉，時間長了，那些掉到缸 裏的魚就長大了。 派人上到塔頂一看，果然如 此。 塔頂的缸中，為什麼會突然出 現大鯉魚呢？http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200924/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
- The common carp or European carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widespread freshwater fish of eutrophic waters in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia.
- hk
- 二十二年前，香 港慶祝回歸祖國活動 中，有一項徵聯比賽 ，至今仍記得以下這 副對聯：鯉門明月夜 ，虎塔沐朝暉。鯉門 ，指的是九龍東油塘 的鯉魚門，虎塔，是港島北大坑虎豹別 墅的白塔。鯉門、虎塔，皆曾為舊日香 港的八景之一。鯉魚門何以有鯉魚之名，已不可考 ，也許這個小半島曾經形似鯉魚而得名 ，然而，鯉魚門一帶經過歷次填海造地 ，早已再無鯉魚影子了。據說在上世紀 四十年代初，有一位洋作曲家狄桑夫人 ，路經香港時寫過一首《鯉魚門之歌》 ，還說了一個 「魚躍龍門」 的故事，頗 為有趣。 狄桑夫人認為，鯉魚門之得名，是 因為這裏盛產鯉魚，而鯉魚是中國人年 宴中的必備佳餚。 「鯉」 之諧音為 「利 」 ，鯉魚有吉祥幸運之意，因此， 「鯉 魚門」 就是 「大利之門」 了，云云。不 過，這位洋夫人大抵是不懂得，鯉魚（ 學名Cyprinus carpio）只是一種淡水魚http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190914/PDF/a20_screen.pdf
鲱鱼 Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family Clupeidae.
Herring often move in large schools around fishing banks and near the coast. The most abundant and commercially important species belong to the genus Clupea, found particularly in shallow, temperate waters of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, including the Baltic Sea, as well as off the west coast of South America. Three species of Clupea are recognised, and provide about 90% of all herrings captured in fisheries. Most abundant of all is the Atlantic herring, providing over half of all herring capture. Fishes called herring are also found in the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Bay of Bengal.Herring played a pivotal role in the history of marine fisheries in Europe,[2] and early in the 20th century, their study was fundamental to the evolution of fisheries science. These oily fish[5] also have a long history as an important food fish, and are often salted, smoked, or pickled. 日本では、広く食用されている。また、江戸時代・明治時代には鰊粕に加工され、肥料として用いられた。
-「Haring in het land, dokter aan de kant.」（只要有鯡魚，國家就不需要醫生。）這是荷蘭流傳的一句俗語。據統計，荷蘭人一年要吃掉七千六百萬條鯡魚，由此可見鯡魚在當地的絕對國民美食地位。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237141/2021/0222/554460.html
"Sardine" and "pilchard" are common names used to refer to various small, oily fish in the herring family Clupeidae.[2] The term "sardine" was first used in English during the early 15th century and may come from the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, around which sardines were once abundant.'Sardine' first appeared in English in the 15th century, a loanword from French sardine; derived from Latin sardina, from Ancient Greek σαρδίνη (sardínē) or σαρδῖνος (sardínos),[8] said to be from the Greek "Sardò" (Σαρδώ), indicating the island of Sardinia. Athenaios quotes a passage from Aristotle mentioning the fish sardinos, referring to the sardine or pilchard.[9] However, Sardinia is around 800 miles (1300 km) distant from Athens: Ernest Klein in his Etymological Dictionary of the English Language (1971) says: "It is hardly probable that the Greeks would have obtained fish from so far as Sardinia at a time relatively so early as that of Aristotle".Pilchard fishing and processing became a thriving industry in Cornwall (UK) from around 1750 to around 1880, after which it went into decline.
- [viu tv 鬼鬼地 煮 簋] chaochow chef mentioned that the fish is called 乌x
Sole is a fish belonging to several families. Generally speaking, they are members of the family Soleidae, but, outside Europe, the name sole is also applied to various other similar flatfish, especially other members of the sole suborder Soleoidei as well as members of the flounder family. In European cookery, there are several species which may be considered true soles, but the common or Dover sole Solea solea, often simply called the sole, is the most esteemed and most widely available.The word sole in English, French, and Italian comes from its resemblance to a sandal, Latin solea.[2][3] In other languages, it is named for the tongue, e.g. Greek: γλώσσα, German: Seezunge, Dutch: zeetong or tong, Hungarian: nyelvhal, Spanish: lenguado, Arabic: إلسان الثور Elsan Eth-thawr (for the common sole) literally meaning 'the tongue of ox' in Qosbawi accent.英名のSoleや学名のSoleaは「靴底」を意味する語であり、日本の地方名にも同義のものが多い。例えば、九州の有明海・八代海沿岸地域では「くちぞこ」・「つぞこ」と呼び[3]、岡山県や香川県など瀬戸内地方では主にアカシタビラメを中心に「ゲタ」と呼ばれる。山口県ではアカシタビラメを「レンチョウ」と呼び煮付けなどにする。それ以外の地方名としては新潟県周辺での「ねずり」・「ねずら」などがある。（体を倒して海底を這うように泳ぐことから、寝擦の意である）因魚身扁平，貌似舌頭（廣東地區稱為「脷」），故稱為龍脷或龍脷魚（有時也寫作「龍利魚」）
- Sole meunière (aka sole à la meunière) is a classic French fish dish consisting of sole, preferably whole (gray skin removed) or fillet, that is dredged in flour, pan fried in butter and served with the resulting brown butter sauce, parsley and lemon. "meuniere" itself means "miller's wife"
鲻鱼又名：乌支、九棍、葵龙、田鱼、乌头、乌鲻、脂鱼、白眼、丁鱼、黑耳鲻。 The flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) is an important food fish species in the mulletfamily Mugilidae. The flathead grey mullet is an important food fish around the world, and it is both fished and farmed.The roe of this mullet is salted, dried, and compressed to make a specialty food across the world, such as Greek avgotaraho, Taiwanese Wuyutsu, Korean eoran, Japanese karasumi, Italian bottarga, Turkish Haviar and Egyptian batarekh. In Egypt, the fish itself is salted, dried, and pickled to make fesikh. 已孕雌魚的卵巢及魚卵統稱「烏魚子」，是鹽漬水產加工食品。雄魚的精巢是一道名菜，即烏魚鰾，肉質美味，加酒紅燒，或是煮湯，甚至煮麻油烏魚皆適宜。
- specialty in taizhou, suzhou province, china
- hk
- 上世紀五六十年代，筆者在上環出 生而成長於漁港筲箕灣。讀小學時有 很多同學是漁民子弟，故很早知道有 種小魚叫鱭魚。時至今日牠還是下價 魚呢！數十年來筆者未吃過鱭魚，故 從不知其味道如何。 首嘗鮮甜味道如夢初醒 直至今年盂蘭節初期，到銅鑼灣避 風塘三角天后廟船拍攝漁民燒衣做盂 蘭，在午飯期間才第一次嘗到鱭魚的 味道，真是大吃一驚更有如夢初醒之 感！因為那十多條魚身修長約5寸， 每條重約2許的銀白小魚只用蒜頭 豆豉來蒸，竟然魚肉細嫩魚味鮮甜， 有些更在皮肉之間滲出黃油再添香 滑，但每斤魚只賣二三十元而已！長洲除漁民外，其他島民也愛吃鱭 魚的，故在街市魚檔一定找到鱭魚蹤 影。有西式快餐店則以油炸香脆的去 骨鱭魚條及啤酒吸引西方遊人，也有 傳統食肆以油鹽水煮鱭魚配白飯作套 餐招徠，潮州人則以鱭魚隔水蒸炊作 魚飯，擱涼成凍魚再蘸些普寧醬來吃 更覺美味！ 鱭魚又稱鯔魚，廣泛分布於熱帶及 亞熱帶海域，是沿海中上層魚類，活 躍於鹹淡水交界的海灣河口，以浮游 生物為主要食糧。長洲位於香港西 面，較近珠江出口浮游生物豐富，故 魚蝦海產也較鮮甜好味。 在香港鱭魚有多個品種，常見有青 鱭、銀鱭、紅眼鱭、鳥頭鱭及蜆鱭 等。蜆鱭又稱蜆魚或犬魚，可能因口 音關係將蜆說成犬音。有人說蜆鱭是 最好吃的。有漁諺曰： 「冬前鱸魚冬 後鱭」，冬季是鱭魚產卵期，這時候 無論蒸煮煎炸，鱭魚都肉質嫩滑肥美 多脂鮮甜可口，只要新鮮什麼品種鱭 魚都好食的！http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202011/1104/HA16B04CX01_HKCD.pdf
- https://www.hk-fish.net/tc_chi/marine_fauna_database/fish_search_list.php?family=232
イコクエイラクブカ(異国永楽鱶)はドチザメ科に属するサメの一種。 The school shark (Galeorhinus galeus) is a houndshark of the family Triakidae, and the only member of the genus Galeorhinus. Common names also include tope shark, snapper shark, and soupfin shark.The school shark has a widespread distribution and is found mainly near the seabed around coasts in temperate waters, down to depths around 800 m (2,600 ft). It occurs in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, where it is uncommon and the Southwest Atlantic where it occurs between Patagonia and southern Brazil. It also occurs around the coast of Namibia and South Africa. It is present in the NorthWESt Pacific where it occurs between British Columbia and Baja California, and in the Southeast Pacific off Chile and Peru. It also occurs round the southern coasts of Australia, including Tasmania, and New Zealand.
- The meat of the school shark is consumed in Andalusian cuisine, where it is usually known as cazón. Among recipes are the traditional cazón en adobo in the mainland, and tollos in the Canary Islands. In Mexican cuisine, the term cazón refers to other species, and is prepared similarly. In the United Kingdom, the flesh is sometimes used in "fish and chips" as a substitute for the more usual cod or haddock.[8] In Greek cuisine, it is known as galéos (γαλέος) and usually is served with skordaliá(σκορδαλιά), a dip made of mashed potatoes or wet white bread, with mashed garlic and olive oil.
- a delicacies of campeche, mexico
- in tabasco, mexio, the fish is served with squash
The eulachon (/ˈjuːləkɒn/; Thaleichthys pacificus; also spelled oolichan /ˈuːlɪkɑːn/, ooligan /ˈuːlɪɡən/, hooligan /ˈhuːlɪɡən/), also called the candlefish, is a small anadromous ocean fish, a smelt found along the Pacific coast of North America from northern California to Alaska.The name "candlefish" derives from it being so fat during spawning, with up to 15% of total body weight in fat, that if caught, dried, and strung on a wick, it can be burned as a candle. This is the name most often used by early explorers. The name eulachon (occasionally seen as oolichan, oulachon, and uthlecan) is from the Chinookan language and the Chinook Jargon based on that language. One of several theories for the origin of the name of the state of Oregon is that it was a corruption from the term "Oolichan Trail", the native trade route for oolichan oil. The unrelated sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria is also called "candlefish" in the United Kingdom.
- economist 6jun2020 "alaska welcomes hooligans " disrupted supply chains make a source of wild food even more welcome
The milkfish (Chanos chanos) is the sole living species in the family Chanidae.The species has many common names. The Hawaiian name for the fish is awa, and in Tahitian it is ava. It is called bangús in the Philippines, where it is popularly known as the national fish, although the National Commission for Culture and the Arts has stated that this is not the case as it has no basis in Philippine law.[5] In the Nauruan language, it is referred to as ibiya. Milkfish is also called bandeng or bolu in Indonesia.虱目魚
其他俗名有海草魚、安平魚、國姓魚、麻虱目、麻虱目仔、遮目魚、狀元魚、牛奶魚
- 問詢台 灣一個朋友，才知道這魚最初由鄭成 功捕得，鄭公吃過好味，便問漁民是 什麼魚，漁民也不清楚，無人可以答 他，事後大家覺得也應給魚取個名 字，便藉鄭成功「什麼」說成「虱 目」的口音順便為魚定名「虱目」。可是澳門早就有了她當地正名的奶 魚、此魚當真味如其名，筆者童年時 在澳門老親友家，那年冬天就吃過一 窩熱呼呼的奶魚粥，配料只有生菜𢇁 和 薑絲，滾出濃濃鮮甜的奶味，至今回 想，齒頰還有餘香；除了奶魚粥，還 吃過薑葱煀奶魚，老親戚只不過油鹽 起鑊，爆以薑葱，大家就吃出神仙。 澳門奶魚形狀完全異於虱目奶 魚，身長不過六七寸，粗如女士纖 指，老澳門人吃時只用牙齒輕咬頭 端，筷子貼唇便可輕輕刮出肉絲。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/10/22/b05-1022.pdf
鮶鮋屬（Sebastolobus）又稱葉鰭鮋屬 3世紀のディオクレティアヌス帝のキリスト教迫害で、柱に身を縛り付けられ、針でいっぱいのハリネズミのように多くの矢を射られ殺害されたセバスティアヌス（Sebastianus）に由来する。
- 喜知次魚在中國也被稱為金吉魚，最大的特點就是「網紅」般的大眼睛，大到能佔去整個頭部的三分之一。周身通紅，分布在北海道和東北地區的太平洋沿岸，每年入冬，漁民們從鄂霍次克海（Sea of Okhotsk）中釣起一條條閃閃發光的寶貝，就是最高獎賞了。拿到後廚，只需鹽烤就能帶出全部美味，細膩的肉質跟油脂融為一體，焦脆的魚皮慫慂着鮮甜的魚肉向前衝。那感覺，是似曾相識的氣勢，又多了份猝不及防的勇敢，一不留神，就奪下了整個江山。好在，遇見過喜知次的食客們，都能吃得心服口服，輸得無怨無悔。 有趣的是，這條魚還有一個跟自己相貌極為相似的夥伴，沒什麼血緣關係，但因為太像而常常會被搞混。這條魚叫做金目鯛，在市面上更常見，一樣是紅彤彤配着雙大眼睛，如果不科學嚴謹地互相對比，味道也絕對可圈可點。不過從產地上說，金目鯛的要求就沒那麼嚴苛，除了北海道南部，在靜岡、高知，甚至東京都都能看到牠的身影。分辨兩者最好的辦法就是看身長和身形，喜知次魚身長三十毫米左右，金目鯛足足有五十毫米，且魚尾有明顯的Y字形分叉。從口感上則是喜知次技高一籌，畢竟體內脂肪高達百分之二十，而金目鯛只有不到百分之九。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20201013/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
鳏鱼
- 江西 鄱阳湖 鳏鱼https://j.17qq.com/article/hbgbbjefz.html
Opahs (also commonly known as moonfish, sunfish (not to be confused with Molidae), kingfish, redfin ocean pan, and Jerusalem haddock) are large, colorful, deep-bodied pelagic lampriform fishes comprising the small family Lampridae (also spelled Lamprididae).
- 美國維珍尼亞州一個海岸，日前有垂釣者麥克塔格特（Michael MacTaggart），幸運地釣到一條巨大的月魚（Opah），重達143磅，身長幾乎達一名成年男子的高度。據報，該魚或是維州地區首條釣到的月魚。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201115/00180_037.html
Mussels
-本港人叫它青口，內地稱海虹，在西方，標籤上則寫着「貽貝」。 說來說去，說的都是同一種。當然，因為水域、氣候不同，味道也會有差別。就像法國人愛貽貝，多半也是因為當地出品的質量上乘，他們不僅自己養，還會大量從西班牙、英國、愛爾蘭等地方進口，每年的消耗量大到驚人，幾乎可以跟葡萄酒比肩，成為餐桌上的常客。法式貽貝的做法也離不開酒，用白葡萄酒、葱蒜和奶油煮成醬汁，加入貽貝後大火燒開，就可以趁熱享用。本身醬汁的味道就迷人性感，誰還能抵禦貽貝豐腴、充滿彈性的肉質？用外殼帶出一點湯，順着貝肉一起灌入口，牙齒碰撞出肥妹的海味，帶過銷魂的酒香，就像這個國家的風情萬種，讓人無力抵抗。 跟法國不同，比利時人也對貽貝幾乎愛到狂熱，二戰結束後，新一屆世博會讓貽貝薯條正式走進上世界舞台。更幸福的是，在這個僅有三萬多平方公里的土地上，便擁有了自己引以為傲的藍貽貝。比利時人將它稱之為國菜，每年還會大量出口，佔到整個歐洲第一。比利時的貽貝就像當地的人，自由、融合，這裏的貽貝同樣靠酒調味，不過用到的調料更多，像歐芹、紅辣椒、百里香等，所以味道也更濃郁。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237141/2021/0121/544149.html
clams
- The hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), also known as a quahog (/ˈk(w)oʊhɒɡ/; or quahaug), round clam or hard-shell (or hard-shelled) clam, is an edible marine bivalve mollusc that is native to the eastern shores of North America and Central America from Prince Edward Island to the Yucatán Peninsula. It is one of many unrelated edible bivalves that in the United States are frequently referred to simply as clams, as in the expression "clam digging". Older literature sources may use the systematic name Venus mercenaria; this species is in the family Veneridae, the venus clams.In fish markets, there are specialist names for different sizes of this species of clam. The smallest legally harvestable clams are called countnecks or peanuts, next size up are littlenecks, then topnecks. Above that are the cherrystones, and the largest are called quahogs or chowder clams.
- Rhode Island is situated right in the middle of "quahog country" and has supplied a quarter of the U.S.'s total annual commercial quahog catch. The quahog is the official shellfish of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The species has also been introduced and is farmed on the Pacific coast of North America and in Great Britain and continental Europe. It reproduces sexually by females and males shedding gametesinto the water.
- 名前を漢字で記すと本美之主貝となる。これはローマ神話の美の女神であるウェヌス女神からのエポニムで命名されたビーナス属 Venus に当て字された美之主に由来する（本来は北海道に生息するビノスガイ（M. stimpsoni）に与えられた名称であった）。現在の学名では当てはまらないように見えるが、和名の命名時には本種がビーナス属に分類されていた。現在はメルケナリア属 Mercenaria に分類が変更されている[4]。
- homarus americanus
- commerical fishing of lobsters started in maine in 1850, and maine remained the largest exporter in US.
- used by us indigenous tribes as fertilizers; considered as food for poor people in 17thc, mainly used for feeding prisoners and "contract staff"
Crayfish are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters (to which they are related). They are also known as crawfish, crawdads, freshwater lobsters, mountain lobsters, mudbugs, or yabbies. Taxonomically, they are members of the superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. They breathe through feather-like gills. Some species are found in brooks and streams where fresh water is running, while others thrive in swamps, ditches, and paddy fields. Most crayfish cannot tolerate polluted water, although some species such as Procambarus clarkii are hardier. Crayfish feed on animals and plants, either living or decomposing, and detritus.The name "crayfish" comes from the Old French word escrevisse (Modern French écrevisse). The word has been modified to "crayfish" by association with "fish" (folk etymology).[2] The largely American variant "crawfish" is similarly derived. Some kinds of crayfish are known locally as lobsters,[4] crawdads,[5] mudbugs,[5] and yabbies. In the Eastern United States, "crayfish" is more common in the north, while "crawdad" is heard more in central and southwestern regions, and "crawfish" further south, although considerable overlaps exist.
- https://spritmuseum.se/en/drinking-songs/the-history-of-the-snaps-song/
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order of sea urchins. Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth being placed towards one end of the animal, and the anus towards the other. As a result, heart urchins, unlike most other sea urchins, are bilaterally symmetrical, and have a distinct anterior surface. The presence and position of the mouth and anus typically give members of this group the distinct "heart" shape from which they get their name.心海膽，是海膽綱下的其中一個目，其正式學名是蝟團目，又名心海膽目、心形海膽目、心形目。心海膽在海洋裡很普遍，棲息於泥沙底部，行底內生活。
- 近日墾丁海域出現大量扁仙壺海膽群聚的特殊現象，上萬海膽聚在一起的壯觀畫面被潛水客拍下上傳網路後引起轟動http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20180711002208-260405 The purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, lives along the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean extending from Ensenada, Mexico to British Columbia, Canada. This sea urchin species is deep purple in color, and lives in lower inter-tidal and nearshore sub-tidal communities. Its eggs are orange when secreted in water.[2] January, February, and March function as the typical active reproductive months for the species. Sexual maturity is reached around two years.
- 美國加州海域的紫海膽數量較二○一四年銳增一百倍，吞噬大片海藻林，情況向北延伸至俄勒岡州的珊瑚礁脈。海藻消失破壞海洋生態鏈，令沿岸生物失去食物來源，恐釀生態災難。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191026/00180_026.html
literature
- annals of agriculture
Database
- PAN pesticide database http://www.pesticideinfo.org/
Media
- World crop protection news https://www.agra-net.net/agra/agrow/markets-regulatory/south-america/
Event
- The Paris International Agricultural Show (French: Salon International de l'Agriculture, or SIA) is an annual agricultural show and trade fair, that takes place at the end of February or beginning of March at the Paris expo Porte de Versailles in Paris, France. It is one of the world’s largest and most important agricultural shows, drawing larger crowds than any other in Paris except the Foire de Paris.This event was first held in 1870 as the Concours général agricole (CGA, "General Agricultural Show"). Its name was changed in 1964,[2] but the Concours still exists and is one of the fair's main attractions.Le salon est organisé par le CENECA (Centre national des expositions et des concours agricoles), en partenariat avec le ministère de l'Agriculture, de l'Agro-alimentaire et de la Forêt. Le ministre de l'Agriculture en fonction est le principal décisionnaire sur le Salon international de l'agriculture dont il fixe les dates par arrêté ministériel. Le CENECA regroupe diverses organisations professionnelles du monde agricole, de l’agroalimentaire et du monde rural. La ville de Paris et les pouvoirs publics sont propriétaires du Salon international de l’agriculture. Par une convention qui fixe les orientations et les grandes lignes stratégiques, le CENECA confie la gestion du salon à Comexposium. Le protocole et les visites officielles sont gérés directement par le CENECA. Il est par ailleurs propriétaire du Salon du cheval de Paris. Jean-Luc Poulain est actuellement le président du CENECA et du Salon international de l’agriculture. Comexposium est l'un des leaders européens de l'organisation de salons23. Filiale de la Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Paris et du groupe Unibail-Rodamco, Comexposium organise 114 manifestations grand public et professionnelles23 par an dont cinq des dix plus gros salons français23,24,25.
- Agrochemex http://www.agrochemex.org/, annual agrochemical symposium and exhibition organised by the China Crop Protection Industry Association (CCPIA)since 2005.
- International Agriculture, Water & Agro-Industry Trade Show http://www.saudi-agriculture.com/
- 16+1 Agriculture Ministerial and Economic & Trade Forum
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/09/c_137164812.htm Lithuania expects new export opportunities and bilateral business contacts with China following the 16+1 Agriculture Ministerial and Economic & Trade Forum to be held on May 25 in Vilnius, Bronius Markauskas, Lithuania's outgoing minister of agriculture, said on Tuesday.
- 中国国际农产品交易会（以下简称农交会）是农业部唯一主办、商务部重点引导支持的大型综合性农业盛会。http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/catf/
- https://informamarkets.6connex.com/event/HempCollective
- https://informamarkets.6connex.com/event/HempCollective
- 12月12日，2020世界數字農業大會、第十九屆廣東種業博覽會在廣州正式拉開序幕 Hkcd 14dec2020 a9
- 屏東舉 行熱帶農業博覽會http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210224/PDF/a14_screen.pdf
- 屏東舉 行熱帶農業博覽會http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210224/PDF/a14_screen.pdf
china
- green revolution took place between 1945 and 1968, measures to increase output included improvement of crop varieties, use of chemical fertilizers and introduction of machinery
- cooperative production and socialisation of everyday life collapsed at the end of 1970s. In the 1980s, collective production teams were replaced by the househokd contract responsibility system (renamed as household contract system in 1998)
- china daily 23aug18 "food for thought" china fully submerged fish farm in yellow sea
- cooperative production and socialisation of everyday life collapsed at the end of 1970s. In the 1980s, collective production teams were replaced by the househokd contract responsibility system (renamed as household contract system in 1998)
- china daily 23aug18 "food for thought" china fully submerged fish farm in yellow sea
taiwan
- between 1920 and 1929, chemical fertiliser and modern agricultural technologies were introduced by japanese colonisers to expand scale of production
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