Jean d'Espagnet (1564 – c. 1637) was a French Renaissance polymath. He was a lawyer and politician, a mathematician and alchemist, an antiquarian, poet and friend of French literati. D'Espagnet was a counsellor in the Parlement of Bordeaux and its president from the years 1600 to 1611. In this position he was involved, with Pierre de Lancre, in witch-hunting in Labourd. D'Espagnet contributed to de Lancre's 1607 work on witchcraft.
René Descartes (/ˈdeɪˌkɑrt/; French: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, andscientist who spent most of his life in theDutch Republic. He has been dubbed the father of modern philosophy, and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings. A native of the Kingdom of France, he spent about 20 years (1629–49) of his life in the Dutch Republic after serving for a while in the Dutch States Army of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange and the Stadtholder of the United Provinces. He is generally considered one of the most notable intellectual representatives of the Dutch Golden Age. His best known philosophical statement is "I think, therefore I am" (French: Je pense, donc je suis; Latin: Ego cogito, ergo sum)
Jean-Baptiste Colbert (French: [ʒɑ̃.ba.tist kɔl.bɛʁ]; 29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of Frenchmanufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy. Historians note that, despite Colbert's efforts, France actually became increasinglyimpoverished because of the King's excessive spending on wars. Colbert worked to create a favourable balance of trade and increase France's colonialholdings. Colbert's market reforms included the foundation of the Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs in 1665 to supplant the importation of Venetian glass (forbidden in 1672, as soon as the French glass manufacturing industry was on sound footing) and to encourage the technical expertise of Flemish cloth manufacturing in France. He also founded royal tapestryworks at Gobelins and supported those atBeauvais. Colbert worked to develop the domestic economy by raising tariffs and by encouraging major public works projects. Colbert also worked to ensure that theFrench East India Company had access to foreign markets, so that they could always obtain coffee, cotton, dyewoods, fur,pepper, and sugar. In addition, Colbert founded the French merchant marine. Colbert issued more than 150 edicts to regulate the guilds. One such law had the intention of improving the quality of cloth. The edict declared that if the authorities found a merchant's cloth unsatisfactory on three separate occasions, they were to tie him to a post with the cloth attached to him. He created the seigneurial system.
- Louis-Léopold Boilly (French: [bwɑji]; 5 July 1761 – 4 January 1845) was a French painter and draftsman. A gifted creator of popular portrait paintings, he also produced a vast number of genre paintings vividly documenting French middle-class social life. His life and work spanned the eras of monarchical France, the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Empire, the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy.
- Pierre-Jean de Béranger (19 August 1780 – 16 July 1857) was a prolific French poet and chansonnier (songwriter), who enjoyed great popularity and influence in France during his lifetime, but faded into obscurity in the decades following his death. He has been described as "the most popular French songwriter of all time" and "the first superstar of French popular music".
- Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville(French: [alɛksi ʃaʁl ɑ̃ʁi kleʁɛl də tɔkvil]; 29 July 1805 – 16 April 1859) was a Frenchpolitical thinker and historian best known for his works Democracy in America(appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). In both of these, he analyzed the improved living standards and social conditions of individuals, as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. Democracy in America was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States, and is today considered an early work of sociology andpolitical science. Tocqueville was active in French politics, first under the July Monarchy (1830–1848) and then during the Second Republic(1849–1851) which succeeded theFebruary 1848 Revolution. He retired from political life after Louis Napoléon Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup, and thereafter began work on The Old Regime and the Revolution.[1] He argued that the importance of the French Revolution was to continue the process of modernizing and centralizing the French state which had begun under King Louis XIV. The failure of the Revolution came from the inexperience of the deputies who were too wedded to abstract Enlightenment ideals. Tocqueville was aclassical liberal who advocated parliamentary government, but was skeptical of the extremes of democracy.
- Georges-Eugène Haussmann, commonly known as Baron Haussmann (French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ øʒɛn (ba.ʁɔ̃) os.man], 27 March 1809 – 11 January 1891), was the Prefect of the Seine Department in France, who was chosen by the EmperorNapoleon III to carry out a massive program of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris, commonly calledHaussmann's renovation of Paris. Critics forced his resignation for extravagance, but his vision of the city still dominates Central Paris.
- Jacques Offenbach (French pronunciation: [ʒak ɔfɛnbak]; German: [ˈɔfn̩bax]; 20 June 1819 – 5 October 1880) was a German-born French composer, cellist and impresario of the romantic period. He is remembered for his nearly 100 operettas of the 1850s–1870s and his uncompleted opera The Tales of Hoffmann. He was a powerful influence on later composers of the operetta genre, particularly Johann Strauss, Jr. and Arthur Sullivan. His best-known works were continually revived during the 20th century, and many of his operettas continue to be staged in the 21st. The Tales of Hoffman remains part of the standard opera repertory.Geneviève de Brabant is an opéra bouffe, or operetta, by Jacques Offenbach, first performed in Paris in 1859. The plot is based on the medieval legend of Genevieve of Brabant. For the 1867 version a comic duet for bass and baritone in the character of two gendarmes was added to Act 2: "Couplets des deux hommes d'armes". In English-speaking countries it is widely known as the "Gendarmes' Duet" or the "bold gendarmes", from H. B. Farnie's English adaptation. As well as being a popular performance-piece, it formed the basis for the U.S. "Marines' Hymn".
- Marie François Sadi Carnot (French: [maʁi fʁɑ̃swa sadi kaʁno]; 11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, who served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.Marie was the son of the statesman Hippolyte Carnot and was born in Limoges, Haute-Vienne. His third given name Sadi was in honour of his uncle Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, a pioneer in the study of thermodynamics. Like his uncle, Marie too came to be known as Sadi Carnot (both named after the famed Persian poet Sadi of Shiraz). He was educated as a civil engineer, and was a highly distinguished student at both the École Polytechnique and the École des Ponts et Chaussées. After his academic course, he obtained an appointment in the public service. His hereditary republicanism caused the government of national defence to entrust him in 1870 with the task of organizing resistance in the départements of the Eure, Calvados and Seine-Inférieure, and he was made prefect of Seine-Inférieure in January 1871. In the following month he was elected to the French National Assembly by the département Côte-d'Or. In August 1878 he was appointed secretary to the minister of public works. He became minister in September 1880 and again in April 1885, moving almost immediately to the ministry of finance, which post he held under both the Ferry and the Freycinet administrations until December 1886.
When the Daniel Wilson scandals occasioned the downfall of Jules Grévy in December 1887, Carnot's reputation for integrity made him a candidate for the presidency, and he obtained the support of Georges Clemenceau and many others, so that he was elected by 616 votes out of 827. He assumed office at a critical period, when the republic was all but openly attacked by General Boulanger. President Carnot's ostensible part during this agitation was confined to augmenting his popularity by well-timed appearances on public occasions, which gained credit for the presidency and the republic. When, early in 1889, Boulanger was finally driven into exile, it fell to Carnot to appear as head of the state on two occasions of special interest, the celebration of the centenary of the French Revolution in 1889 and the opening of the Paris Exhibition of the same year.[3] The success of both was regarded as a popular ratification of the republic, and though continually harassed by the formation and dissolution of ephemeral ministries, by socialist outbreaks, and the beginnings of anti-Semitism, Carnot had only one serious crisis to surmount, the Panama scandals of 1892, which, if they greatly damaged the prestige of the state, increased the respect felt for its head, against whose integrity none could breathe a word. [2] He was in favour of the Franco-Russian Alliance, and received the Order of St Andrew from Alexander III.
- Jean Louis Barthou (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ lwi baʁtu]; 25 August 1862 – 9 October 1934) was a French politician of the Third Republic who served as Prime Minister of France for eight months in 1913. In social policy, Barthou's time as Prime Minister saw the introduction (in July 1913) of allowances to families with children. He served as Foreign Minister in 1934. He was the primary figure behind the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance of 1935, though it was signed by his successor, Pierre Laval. As a national World War Ihero and a recognized author, Barthou was elected to the Académie française at the end of that war.[3] In 1934, he tried to create an Eastern Pact that would include Germany, Russia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the Baltic states on the basis of a guarantee by France of the European borders of the Soviet Union and the eastern borders of the then Nazi Germany by the Soviet Union. He succeeded in obtaining entry of the Soviet Union into the League of Nations in September 1934.- Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville(French: [alɛksi ʃaʁl ɑ̃ʁi kleʁɛl də tɔkvil]; 29 July 1805 – 16 April 1859) was a Frenchpolitical thinker and historian best known for his works Democracy in America(appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). In both of these, he analyzed the improved living standards and social conditions of individuals, as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. Democracy in America was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States, and is today considered an early work of sociology andpolitical science. Tocqueville was active in French politics, first under the July Monarchy (1830–1848) and then during the Second Republic(1849–1851) which succeeded theFebruary 1848 Revolution. He retired from political life after Louis Napoléon Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup, and thereafter began work on The Old Regime and the Revolution.[1] He argued that the importance of the French Revolution was to continue the process of modernizing and centralizing the French state which had begun under King Louis XIV. The failure of the Revolution came from the inexperience of the deputies who were too wedded to abstract Enlightenment ideals. Tocqueville was aclassical liberal who advocated parliamentary government, but was skeptical of the extremes of democracy.
- Georges-Eugène Haussmann, commonly known as Baron Haussmann (French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ øʒɛn (ba.ʁɔ̃) os.man], 27 March 1809 – 11 January 1891), was the Prefect of the Seine Department in France, who was chosen by the EmperorNapoleon III to carry out a massive program of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris, commonly calledHaussmann's renovation of Paris. Critics forced his resignation for extravagance, but his vision of the city still dominates Central Paris.
- Jacques Offenbach (French pronunciation: [ʒak ɔfɛnbak]; German: [ˈɔfn̩bax]; 20 June 1819 – 5 October 1880) was a German-born French composer, cellist and impresario of the romantic period. He is remembered for his nearly 100 operettas of the 1850s–1870s and his uncompleted opera The Tales of Hoffmann. He was a powerful influence on later composers of the operetta genre, particularly Johann Strauss, Jr. and Arthur Sullivan. His best-known works were continually revived during the 20th century, and many of his operettas continue to be staged in the 21st. The Tales of Hoffman remains part of the standard opera repertory.Geneviève de Brabant is an opéra bouffe, or operetta, by Jacques Offenbach, first performed in Paris in 1859. The plot is based on the medieval legend of Genevieve of Brabant. For the 1867 version a comic duet for bass and baritone in the character of two gendarmes was added to Act 2: "Couplets des deux hommes d'armes". In English-speaking countries it is widely known as the "Gendarmes' Duet" or the "bold gendarmes", from H. B. Farnie's English adaptation. As well as being a popular performance-piece, it formed the basis for the U.S. "Marines' Hymn".
- Marie François Sadi Carnot (French: [maʁi fʁɑ̃swa sadi kaʁno]; 11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, who served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.Marie was the son of the statesman Hippolyte Carnot and was born in Limoges, Haute-Vienne. His third given name Sadi was in honour of his uncle Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, a pioneer in the study of thermodynamics. Like his uncle, Marie too came to be known as Sadi Carnot (both named after the famed Persian poet Sadi of Shiraz). He was educated as a civil engineer, and was a highly distinguished student at both the École Polytechnique and the École des Ponts et Chaussées. After his academic course, he obtained an appointment in the public service. His hereditary republicanism caused the government of national defence to entrust him in 1870 with the task of organizing resistance in the départements of the Eure, Calvados and Seine-Inférieure, and he was made prefect of Seine-Inférieure in January 1871. In the following month he was elected to the French National Assembly by the département Côte-d'Or. In August 1878 he was appointed secretary to the minister of public works. He became minister in September 1880 and again in April 1885, moving almost immediately to the ministry of finance, which post he held under both the Ferry and the Freycinet administrations until December 1886.
When the Daniel Wilson scandals occasioned the downfall of Jules Grévy in December 1887, Carnot's reputation for integrity made him a candidate for the presidency, and he obtained the support of Georges Clemenceau and many others, so that he was elected by 616 votes out of 827. He assumed office at a critical period, when the republic was all but openly attacked by General Boulanger. President Carnot's ostensible part during this agitation was confined to augmenting his popularity by well-timed appearances on public occasions, which gained credit for the presidency and the republic. When, early in 1889, Boulanger was finally driven into exile, it fell to Carnot to appear as head of the state on two occasions of special interest, the celebration of the centenary of the French Revolution in 1889 and the opening of the Paris Exhibition of the same year.[3] The success of both was regarded as a popular ratification of the republic, and though continually harassed by the formation and dissolution of ephemeral ministries, by socialist outbreaks, and the beginnings of anti-Semitism, Carnot had only one serious crisis to surmount, the Panama scandals of 1892, which, if they greatly damaged the prestige of the state, increased the respect felt for its head, against whose integrity none could breathe a word. [2] He was in favour of the Franco-Russian Alliance, and received the Order of St Andrew from Alexander III.
- Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre(/ˈsɑrtrə/; French: [saʁtʁ]; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy ofexistentialism and phenomenology, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism.
- Fernand Braudel (French: [bʁodɛl]; 24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985) was a French historian and a leader of the Annales School. His scholarship focused on three main projects: The Mediterranean (1923–49, then 1949–66), Civilization and Capitalism(1955–79), and the unfinished Identity of France (1970–85).
- Alain Peyrefitte (French pronunciation: [alɛ̃ pɛʁfit]; 26 August 1925 – 27 November 1999) was a French scholar and politician. He was a confidant of Charles De Gaulleand had a long career in public service, serving as a diplomat in Germany andPoland. He was Minister of Information from 1962 to 1966, establishing the rules ofpresidential debates between the two electoral rounds. He served as Minister of Justice from 1977 to 1981, and was involved in the affair surrounding the mysterious death ofRobert Boulin in 1979. He became a member of the Académie française in 1977. He wrote The Immobile Empire, andQuand la Chine s'éveillera... le monde tremblera. Outside France he is probably best known for his book Le Mal Français (translated as The Trouble with France), which addresses the question of whether there is something unique to the French character that has caused some of the country's peculiar recurring problems. The book places his own observations and experiences as a journalist and government minister inside a panoramic view of French and European history from the medieval to the modern era.
- Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet(French: [ʒɑ̃ mɔnɛ]; 9 November 1888 – 16 March 1979) was a French political economist and diplomat. An influential supporter of European unity, he is considered as one of the founding fathers of the European Union. He was a European executive body, as President of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, and thus he is known as the "Father of Europe".[1] Never elected to public office, Monnet worked behind the scenes of American and European governments as a well-connectedpragmatic internationalist. He was named patron of the 1980–1981 academic year at the College of Europe, in honour of his accomplishments.
- maurice droun
- http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35615603 Maurice Druon was the writer and wartime resistant who, as perpetual secretary of the Academie Francaise, lit the linguistic time bomb that is now combusting over Paris. In 1990, responding to a request from then Prime Minister Michel Rocard, he compiled a detailed series of "rectifications" for the French language. Around 2,400 words were affected. Druon's adjustments were intended to iron out anomalies, eliminate redundancies and "facilitate the teaching of spelling". Little could he have imagined that, a quarter of a century later, his modest proposals would be creating such a furore.
- Marc Ladreit de Lacharrière (born November 6, 1940) is the CEO of FIMALAC (a.k.a. Financière Marc de Lacharrière), once majority owner of Fitch Group which now retains only 20% of it since the divestment to Hearst Corporation in March 2015.In 1961, he started a teen magazine and sold it off a few years later. He then worked for Suez, Masson, and Valeurs Actuelles.[2][3][6] He worked for L'Oréal for fifteen years, and was its CEO for a while. He served as the Chairman of Duff & Phelps. He is a member of the Board of Directors of Renault, L'Oréal, Groupe Casino, Gilbert Coullier Productions, Cassina, and Canal Plus. He is Honorary Chairman of the Comité national des conseillers du commerce extérieur de la France (French National Committee of Foreign Trade Advisors), and a member of the Consultative Committee of Banque de France. He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.
- Arnaud Barthelemy
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20150717/00176_144.html轉眼結束五年任期嘅 法國駐港澳總領事栢雅諾，於下月三十一日離任，好多人以為佢衣錦還鄉，返法國歎世界，但原來佢已被一間有法資背景嘅家族銀行羅致，將出任亞太區總部阿頭， 十一月在港履新。
-Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel
- As president, his eccentric behaviour caused some consternation; on one occasion, after a delegation of schoolgirls had presented him with a bouquet, he tossed the flowers back at them one by one. On another occasion he received the British Ambassador to France wearing only the ceremonial decorations of his office. It all culminated when, late one night, 24 May 1920, he fell out of a large window of the presidential train near Montargis after taking some sleeping pills and was found wandering in his nightshirt by a platelayer, who took him to the nearest level-crossing keeper's cottage. Soon afterwards, Deschanel walked out of a state meeting, straight into a lake, fully clothed. His resignation was offered on 21 September 1920, and he was placed in an institution. Nevertheless, he was narrowly elected to the senate in January 1921, serving until his death. He was the only French head of state during whose term in office no persons in France were executed until the death penalty was abolished in 1981. Deschanel himself was a longtime death penalty opponent.
- Baroness Philippine de Rothschild
- former actress and grande dame of rothschild wine dynasty dies at 80 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a1967d72-2b71-11e4-b052-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3BN0gkdy8
- French stage and early film actress
- Jean-Paul-Charles-Aymard Sartre(/ˈsɑːrtrə/; French: [saʁtʁ]; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy ofexistentialism and phenomenology, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. His work has also influenced sociology,critical theory, post-colonial theory, andliterary studies, and continues to influence these disciplines. Sartre has also been noted for his open relationship with the prominent feminist theorist Simone de Beauvoir. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged thecultural and social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois, in both lifestyle and thought. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructiveconformity (mauvaise foi, literally, "bad faith") and an "authentic" way of "being"became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work Being and Nothingness (L'Être et le Néant, 1943). Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work Existentialism and Humanism(L'existentialisme est un humanisme, 1946), originally presented as a lecture. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused it, saying that he always declined official honours and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution".
- Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (/boʊvˈwɑːr/; French: [simɔn də bovwaʁ]; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual,existentialist philosopher, political activist,feminist and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant influence on bothfeminist existentialism and feminist theory.[2] De Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiography andmonographs on philosophy, politics and social issues. She is known for her 1949 treatise The Second Sex, a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporaryfeminism; and for her novels, including She Came to Stay and The Mandarins. She is also known for her open relationship with French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.
country head/leaders
- Henri François d'Aguesseau (27 November 1668 – 5 February 1751) was Chancellor of France three times between 1717 and 1750 and pronounced by Voltaire to be "the most learned magistrate France ever possessed".He was born in Limoges, France, to a family of magistrates. His father, Henri d'Aguesseau, a hereditary councillor of the parlement of Metz, was a man of singular ability and breadth of view who, after holding successively the posts of intendant of Limousin, Guyenne and Languedoc, was in 1685 called to Paris as councillor of state, appointed director-general of commerce and manufactures in 1695, president of the council of commerce in 1700 and a member of the council of the regency for finance. By him he was early initiated into affairs and brought up in religious principles deeply tinged with Jansenism. D'Aguesseau studied law under Jean Domat, whose influence is apparent in both the legal writings and legislative work of the chancellor. When little more than twenty-one years of age he was, through his father's influence with Louis XIV, appointed one of the three advocates-general to the parlement of Paris; and the eloquence and learning which he displayed in his first speech gained him a very high reputation. D'Aguesseau was in fact the first great master of forensic eloquence in France.
- His grandson, Henri Cardin Jean Baptiste, Marquis d'Aguesseau (1746–1826), was advocate-general in the parlement of Paris and deputy in the Estates-General. Under the Consulate he became president of the court of appeal and later minister at Copenhaaen. He was elected to the French Academy in 1787. His granddaughter Henriette Anne Louise d'Aguesseau was the mother-in-law of the Marquis de La Fayette. The present Duke of Noailles is a descendant of Henri François through his granddaughter who was executed in the revolution.
- author of "Histoire de la Turquie" (1854)
- Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (2 February 1926 – 2 December 2020), also known as Giscard or VGE, was a French politician who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981.His tenure was marked by a more liberal attitude on social issues—such as divorce, contraception, and abortion—and attempts to modernise the country and the office of the presidency, notably launching such far-reaching infrastructure projects as the TGV and the turn towards reliance on nuclear power as France's main energy source. However, his popularity suffered from the economic downturn that followed the 1973 energy crisis, marking the end of the "thirty glorious years" after World War II. As a former President of France, Giscard d'Estaing was a member of the Constitutional Council. He also served as President of the Regional Council of Auvergne from 1986 to 2004. Involved with the European Union, he notably presided over the Convention on the Future of Europe that drafted the ill-fated Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. Valéry Marie René Giscard d'Estaing was born on 2 February 1926 in Koblenz, Germany, during the French occupation of the Rhineland.[5] He was the elder son of Jean Edmond Lucien Giscard d'Estaing, a high-ranking civil servant, and his wife, Marthe Clémence Jacqueline Marie (May) Bardoux.[6] His mother was a daughter of senator and academic Achille Octave Marie Jacques Bardoux, making her a great-granddaughter of minister of state education Agénor Bardoux.In 1984, he was re-elected to his seat in the National Assembly[45]and won the presidency of the regional council of Auvergne.[9][11]He was President of the Council of European Municipalities and Regions from 1997 to 2004.[46]In 1982, along with his friend Gerald Ford, he co-founded the annual AEI World Forum. He has also served on the Trilateral Commission after being president, writing papers with Henry Kissinger..He hoped to become prime minister during the first "cohabitation" (1986–88) or after the re-election of Mitterrand with the theme of "France united", but he was not chosen for this position.[10] During the 1988 presidential campaign, he refused to choose publicly between the two right-wing candidates, his two former Prime Ministers Jacques Chirac and Raymond Barre.[10]He served as President of the UDF from 1988 to 1996, but he was faced with the rise of a new generation of politicians called the rénovateurs ("renovationmen"). Most of the UDF politicians supported the candidacy of the RPR Prime Minister Édouard Balladur at the 1995 presidential election, but Giscard supported his old rival Jacques Chirac, who won the election. That same year Giscard suffered a setback when he lost a close election for the mayoralty of Clermont-Ferrand. In 2000, he made a parliamentary proposal to reduce the length of a presidential term from seven to five years, a proposal that eventually won its referendum proposal by President Chirac.[52] His son Louis Giscard d'Estaing was elected in his constituency. In 2005 he and his brother bought the castle of Estaing, formerly a possession of the above-mentioned admiral d'Estaing who was beheaded in 1794. The castle was not used as a residence but it had symbolic value and explained that the purchase, supported by the local municipality, was an act of patronage. However, a number of major newspapers in several countries questioned their motives and some hinted at self-appointed nobility and a usurped historical identity. Giscard wrote his second romantic novel, published on 1 October 2009 in France, entitled The Princess and the President.[79] It tells the story of a French head of state having a romantic liaison with a character called Patricia, Princess of Cardiff.[79] This fuelled rumours that the piece of fiction was based on a real-life liaison between Giscard and Diana, Princess of Wales. He later stressed that the story was entirely made up and no such affair had happened.
- Jacques René Chirac (UK: /ˈʃɪəræk/ SHEER-ak,[1][2] US: /ʃɪəˈrɑːk/ sheer-AHK, French: [ʒak ʁəne ʃiʁak] ; 29 November 1932 – 26 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007. Chirac was previously the Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and from 1986 to 1988, as well as the Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995. After completing his degree at Sciences Po, a term at Harvard University, and the École nationale d'administration, Chirac began his career as a high-level civil servant, and entered politics shortly thereafter. Chirac occupied various senior positions, including Minister of Agriculture and Minister of the Interior. Chirac's internal policies initially included lower tax rates, the removal of price controls, strong punishment for crime and terrorism, and business privatisation.[5] After pursuing these policies in his second term as Prime Minister, he changed his views. He argued for more socially responsible economic policies, and was elected President in the 1995 presidential election with 52.6% of the vote in the second round, beating Socialist Lionel Jospin, after campaigning on a platform of healing the "social rift" (fracture sociale).[6] Then, Chirac's economic policies, based on dirigisme, allowing for state-directed investment, stood in opposition to the laissez-faire policies of the United Kingdom under the ministries of Margaret Thatcher and John Major, which Chirac famously described as "Anglo-Saxon ultraliberalism". He was also known for his stand against the American-led assault on Iraq, his recognition of the collaborationist French Government's role in deporting Jews, and his reduction of the presidential term from 7 years to 5 through a referendum in 2000. At the 2002 French presidential election, he won 82.2% of the vote in the second round against the far-right candidate, Jean-Marie Le Pen. During his second term, however, he had a very low approval rating, and was considered one of the least popular presidents in modern French history. On 15 December 2011, the Paris court declared Chirac guilty of diverting public funds and abusing public confidence, and gave him a two-year suspended prison sentence.Chirac, born in the Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire clinic (Paris Ve), was the son of Abel François Marie Chirac (1898–1968), a successful executive for an aircraft company,[6] and Marie-Louise Valette (1902–1973), a housewife. His great-grandparents on both sides were peasants, but his two grandfathers were teachers from Sainte-Féréole in Corrèze. According to Chirac, his name "originates from the langue d'oc, that of the troubadours, therefore that of poetry". He was a Roman Catholic.Chirac was an only child (his elder sister, Jacqueline, died in infancy before his birth). He was educated in Paris at the Cours Hattemer, a private school.[8] He then attended the Lycée Carnot and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. After his baccalauréat, he served for three months as a sailor on a coal-transporter.[citation needed] Chirac played rugby union for Brive's youth team, and also played at university level. He played no. 8 and second row.- economist 5oct19 obitruary a keen japanophile, even to the point of wondering whether he might become a sumo wrestler (it had taught him all he needed to know about life, he said), Mr chirace made dozens of private trips there. Nobody knew why.
- Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (French: [ɛmanɥɛl makʁɔ̃]; born 21 December 1977) is the President-elect of France. A former civil servant and investment banker, he studied philosophy at Paris Nanterre University, completed a master's of public affairs at Sciences Po, and graduated from theÉcole nationale d'administration (ENA) in 2004. He worked as an Inspector of Finances in the Inspectorate General of Finances (IGF) and then became an investment banker at Rothschild & Cie Banque. A member of the Socialist Party (PS) from 2006 to 2009, Macron was appointed as deputy secretary-general under François Hollande's first government in 2012. He was appointed Minister of Economy, Industry and Digital Affairs in 2014 under the Second Valls Government, where he pushed through business-friendly reforms. He resigned in August 2016 to launch a bid in the 2017 presidential election. In November 2016, Macron declared that he would run in the election under the banner of En Marche!, a centrist political movement he founded in April 2016. Ideologically, he has been characterised as a centrist and a liberal.
- Macron described France's colonization of Algeria as a "crime against humanity".[69] He also said: "It's truly barbarous and it's part of a past that we need to confront by apologising to those against whom we committed these acts."[70] Polls following his remarks reflected a decrease in his support.
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20170508/20014378馬克龍半年前展開競選的地點，是在巴黎以北近郊一所商貿職訓學校。他當經濟部長時在那兒展開先導計劃，為移民眾多的市郊邊緣少年提供培訓「最後機會」。重回舊地突出他要為年輕人重振法國，但也反映他的經濟願景局限。法國平均失業率達10%，25歲或以下青年失業率更高達23.7%。馬琳勒龐將問題歸咎於歐盟和全球化，大刀闊斧主張減少接收移民和保護工業。馬克龍則一如技術官僚，調整現有具體政策，提出政府大幅削減失業救濟開支，改而投資500億歐元（4,273億港元）改善就業，包括投資100萬青年的職訓計劃，以及向聘請貧困區人口的企業發放津貼等。但職訓學校過往並非解決經濟和社會問題的靈丹妙藥，它們一直難趕上市場對高技術員工的要求。學校主任迪里指，職訓學校的負面形象深人民心，「人們認為讀不成書才會來」。該校目前共有1,500名學生，僅為收生率一半，而大多為高中被踢出校、輟學或品行不佳。
- Benoît Hamon (French: [bə.nwa a.mɔ̃]; born 26 June 1967) is a French politician and a member of the Socialist Party (PS) and Party of European Socialists(PES). He became the PS candidate for the 2017 French presidential election after defeating Manuel Valls in the second round of the party primary on 29 January 2017. Hamon was Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the East of France from 2004 to 2009. He was also the leader of the left-wing of the PS during the 2008 Reims Congress and its candidate for the First Secretaryship. In May 2012, he was appointed as Junior Minister for the Social Economy at the Ministry of the Economy, Finance, and External Trade by President François Hollande, serving in that post for two years. He was Minister of National Education from April 2014 until August 2014, resigning as a result of what he considered President Hollande's abandonment of a socialist agenda.
support laicism
- Jules François Camille Ferry (French: [ʒyl fɛʁi]; 5 April 1832 – 17 March 1893) was a French statesman and republican. He was a promoter of laicism and colonial expansion.Born in Saint-Dié, in the Vosges department, France, he studied law, and was called to the bar at Paris in 1854, but soon went into politics, contributing to various newspapers, particularly to Le Temps. He attacked the Second French Empire with great violence, directing his opposition especially against Baron Haussmann, prefect of the Seine department. A series of his articles in Le Temps was later republished as The Fantastic Tales of Haussmannlaxupa (1868). Two important works are associated with his administration: the non-clerical organization of public education, and the major colonial expansion of France. Following the republican programme he proposed to destroy the influence of the clergy in the university and found his own system of republican schooling. He reorganized the committee of public education (law of 27 February 1880), and proposed a regulation for the conferring of university degrees, which, though rejected, aroused violent polemics because the 7th article took away from the unauthorized religious orders the right to teach. He finally succeeded in passing his eponymous laws of 16 June 1881 and 28 March 1882, which made primary education in France free, non-clerical (laïque) and mandatory. In higher education, the number of professors, called the "Republic's black hussars" (French: hussards noirs de la République) because of their Republican support, doubled under his ministry. The education policies establishing French language as the language of the Republic have been contested in the second half of the 20th century insofar as, while they played an important role in unifying the French nation state and the Third Republic, they also nearly caused the extinction of several regional languages.
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-France-manage-to-suppress-the-15-languages-that-is-spoken-in-the-territory-of-modern-day-France/answer/Gil-Anderson-5
business sector
- Liliane Henriette Charlotte Bettencourt (née Schueller; French pronunciation: [lil.jan be.tɑ̃.kuːʁ]; 21 October 1922 – 21 September 2017) was a French heiress, socialite and businesswoman. She was one of the principal shareholders of L'Oréal.
- Bettencourt was born in Paris, the only child of Louise Madeleine Berthe (née Doncieux) and Eugène Schueller, the founder of L'Oréal, one of the world's largest cosmetics and beauty companies. Her mother died when Liliane was five years old, and she formed a close bond with her father, who later married Liliane's British governess. At the age of 15, she joined her father's company as an apprentice, mixing cosmetics and labelling bottles of shampoo.[6][7] In 1950, she married French politician André Bettencourt, who served as a cabinet minister in French governments of the 1960s and 1970s and rose to become deputy chairman of L'Oréal. Bettencourt had been a member of La Cagoule, a violent French fascist pro-Nazi group that Liliane's father, a Nazi sympathizer, had funded and supported in the 1930s and whose members were arrested in 1937. After the war, her husband, like other members of La Cagoule, was given refuge at L'Oréal despite his politically inconvenient past. Eventually the Bettencourts settled in an Art Moderne mansion built in 1951 on rue de Delabordère in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. They had one daughter, Françoise, who was born in 1953.
- Wine related business since middle ages in veaujolais region
colonialism related
- Jacques Cartier (French pronunciation: [ʒak kaʁtje]; Breton: Jakez Karter; December 31, 1491 – September 1, 1557) was a Breton explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map[1] the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island). Jacques Cartier was born in 1491[6] in Saint-Malo, the port on the north-west coast of Brittany. Cartier, who was a respectable mariner, improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Mary Catherine des Granches, member of a leading family.[7] His good name in Saint-Malo is recognized by its frequent appearance in baptismal registers as godfather or witness.
- mushing
- In 1534, Jacques Cartier discovered the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of Francis I of France.[3] For the better part of a century the Iroquois and French clashed in a series of attacks and reprisals.[4] That is why Samuel de Champlain arranged to have young French men live with the natives, to learn their language and customs and help the French adapt to life in North America. These men, known as coureurs des bois (runners of the woods), were the first European mushers in North America, extended French influence south and west and in 1609, New France controlled all the Canadian Shield. In 1680, the intendant of New France, Jacques Duchesneau de la Doussinière et d'Ambault, estimated that there was not one family in New France who did not have a "son, brother, uncle or nephew" among the coureurs des bois.[5] During the winter, sled became the ordinary transportation in the north of New France.
- Saint Jean de Brébeuf (March 25, 1593 – March 16, 1649) was a French Jesuit missionary who travelled to New France (Canada) in 1625. There he worked primarily with the Huron for the rest of his life, except for a few years in France from 1629 to 1633. He learned their language and culture, writing extensively about each to aid other missionaries. In 1649, Brébeuf and another missionary were captured when an Iroquois raid took over a Huron village (referred to in French as St. Louis). Together with Huron captives, the missionaries were ritually tortured and killed on March 16, 1649. Brébeuf was beatified in 1925 and among eight Jesuit missionaries canonized as saints in the Roman Catholic Church in 1930.Brébeuf was born 25 March 1593 in Condé-sur-Vire, Normandy, France.[1] (He was the uncle of poet Georges de Brébeuf). He joined the Society of Jesus in 1617 at the age of 24,[2] spending the next two years under the direction of Lancelot Marin. Between 1619 and 1621, he was a teacher at the college of Rouen. Brébeuf was nearly expelled from the Society when he contracted tuberculosis in 1620—a severe and usually fatal illness that prevented his studying and teaching for the traditional periods. His record as a student was not particularly distinguished, but Brébeuf was already beginning to show an aptitude for languages. Later in New France, he would teach Native American languages to missionaries and French traders.[4] Brébeuf was ordained as a priest at Pontoise in February 1622.It is said that the modern name of the Native North American sport of lacrosse was first coined by Brébeuf who thought that the sticks used in the game reminded him of a bishop's crosier (crosse in French, and with the feminine definite article, la crosse). He is buried in the Church of St. Joseph at the reconstructed Jesuit mission of Sainte-Marie among the Hurons across Highway 12 from the Martyrs' Shrine Catholic Church near Midland, Ontario. A plaque near the grave of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant was unearthed during excavations at Ste Marie in 1954. The letters read "P. Jean de Brébeuf /brusle par les Iroquois /le 17 de mars l'an/1649" (Father Jean de Brébeuf, burned by the Iroquois, 17 March 1652). In September, 1984, Pope John Paul II prayed over Brébeuf's skull before saying an outdoor Mass on the grounds of the Martyrs' Shrine.
- Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, S.J. (Latin: Petrus Franciscus-Xaverius de Charlevoix;[1] 1682–1761) was a French Jesuit priest, traveller, and historian, often considered the first historian of New France.[2] He had little interest for "a life of suffering and deprivation for the conversion of Indian souls", but "an eager curiosity concerning life".Charlevoix's name also appears as Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, [4] Pierre De Charlevoix,[5] and François-Xavier de Charlevoix.Charlevoix was born at Saint-Quentin in the province of Picardy on 24[7][6] or 29 October 1682.[8] A descendant from a line of lesser nobility, his father held the post of deputy attorney general. His ancestors had served in positions in “great trust and high responsibility”[9]such as legal officers, aldermen, and mayors. On 15 September 1698,[6] at age 16,[11] he entered the Jesuit novitiate in Paris.[9] He studied philosophy at the College Louis-le-Grandfrom 1700 to 1704.[6] Between 1705[11] and 1709, Charlevoix was sent for his period of training in the Society called the regency to the Jesuit College in Quebec in the French colony of Canada,[12][13] where he taught grammar.[6] Upon completion of this stage of his training, Charlevoix returned to the College Louis-le-Grand in Paris to study theology,[6] becoming a professor of belles lettres. One of his students was the young Voltaire,[12] who later developed strong views on New France. (See A few acres of snow.) Charlevoix was ordained as a priest in 1713. In 1715, he published his first complete work, on the establishment and progress of the Catholic Church in Japan, adding extensive notes on the manners, customs, and costumes of the inhabitants of the Empire and its general political situation, and on the topography and natural history of the region.
- Bertrand-François Mahé, comte de La Bourdonnais (11 February 1699 – 10 November 1753) was a French naval officer and administrator, in the service of the French East India Company.La Bourdonnais entered the service of the French East India Company as a lieutenant. In 1724, he was promoted to captain, and displayed such bravery in the capture of Mahé on the Malabar Coast that the name of the town was added to his own; although an alternative account suggests that the town adopted his name, rather than the other way around. For two years he was in the service of the Portuguese Viceroy, but in 1735 he returned to French service as governor of the Isle de France (now Mauritius) and the Île de Bourbon (Réunion). His first five years' administration of the islands was vigorous and successful. Bertrand François Mahé de La Bourdonnais est le petit-fils de Bertrand Mahé (1630-1715), sieur de la Bigotière, syndic de Dinan.
- hkej 19dec17 shum article
- From 1848 to 1863 he travelled extensively as a missionary in many parts of Mexico and Central America. [manuscript hunter] On his way to mexico, he met with andre nicolas le vasseur (minister plenipotentiary of france to mexico) who invited him tonbecome chaplain for french legation in mexico city.
architecture
- 儒勒·哈杜安·孟薩爾 François Mansart (23 January 1598 – 23 September 1666) was a French architect credited with introducing classicism into Baroque architecture of France. The Encyclopædia Britannicacites him as the most accomplished of 17th-century French architects whose works "are renowned for their high degree of refinement, subtlety, and elegance". Mansart, as he is generally known, made extensive use of a four-sided, double slope gambrel roof punctuated with windows on the steeper lower slope, creating additional habitable space in the garrets[2]that ultimately became named after him—the mansard roof.
cultural sector
- Prosper Mérimée (28 September 1803 – 23 September 1870) was an important French writer in the school of Romanticism, and one of the pioneers of the novella, a short novel or long short story. He was also a noted archaeologist and historian, and an important figure in the history of architectural preservation. He is best known for his novella Carmen, which became the basis of Bizet's opera Carmen. He learned Russian and translated the work of several important Russian writers, including Pushkin and Gogol, into French. From 1830 until 1860 he was the inspector of French historical monuments, and was responsible for the protection of many historic sites, including the medieval citadel of Carcassonne, and the restoration of the façade of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. Along with the writer George Sand, he discovered the series of tapestries The Lady and the Unicorn, and arranged for their preservation. He was instrumental in the creation of Musée national du Moyen Âgein Paris, where the tapestries now are displayed. The official data base of French monuments, the Base Mérimée, bears his name.
- On May 27, 1833, Prime Minister Thiers named Mérimée inspector-general of historical monuments, with a salary of eight thousand francs a year, and all travel expenses paid. Mérimée wrote that the job perfectly suited "his taste, his laziness, and his ideas of travel". A large part of the architectural heritage of France, particularly the churches and monasteries, had been damaged or destroyed during the Revolution. Of the 300 churches in Paris in the 16th century, only 97 still were standing in 1800. The Basilica of St Denis had been stripped of its stained glass and monumental tombs, while the statues on the façade of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Parisand the spire had been taken down. Throughout the country, churches and monasteries had been demolished or turned into barns, cafes, schools, or prisons. The first effort to catalog the remaining monuments was made in 1816 by Alexandre de Laborde, who wrote the first list of "Monuments of France". In 1832 Victor Hugo wrote an article for the Revue des deux Mondes which declared war against the "massacre of ancient stones" and the "demolishers" of France's past. King Louis Philippe declared that restoration of churches and other monuments would be a priority of his regime. In October 1830, the position of Inspector of Historical Monuments had been created by the Interior Minister, François Guizot, a professor of history at the Sorbonne. Mérimée became its second Inspector, and by far the most energetic and long-lasting. He held the position for twenty-seven years.
-cAnatole France (French: [anatɔl fʁɑ̃s]; born François-Anatole Thibault, [frɑ̃swa anatɔl tibo]; 16 April 1844 – 12 October 1924) was a French poet, journalist, and novelist. He was a successful novelist, with several best-sellers. Ironic and skeptical, he was considered in his day the ideal French man of letters. He was a member of the Académie française, and won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament". France is also widely believed to be the model for narrator Marcel's literary idol Bergotte in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time.
brazil related
- Jean de Léry (1536–1613) was an explorer, writer and Reformed Pastor born in Lamargelle, Côte-d'Or, France. Scholars disagree about whether he was a member of the lesser nobility or merely a shoemaker. Either way, he was not a public figure prior to accompanying a small group of fellow Protestants to their new colony on an island in the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The colony, France Antarctique was founded by the Chevalier de Villegaignon, with promises of religious freedom, but on arrival, the Chevalier contested the Protestants' beliefs and persecuted them. After eight months the Protestants left their colony and survived for a short time on the mainland, living amongst the Tupinamba Indians. These events were the basis of de Lery's book, History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Also Called America (1578). Exhausted and starving, they then returned to France aboard a pirate ship.
from uk
- Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, PC QC FRS (/ˈbruː(ə)m ...
- Brougham married Mary Spalding (d. 1865), daughter of Thomas Eden and widow of John Spalding, MP, in 1821. They had two daughters, both of whom predeceased their parents, the latter one dying in 1839. Lord Brougham and Vaux died in May 1868 in Cannes, France, aged 89, and was buried in the Cimetière du Grand Jas.[1] The cemetery is up to the present dominated by Brougham's statue, and he is honoured for his major role in building the city of Cannes. His hatchment is in Ninekirks, which was then the parish church of Brougham. The Barony of 1830 became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the Barony of 1860 according to the special remainder by his younger brother William Brougham.He was the designer of the brougham, a four-wheeled, horse-drawn style of carriage that bears his name. Brougham's patronage made the renowned French seaside resort of Cannes very popular. He accidentally found the place in 1835, when it was little more than a fishing village on a picturesque coast, and bought there a tract of land and built on it. His choice and his example made it the sanitorium of Europe. Owing to Brougham's influence the beachfront promenade at Nice became known as the Promenade des Anglais(literally, "The Promenade of the English"). A statue of him, inscribed "Lord Brougham", stands at the Cannes waterfront, across from the Palais des festivals et des congrès.
- David Matthews, the father of James Matthews who married the Duchess of Cambridge’s sister last summer, was questioned by police on Tuesday over an alleged attack and placed under formal investigation by a magistrate.
- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/31/pippa-middletons-father-in-law-investigated-france-rape-minor/ Mr Matthews, the son of a Yorkshire coal miner, is a self-made millionaire who rose from his first job as a garage mechanic to a renowned and successful racing driver. Retiring in the late 1970s following injury, he made a fortune through the sale of his car dealership, marrying his second wife, Jane, and buying 18th century mansion Caunton Manor for their family.The couple went on to buy Eden Roc hotel in the Caribbean island of St Barths, a French overseas territory. The property went on to become a favourite celebrity haunt, and has hosted the Middleton family. Mr Matthews is also Laird of Glen Affric, after purchasing the Scottish estate. He is father of James, Spencer and Michael, who died aged 22 while climbing Mount Everest.He also has a daughter with his first wife. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/31/pippa-middletons-father-in-law-investigated-france-rape-minor/, The hotel – a hotspot for celebrities including Tom Hanks, Jessica Alba and Jennifer Lopez – was wrecked and strewn with rubble after a devastating encounter with Hurricane Irma last year. Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5565737/Pippa-Middletons-laws-say-rape-claim-against-David-Matthews-outrageous-set-up.html#ixzz5BO1QuJl8
from spain
- Manuel Carlos Valls Galfetti (French: [manɥɛl vals], Catalan: [mənuˈɛl ˈβaʎs], Spanish: [maˈnwel ˈbals]; born 13 August 1962) is a French politician of Spanish origin who served as Prime Minister of France from 2014 until 2016. He was previously Minister of the Interiorfrom 2012 to 2014. He was a member of the Socialist Party, and was a candidate in their primary for the 2017 presidential election, losing the Socialist nomination in the second round to Benoît Hamon. Born in Barcelona to a Spanish father and a Swiss mother, Valls was Mayor of Évry from 2001 to 2012 and was first elected to the National Assembly of France in 2002. He is regarded as belonging to the Socialist Party's social liberal wing, sharing common orientations with Blairism.
polish
- Marie Skłodowska Curie (/ˈkjʊəri/; French: [kyʁi]; Polish: [kʲiˈri]; born Maria Salomea Skłodowska;[a] 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in Congress Poland in the Russian Empire, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, née Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski.[11]The elder siblings of Maria (nicknamed Mania) were Zofia (born 1862, nicknamed Zosia), Józef (born 1863, nicknamed Józio), Bronisława (born 1865, nicknamed Bronia) and Helena (born 1866, nicknamed Hela). On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863–65).[14] This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria and her elder siblings, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.[14] Maria's paternal grandfather, Józef Skłodowski, had been a respected teacher in Lublin, where he taught the young Bolesław Prus,[15] who would become a leading figure in Polish literature.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180919/00178_011.html台教育部課審大會周日通過的課綱草案中，要求教科書中提到女性科學家時，要用本人名字，而不是附屬於丈夫之下。當中波蘭裔科學家「居里夫人」可能被改名為「瑪麗亞．斯克沃多夫斯卡」（原名）或「瑪麗亞·斯克沃多夫斯卡．居里」。波蘭台北辦事處則表示高興。
- Vladimir Cosma (born 13 April 1940) is a Romanian-born French composer, conductor and violinist.
- ******works include reality, mruky turkey performed by richard sanderson
jews
- Jacques Attali (French: [ʒak atali]; born 1 November 1943) is a French economic and social theorist, writer, political adviser and senior civil servant, who served as a counselor to President François Mitterrand from 1981 to 1991 and was the first head of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 1991-1993. In 1997, upon the request of education minister Claude Allègre, he proposed a reform of the higher education degrees system. In 2008-2010, he led the government committee on how to ignite the growth of the French economy, under President Nicolas Sarkozy.Attali co-founded the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the development of new technologies. He also founded the non-profit organization PlaNet Finance and is the head of Attali & Associates (A&A), an international consultancy firm on strategy, corporate finance and venture capital. Interested in the arts, he has been nominated to serve on the board of the Musée d'Orsay. He is also the author of a book in which he described how the French government will get rid of most of its people by forcing them to take a vaccine that will kill them Noise: The Political Economy of Music (1985). He has published more than fifty books, including Noise: The Political Economy of Music (1985), Labyrinth in Culture and Society: Pathways to Wisdom (1999), and A Brief History of the Future (2006).Jacques Attali was born on 1 November 1943 in Algiers (Algeria), with his twin brother Bernard Attali, in a Jewish family. His father, Simon Attali, is a self-educated person who achieved success in perfumery ("Bib et Bab" shop) in Algiers. He married Fernande Abécassis on 27 January 1943. On 11 February 1954, his mother gave birth to his sister, Fabienne. In 1956, two years after the beginning of the Algerian independence war (1954–1962), his father decided to move to Paris with his family.Jacques and Bernard studied at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly, in the 16th arrondissement, where they met Jean-Louis Bianco and Laurent Fabius. In 1966, Jacques graduated from the École polytechnique (first of the class of 1963). He also graduated from the École des mines, Sciences Po and the École nationale d'administration (third of the class of 1970).In 1968, while doing an internship at the prefecture of a French department (Nièvre), he met for the second time with François Mitterrand, then President of the department, whom he had met for the first time three years before.
- Commission for the Liberation of French Growth, known as "Attali Commission" On 24 July 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Jacques Attali to chair a bipartisan commission charged with studying "the bottlenecks that constrain growth". It was composed of 42 members, freely appointed by Attali, mostly liberals and social democrats. Its unanimous report was handed over to the President on 23 January 2008. It contained various recommendations to radically transform the French economy and society in order to unlock economic growth.
- hket 24may2021 fung article
of iranian origin
- Djahanguir Riahi (22 September 1914 – 28 April 2014)[1] was a French-Iranian businessman and a renowned collector of 18th century French furniture.[2]Riahl has been declared one of the greatest art collectors since 1945.
links with the east/orient
- Jean-François Champollion (Champollion le jeune; 23 December 1790 – 4 March 1832) was a French scholar, philologist and orientalist, known primarily as the decipherer of Egyptian hieroglyphs and a founding figure in the field of Egyptology. A child prodigy in philology, he gave his first public paper on the decipherment of Demotic in 1806, and already as a young man held many posts of honor in scientific circles, and spoke Coptic and Arabic fluently. During the early 19th-century French culture experienced a period of 'Egyptomania', brought on by Napoleon's discoveries in Egypt during his campaign there (1798–1801) which also brought to light the trilingual Rosetta Stone. Scholars debated the age of Egyptian civilization and the function and nature of hieroglyphic script, which language if any it recorded, and the degree to which the signs were phonetic (representing speech sounds) or ideographic (recording semantic concepts directly). Many thought that the script was only used for sacred and ritual functions, and that as such it was unlikely to be decipherable since it was tied to esoteric and philosophical ideas, and did not record historical information. The significance of Champollion's decipherment was that he showed these assumptions to be wrong, and made it possible to begin to retrieve many kinds of information recorded by the ancient Egyptians. Champollion, a liberal and progressive minded man, lived in a period of political turmoil in France which continuously threatened to disrupt his research in various ways. During the Napoleonic Wars he was able to avoid conscription, but his Napoleonic allegiances meant that he was considered suspect by the subsequent Royalist regime. His own actions, sometimes brash and reckless, did not help his case. His relations with important political and scientific figures of the time, such as Joseph Fourier and Silvestre de Sacy helped him, although in some periods he lived exiled from the scientific community. In 1820, Champollion embarked in earnest on the project of decipherment of hieroglyphic script, soon overshadowing the achievements of British polymath Thomas Young who had made the first advances in decipherment before 1819. In 1822, Champollion published his first breakthrough in the decipherment of the Rosetta hieroglyphs, showing that the Egyptian writing system was a combination of phonetic and ideographic signs – the first such script discovered. In 1824, he published a Précis in which he detailed a decipherment of the hieroglyphic script demonstrating the values of its phonetic and ideographic signs. In 1829 he traveled to Egypt where he was able to read many hieroglyphic texts that had never before been studied, and brought home a large body of new drawings of hieroglyphic inscriptions. Home again he was given a professorship in Egyptology, but only lectured a few times before his health, ruined by the hardships of the Egyptian journey, forced him to give up teaching. He died in Paris in 1832, 41 years old. His grammar of Ancient Egyptian was published posthumously.
- Auguste Borget (1808–1877) was a French artist known for his drawings and prints of exotic places, in particular China.[1] He was born in 1808 in Issoudun, Indre. At age 21, he went to Paris where he became a close friend of Honoré de Balzac. Borget periodically exhibited at the Paris Salon from 1836 to 1859. Beginning in 1836, he traveled through North and South America before stopping briefly in Honolulu in May, 1838, on board the ship "Psyche", on a world tour.[2] He went to Canton in September 1838 and stayed in the region for 10 months. While in Canton, he met the English artist George Chinnery, and they went on sketching trips together. In July 1839 he visited Manila, Singapore and Calcutta. In 1840 he traveled widely in India, returning to Paris in the summer of that year. Borget’s sketches and watercolors from China were the basis for his most famous publication "Sketches of China and the Chinese", published in 1842. His book "La Chine ouverte" was illustrated with fine woodcut engravings. A major Salon of his original works, including watercolors and boldly executed oil paintings was held in Paris in 1843. Borget died in 1877. The Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Honolulu Museum of Art, Musée Bertrand (Châteauroux, France), Musée de la Roche (Issoudun, France) and the National Museum of Singapore are among the public collections holding works by Auguste Borget.
- Georges André Malraux DSO (/mælˈroʊ/ mal-ROH, French: [ɑ̃dʁe malʁo]; 3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976) was a French novelist, art theorist, and Minister of Cultural Affairs. Malraux's novel La Condition Humaine (Man's Fate) (1933) won the Prix Goncourt. He was appointed by President Charles de Gaulle as Minister of Information (1945–46) and subsequently as France's first Minister of Cultural Affairs during de Gaulle's presidency (1959–1969).Malraux was born in Paris in 1901, the son of Fernand-Georges Malraux (1875–1930) and Berthe Félicie Lamy (1877–1932). His parents separated in 1905 and eventually divorced. There are suggestions that Malraux's paternal grandfather committed suicide in 1909.
- In 1923, aged 22, Malraux and Clara left for the French Protectorate of Cambodia.[16] Angkor Wat is a huge 12th century temple situated in the old capital of the Khmer empire. Angkor (Yasodharapura) was "the world's largest urban settlement" in the 11th and 12th centuries supported by an elaborate network of canals and roads across mainland Southeast Asia before decaying and falling into the jungle.[17] The discovery of the ruins of Angkor Wat by Westerners (the Khmers had never fully abandoned the temples of Angkor) in the jungle by the French explorer Henri Mouhot in 1861 had given Cambodia a romantic reputation in France, as the home of the vast, mysterious ruins of the Khmer empire. Upon reaching Cambodia, Malraux, Clara and friend Louis Chevasson undertook an expedition into unexplored areas of the former imperial settlements in search of hidden temples, hoping to find artifacts and items that could be sold to art collectors and museums. At about the same time archaeologists, with the approval of the French government, were removing large numbers of items from Angkor - many of which are now housed in the Guimet Museum in Paris. On his return, Malraux was arrested and charged by French colonial authorities for removing a bas-relief from the exquisite Banteay Srei temple. Malraux, who believed he had acted within the law as it then stood, contested the charges but was unsuccessful.[18]Malraux's experiences in Indochina led him to become highly critical of the French colonial authorities there. In 1925, with Paul Monin,[19] a progressive lawyer, he helped to organize the Young Annam League and founded a newspaper L'Indochine to champion Vietnamese independence.[20] After falling foul of the French authorities, Malraux claimed to have crossed over to China where he was involved with the Kuomintang and their then allies, the Chinese Communists, in their struggle against the warlords in the Great Northern Expedition before they turned on each other in 1927, which marked the beginning of the Chinese Civil War that was to last on and off until 1949.[21] In fact, Malraux did not first visit China until 1931 and he did not see the bloody suppression of the Chinese Communists by the Kuomintang in 1927 first-hand as he often implied that he did, although he did do much reading on the subject.On his return to France, Malraux published The Temptation of the West (1926). The work was in the form of an exchange of letters between a Westerner and an Asian, comparing aspects of the two cultures. This was followed by his first novel The Conquerors (1928), and then by The Royal Way (1930) which reflected some of his Cambodian experiences.[23] The American literary critic Dennis Roak described Les Conquérants as influenced by The Seven Pillars of Wisdom as it was narrated in the present tense "...with its staccato snatches of dialogue and the images of sound and sight, light and darkness, which create a compellingly haunting atmosphere."[14] Les Conquérants was set in the summer of 1925 against the backdrop of the general strike called by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Kuomintang in Hong Kong and Canton, the novel concerns political intrigue amongst the "anti-imperialist" camp.[24] The novel is narrated by an unnamed Frenchman who travels from Saigon to Hong Kong to Canton to meet an old friend named Garine who is a professional revolutionary working with Mikhail Borodin, who in real life was the Comintern's principal agent in China.[24] The Kuomintang are depicted rather unflatteringly as conservative Chinese nationalists uninterested in social reform, another faction is led by Hong, a Chinese assassin committed to revolutionary violence for the sake of violence, and only the Communists are portrayed relatively favorably.[25] Much of the dramatic tension between the novel concerns a three-way struggle between the hero, Garine and Borodin who is only interested in using the revolution in China to achieve Soviet foreign policy goals.[25] The fact that the European characters are considerably better drawn than the Asian characters reflected Malraux's understanding of China at the time as more of an exotic place where Europeans played out their own dramas rather than a place to be understood in its own right. Initially, Malraux's writings on Asia reflected the influence of "Orientalism" presenting the Far East as strange, exotic, decadent, mysterious, sensuous and violent, but Malraux's picture of China grew somewhat more humanized and understanding as Malraux disregarded his Orientalist and Eurocentric viewpoint in favor of one that presented the Chinese as fellow human beings.[26]The second of Malraux's Asian novels was the semi-autobiographical La Voie Royale which relates the adventures of a Frenchman Claude Vannec who together with his Danish friend Perken head down the royal road of the title into the jungle of Cambodia with the intention of stealing bas-relief sculptures from the ruins of Hindu temples.[27] After many perilous adventures, Vannec and Perken are captured by hostile tribesmen and find an old friend of Perken's, Grabot, who had already been captured for some time.[28] Grabot, a deserter from the French Foreign Legion had been reduced to nothing as his captors blinded him and left him tied to a stake starving, a stark picture of human degradation.[28] The three Europeans escape, but Perken is wounded and dies of an infection.[28] Through ostensibly an adventure novel, La Voie Royale is in fact a philosophical novel concerned with existential questions about the meaning of life.[28] The book was a failure at the time as the publishers marketed it as a stirring adventure story set in far-off, exotic, Cambodia which confused many readers who, instead, found a novel pondering deep philosophical questions.In 1933 Malraux published Man's Fate (La Condition Humaine), a novel about the 1927 failed Communist rebellion in Shanghai. Despite Malraux's attempts to present his Chinese characters as more three dimensional and developed than he did in Les Conquérants, his biographer Oliver Todd wrote he could not "quite break clear of a conventional idea of China with coolies, bamboo shoots, opium smokers, destitutes, and prostitutes", which were the standard French stereotypes of China at the time.[33] The work was awarded the 1933 Prix Goncourt.[34] After the breakdown of his marriage with Clara, Malraux lived with journalist and novelist Josette Clotis, starting in 1933. Malraux and Josette had two sons: Pierre-Gauthier (1940–1961) and Vincent (1943–1961). During 1944, while Malraux was fighting in Alsace, Josette died, aged 34, when she slipped while boarding a train. His two sons died together in 1961 in an automobile accident.
- On 22 February 1934, Malraux together with Édouard Corniglion-Molinier embarked on a much publicized expedition to find the lost capital of the Queen of Sheba mentioned in the Old Testament.[35] Saudi Arabia and Yemen were both remote, dangerous places that few Westerners visited at the time, and what made the expedition especially dangerous was while Malraux was searching for the lost cities of Sheba, King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia invaded Yemen, and the ensuing Saudi–Yemeni war greatly complicated Malraux's search.[36] After several weeks of flying over the deserts in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, Malraux returned to France to announce that the ruins he found up in the mountains of Yemen were the capital of the Queen of Sheba.[35] Though Malraux's claim is not generally accepted by archeologists, the expedition bolstered Malraux's fame and provided the material for several of his later essays.
- Luc-Marie Bayle, né le à Malo-les-Bains (Nord), mort le à Paris, était un officier de marine, peintre et artiste français. Son enfance est marquée à l'âge de neuf ans par la mort de son père. Fils de marin, petit-fils de marin – son grand-père avait commandé l'escadre d'Extrême-Orient et notamment le croiseur Duguay-Trouin dépêché dans le Pacifique en 1896-1897 pour réprimer des soulèvements dans les îles de Raiatea et de Tahaa – la famille de Luc-Marie Bayle le destine à la marine.
- Fleur Pellerin (French pronunciation: [flœʁ pɛl.ʁɛ̃]; born 29 August 1973) is a French businesswoman, former civil servant and socialist politician who served as French government minister from 2012 to 2016. Pellerin was born in 1973 in Seoul, South Korea, where she was abandoned on the streets only three or four days' old before being rescued by an orphanage; six months later she was adopted by a French family.[1][2] According to her adoption records she was called Kim Jong-Suk (김종숙, 金鍾淑), although it is unclear how she came by that name. Raised by middle-class parents — her father, who has a doctorate in nuclear physics, is a small-business owner — she grew up in two Paris suburbs, Montreuiland Versailles.
- Alexandre de Rhodes, S.J. (Vietnamese: A-Lịch-Sơn Đắc-Lộ or A-lếch-xăng đờ Rốt) (15 March 1591[1] – 5 November 1660) was a French Jesuit missionary and lexicographer who had a lasting impact on Christianity in Vietnam. He wrote the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, the first trilingual Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin dictionary, published in Rome, in 1651. Alexandre de Rhodes was born in Avignon, now in France. He entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Rome on 24 April 1612 to dedicate his life to missionary work. He arrived in Indochina about 1619. A Jesuit mission had been established in Hanoi in 1615; Rhodes arrived there in 1620. He spent ten years in and around the Court at Hanoi during the rule of Trịnh Tùng and Trịnh Tráng. Rhodes spent twelve years in Vietnam studying under another Jesuit, Francisco de Pina. In 1624, he was sent to the East Indies, arriving in Cochin-China on a boat with fellow Jesuit Girolamo Maiorica. In 1627, he travelled to Tongking, Vietnam where he worked until 1630, when he was forced to leave. He was expelled from Vietnam in 1630 as Trịnh Tráng became concerned about the spread of Catholicism in his realm. Rhodes in his reports said he converted more than 6,000 Vietnamese. Daily conversation in Vietnam "resembles the singing of birds", wrote Alexandre de Rhodes. From Vietnam Rhodes went to Macau, where he spent ten years. He then returned to Vietnam, this time to the lands of the Nguyễn Lords, mainly around Huế. He spent six years in this part until he aroused the displeasure of lord Nguyễn Phúc Lan and was condemned to death. As his sentence was reduced to exile, Rhodes returned to Rome by 1649 and pleaded for increased funding for Catholic missions to Vietnam, telling somewhat exaggerated stories about the natural riches to be found in Vietnam. This plea by Alexandre de Rhodes is at the origin of the creation of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in 1659. As neither the Portuguese nor the Pope showed interest in the project, Alexandre de Rhodes, with Pope Alexander VII's agreement, found secular volunteers in Paris in the persons of François Pallu and Pierre Lambert de la Motte, the first members of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, who were sent to the Far-East as Apostolic vicars. Alexandre de Rhodes himself was sent to Persia instead of back to Vietnam. Rhodes died in Isfahan, Persia in 1660 and was buried in the New Julfa Armenian Cemetery. In 1943, the French colony of Indochina issued a 30c postage stamp honoring him. In 2001 Vietnamese artist Nguyen Dinh Dang created a painting in homage to Alexandre de Rhodes and Nguyen Van Vinh.亞歷山德羅（法語：Alexandre de Rhodes，越南语：A-Lịch-Sơn Đắc-Lộ／亞歷山德羅?，1591年3月15日－1660年11月5日），又譯亞歷山大·德·羅德，是出身法國的耶穌會傳教士，他在十七世紀初遠赴當時的交趾支那進行天主教的傳教任務，對越南天主教的奠基与發展有着深远的影響。亞歷山德羅也是一位相當有造詣的語言學家，他編寫了第一部《越葡拉詞典》（Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum）。他所創造的越南語拉丁化拼音文字（國語字），更在日後取代了原本使用的漢喃成為越南主要的文字系統。羅德在越南期間完成了第一部越南語天主教教義詰問以及第一部拉丁文-葡文-越南文辭典，這部辭典在很多地方使用羅馬字母拼音拼寫越語發音，幷在日後被許多越南學者廣泛地應用于越南書寫系統的改良，不過羅馬式越文在當時仍未普及，只限于少數的越南天主教徒使用。直到法治時期，越南展開文化改革的民族主義運動，其中之一便是推行羅馬式越文。改革派的越南民族主義者認為越南要真正獨立，一定要「反法」、「脫漢」，爲達成目標，讓社會大衆認同一套簡單的文字工具，使群衆有機會吸收新知識，讓教育得以普及。越南民族主義者極力推廣羅德所創的越文拼音系統，因此改良後的越南國語现在成为了越南主要的文字書寫系統。
- Bayle crée en 1975 l'AMERAMI, association qui œuvre pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine maritime et fluvial. Il est également de l'ICMM (International Council of Maritime Museum).
- Il a eu pour maître le père Renard, professeur de dessin pour les élèves candidats à l'école des Beaux-arts, qui lui a enseigné l'art du nu6. Il perfectionne cet art lors de longues escales à Shanghai où il fréquente l'Art club. Une amie de sa mère, Marie Herfeld, ancienne élève du peintre Paul Cérusier, lui enseigne au cours de vacances à la campagne l'art de la composition et des couleurs4. Luc-Marie Bayle dessine et peint, surtout des aquarelles, notamment lors de son premier embarquement en Chine où il développe son talent dans cette discipline, mais également à Tahiti, Moorea, Bora-Bora et Mangareva, ainsi que sur les îles moins fréquentées de Saint-Paul, Macquarie, les îles Kerguelen ou encore l'archipel des Balleny. Il affectionne la technique du dessin aquarellé qui requiert une maîtrise parfaite du dessin qui doit être tracé d'un seul jet à l'encre indélébile. L'aquarelle est ensuite utilisée de façon très diluée dans des tons finement choisis4. Outre la rédaction du journal de bord des deux premières expéditions, il signe un ouvrage relatant les mêmes événements sous le titre Le Voyage de la Nouvelle Incomprise. De 1960 à 1972, Bayle crée avec le peintre de la Marine Hervé Baille une société d’édition (B & B). En 1962, il réalise un panneau intitulé Jean Bart pour l'appartement Flandres du paquebot France. En août 1968, il part avec Hervé Baille pour Aden, afin de réaliser des croquis et des aquarelles sur les derniers boutres afin d'éditer un ouvrage sur ce thème. En 1988, il commence la création d'un quadryptique intitulé Les quatre saisons sur l'Extrême-Orient : Yang Tse Kiang (automne), Japon (printemps), Baie d'Along (été) et Pékin (hiver).
- https://gw.geneanet.org/pierfit?lang=fr&n=bayle&p=luc+marie
- Fleur Pellerin (French pronunciation: [flœʁ pɛl.ʁɛ̃]; born 29 August 1973) is a French businesswoman, former civil servant and socialist politician who served as French government minister from 2012 to 2016. Pellerin was born in 1973 in Seoul, South Korea, where she was abandoned on the streets only three or four days' old before being rescued by an orphanage; six months later she was adopted by a French family.[1][2] According to her adoption records she was called Kim Jong-Suk (김종숙, 金鍾淑), although it is unclear how she came by that name. Raised by middle-class parents — her father, who has a doctorate in nuclear physics, is a small-business owner — she grew up in two Paris suburbs, Montreuiland Versailles.
- https://hongkong.consulfrance.org/Promoting-the-attractiveness-of Mrs Fleur Pellerin, Minister Delegate for Small and Medium Enterprises, Innovation and the Digital Economy visited Hong Kong on 7 March 2013. During her visit, she introduced France’s National Pact for Growth, Competitiveness and Employment to boost French competitiveness to entrepreneurs and foreign investors.
- Alexandre de Rhodes, S.J. (Vietnamese: A-Lịch-Sơn Đắc-Lộ or A-lếch-xăng đờ Rốt) (15 March 1591[1] – 5 November 1660) was a French Jesuit missionary and lexicographer who had a lasting impact on Christianity in Vietnam. He wrote the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, the first trilingual Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin dictionary, published in Rome, in 1651. Alexandre de Rhodes was born in Avignon, now in France. He entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Rome on 24 April 1612 to dedicate his life to missionary work. He arrived in Indochina about 1619. A Jesuit mission had been established in Hanoi in 1615; Rhodes arrived there in 1620. He spent ten years in and around the Court at Hanoi during the rule of Trịnh Tùng and Trịnh Tráng. Rhodes spent twelve years in Vietnam studying under another Jesuit, Francisco de Pina. In 1624, he was sent to the East Indies, arriving in Cochin-China on a boat with fellow Jesuit Girolamo Maiorica. In 1627, he travelled to Tongking, Vietnam where he worked until 1630, when he was forced to leave. He was expelled from Vietnam in 1630 as Trịnh Tráng became concerned about the spread of Catholicism in his realm. Rhodes in his reports said he converted more than 6,000 Vietnamese. Daily conversation in Vietnam "resembles the singing of birds", wrote Alexandre de Rhodes. From Vietnam Rhodes went to Macau, where he spent ten years. He then returned to Vietnam, this time to the lands of the Nguyễn Lords, mainly around Huế. He spent six years in this part until he aroused the displeasure of lord Nguyễn Phúc Lan and was condemned to death. As his sentence was reduced to exile, Rhodes returned to Rome by 1649 and pleaded for increased funding for Catholic missions to Vietnam, telling somewhat exaggerated stories about the natural riches to be found in Vietnam. This plea by Alexandre de Rhodes is at the origin of the creation of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in 1659. As neither the Portuguese nor the Pope showed interest in the project, Alexandre de Rhodes, with Pope Alexander VII's agreement, found secular volunteers in Paris in the persons of François Pallu and Pierre Lambert de la Motte, the first members of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, who were sent to the Far-East as Apostolic vicars. Alexandre de Rhodes himself was sent to Persia instead of back to Vietnam. Rhodes died in Isfahan, Persia in 1660 and was buried in the New Julfa Armenian Cemetery. In 1943, the French colony of Indochina issued a 30c postage stamp honoring him. In 2001 Vietnamese artist Nguyen Dinh Dang created a painting in homage to Alexandre de Rhodes and Nguyen Van Vinh.亞歷山德羅（法語：Alexandre de Rhodes，越南语：A-Lịch-Sơn Đắc-Lộ／亞歷山德羅?，1591年3月15日－1660年11月5日），又譯亞歷山大·德·羅德，是出身法國的耶穌會傳教士，他在十七世紀初遠赴當時的交趾支那進行天主教的傳教任務，對越南天主教的奠基与發展有着深远的影響。亞歷山德羅也是一位相當有造詣的語言學家，他編寫了第一部《越葡拉詞典》（Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum）。他所創造的越南語拉丁化拼音文字（國語字），更在日後取代了原本使用的漢喃成為越南主要的文字系統。羅德在越南期間完成了第一部越南語天主教教義詰問以及第一部拉丁文-葡文-越南文辭典，這部辭典在很多地方使用羅馬字母拼音拼寫越語發音，幷在日後被許多越南學者廣泛地應用于越南書寫系統的改良，不過羅馬式越文在當時仍未普及，只限于少數的越南天主教徒使用。直到法治時期，越南展開文化改革的民族主義運動，其中之一便是推行羅馬式越文。改革派的越南民族主義者認為越南要真正獨立，一定要「反法」、「脫漢」，爲達成目標，讓社會大衆認同一套簡單的文字工具，使群衆有機會吸收新知識，讓教育得以普及。越南民族主義者極力推廣羅德所創的越文拼音系統，因此改良後的越南國語现在成为了越南主要的文字書寫系統。
sinologist
- Cyrille Javary, né en 1947, est un sinologue non universitaire français. Il étudie le chinois à partir de 1975 à l'université de Vincennes et part séjourner à Taiwan entre 1979 et 1981. Il est formateur d'hommes d'affaires à la collaboration et la négociation avec des partenaires asiatiques, rattaché au groupe Lotus Bleu de l'INALCO. Son nom de plume complet, apparaissant sur les pages de titres de la plupart de ses ouvrages à partir de 2001 (mais pas toujours sur les couvertures), est Cyrille J.-D. Javary.
china related
- Jean-Baptiste Du Halde (Chinese: 杜赫德; 1 February 1674 Paris – 18 August 1743) was a French Jesuit historian specializing in China. He did not travel to China, but collected seventeen Jesuit missionaries' reports and provided an encyclopedic survey of the history, culture and society of China and "Chinese Tartary," that is, Manchuria. Il est surtout connu pour sa Description de l'empire de la Chine, ouvrage en quatre volumes paru en 1735. Basé sur les témoignages de missionnaires jésuites en Chine, le livre se veut une description méthodique de l'Empire chinois. Il eut un retentissement considérable en Europe, et influençant de manière durable l'image que les Européens se sont faite de la Chine. Voltaire a dit de Du Halde : « Quoiqu'il ne soit point sorti de Paris, et qu'il n'ait point su le chinois, [il] a donné, sur les Mémoires de ses confrères, la plus ample et la meilleure description de l'empire de la Chine qu'on ait dans le monde[2]. »Composée à partir des Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, ainsi que de nombreux rapports inédits, et contenant des traductions de textes chinois de provenances très diverses, sa Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise parait en 4 volumes à Paris en 1735 et est rééditée aux Pays-Bas en 1736. Elle a un impact considérable sur la société européenne du xviiie siècle. Les philosophes des Lumières y puisent de quoi nourrir leurs réflexions et leurs controverses sur les religions, les civilisations et les mœurs, tandis que les manufacturiers européens y découvrent les secrets de fabrication de la porcelaine et les géographes la première carte de la Corée, par Jean-Baptiste Régis, ainsi que 42 cartes des provinces chinoises, par Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville.
- 前駐華法國文化中心主席暨高等政治學院國際關係所教學負責人比勒（Pierre Buhler）在文中，舉例德國智庫墨卡托中國研究中心（MERICS）與兩名研究員遭中方制裁等，指出中方向國內研究學者及論文施壓的案例愈來愈多。他直指，這些象徵行徑顯示中方令人擔憂的政策，為民主國家的高等教育與研究帶來嚴重威脅。比勒提到，全球超過500間包裝為文化中心的孔子學院，是中方攻擊學術自由的策略之一，藉此滲透接待大學的教育或研究計劃。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210611/00180_025.html
- Cyrille Javary, né en 1947, est un sinologue non universitaire français. Il étudie le chinois à partir de 1975 à l'université de Vincennes et part séjourner à Taiwan entre 1979 et 1981. Il est formateur d'hommes d'affaires à la collaboration et la négociation avec des partenaires asiatiques, rattaché au groupe Lotus Bleu de l'INALCO. Son nom de plume complet, apparaissant sur les pages de titres de la plupart de ses ouvrages à partir de 2001 (mais pas toujours sur les couvertures), est Cyrille J.-D. Javary.
china related
- Jean-Baptiste Du Halde (Chinese: 杜赫德; 1 February 1674 Paris – 18 August 1743) was a French Jesuit historian specializing in China. He did not travel to China, but collected seventeen Jesuit missionaries' reports and provided an encyclopedic survey of the history, culture and society of China and "Chinese Tartary," that is, Manchuria. Il est surtout connu pour sa Description de l'empire de la Chine, ouvrage en quatre volumes paru en 1735. Basé sur les témoignages de missionnaires jésuites en Chine, le livre se veut une description méthodique de l'Empire chinois. Il eut un retentissement considérable en Europe, et influençant de manière durable l'image que les Européens se sont faite de la Chine. Voltaire a dit de Du Halde : « Quoiqu'il ne soit point sorti de Paris, et qu'il n'ait point su le chinois, [il] a donné, sur les Mémoires de ses confrères, la plus ample et la meilleure description de l'empire de la Chine qu'on ait dans le monde[2]. »Composée à partir des Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, ainsi que de nombreux rapports inédits, et contenant des traductions de textes chinois de provenances très diverses, sa Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise parait en 4 volumes à Paris en 1735 et est rééditée aux Pays-Bas en 1736. Elle a un impact considérable sur la société européenne du xviiie siècle. Les philosophes des Lumières y puisent de quoi nourrir leurs réflexions et leurs controverses sur les religions, les civilisations et les mœurs, tandis que les manufacturiers européens y découvrent les secrets de fabrication de la porcelaine et les géographes la première carte de la Corée, par Jean-Baptiste Régis, ainsi que 42 cartes des provinces chinoises, par Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville.
- relstion with chinese talowtree - Jean-Baptiste Du Halde fait état au xviiie siècle des vertus thérapeutiques de l' ou-kieou-mou, ( kiu-tse, wu-kiu-muh, yu-kiu, ho tien tze) dont on utilise et l'huile et la racine : Émétique, hydragogue, purgatif. Diaphorétique et diurétique. La peau de la racine rôtie ou en poudre cuite guérit le flux excessif de l'urine, les callosités, et des squirres qui se forment dans les intestins. L'écorce mélangée avec de l'arécquier est également thérapeutique. L'huile est « douce, froide, et n'a point de qualité nuisible. Quand on s'en frotte la tête, elle fait changer de couleur aux cheveux blancs, et les rend noirs. Si l'on en prend une mesure, elle fait uriner, et guérit les hydrocelles »
- 前駐華法國文化中心主席暨高等政治學院國際關係所教學負責人比勒（Pierre Buhler）在文中，舉例德國智庫墨卡托中國研究中心（MERICS）與兩名研究員遭中方制裁等，指出中方向國內研究學者及論文施壓的案例愈來愈多。他直指，這些象徵行徑顯示中方令人擔憂的政策，為民主國家的高等教育與研究帶來嚴重威脅。比勒提到，全球超過500間包裝為文化中心的孔子學院，是中方攻擊學術自由的策略之一，藉此滲透接待大學的教育或研究計劃。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210611/00180_025.html
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