Aeschynomene is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, and was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade of the Dalbergieae. They are known commonly as jointvetches. These legumes are most common in warm regions and many species are aquatic.
- Sholapith or Shola Pith (also referred to as shola and Indian cork) is a dried milky-white spongey plant matter from Aeschynomene sp. It can be pressed and shaped into objects of art. The useful part of this plant is the bark of the wood (secondary-xylem) of the stem. This wood is often mistaken as the pith. Aeschynomene makes among the world's lightest woods.Traditionally sholapith products have been used for decorating Hindu idols and creating the headgear of brides and grooms for a traditional Bengali wedding. In more recent times, sholapith handicrafts have found a wider application in home décor such as Hindu gods and artistic objects. Sholapith is similar in form to man-made polystyrene foam (sometimes known by the brand names Thermacol and Styrofoam), but is superior in terms of malleability, texture, lustre and sponginess.
- the only other available wikipedia language is catala
Begonia is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Begoniaceae. 在中國大陸，主要分布於長江流域以南各省，以雲南、廣西最多，主要分大花秋海棠、多花秋海棠、垂枝多海棠三类，有很多品种，如珊瑚秋海棠、四季海棠、球根海棠、丽格海棠、瀾滄秋海棠等等，在台灣原生的秋海棠有18種，其中14種為台灣特有種，3種為天然雜交種，台灣的秋海棠主要分布於中、低海拔地區，生於較為潮濕的土壤或岩壁上.
- The genus name Begonia was coined by Charles Plumier, a French patron of botany, and adopted by Linnaeus in 1753, to honor Michel Bégon, a former governor of the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti).- Vers 1400, il est déjà fait mention de cultures à usage médicinal de Begonia grandis en Chine, son pays d'origine, puis au Japon à partir de 1641, notamment pour ses propriétés astringentes2.Quelques bégonias ont été découverts dès le milieu du xviie siècle par des voyageurs botanistes, notamment au Mexique et à la Jamaïque, donc bien avant que Charles Plumier ne les décrive et ne leur donne un nom en 1690, et qu'ils soient intégrés en 1753 par Carl von Linné dans sa classification classique. Il faut cependant attendre la fin du xviiie siècle pour que des pieds sauvages soient importés par les horticulteurs occidentaux, puis le milieu du xixe siècle pour l'obtention des premières variétés horticoles commercialisées, plantes de bordures ou d'appartement, avec une préférence significative pour celles dont les fleurs forment de gros pompons de couleur blanche, rouge ou jaune, mis en valeur par un feuillage large et sombre37.En 1777, les premiers bégonias - au XVIIIe siècle on disait une bégone38 - sont introduits dans les jardins botaniques d'Europe, à Paris, à Berlin et à Kew, près de Londres. Le premier étant Begonia minor, suivi de peu par Begonia octopetala, Begonia acuminata, Begonia obliqua, etc.
- 秋海棠，又名八香、無名斷腸草、無名相思草（本草拾遺），是秋海棠科秋海棠屬的植物。Begonia grandis, the hardy begonia, is a plant in the begonia family, Begoniaceae. It is a herbaceous plant with alternate, simple leaves, on arching stems. The flowers are pink or white, borne in fall. シュウカイドウ（秋海棠）は、シュウカイドウ科シュウカイドウ属（ベゴニア属）に分類される多年生草本球根植物である。和名は中国名「秋海棠」の音読み。ヨウラクソウ（瓔珞草）とも呼ばれる。中国大陸（山東省以南）、マレー半島に分布する。日本では江戸時代初期に園芸用に持ち込まれた帰化植物（#園芸を参照）である。L'espèce fait partie de la section Diploclinium ; elle a été décrite en 1791 par le botaniste suédois Jonas Carlsson Dryander (1748-1810).
- 英國皇家公園為表揚醫護人員的貢獻，以及慶祝英國國家衞生事務局（NHS）成立七十二周年，近日在倫敦聖詹姆斯公園的花園，設置「N」、「H」及「S」三個巨型植物字母花圃。每個字母高十二米、闊五米，共用了四萬五千朵白色秋海棠。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200705/00180_037.html
Illicium verum is a medium-sized evergreen tree native to northeast Vietnam and southwest China. A spice commonly called star anise, staranise, star anise seed,Chinese star anise, or badiam that closely resembles anise in flavor is obtained from the star-shaped pericarp of the fruit of Illicium verum which are harvested just before ripening. Star anise oil is a highly fragrant oil used in cooking, perfumery, soaps, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. About 90% of the world's star anise crop is used for extraction of shikimic acid, a chemical intermediate used in the synthesis of oseltamivir.Star anise is the major source of the chemical compound shikimic acid, a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of anti-influenza drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu).[4]Shikimic acid is produced by most autotrophic organisms, and while it can be obtained in commercial quantities elsewhere, star anise remains the usual industrial source.[citation needed] In 2005, a temporary shortage of star anise was caused by its use in the production of Tamiflu. Later that year, a method for the production of shikimic acid using bacteria was discovered.[5][6][7] Roche now derives some of the raw material it needs from fermentation by E. coli bacteria. The 2009 swine flu outbreak led to another series of shortages, as stocks of Tamiflu were built up around the world, sending prices soaring. Star anise is grown in four provinces in China and harvested between March and May. It is also found in the south of New South Wales.
- 大嶼八角（Illicium angustisepalum）又名閩皖八角，是五味子科八角屬的植物，為小型常綠喬木，生長於常綠闊葉林中。中國特有物種，已知華南如廣東、廣西、福建、安徽至甘肅等地皆有分布。
Henna (Lawsonia inermis, also known as hina, the henna tree, the mignonette tree, and the Egyptian privet) is a flowering plant and the sole species of the Lawsonia genus. The English name "henna" comes from the Arabic حِنَّاء (ALA-LC: ḥinnāʾ; pronounced [ħɪnˈnæːʔ]) or, colloquially حنا, loosely pronounced as /ħinna/. The name henna also refers to the dye prepared from the plant and the art of temporary body art (staining) based on those dyes (see also mehndi). Henna has been used since antiquity to dye skin, hair and fingernails, as well as fabrics including silk, wool and leather. The name is used in other skin and hair dyes, such as black henna and neutral henna, neither of which is derived from the henna plant. Historically, henna was found to be used in the Arabian Peninsula, South Asia, parts of South East Asia, Carthage, other parts of North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Bridal henna nights remain an important custom in many of these areas, particularly among traditional families.
- [eckstut] henna, the dye used to tattoo hands of indian brides, is derived from the plant of the same name. The powder made from the plant that forms the base of the dye is pure green, it must be mixed with something acidic, like lemon juice to turn it red.
フジ属（フジぞく、Wisteria）は、マメ科の属の一つで、フジ（藤）と総称する。ただし、「フジ」は Wisteria floribunda の和名でもある（別名ノダフジ）。異名に「さのかたのはな」、「むらさきぐさ」、「まつみぐさ」、「ふたきぐさ」、「まつなぐさ」などがある。北アメリカ、東アジア、日本に自生する。フジ（ノダフジ）とヤマフジの2種が日本固有種で、中国でシナフジ、欧米でアメリカフジなどが栽培されている。
- 日本人の姓
- 名字ランキング100番目以内に多い順から佐藤、伊藤、斎藤、加藤、後藤、近藤、藤田、遠藤、藤井、藤原、工藤、安藤、藤本の13種類の名字がランクインしている[要出典]。藤原氏を出自としてその流れを汲む十六藤（じゅうろくとう） - 佐藤、伊藤、斎藤、加藤、後藤、近藤、遠藤、工藤、安藤、内藤、須藤、武藤、進藤、新藤、神藤、春藤の名字（読みは音読みで「とう」または「どう」、人口の多い順）。多くは旧国名・役職名＋藤と言うパターンが多い（例：佐藤は「佐渡」または「佐野」の藤原の意）。この、十六藤以外にも江藤、衛藤、斉藤、首藤、権藤、尾藤などの名字も存在する。「○藤」系は北日本・東日本、東海地方に多く分布しており、「藤○」系は西日本の近畿地方や中国地方瀬戸内海側を中心に多く分布している。ただし、徳島県と大分県では例外で、前者は佐藤・近藤、後者は佐藤・後藤・工藤が多く集中しており、大分県独特の名字に江藤・衛藤・首藤姓がある。 藤紋（ふじもん）は日本の家紋の一種。ヤマフジのぶら下がって咲く花と葉を「藤の丸」として図案化したもので、元来は「下り藤」である。家紋として文献に載ったのは、15世紀ごろに書かれた『見聞諸家紋』などである。『吾妻鏡』や『太平記』には登場しないことを根拠として武家の間では14世紀後半の室町時代末期に流行したと考えられており、また江戸時代には武士における使用家が170家におよび、五大紋の一つに数えられている。図案には、上り藤、下り藤、一つ藤巴、藤輪、利久藤、三追い藤、黒田藤などがある。
- sightings
- shinen manyo botanical garden in kasuga taisha (built by fujiwara clan); the symbol of the grand shrine is a wisteria bloom and the miko, or shrine maidens, also wear headpieces decorated with the purple flower.
芒篙藤
- 农历正月十七，是广西融水苗族自治县一年一度极具神秘色彩的“芒篙节”，数万民众汇集该县大山深处的安陲乡，与“芒篙”们共跳芦笙踩堂舞，以祈求今年好运降临。相传当地苗族祖先用古树刻成面具，披着芒篙藤制成的蓑衣，脸上涂抹黑灰扮演“芒篙(野人)”成功抵御盗贼山匪的侵扰掠夺。
Die Pappeln Populus is a genus of 25–35 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar /ˈpɒp.lər/, aspen, and cottonwood. 楊屬（Populus）屬於楊柳科，包含了胡楊、白楊、棉白楊等，通稱楊樹。
- Aspen is a common name for certain tree species; some, but not all, are classified by botanists in the section Populus, of the Populus genus.Aspen wood is white and soft, but fairly strong, and has low flammability. It has a number of uses, notably for making matches and paper where its low flammability makes it safer to use than most other woods.[citation needed] Shredded aspen wood is used for packing and stuffing, sometimes called excelsior (wood wool). Aspen flakes are the most common species of wood used to make oriented strand boards. It is also a popular animal bedding, since it lacks the phenols associated with pine and juniper, which are thought to cause respiratory system ailments in some animals. Heat-treated aspen is a popular material for the interiors of saunas. While standing trees sometimes tend to rot from the heart outward, the dry timber weathers very well, becoming silvery-grey and resistant to rotting and warping, and has traditionally been used for rural construction in the northwestern regions of Russia (especially for roofing, in the form of thin slats).
- 三角葉楊（Cottonwood Tree）美國愛達荷州科達倫（Coeur d'Alene）一名富有創意的女圖書館員，早前眼見家門前的一棵樹齡達一百一十年的三角葉楊（Cottonwood Tree）因屆衰老期需要砍除，遂運用巧思將粗壯樹幹改造成精美的「迷你街頭圖書館」方便漂書http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190115/00180_026.html
Triadica sebifera, also known as Sapium sebiferum, is commonly known as the Chinese tallow,[1]Chinese tallowtree, Florida aspen, chicken tree, gray popcorn tree,[2] and candleberry tree.[3] The tree is native to eastern Asia, and is most commonly associated with eastern China, Taiwan, and Japan. In these regions, the waxy coating of the seeds is used for candle and soap making, and the leaves are used as herbal medicine to treat boils. The plant sap and leaves are reputed to be toxic, and decaying leaves from the plant are toxic to other species of plant. The specific epithets sebifera and sebiferum mean "wax-bearing" and refer to the vegetable tallow that coats the seeds.It is useful in the production of biodiesel because it is the third most productive vegetable oil producing crop in the world, after algae and oil palm. ナンキンハゼ（南京櫨・南京黄櫨)別名、トウハゼ、カンテラギ。中国名烏桕〔木偏に臼〕、烏臼、烏臼木。和名は、ハゼノキの代わりに蝋をとる材料として使われるようになった、中国原産の木の意味である。Il fut aussi importé dans le sud la France, au Jardin Botanique de Marseille, (où il porte le nom en provençal de Kresto de Gaou) et en Algérie. Il est communément connu sous le nom d'arbre à suif chinois. Les Chinois l'appelaient Ou-kieou-mou 乌臼 c'est-à-dire : corbeau, mortier, arbre. 臼屬學名 乌臼、鸦臼, 臼屬學名 [9],[10] ou Ya-Kieou, du signe Ya, corneille parce que les corneilles aiment manger ce fruit appelé Yen Kiou[11]. les Japonais Nan-Ki Fadze, et les Annamites cây soi. Autres noms chinois : kiu-tzej (Méret, Delens) wu-k'iu-muh, yu-k'iu, (F. P. Smith), p'i-mu-tze, ho-tien-tze, (Debeaux). Corps gras : pi-ma-tze-yeou, et suif végétal, k'iu-yu, peh-yu, mou-yeoumueh-yu mu-kao
- Although native to China and Japan, the plant is also found where it has been introduced in the southeastern United States, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Taiwan, India, Martinique, Sudan, and southern France. Incorrectly thought to have been introduced in colonial times by Benjamin Franklin, the tree has become naturalized from North Carolina southward along the Atlantic and the entire Gulf coast, where it grows profusely along ditchbanks and dikes.
- The seed's white waxy aril is used in soap making. The seed's inner oil is toxic but has industrial applications. The nectar is non-toxic, and it has become a major honey plant for beekeepers. The honey is of high quality, and is produced copiously during the month of June, on the Gulf Coast. In the Gulf coast states, beekeepers migrate with their honey bees to good tallow locations near the sea. The tree is highly ornamental, fast growing and a good shade tree. It is especially noteworthy if grown in areas that have strong seasonal temperature ranges with the leaves becoming a multitude of colours rivaling maples in the autumn. The tree grows well in urban areas, and is very good for "sidewalk holes" along busy roads with a lot of traffic where most trees will not grow well. It can provide shade to counter the heat island effect of mainly-concrete areas, as well as habitat for urban animals such as lizards and birds.
- Le suif chinois est la matière première du Sichuan, Comté de Wushan : 3 000 tonnes exportés dans vingt pays chaque année. Le suif chinois de Wushan, depuis le début de la dynastie Qing est commercialisé sous la dénomination de « wushan sapium chinese tallow » “巫山乌桕”. est aussi commercialisé le miel « wushian sapium » de sapium sabiferum .
- in the 楓林教案incident, the distribution of the tree's logs was one of the subject of contention
- Le suif chinois est la matière première du Sichuan, Comté de Wushan : 3 000 tonnes exportés dans vingt pays chaque année. Le suif chinois de Wushan, depuis le début de la dynastie Qing est commercialisé sous la dénomination de « wushan sapium chinese tallow » “巫山乌桕”. est aussi commercialisé le miel « wushian sapium » de sapium sabiferum .
- in the 楓林教案incident, the distribution of the tree's logs was one of the subject of contention
Torreya grandis (香榧(pinyin=Xiāngfěi) is a species of conifer in either the familyTaxaceae, or Cephalotaxaceae. T. grandis is a large tree that can attain height of 25 metres (82 ft), and possibly as high as 39 metres (128 ft).[1] T. grandis is endemic to eastern and south-eastern China; it is found in the coastal provinces Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu, as well as in Anhui, Guizhou, Hunan, and Jiangxi inland. Its natural habitat are mountains and open valleys, often by streams, between 200–1,400 metres (660–4,590 ft) ASL One common name is Chinese nutmeg yew (although it is not related to nutmeg, nor the true yews belonging to the genus Taxus), which refers to its edible seeds that superficially resemble nutmeg (Chinese: 榧榧) and its yew-like foliage. The seeds can be pressed for oil. The wood is used in construction and furniture.[2] T. grandis is used as an ornamental tree in Europe and North America.
- korea has a 榧子林
菱花是菱的花。菱：柳叶菜科，菱属植物的泛称 water chestnut。一年生水生草本，叶子略呈三角形，叶柄有气囊，夏天开花，白色。果实有硬壳，有角，可供食用。
Phragmites is a genus of four species of large perennial grasses found in wetlands throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. 芦苇（Phragmites communis），又稱普通蘆葦（common reed），是生长于沼泽、河沿、海滩等湿地的一种禾本科植物，遍布于全世界温带和热带地区. 蘆葦桿含有纖維素，可以用來造纸和人造纖維。中國從古代就用蘆葦编制“葦席”鋪炕、盖房或搭建臨時建築。古代各國都有用蘆葦的空莖制造的樂器——蘆笛，蘆葦莖内的薄膜做笛子的笛膜使用。蘆葦穗可以作掃帚，花絮可以充填枕頭。在臺灣西拉雅族的傳統裡，會把蘆葦葉或檳榔葉放進壺裡祭拜，也就是所謂的祀壺信仰。- korea has a 榧子林
菱花是菱的花。菱：柳叶菜科，菱属植物的泛称 water chestnut。一年生水生草本，叶子略呈三角形，叶柄有气囊，夏天开花，白色。果实有硬壳，有角，可供食用。
Protea /ˈproʊtiːə/[1] is both the botanical name and the English common name of a genus of South African flowering plants, sometimes also called sugarbushes (Afrikaans: suikerbos) or Fynbos. In local tradition, the Protea flower represents change and hope. 海神花屬是山龍眼科的一個屬，大約有115個種，原產於非洲熱帶地區，包括南非、肯亞、坦桑尼亞、烏干達、津巴布韋及埃塞俄比亚等地。屬名Protea是以希臘神話中海神普羅透斯（Proteus）的名字命名的，海神普羅透斯具有可以隨意變換外形的神力，用來形容海神花屬植物多變的外觀。也有人根據屬名Protea的發音，將屬名翻譯為普洛提亞。
- national flower of south africa
- 古埃及人被指於數千年前，單靠蘆葦船就能遠航至黑海https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190801/00180_025.html
- 在澳洲昆士蘭大海邊，有一溜溜、一片片、一簇簇的蘆葦叢，纖細圓滑的葦杆把灰白的蘆葦花撒向空中，任憑海風帶到遙遠的他鄉，李存修君稱之為「海上蘆葦花」。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/03/26/b04-0326.pdf
Typha /ˈtaɪfə/ is a genus of about 30 species of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family Typhaceae. These plants have many common names, in British English as bulrush, or reedmace,[2] in American English as reed, cattail,[3] punks, corn dog grass, or water sausage, in Australia as cumbungi or bulrush, in Canada as bulrush or cattail, and in New Zealand as raupō. Other taxa of plants may be known as bulrush, including some sedges in Scirpus and related genera. A wide range of uses:
- The rushes are harvested and the leaves often dried for later use in chair seats. Re-wetted, the leaves are twisted and wrapped around the chair rungs to form a densely woven seat that is then stuffed (usually with the left over rush).
- Many parts of the Typha plant are edible to humans. The starchy rhizomes are nutritious with a protein content comparable to that of maize or rice.[16] They can be processed into a flour with 266 kcal per 100 grams.[4] They are most often harvested from late autumn to early spring. They are fibrous, and the starch must be scraped or sucked from the tough fibers. Plants growing in polluted water can accumulate lead and pesticide residues in their rhizomes, and these should not be eaten. The outer portion of young plants can be peeled and the heart can be eaten raw or boiled and eaten like asparagus. This food has been popular among the Cossacks in Russia, and has been called "Cossack asparagus".[18] The leaf bases can be eaten raw or cooked, especially in late spring when they are young and tender. In early summer the sheath can be removed from the developing green flower spike, which can then be boiled and eaten like corn on the cob.[19] In mid-summer when the male flowers are mature, the pollen can be collected and used as a flour supplement or thickener. The roots may also be boiled, steamed, fried, or mashed with butter or sour cream much like potatoes.
- The seed hairs were used by some Indigenous peoples of the Americas[which?] as tinder for starting fires. Some tribes also used Typha down to line moccasins, and for bedding, diapers, baby powder, and cradleboards. One Native American word for Typha meant "fruit for papoose's bed".[citation needed] Typha down is still used in some areas to stuff clothing items and pillows. Typha can be dipped in wax or fat and then lit as a candle, the stem serving as a wick. Without the use of wax or fat it will smolder slowly, somewhat like incense, and may repel insects.
臺灣欒樹（Koelreuteria elegans），又名苦楝舅、苦苓江、金苦楝、拔子雞油、臺灣欒華、木欒仔、五色欒華、四色樹，是一種無患子科的落葉喬木
Koelreuteria elegans, more commonly known as Flamegold rain tree[1] or Taiwanese rain tree, is a deciduous tree 15–17 metres tall endemic to Taiwan.[2][3][4] It is widely grown throughout the tropics and sub-tropical parts of the world as a street tree.
It is a declared weed in many parts of the world, particularly Brisbane, Australia[5] and in Hawaii.
人面子又名仁稔 Dracontomelon duperreanum[1] is a tree species Anacardiaceae, with no subspecies listed in the Catalogue of Life.It is found in southern China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong) and Vietnam (especially in the north - centre); its name in Vietnamese is long cóc, sấu trắng or simply sấu.
- in front of lee gardens.
Aleurites moluccanus (or moluccana[1]), the candlenut, is a flowering tree in the spurgefamily, Euphorbiaceae, also known as candleberry, Indian walnut, kemiri, varnish tree, nuez de la India, buah keras, or kukui nut tree, and Kekuna tree.Its native range is impossible to establish precisely because of early spread by humans, and the tree is now distributed throughout the New and Old World tropics. The nut is often used cooked in Indonesianand Malaysian cuisine, where it is called kemiri in Indonesian or buah keras in Malay. On the island of Java in Indonesia, it is used to make a thick sauce that is eaten with vegetables and rice. In the Philippines, the fruit and tree are traditionally known as lumbang after which Lumban, a lakeshore town in Laguna is named.In ancient Hawaiʻi, kukui nuts were burned to provide light. The nuts were strung in a row on a palm leaf midrib, lit on one end, and burned one by one every 15 minutes or so. This led to their use as a measure of time. Hawaiians also extracted the oil from the nut and burned it in a stone oil lamp called a kukui hele po (light, darkness goes) with a wick made of kapa cloth.
- hk
- various spots in victoria park
Miscanthus, silvergrass,[4] is a genus of African, Eurasian, and Pacific Island plants in the grass family. The species Miscanthus sinensis is widely cultivated as an ornamental grass, and is the source of several cultivars. Certaines des espèces de ce genre sont appelées « herbe à éléphant ». Celles-ci rencontrent un intérêt croissant de la part de l’industrie et d’une partie du monde agricole en raison de sa productivité et de sa teneur en lignocelluloses. 芒草（Miscanthus）是各種芒屬或芒草屬植物的統稱。一部分的芒屬植物，如中國芒與巨芒（M. giganteus，又名大象草），被應用來作能源作物，以生產生物燃料，主要為酒精。也有一些芒草培養用來作為觀賞植物。更多則以雜草的形式，生存於野外或人工設施周圍。The rapid growth, low mineral content, and high biomass yield of Miscanthus make it a favorite choice as a biofuel.[9] Miscanthus can be used as input for ethanol production, often outperforming corn and other alternatives in terms of biomass and gallons of ethanol produced. Additionally, after harvest, it can be burned to produce heat and steam for power turbines. In addition to the amount of CO2 emissions from burning the crop, any fossil fuels that might have been used in planting, fertilizing, harvesting, and processing the crop, as well as in transporting the biofuel to the point of use, must also be considered when evaluating its carbon load. Its advantage, though, is that it is not usually consumed by humans, making it a more available crop for ethanol and biofuel, than, say, corn and sugarcane. When mixed 50%-50% with coal, Miscanthus biomass can be used in some current coal-burning power plants without modifications. Miscanthus has also been suggested as a "green" building material, for both wall construction and general insulation.
M. sinensis is cultivated as an ornamental plant. In Japan, where it is known as susuki (すすき), it is considered an iconic plant of late summer and early autumn. It is mentioned in Man'yōshū (VIII:1538) as one of the seven autumn flowers (aki no nana kusa, 秋の七草). It is used for the eighth month in hanafuda playing cards. It is decorated with bush clover for the Mid-Autumn Festival. Miscanthus has also excellent fiber properties for papermaking.
- 鳳凰山附近大東山及二東山的山頂上有約二十間小石屋，叫做「爛頭營（Lantau Camp）」。緣起上世紀二十年代，有外籍人士欲在山頂搭建臨時度假屋，先是在大帽山用木頭搭建，因抵擋不住颱風而摧折，後來遷址此處，用石頭砌建。每年十一月底，山上芒草的壯觀吸引無數人慕名前往，而掩映於芒草之間的爛頭營則是又一景觀。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200315/PDF/a16_screen.pdf
紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa，阿拉伯语: البرسيم الحجازي）又叫做紫苜蓿、牧蓿、苜蓿、路蒸，属豆科植物。Alfalfa (/ælˈfælfə/), also called lucerne and called Medicago sativa in binomial nomenclature, is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world. It is used for grazing, hay, and silage, as well as a green manure and cover crop. The name alfalfa is used in North America. The name lucerne is the more commonly used name in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The plant superficially resembles clover (a cousin in the same family), especially while young, when trifoliate leaves comprising round leaflets predominate. Alfalfa seems to have originated in south-central Asia, and was first cultivated in ancient Iran.[5][6] According to Pliny (died 79 AD), it was introduced to Greece in about 490 BC when the Persians invaded Greek territory. Alfalfa cultivation is discussed in the fourth-century AD book Opus Agriculturae by Palladius, stating: "One sow-down lasts ten years. The crop may be cut four or six times a year ... A jugerum of it is abundantly sufficient for three horses all the year ... It may be given to cattle, but new provender is at first to be administered very sparingly, because it bloats up the cattle."[7] Pliny and Palladius called alfalfa in Latin medica, a name that referred to the Medes, a people who lived in ancient Iran. The ancient Greeks and Romans believed, probably correctly, that alfalfa came from the Medes' land, in today's Iran. (The ancient Greeks and Romans also used the name medica to mean a citron fruit, once again because it was believed to have come from the Medes' land). This name is the root of the modern scientific name for the alfalfa genus, Medicago. In ancient India, Ayurvedic texts prescribe the use of Alfalfa seeds and sprouts for improving blood cell production and its leaves and stem as a good source of protein and minerals. The medieval Arabic agricultural writer Ibn al-'Awwam, who lived in Spain in the later 12th century, discussed how to cultivate alfalfa, which he called الفصفصة (al-fiṣfiṣa).[9]A 13th-century general-purpose Arabic dictionary, Lisān al-'Arab, says that alfalfa is cultivated as an animal feed and consumed in both fresh and dried forms.[10] It is from the Arabic that the Spanish name alfalfa was derived. In the 16th century, Spanish colonizers introduced alfalfa to the Americas as fodder for their horses. They were aware that alfalfa is better than grass as food for working horses (alfalfa had more energy). In the North American colonies of the eastern US in the 18th century, it was called "lucerne", and many trials at growing it were made, but generally without sufficiently successful results.[6] Relatively little is grown in the southeastern United States today.[12] Lucerne (or luzerne) is the name for alfalfa in Britain, Australia, France, Germany, and a number of other countries. Alfalfa seeds were imported to California from Chile in the 1850s. That was the beginning of a rapid and extensive introduction of the crop over the western US States[5] and introduced the word "alfalfa" to the English language. Since North and South America now produce a large part of the world's output, the word "alfalfa" has been slowly entering other languages.
梣樹 Fraxinus /ˈfræksɪnəs/,[4] English name ash, is a genus of flowering plants in the olive and lilacfamily, Oleaceae. It contains 45–65 species of usually medium to large trees, mostly deciduous, though a few subtropical species are evergreen. The genus is widespread across much of Europe, Asia, and North America. The tree's common English name, "ash", traces back to the Old English æsc, while the generic name originated in Latin. Both words also mean "spear" in their respective languages.[9] The leavesare opposite (rarely in whorls of three), and mostly pinnately compound, simple in a few species. The seeds, popularly known as "keys" or "helicopter seeds", are a type of fruit known as a samara. Ash is a hardwood and is hard, dense (within 20% of 670 kg/m3 for Fraxinus americana,[29]and higher at 710 kg/m3 for Fraxinus excelsior[30]), tough and very strong but elastic, extensively used for making bows, tool handles, baseball bats, hurleys, and other uses demanding high strength and resilience. Its robust structure, good looks, and flexibility combine to make ash an ideal timber for use in staircases. Ash stairs are extremely hard-wearing, which is particularly important when it comes to the treads. Due to its elasticity, ash can also be worked on to produce curved stair parts such as volutes (curled sections of handrail) and intricately shaped balusters. However, a reduction in the supply of healthy trees, especially in Europe, is making ash an increasingly expensive option. It is also often used as material for electric guitar bodies and, less commonly, for acoustic guitar bodies, known for its bright, cutting tone and sustaining quality. Some Fender Stratocasters and Telecasters are made of ash, as an alternative to the darker-sounding alder. They are also used for making drum shells. Interior joinery is another common use of both European and white ash. Ash veneers are extensively used in office furniture. Ash is not used much outdoors due to the heartwood having a low durability to ground contact, meaning it will typically perish within five years. The F. japonica species is favored as a material for making baseball bats by Japanese sporting-goods manufacturers. It lights and burns easily, so is used for starting fires and barbecues, and is usable for maintaining a fire, though it produces only a moderate heat. The two most economically important species for wood production are white ash, in eastern North America, and European ash in Europe. The green ash (F. pennsylvanica) is widely planted as a street tree in the United States. The inner bark of the blue ash (F. quadrangulata) has been used as a source for blue dye. The leaves of ash are appreciated by cattle, goats, and rabbits. Cut off in the autumn, the branches can be a valuable winter supply for domestic animals.
灯心草，又名灯芯草、水灯花、水灯心、蔺草、灯草、龙须草、野席草、马棕根、野马棕イグサ藺草 Juncus effusus, with the common names common rush or soft rush, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant species in the family Juncaceae. In North America, the common name soft rush also refers to Juncus interior. The species provides wildfowl and wader feeding and nesting habitats, and also habitats for small mammals. A number of invertebrates feed on soft rush, including the rufous minor moth. In Hui sup tea, Juncus effusus is listed as one of the seven ingredients. In Japan, this rush is grown to be woven into the covering of tatami mats. In Iran and Afghanistan too it is used to weave light cheap mat. It is called halfa (حلفا) and has medicinal uses too. In Europe, this rush was once used to make rushlights (by soaking the pith in grease), a cheap alternative to candles.
- 畳表やゴザはイグサの茎で作られる。イグサの茎は帽子や枕の素材としても利用される。そのために使われるのは栽培用の品種でコヒゲ（小髭: cv.Utilis）と呼ばれる。野生種より花序が小さいのが特徴である。水田で栽培される。ちまきを笹でくるむ際に、結わえる紐としても用いられる。また別名のトウシンソウというのは「燈芯草」の意味で、かつて油で明りを採っていたころにこの花茎の髄を燈芯として使ったことに由来する。今日でも和蝋燭の芯の素材として用いられている。茎の髄を乾燥したものを利尿剤とすることがある。他に花茎がバネのように巻く品種があり、ラセンイ（螺旋藺: cv. Spiralis）と呼ばれ、観賞用に栽培される。
- ? 灯心草帽子 (Cap-o'-Rushes)是一个著名的英国童话。
- 日本殯儀業界最近就想出利用燈芯草，以編織榻榻米地墊的方式製作成環保棺材。這款名為MITORI的環保棺材造型簡潔，可訂製不同顏色和裝飾，令先人的美好形象永留後人心中。棺材原材料燈芯草易於種植，價錢相宜，最大特色是會散發出燈芯草香氣及具天然殺菌功能，在進行火葬時亦不會釋出有害物質。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200305/00180_022.html
- china
- china daily 7jul2020 meishan, sichuan - people make tatami mats and other household times from it
大麻Cannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant used for medical or recreational purposes. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of 483 known compounds in the plant,[19] including at least 65 other cannabinoids.[20] Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporizing, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis has mental and physical effects, such as creating a "high" or "stoned" feeling, a general change in perception, heightened mood, and an increase in appetite. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC.
- Cannabis is indigenous to Central Asia[188] and the Indian subcontinent,[189] and its use for fabric and rope dates back to the Neolithic age in China and Japan.Cannabis was known to the ancient Assyrians, who discovered its psychoactive properties through the Iranians.[193] Using it in some religious ceremonies, they called it qunubu (meaning "way to produce smoke"), a probable origin of the modern word "cannabis". The Iranians also introduced cannabis to the Scythians, Thracians and Dacians, whose shamans (the kapnobatai—"those who walk on smoke/clouds") burned cannabis flowers to induce trance.[195] The plant was used in China before 2800 BC, and found therapeutic use in India by 1000 BC.
- The International Opium Convention, signed at The Hague on January 23, 1912 during the First International Opium Conference, was the first international drug control treaty. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on January 23, 1922.[1] The United States convened a 13-nation conference of the International Opium Commission in 1909 in Shanghai, China in response to increasing criticism of the opium trade. The treaty was signed by Germany, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Russia, and Siam. The Convention provided, "The contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing, and exporting morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the buildings in which these persons carry such an industry or trade."The Convention was implemented in 1915 by the United States, Netherlands, China, Honduras, and Norway. It went into force globally in 1919, when it was incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles. The primary objective of the convention was to introduce restrictions on exports as opposed to imposing prohibition or criminalising the use and cultivation of opium, coca, and cannabis. That explains the withdrawal of the United States and China, which were gravitating towards prohibitionist approaches, as well as the beginning of negotiations leading to the 1925 International Opium Convention in Geneva. A revised International Opium Convention International Convention relating to Dangerous Drugs was signed at Geneva on February 19, 1925, which went into effect on September 25, 1938, and was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on the same day.[3][4] It introduced a statistical control system to be supervised by a Permanent Central Opium Board, a body of the League of Nations. Egypt, with support from China and United States, recommended that a prohibition on hashish be added to the Convention.
- 大麻最主要的生物活性成分是四氫大麻酚（THC），這是一種致幻且可以會令人上癮的物質，其次是大麻二酚（CBD），它缺乏明顯的精神作用，但可能具有止痛抗痙攣等功效，因此被用於醫療用途。大麻在植物學上包括三大類。從用途上分，可分為工業大麻、醫用大麻和休閒性大麻（毒品），其中有些種類是多用途的。從地域上分，原產於中國的大麻（漢麻）、印度大麻、西方大麻也不是完全同樣的種類。中國人幾千年來都在合法種植漢麻，即工業大麻，包括將其纖維用以織布或紡線，製繩索，編織漁網和造紙。漢麻還可以提取食用油，用於化工、醫藥、建築、飼料等用途。由於耕種培育方式和目的的不同，漢麻和毒品大麻演變成了兩種外觀和內質都不同的植物。是否是毒品大麻，關鍵在於這種大麻中所含的毒品成分THC的含量有多少。中國漢麻中THC的含量低於0.3%。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20181227/PDF/a23_screen.pdf
- 以色列考古團隊在五十多年前，於南部古城阿拉德出土一座有逾二千七百年歷史的神殿，但殿內祭壇上殘存的不明黑色物質的成分一直未被驗明。當地科學團隊上周發表最新研究報告，利用現今技術終發現，該物質含有大麻殘餘物。考古學界視為革命性發現，認為是首次為古代猶太人在宗教儀式使用迷幻藥提供證據。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200603/00180_033.html
蔓长春花属Chi Dừa cạn châu Âu Immergrün Les pervenches Vinca (/ˈvɪŋkə/; Latin: vincire "to bind, fetter") is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, native to Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. The English name periwinkle is shared with the related genus Catharanthus (and also with the common seashore mollusc, Littorina littorea).The vinca alkaloids include at least 86 alkaloids extracted from plants in the genus Vinca. The chemotherapy agent vincristine is extracted from a closely related species, Catharanthus roseus, and is used to treat some leukemias, lymphomas, and childhood cancers,[20]as well as several other types of cancer and some non-cancerous conditions. Vinblastine is a chemical analogue of vincristine[13][16][21] and is also used to treat various forms of cancer.
Theaceae (/θiˈeɪsii/) is a family of flowering plants, composed of shrubs and trees, including the camellias.
Camellia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. They are found in eastern and southern Asia, from the Himalayas east to Japan and Indonesia.The genus was named by Linnaeus after the Jesuit botanist Georg Joseph Kamel, who worked in the Philippines and described a species of camellia (although Linnaeus did not refer to Kamel's account when discussing the genus).[1]Camellias are famous throughout East Asia; they are known as cháhuā (茶花, 'tea flower') in Chinese, tsubaki (椿) in Japanese, dongbaek-kkot (동백꽃) in Korean, and as hoa trà or hoa chè in Vietnamese.The Camellia family of plants in popular culture.
The Pentaphylacacaeae are a small family of plants within the order Ericales.五列木科只有一属—五列木属（Pentaphylax Gardn. et Champ.）共两种(在APG III中,其屬不只兩種)，分布于东南亚，中国有一种—五列木（P. euryoides Gardn. et Champ.），分布在南部及西南部。
- 真榊（shén）亦称杨桐树。五列木科（Pentaphylacaceae）、树冠大、枝条低垂的常绿开花乔木，属于山茶科的常绿阔叶树。在日本神道教中用以区分圣所或装饰圣所。生长于日本、朝鲜、台湾地区和中国大陆等温暖地带，高可达10公尺，春季开白色下垂的花朵。其枝条用以装饰神社或节庆场所，游行队伍甚至有携带连根挖出的整株树木者。表示的是对亡灵的一种祭祀和崇敬。是在日本神道中，被视为是生长在神界的神木，是祭坛上不可或缺的植物。真榊（まさかき）とは、神事の場で祭壇の左右に立てる祭具。緑・黄・赤・白・青の五色絹の幟（のぼり）の先端に榊（さかき）を立て、三種の神器を掛けたもの。向かって左側に剣を掛けたもの、右側に鏡と勾玉を掛けたものを立てる。全体を真榊台と呼ぶこともある。日本神話で「天石窟（あめのいわや）での五百津真賢木（いほつまさかき）」の故事が淵源である。また景行紀や仲哀紀にもその記載がある。また明治天皇即位の時、各地の神社において社頭の装飾としても用いられた。出雲大社では、榊枝５～６尺を棒杭に装着し、向かって右の榊に玉と鏡と五色絹を懸け、左榊に剣と五色絹とを取懸けることになっている[1]。五色絹の色は、陰陽五行説における天地万物を構成する5つの要素、木・火・土・金・水を表している。 なお、葬祭には、黄色と白の幟の真榊を用いる。
Khat or qat (Catha edulis, qat from Arabic: القات) is a flowering plant native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Khat contains the alkaloid cathinone, a stimulant, which is said to cause excitement, loss of appetite, and euphoria. Among communities from the areas where the plant is native, khat chewing has a history as a social custom dating back thousands of years analogous to the use of coca leaves in South America and betel nut in Asia.Khat goes by various traditional names, such as kat, qat, qaad, ghat, chat, Abyssinian Tea, Somali Tea, Miraa, Arabian Tea, and Kafta in its endemic regions of the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In the African Great Lakes region, where Catha edulis is in some areas cultivated, it is known as miraa, muhulo and muirungi.[9][10] In South Africa, the plant is known as Bushman's Tea.[11] Other names for khat include Chat Tree and Flower of Paradise.巧茶为卫矛科巧茶属的植物，又名阿比西尼亞茶（Abyssinian tea）、埃塞俄比亞茶（Ethiopian tea）、索馬里茶（Somali tea）、阿拉伯茶（Arabian tea）、也門茶、布希曼茶（Bushman's tea）、迷拉（miraa）、東非罌粟[1]，或音譯作卡塔葉、卡特草（khat/qat）或恰特草（chat）[2]，分布在热带非洲、埃塞俄比亚、阿拉伯半岛以及中国大陆的海南、广西等地。東非常青灌木，葉含興奮物質卡西酮[1]，可嚼碎食用，目前已由人工引种栽培。
- Khat consumption induces mild euphoria and excitement, similar to that conferred by strong coffee.[2] Individuals become very talkative under the influence of the plant. The effects of oral administration of cathinone occur more rapidly than the effects of amphetamine pills; roughly 15 minutes as compared to 30 minutes in amphetamine.[medical citation needed] Khat can induce manic behaviours and hyperactivity, similar in effects to those produced by amphetamine. The use of khat results in constipation. Dilated pupils (mydriasis) are prominent during khat consumption, reflecting the sympathomimetic effects of the drug, which are also reflected in increased heart rate and blood pressure. Long-term use can precipitate permanent tooth darkening (of a greenish tinge), susceptibility to ulcers, and diminished sex drive. Khat is an effective anorectic, causing loss of appetite.
- hkej 20mar19 shum article
沙棘屬 Hippophae is a genus of sea buckthorns, deciduous shrubs in the family Elaeagnaceae. The name sea buckthorn may be hyphenated to avoid confusion with the buckthorns (Rhamnus, family Rhamnaceae). It is also referred to as sandthorn, sallowthorn, or seaberry.In ancient times, leaves and young branches from sea buckthorn were supposedly fed as a remedy to horses to support weight gain and appearance of the coat, thus leading to the name of the genus, Hippophae derived from hippo (horse), and phaos (shining).More than 90% or about 1,500,000 ha (5,800 sq mi) of the world's natural sea buckthorn habitat is found in China, Mongolia, Russia, northern Europe, and Canada, where the plant is used for soil, water and wildlife conservation, anti-desertification purposes, and consumer products.The fruit is an important winter food resource for some birds, notably fieldfares.[citation needed] Leaves are eaten by the larva of the coastal race of the ash pug moth and by larvae of other Lepidoptera, including brown-tail, dun-bar, emperor moth, mottled umber, and Coleophoraelaeagnisella.
- Sea buckthorn has been used for 2,000 years in traditional Chinese, Tibetan, and Indian medicine, and is also used in Russian and Western European folk medicine. The fruit is most often used. Research has centered on the fruit, though some studies on anticancer effects have used leaf extracts.
- The Bozo ethnic group of West Africa take their name from the Bambara phrase bo-so, which means "bamboo house". Bamboo is also the national plant of St. Lucia.
- Several Asian cultures, including that of the Andaman Islands, believe humanity emerged from a bamboo stem. In Philippine mythology, one of the more famous creation accounts tells of the first man, Malakás ("Strong"), and the first woman, Maganda ("Beautiful"), each emerged from one half of a split bamboo stem on an island formed after the battle between Sky and Ocean. In Malaysia, a similar story includes a man who dreams of a beautiful woman while sleeping under a bamboo plant; he wakes up and breaks the bamboo stem, discovering the woman inside. The Japanese folktale "Tale of the Bamboo Cutter" (Taketori Monogatari) tells of a princess from the Moon emerging from a shining bamboo section. Hawaiian bamboo ('ohe) is a kinolau or body form of the Polynesian creator god Kāne. A bamboo cane is also the weapon of Vietnamese legendary hero, Thánh Gióng, who had grown up immediately and magically since the age of three because of his wish to liberate his land from Ân invaders. An ancient Vietnamese legend (The Hundred-knot Bamboo Tree) tells of a poor, young farmer who fell in love with his landlord's beautiful daughter. The farmer asked the landlord for his daughter's hand in marriage, but the proud landlord would not allow her to be bound in marriage to a poor farmer. The landlord decided to foil the marriage with an impossible deal; the farmer must bring him a "bamboo tree of 100 nodes". But Gautama Buddha (Bụt) appeared to the farmer and told him that such a tree could be made from 100 nodes from several different trees. Bụt gave to him four magic words to attach the many nodes of bamboo: Khắc nhập, khắc xuất, which means "joined together immediately, fell apart immediately". The triumphant farmer returned to the landlord and demanded his daughter. Curious to see such a long bamboo, the landlord was magically joined to the bamboo when he touched it, as the young farmer said the first two magic words. The story ends with the happy marriage of the farmer and the landlord's daughter after the landlord agreed to the marriage and asked to be separated from the bamboo. In a Chinese legend, the Emperor Yao gave two of his daughters to the future Emperor Shun as a test for his potential to rule. Shun passed the test of being able to run his household with the two emperor's daughters as wives, and thus Yao made Shun his successor, bypassing his unworthy son. After Shun's death, the tears of his two bereaved wives fell upon the bamboos growing there explains the origin of spotted bamboo. The two women later became goddesses Xiangshuishen after drowning themselves in the Xiang River.
- 話說不論在中國或在印度，俱有竹樹一旦開花，就會帶來災禍，中國古人常說「竹樹開花，必有大災」，印度亦有「竹樹開花，饑荒發生」之說；竹樹開花，鄰近的竹亦相繼開花，造成大片竹林死亡，對以竹為主食的動物勢必造成毀滅；另外，竹米（竹之種子）亦為齧齒類動物之優良食物。 有不少以竹為食的昆蟲，此所以竹林非但提供材料，製造各式各樣用具，此為重要生態資源，直接或間接賴竹為生的昆蟲逾百種，以下為四種常見例子：（一）大竹象為一種大型象甲，成蟲之後就鑿開嫰竹莖部，以吸食其汁，幼蟲更加長期寄居在嫩竹之內；（二）居竹偽角蚜，此昆蟲在嫩竹大量繁殖，以吸食汁液；同時大突肩瓢蟲大量捕食居竹偽角蚜；（三）鳳眼方環蝶，其幼蟲咬食竹葉；（四）黑竹緣蝽在竹莖大量繁殖，以刺管刺入竹莖內吸食汁液。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/03/21/b06-0321.pdf
小檗属 Berberis (/ˈbɜːrbərɪs/), commonly known as barberry,[1][2] is a large genus of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1–5 m (3.3–16.4 ft) tall, found throughout temperateand subtropical regions of the world (apart from Australia). Species diversity is greatest in South America and Asia; Europe, Africa and North America have native species as well. The best-known Berberis species is the European barberry, Berberis vulgaris, which is common in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and central Asia, and has been widely introduced in North America. Many of the species have spines on the shoots and along the margins of the leaves.Berberis vulgaris grows in the wild in much of Europe and West Asia. It produces large crops of edible berries, rich in vitamin C, but with a sharp acid flavour. In Europe for many centuries the berries were used for culinary purposes in ways comparable to how citrus peel might be used. Today in Europe they are very infrequently used. The country in which they are used the most is Iran, where they are referred to as zereshk (زرشک) in Persian. The berries are common in Persian cuisine such as in rice pilafs(known as zereshk polo) and as a flavouring for poultry meat. Due to their inherent sour flavor, they are sometimes cooked with sugar before being added to Persian rice. Iranian markets sell zereshk dried. In Russia they are sometimes used in jams (especially the mixed berry ones), and extract from them is a common flavoring for soft drinks and candies/sweets. Berberis microphylla and B. darwinii (both known as calafate and michay) are two species found in Patagonia in Argentina and Chile. Their edible purple fruits are used for jams and infusions.he dried fruit of Berberis vulgaris is used in herbal medicine.[17] The chemical constituents include isoquinolone alkaloids, especially berberine.Historically, yellow dye was extracted from the stem, root, and bark.The thorns of the barberry shrub have been used to clean ancient gold coins, as they are soft enough that they won't damage the surface but will remove corrosion and debris.
蔓长春花属Chi Dừa cạn châu Âu Immergrün Les pervenches Vinca (/ˈvɪŋkə/; Latin: vincire "to bind, fetter") is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, native to Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. The English name periwinkle is shared with the related genus Catharanthus (and also with the common seashore mollusc, Littorina littorea).The vinca alkaloids include at least 86 alkaloids extracted from plants in the genus Vinca. The chemotherapy agent vincristine is extracted from a closely related species, Catharanthus roseus, and is used to treat some leukemias, lymphomas, and childhood cancers,[20]as well as several other types of cancer and some non-cancerous conditions. Vinblastine is a chemical analogue of vincristine[13][16][21] and is also used to treat various forms of cancer.
Cyclamen is Medieval Latin, from earlier Latin cyclamīnos, from Ancient Greek κυκλάμινος, kyklā́mīnos (also kyklāmī́s), probably from κύκλος, kýklos "circle", because of the round tuber. In English, the species of the genus are commonly called by the genus name. In many languages, cyclamen species are colloquially called by a name like the English sowbread, or swinebread (because they are said to be eaten by pigs), based on Medieval Latin panis porcinus: Saubrot in German, pain de pourceau in French, pan porcino in Italian, varkensbrood in Dutch, "pigs' manjū" in Japanese.“仙客来”一词来自学名Cyclamen的音译，由於音译巧妙，使得花名有“仙客翩翩而至”的寓意。仙客来属中栽培最广泛的是仙客来（Cyclamen persicum），是山东省青州市的市花
Theaceae (/θiˈeɪsii/) is a family of flowering plants, composed of shrubs and trees, including the camellias.
Camellia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. They are found in eastern and southern Asia, from the Himalayas east to Japan and Indonesia.The genus was named by Linnaeus after the Jesuit botanist Georg Joseph Kamel, who worked in the Philippines and described a species of camellia (although Linnaeus did not refer to Kamel's account when discussing the genus).[1]Camellias are famous throughout East Asia; they are known as cháhuā (茶花, 'tea flower') in Chinese, tsubaki (椿) in Japanese, dongbaek-kkot (동백꽃) in Korean, and as hoa trà or hoa chè in Vietnamese.The Camellia family of plants in popular culture.
- Sacramento, California is nicknamed the Camellia City.
- The camellia is the state flower of Alabama.
- The Camellia Bowl is a post-season college football game under the auspices of the NCAA.
- The Lady of the Camellias is named for the camellia.
- Augusta National Golf Club's 10th hole is named Camellia.
- Rabindranath Tagore wrote a poem entitled "Camellia" about the camellia.
- In the book To Kill a Mockingbird, Jem destroys Mrs. Dubose's camellia bushes out of anger due to some insensitive comments she had made about his family. Later on in the book, Jem is given a camellia bud by the dying Mrs. Dubose.
- Camellia buds are an iconic symbol for the Chanel fashion house's haute couture; a tradition started by Coco Chanel herself.
- Camellias have a major significance in the Akira Kurosawa film Sanjuro.
- White camellias became a symbol of New Zealand women's right to vote and feature on the country's ten-dollar note.
- The Knights of the White Camelia was an organization similar to the Ku Klux Klan.
- [royale auction catalogue] highly regarded in china and was considered to be the national flower of south provinces under the da li kingdom (937-1253 ad); having been cultivated there centuries before even the legendary xia dynasty (c.2070-1600 bc), chinese name translated as 山石桃
- ツバキ（椿、海柘榴）またはヤブツバキ（藪椿、学名: Camellia japonica）ツバキの花は古来から日本人に愛され、京都の龍安寺には室町時代のツバキが残っている。他家受粉で結実するため、またユキツバキなどと容易に交配するために花色・花形に変異が生じやすいことから、古くから選抜による品種改良が行われてきた。江戸時代には江戸の将軍や肥後、加賀などの大名、京都の公家などが園芸を好んだことから、庶民の間でも大いに流行し、たくさんの品種が作られた。茶道でも大変珍重されており、冬場の炉の季節は茶席が椿一色となることから「茶花の女王」の異名を持つ。また、西洋に伝来すると、冬にでも常緑で日陰でも花を咲かせる性質が好まれ、大変な人気となり、西洋の美意識に基づいた豪華な花をつける品種が作られた。
The Pentaphylacacaeae are a small family of plants within the order Ericales.五列木科只有一属—五列木属（Pentaphylax Gardn. et Champ.）共两种(在APG III中,其屬不只兩種)，分布于东南亚，中国有一种—五列木（P. euryoides Gardn. et Champ.），分布在南部及西南部。
- 真榊（shén）亦称杨桐树。五列木科（Pentaphylacaceae）、树冠大、枝条低垂的常绿开花乔木，属于山茶科的常绿阔叶树。在日本神道教中用以区分圣所或装饰圣所。生长于日本、朝鲜、台湾地区和中国大陆等温暖地带，高可达10公尺，春季开白色下垂的花朵。其枝条用以装饰神社或节庆场所，游行队伍甚至有携带连根挖出的整株树木者。表示的是对亡灵的一种祭祀和崇敬。是在日本神道中，被视为是生长在神界的神木，是祭坛上不可或缺的植物。真榊（まさかき）とは、神事の場で祭壇の左右に立てる祭具。緑・黄・赤・白・青の五色絹の幟（のぼり）の先端に榊（さかき）を立て、三種の神器を掛けたもの。向かって左側に剣を掛けたもの、右側に鏡と勾玉を掛けたものを立てる。全体を真榊台と呼ぶこともある。日本神話で「天石窟（あめのいわや）での五百津真賢木（いほつまさかき）」の故事が淵源である。また景行紀や仲哀紀にもその記載がある。また明治天皇即位の時、各地の神社において社頭の装飾としても用いられた。出雲大社では、榊枝５～６尺を棒杭に装着し、向かって右の榊に玉と鏡と五色絹を懸け、左榊に剣と五色絹とを取懸けることになっている[1]。五色絹の色は、陰陽五行説における天地万物を構成する5つの要素、木・火・土・金・水を表している。 なお、葬祭には、黄色と白の幟の真榊を用いる。
- 供奉二戰甲級戰犯的日本靖國神社，周日開始舉行一連三日的春季例行大祭，首相安倍晉三以內閣總理大臣的名義，供奉名為「真榊」的供品。日本媒體報道指，安倍在大祭期間不會前往參拜。內地官媒則批評安倍供奉供品的做法錯誤，促日方正視和深刻反省侵略歷史。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190422/00178_007.html
Khat or qat (Catha edulis, qat from Arabic: القات) is a flowering plant native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Khat contains the alkaloid cathinone, a stimulant, which is said to cause excitement, loss of appetite, and euphoria. Among communities from the areas where the plant is native, khat chewing has a history as a social custom dating back thousands of years analogous to the use of coca leaves in South America and betel nut in Asia.Khat goes by various traditional names, such as kat, qat, qaad, ghat, chat, Abyssinian Tea, Somali Tea, Miraa, Arabian Tea, and Kafta in its endemic regions of the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In the African Great Lakes region, where Catha edulis is in some areas cultivated, it is known as miraa, muhulo and muirungi.[9][10] In South Africa, the plant is known as Bushman's Tea.[11] Other names for khat include Chat Tree and Flower of Paradise.巧茶为卫矛科巧茶属的植物，又名阿比西尼亞茶（Abyssinian tea）、埃塞俄比亞茶（Ethiopian tea）、索馬里茶（Somali tea）、阿拉伯茶（Arabian tea）、也門茶、布希曼茶（Bushman's tea）、迷拉（miraa）、東非罌粟[1]，或音譯作卡塔葉、卡特草（khat/qat）或恰特草（chat）[2]，分布在热带非洲、埃塞俄比亚、阿拉伯半岛以及中国大陆的海南、广西等地。東非常青灌木，葉含興奮物質卡西酮[1]，可嚼碎食用，目前已由人工引种栽培。
- Khat consumption induces mild euphoria and excitement, similar to that conferred by strong coffee.[2] Individuals become very talkative under the influence of the plant. The effects of oral administration of cathinone occur more rapidly than the effects of amphetamine pills; roughly 15 minutes as compared to 30 minutes in amphetamine.[medical citation needed] Khat can induce manic behaviours and hyperactivity, similar in effects to those produced by amphetamine. The use of khat results in constipation. Dilated pupils (mydriasis) are prominent during khat consumption, reflecting the sympathomimetic effects of the drug, which are also reflected in increased heart rate and blood pressure. Long-term use can precipitate permanent tooth darkening (of a greenish tinge), susceptibility to ulcers, and diminished sex drive. Khat is an effective anorectic, causing loss of appetite.
- hkej 20mar19 shum article
沙棘屬 Hippophae is a genus of sea buckthorns, deciduous shrubs in the family Elaeagnaceae. The name sea buckthorn may be hyphenated to avoid confusion with the buckthorns (Rhamnus, family Rhamnaceae). It is also referred to as sandthorn, sallowthorn, or seaberry.In ancient times, leaves and young branches from sea buckthorn were supposedly fed as a remedy to horses to support weight gain and appearance of the coat, thus leading to the name of the genus, Hippophae derived from hippo (horse), and phaos (shining).More than 90% or about 1,500,000 ha (5,800 sq mi) of the world's natural sea buckthorn habitat is found in China, Mongolia, Russia, northern Europe, and Canada, where the plant is used for soil, water and wildlife conservation, anti-desertification purposes, and consumer products.The fruit is an important winter food resource for some birds, notably fieldfares.[citation needed] Leaves are eaten by the larva of the coastal race of the ash pug moth and by larvae of other Lepidoptera, including brown-tail, dun-bar, emperor moth, mottled umber, and Coleophoraelaeagnisella.
- Sea buckthorn has been used for 2,000 years in traditional Chinese, Tibetan, and Indian medicine, and is also used in Russian and Western European folk medicine. The fruit is most often used. Research has centered on the fruit, though some studies on anticancer effects have used leaf extracts.
Syzygium is a genus of flowering plants that belongs to the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. The genus comprises about 1200–1800 species,[3][4] and has a native range that extends from Africa and Madagascar through southern Asia east through the Pacific.[5] Its highest levels of diversity occur from Malaysia to northeastern Australia, where many species are very poorly known and many more have not been described taxonomically. Most species are evergreen trees and shrubs. Several species are grown as ornamental plants for their attractive glossy foliage, and a few produce edible fruits that are eaten fresh or used in jams and jellies. The most economically important species, however, is the clove Syzygium aromaticum, of which the unopened flower buds are an important spice. Some of the edible species of Syzygium are planted throughout the tropics worldwide, and several have become invasive species in some island ecosystems. Several species of Syzygium bear fruits that are edible for humans, many of which are named "roseapple". Fifty-two species are found in Australia and are generally known as lillipillies, brush cherries or satinash.蒲桃属，又名赤楠屬，是桃金娘科下的一个属，为常绿灌木或乔木植物。该属共有500余种，主要分布于热带亚洲。[1]本科重要植物有蓮霧等。
- no english wiki version
- http://treewalks.gov.hk/treewalk/treeinfo.php?tid=3&lang=tc
- http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/subpages.aspx?id=7067
椴树属 Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees, or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. In the British Isles they are commonly called lime trees, or lime bushes, although they are not closely related to the tree that produces the lime fruit. Other names include linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species.The genus is generally called lime or linden in Britain and linden, lime, or basswood in North America. "Lime" is an altered form of Middle English lind, in the 16th century also line, from Old English feminine lind or linde, Proto-Germanic *lendā, cognate to Latin lentus "flexible" and Sanskrit latā "liana". Within Germanic languages, English "lithe", German lind "lenient, yielding" are from the same root. "Linden" was originally the adjective, "made from linwood or lime-wood" (equivalent to "wooden"); from the late 16th century, "linden" was also used as a noun, probably influenced by translations of German romance, as an adoption of Linden, the plural of German Linde.[5] Neither the name nor the tree is related to the citrus fruit called "lime" (Citrus aurantifolia, family Rutaceae). Another common name used in North America is basswood, derived from bast, the name for the inner bark (see Uses, below). Teil is an old name for the lime tree. Latin tilia is cognate to Greek πτελέᾱ, ptelea, "elm tree", τιλίαι, tiliai, "black poplar" (Hes.), ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European word *ptel-ei̯ā with a meaning of "broad" (feminine); perhaps "broad-leaved" or similar.
- The linden is recommended as an ornamental tree when a mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired.[7] The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom. They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. The flowers are also used for herbal teas and tinctures; this kind of use is particularly popular in Europe and also used in North American herbal medicine practices.
- Linden trees produce soft and easily worked timber, which has very little grain and a density of 560 kg per cubic metre. It was often used by Germanic tribes for constructing shields. It is a popular wood for model building and for intricate carving. Especially in Germany, it was the classic wood for sculpture from the Middle Ages onwards and is the material for the elaborate altarpieces of Veit Stoss, Tilman Riemenschneider, and many others. In England, it was the favoured medium of the sculptor Grinling Gibbons[12] (1648–1721). The wood is used in marionette- and puppet-making and -carving. Having a fine light grain and being comparatively light in weight, it has been used for centuries for this purpose; despite the availability of modern alternatives it remains one of the main materials used as of 2015. Ease of working and good acoustic properties also make limewood popular for electric guitar and bass bodies and for wind instruments such as recorders. Percussion manufacturers sometimes use tilia as a material for drum shells, both to enhance their sound and for their aesthetics.[citation needed] The aquarium industry uses lime wood as an air diffuser inside protein skimmers. Air pumped through the grain of the wood turns into consistently very fine bubbles (0.5–1.0 mm), difficult to achieve with any other natural or man-made medium. However, the wood decomposes underwater much faster than ceramic air stones and must be replaced more frequently for maximum efficiency.[citation needed] Limewood is also the material of choice for window blinds and shutters. Real-wood blinds are often made from this lightweight but strong and stable wood, which is well suited to natural and stained finishes.
- Known in the trade as basswood, particularly in North America, its name originates from the inner fibrous bark of the tree, known as bast. A strong fibre is obtained from the tree by peeling off the bark and soaking it in water for a month, after which the inner fibres can be easily separated. Bast obtained from the inside of the bark of the Tilia tree has been used by the Ainu people of Japan to weave their traditional clothing, the attus. Recent excavations in Britain have shown that "lime tree fibre" was preferred for clothing there during the Bronze Age. Similar fibres obtained from other plants are also called bast: see Bast fibre.
- The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Limeflower tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers. The flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal (obtained from the wood) are used for medicinal purposes. Active ingredients in the Tilia flowers include flavonoids (which act as antioxidants) and volatile oils. The plant also contains tannins that can act as an astringent. Linden flowers are used in herbalism for colds, cough, fever, infections, inflammation, high blood pressure, headache (particularly migraine), and as a diuretic (increases urine production), antispasmodic (reduces smooth muscle spasm along the digestive tract), and sedative.[15] In the traditional Austrian medicine Tilia sp. flowers have been used internally as tea for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, fever and flu.
- 椴树被日耳曼人尊奉为爱情与幸运女神弗蕾亞。以前中欧的很多地方每个村落中心都有一棵椴树，椴树下经常是聚会、信息交流或者是举行婚礼的地点。五月初大部分的舞蹈节都在椴树下举行。由於日耳曼人在椴樹下舉行集會（Thing）的傳統，这里也经常成为村庄法院，所以椴树也常被稱作“法院树”或者“法院椴树”。与欧洲橡木相对，椴树常被认为是女性的植物，由于其名字与德语"柔和"一词"lind"音近。在日耳曼人心中，椴树是神圣的。瑞典著名博物学家、“植物学之父”林奈 (Carl von Linné)，其姓氏也是来自瑞典语的椴树（lind）。而德國的萊比錫、俄國的利佩茨克和拉脫維亞的利耶帕亞三市的名稱在各自的語言中都是「椴樹」的意思。其中後兩者的市徽都有椴樹的圖案。
- The coat of arms of Lindau town is a linden tree, referring to the supposed origin of the town's name (Linde means linden tree in German).
- china
Calameae is a palm tree tribe in the subfamily Calamoideae. Many of its members are rattans. 藤是省藤族植物的统称，属棕榈科省藤亚科，包含13个属约600多种。藤原产于热带地区，在非洲、亚洲及大洋洲皆有分布。藤与其他棕榈科植物最大的分别，是它们多数为藤本，攀缘于其它植物上，与棕榈科其他品种的高大树干相比，有很大的分别。在外表来看，藤的叶片与竹有点相像，但不论是叶脉或茎的形态都完全不同。现时世上有70%的省藤族植物都位于印尼。
- Rattan (from the Malay rotan) is the name for roughly 600 species of old world climbing palms belonging to subfamily Calamoideae (from the Greek 'kálamos' = reed).[1] Rattan is also known as manila, or malacca, named after the ports of shipment Manila and Malacca City, and as manau (from the Malay rotan manau, the trade name for Calamus manan canes in Southeast Asia).[2] The climbing habit is associated with the characteristics of its flexible woody stem, derived typically from a secondary growth, makes rattan a liana rather than a true wood. Most rattans differ from other palms in having slender stems, 2–5 cm diameter, with long internodes between the leaves; also, they are not trees but are vine-like lianas, scrambling through and over other vegetation. Rattans are also superficially similar to bamboo. Unlike bamboo, rattan stems ("malacca") are solid, and most species need structural support and cannot stand on their own. Many rattans have spines which act as hooks to aid climbing over other plants, and to deter herbivores. Rattans have been known to grow up to hundreds of metres long. Most (70%) of the world's rattan population exist in Indonesia, distributed among the islands Borneo, Sulawesi, and Sumbawa. The rest of the world's supply comes from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Bangladesh.
- russia
- china
Die Spinnenblume oder Spinnenpflanze 醉蝶花（Cleome spinosa）为醉蝶花科白花菜属的植物。分布于全球热带、温带、热带美洲以及中国大陆的各大城市常见栽培等地，生长于海拔180米至3,500米的地区，见于干旱石坡、山坡沙砾地、荒漠戈壁滩、冲沟、逸生、石丘陵、沙地、荒地、山脚及粘土地，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。别名:
西洋白花菜（植物学大词典），紫龙须（经济植物手册，广州）
- 醉蝶花之所以名叫醉蝶花，是因為當它朵朵盛開時，猶如群蝶在起舞，輕盈飄逸，令人陶醉。此時此刻，不禁令人想起宋代李清照的《醉花陰》，內中有名句「莫道不銷魂」；也懷念蘇軾的《蝶戀花》，內中也有名句「天涯何處無芳草」，情景是多麼的迷人。有說醉蝶花也貌似蜘蛛，由是它又名蜘蛛花。除此以外，它更有多個美麗別名：西洋鳳蝶花、鳳蝶草、紫龍鬚、擬蝶花、西洋白花菜。醉蝶花不僅在花卉展覽中可以獨當一面，也有被大事推廣。去年國慶期間，江蘇鹽城市大豐區萬盈鎮舉辦了首屆醉蝶花海旅遊文化節，「醉蝶花海」排場浩大，旅客滿目是「眾蝶起舞」，景中融情，嫵媚動人。這種原產於熱帶美洲的花，中國並無野生，常見的是人工栽培，中國南北皆有，台灣、廣東、廣西、福建、雲南、山西等地均可見其影蹤。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190408/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
- The coat of arms of Lindau town is a linden tree, referring to the supposed origin of the town's name (Linde means linden tree in German).
- china
- 虎林椴樹蜜產地為虎林市東方紅鎮、迎春鎮、 珍寶島鄉、阿北鄉 4 個鎮鄉轄區虎林的養蜂歷史悠久，早在清朝末期，就有人土法 飼養在大森林裏收集來的蜜蜂。二十世紀二三十年 代，隨着虎林的不斷開發和闖關東、跑崴子的人越來 越多，以及中東鐵路的建成，養蜂數量大有增加，已 經有比較像樣的養蜂場了。建國之後，養蜂在50年代 後期發展較快，農場和人民公社的養蜂場越來越多， 而且飼養水平越來越高。 1958年－1960年，虎林曾組織放蜂大隊，前往南方 放蜂。到70年代後期又開始了以家庭為單位的蜜蜂飼 養，蜂場規模不斷擴大， 蜂群數量不斷增加；進入 80年代，蜂群數量達到萬群，虎林已成為黑龍江省的 養蜂重點縣。當地飼養的珍貴蜂種——東北黑蜂，以 採集能力強、越冬性能好而馳名，為發展養蜂生產提 供了得天獨厚的自然資源。1980年，虎林被劃為黑龍 江省東北黑蜂保護區。1997年，又部分被劃入國家級 保護區。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201911/1127/HA11B27CZXX_HKCD.pdf
Calameae is a palm tree tribe in the subfamily Calamoideae. Many of its members are rattans. 藤是省藤族植物的统称，属棕榈科省藤亚科，包含13个属约600多种。藤原产于热带地区，在非洲、亚洲及大洋洲皆有分布。藤与其他棕榈科植物最大的分别，是它们多数为藤本，攀缘于其它植物上，与棕榈科其他品种的高大树干相比，有很大的分别。在外表来看，藤的叶片与竹有点相像，但不论是叶脉或茎的形态都完全不同。现时世上有70%的省藤族植物都位于印尼。
- Rattan (from the Malay rotan) is the name for roughly 600 species of old world climbing palms belonging to subfamily Calamoideae (from the Greek 'kálamos' = reed).[1] Rattan is also known as manila, or malacca, named after the ports of shipment Manila and Malacca City, and as manau (from the Malay rotan manau, the trade name for Calamus manan canes in Southeast Asia).[2] The climbing habit is associated with the characteristics of its flexible woody stem, derived typically from a secondary growth, makes rattan a liana rather than a true wood. Most rattans differ from other palms in having slender stems, 2–5 cm diameter, with long internodes between the leaves; also, they are not trees but are vine-like lianas, scrambling through and over other vegetation. Rattans are also superficially similar to bamboo. Unlike bamboo, rattan stems ("malacca") are solid, and most species need structural support and cannot stand on their own. Many rattans have spines which act as hooks to aid climbing over other plants, and to deter herbivores. Rattans have been known to grow up to hundreds of metres long. Most (70%) of the world's rattan population exist in Indonesia, distributed among the islands Borneo, Sulawesi, and Sumbawa. The rest of the world's supply comes from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Bangladesh.
- Rattans are extensively used for making baskets and furniture. When cut into sections, rattan can be used as wood to make furniture. Rattan accepts paints and stains like many other kinds of wood, so it is available in many colours, and it can be worked into many styles. Moreover, the inner core can be separated and worked into wicker.
- Traditionally, the women of the Wemale ethnic group of Seram Island, Indonesia wore rattan girdles around their waist.
- Thin rattan canes were the standard implement for school corporal punishment in England and Wales, and are still used for this purpose in schools in Malaysia, Singapore, and several African countries. Similar canes are used for military punishments in the Singapore Armed Forces.[24] Heavier canes, also of rattan, are used for judicial corporal punishments, called "caning", in Aceh, Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore.
- Some rattan fruits are edible, with a sour taste akin to citrus. The fruit of some rattans exudes a red resin called dragon's blood; this resin was thought to have medicinal properties in antiquity and was used as a dye for violins, among other things.[26] The resin normally results in a wood with a light peach hue. In the Indian state of Assam, the shoot is also used as vegetable.
- Rattan is the preferred natural material used to wick essential oils in aroma reed diffusers (commonly used in aromatherapy, or merely to scent closets, passageways, and rooms), because each rattan reed contains 20 or more permeable channels that wick the oil from the container up the stem and release fragrance into the air, through an evaporation diffusion process. In contrast, reeds made from bamboo contain nodes that inhibit the passage of essential oils.
- Many of the properties of rattan that make it suitable for furniture also make it a popular choice for handicraft and art pieces. Uses include rattan baskets, plant containers, and other decorative works.
- 广东非遗项目南海藤编
Helianthus annuus, the common sunflower, is a large annual forb of the genus Helianthus grown as a crop for its edible oil and edible fruits (sunflower seeds). This sunflower species is also used as bird food, as livestock forage (as a meal or a silage plant), and in some industrial applications. The plant was first domesticated in the Americas. Wild Helianthus annuus is a widely branched annual plant with many flower heads. The domestic sunflower, however, often possesses only a single large inflorescence (flower head) atop an unbranched stem. The name sunflower may derive from the flower's head's shape, which resembles the sun, or from the impression that the blooming plant appears to slowly turn its flower towards the sun as the latter moves across the sky on a daily basis. Sunflower seeds were brought to Europe from the Americas in the 16th century, where, along with sunflower oil, they became a widespread cooking ingredient.ヒマワリ（向日葵）はキク科の一年草である。日回りと表記されることもあり、また、ニチリンソウ（日輪草）、ヒグルマ（日車）、ヒグルマソウ（日車草）、ヒマワリソウ（日回り草）、ヒュウガアオイ（向日葵）、サンフラワー、ソレイユ（仏:Soleil）とも呼ばれる。
- Although it was commonly accepted that the sunflower was first domesticated in what is now the southeastern US, roughly 5000 years ago, there is evidence that it was first domesticated in Mexico around 2600 BC. 正教会は大斎の40日間は食物品目の制限による斎（ものいみ）を行う。19世紀の初期にはほとんど全ての油脂食品が禁止食品のリストに載っていた。しかしヒマワリは教会の法学者に知られていなかったのか、そのリストにはなかったのである。こうした事情から、正教徒の多いロシア人たちは教会法と矛盾なく食用可能なヒマワリ種子を常食としたのであった。そして、19世紀半ばには民衆に普及し、ロシアが食用ヒマワリ生産の世界の先進国となったのであった。日本には17世紀に伝来している。
- [eckstut] while sunflowers are more commonly associated with south of france, they are actually native to n america. American indians, from what is now arizona and new mexico, were first to cultivate them starting around 3000bc.
- 巴彥淖爾Bayannur被譽為 葵花之鄉http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170813/PDF/a18_screen.pdf- culture
- The sunflower is the state flower of the US state of Kansas, and one of the city flowers ofKitakyūshū, Japan.
- The sunflower is often used as a symbol of green ideology. The sunflower is also the symbol of theVegan Society.
- During the late 19th century, the flower was used as the symbol of the Aesthetic Movement.
- The flowers were the subject of Van Gogh's Sunflowers series of paintings.
- The sunflower is the national flower of Ukraine.
- The sunflower was chosen as the symbol of the Spiritualist Church for many reasons, but mostly because it turns toward the sun as "Spiritualism turns toward the light of truth". As stated earlier in the article, this is in fact, not true. Modern Spiritualists often have art or jewelry with sunflower designs.[37]
- Sunflowers were also worshipped by the Incas because they viewed it as a symbol for the Sun.[38]
- The sunflower is the symbol behind the Sunflower Movement, a 2014 mass protest in Taiwan.
- russia
- national flower appledaily 24nov19
- china
- 司馬光的詩作《客中初夏》：四月 清和雨乍晴，南山當戶轉分明。更無柳絮因風 起，惟有葵花向日傾。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/10/12/b06-1012.pdf
- 初夏時節，內蒙古自治區巴彥淖爾市五原縣天吉泰鎮興豐村農民李子元又買來SH363等國產種子，計劃種植50多畝食用向日葵。「我用的品種由本土企業研發，產量高，商品性好，每畝地能產500斤、淨收入1,000多元（人民幣，下同）。」他說。地處河套平原腹地的五原縣是中國食葵種植規模最大的縣和全國向日葵產業基地，每年食葵種植面積超過120萬畝，佔全國食葵種植總面積的1/7。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/07/02/a13-0702.pdf
Die Spinnenblume oder Spinnenpflanze 醉蝶花（Cleome spinosa）为醉蝶花科白花菜属的植物。分布于全球热带、温带、热带美洲以及中国大陆的各大城市常见栽培等地，生长于海拔180米至3,500米的地区，见于干旱石坡、山坡沙砾地、荒漠戈壁滩、冲沟、逸生、石丘陵、沙地、荒地、山脚及粘土地，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。别名:
西洋白花菜（植物学大词典），紫龙须（经济植物手册，广州）
- 醉蝶花之所以名叫醉蝶花，是因為當它朵朵盛開時，猶如群蝶在起舞，輕盈飄逸，令人陶醉。此時此刻，不禁令人想起宋代李清照的《醉花陰》，內中有名句「莫道不銷魂」；也懷念蘇軾的《蝶戀花》，內中也有名句「天涯何處無芳草」，情景是多麼的迷人。有說醉蝶花也貌似蜘蛛，由是它又名蜘蛛花。除此以外，它更有多個美麗別名：西洋鳳蝶花、鳳蝶草、紫龍鬚、擬蝶花、西洋白花菜。醉蝶花不僅在花卉展覽中可以獨當一面，也有被大事推廣。去年國慶期間，江蘇鹽城市大豐區萬盈鎮舉辦了首屆醉蝶花海旅遊文化節，「醉蝶花海」排場浩大，旅客滿目是「眾蝶起舞」，景中融情，嫵媚動人。這種原產於熱帶美洲的花，中國並無野生，常見的是人工栽培，中國南北皆有，台灣、廣東、廣西、福建、雲南、山西等地均可見其影蹤。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190408/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
Hyacinthus is a small genus of bulbous, fragrant flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. These are commonly called hyacinths /ˈhaɪəsɪnθs/. The genus is native to the eastern Mediterranean (from the south of Turkey through to northern Israel). Several species of Brodiea, Scilla, and other plants that were formerly classified in the lily family and have flower clusters borne along the stalk also have common names with the word "hyacinth" in them. Hyacinths should also not be confused with the genus Muscari, which are commonly known as grape hyacinths. 風信子屬，為風信子科中的多年生草本植物，具鱗莖。 原來屬於百合科，現在已被提升為新的風信子科的模式屬，而風信子也從原來的百合目改到新成立的天門冬目中。風信子原產於地中海和南非，學名得自希臘神話中受太陽神阿波羅寵眷、並被其所擲鐵餅誤傷而死的美少年許阿鏗托斯（Hyacinth）。荷蘭是風信子的主要生產地，在十八世紀時風信子的栽種非常流行，在當時有記錄的品種已經超過二千個以上。Hyacinths are often associated with spring and rebirth. The hyacinth flower is used in the Haft-Seen table setting for the Persian New Year celebration, Nowruz, held at the Spring Equinox. The Persian word for hyacinth is سنبل (sonbol).
Alcea, commonly known as hollyhocks, is a genus of about 60 species of flowering plants in the mallow family Malvaceae. They are native to Asia and Europe. Hollyhocks are popular garden ornamental plants. They are easily grown from seed. Breeds with red flowers attract hummingbirds and butterflies. Cultivars have been bred, especially from A. rosea. They include the double-flowered 'Chater's Double', the raspberry-colored 'Creme de Cassis', and 'The Watchman', which has dark, nearly black, maroon flowers. The stems of hollyhocks can be used as firewood, and the roots have been used medicinally.
- Alcea rosea (common hollyhock) is an ornamental plant in the Malvaceae family. It was imported into Europe from southwestern China during, or possibly before, the 15th century. William Turner, a herbalist of the time, gave it the name "holyoke" from which the English name derives. 蜀葵是錦葵科蜀葵属植物，又名一丈红、熟季花、麻杆花、戎葵、吴葵、卫足葵、胡葵。在晋语地区俗称为大花。タチアオイ（立葵、Althaea rosea、シノニム：Alcea rosea）は、アオイ科の多年草。属名Althaeaはギリシア語由来の古典ラテン語に由来し、語源たるギリシア語「althaia」は「althaino」（治療）と関連している。古来、タチアオイは薬草として用いられた。ホリホック（ホリーホック）ともいうが、英名 hollyhock は必ずしも本種を指すとは限らず、旧属名・タチアオイ属（Alcea）の各種をはじめ、ときには他属の種をも指す言葉である。 俗説として holly- は holy に通じ、この花が十字軍によってシリア（キリスト教聖地）からヨーロッパにもたらされたことに因み、「聖地の花」の意味が込められている、などとも言われる。日本語では「花あおい」（花葵）とも呼ぶ。ただし学術的には、同科別属であるハナアオイ属、または同属下の Lavatera trimestris を指して「ハナアオイ」と呼んでいるので、注意が必要である。
- Alcea rosea (common hollyhock) is an ornamental plant in the Malvaceae family. It was imported into Europe from southwestern China during, or possibly before, the 15th century. William Turner, a herbalist of the time, gave it the name "holyoke" from which the English name derives. 蜀葵是錦葵科蜀葵属植物，又名一丈红、熟季花、麻杆花、戎葵、吴葵、卫足葵、胡葵。在晋语地区俗称为大花。タチアオイ（立葵、Althaea rosea、シノニム：Alcea rosea）は、アオイ科の多年草。属名Althaeaはギリシア語由来の古典ラテン語に由来し、語源たるギリシア語「althaia」は「althaino」（治療）と関連している。古来、タチアオイは薬草として用いられた。ホリホック（ホリーホック）ともいうが、英名 hollyhock は必ずしも本種を指すとは限らず、旧属名・タチアオイ属（Alcea）の各種をはじめ、ときには他属の種をも指す言葉である。 俗説として holly- は holy に通じ、この花が十字軍によってシリア（キリスト教聖地）からヨーロッパにもたらされたことに因み、「聖地の花」の意味が込められている、などとも言われる。日本語では「花あおい」（花葵）とも呼ぶ。ただし学術的には、同科別属であるハナアオイ属、または同属下の Lavatera trimestris を指して「ハナアオイ」と呼んでいるので、注意が必要である。
- A hollyhock flower, known in Japan as aoi (葵), was incorporated into the official seal (mon) of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan, and through this influence has maintained importance in modern Japanese culture. For example, it inspired the name and symbol of Mito HollyHock, a professional soccer club in a city formerly led by the Tokugawa family. The Aoi Matsuri (Hollyhock Festival) is one of the three main festivals of the city of Kyoto.
- During the Victorian era, the hollyhock symbolized both ambition and fecundity in the language of flowers.
- china
- 在岳陽有「五月梔子鬧端陽」之 說，其實，還有一種直指鬧端陽的 花——蜀葵花，我們這裏把它叫做「端 午景」，是不是更直接明瞭呢？蜀葵花 開得正歡時，人們便知曉端午節臨近 了，奼紫嫣紅的蜀葵花或黃或紅或白， 在夏陽的照耀下通透而嫵媚，它們似在 爭相以最美的姿態迎接節日到來。那一 排排集觀賞與藥用價值於一身的蜀葵 花，引人關注古來有之，唐代詩人岑參 的《蜀葵花歌》http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/06/06/b06-0606.pdf
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/08/13/b01-0813.pdf新會葵 扇
- strange - no japanese wikipedia version
A bur (also spelled burr)[1] is a seed or dry fruit or infructescence that has hooks or teeth. Some other forms of diaspores, such as the stems of certain species of cactus also are covered with thorns and may function as burs. Bur-bearing plants such as Xanthium species are often single-stemmed when growing in dense groups, but branch and spread when growing singly.
- Burs catch on the fur of passing animals or the clothing of people. The hooks or teeth generally cause irritation, and some species commonly cause gross injury to animals, or expensive damage to clothing or to vehicle tires.Burs are best known as sources of irritation, injury to livestock, damage to clothing, punctures to tires, and clogging equipment such as agricultural harvesting machinery. Some have however been used for such purposes as fabric fulling, for which the fuller's teasel is a traditional resource. The bur of burdock was the inspiration for hook and loop fastener, also known as Velcro[7].
The bamboos /bæmˈbuː/ are evergreen perennial flowering plants in the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. The word "bamboo" comes from the Kannada term bambu (ಬಂಬು), which was introduced to English through Indonesian and Malay. In bamboo, as in other grasses, the internodal regions of the stem are usually hollow and the vascular bundles in the cross-section are scattered throughout the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement. The dicotyledonouswoody xylem is also absent. The absence of secondary growth wood causes the stems of monocots, including the palms and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering. Bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants in the world,[5] due to a unique rhizome-dependent system. Certain species of bamboo can grow 91 cm (36 in) within a 24-hour period, at a rate of almost 4 cm (1.6 in) an hour (a growth around 1 mm every 90 seconds, or 1 inch every 40 minutes).[6] Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family. Bamboos are of notable economic and cultural significance in South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, being used for building materials, as a food source, and as a versatile raw product. Bamboo has a higher specificcompressive strength than wood, brick or concrete, and a specific tensile strength that rivals steel.
- 國際竹藤組織全球竹建築項目協調員劉可為指出，全球共有一千六百四十二種竹，用於建築的竹有逾六十種，由於竹的抗拉強度及抗彎強度高，愈來愈多建築師選擇竹作為建築材料。不過，大眾對竹建築的認知仍然停留在傳統竹房屋的層面，希望透過研究項目及培訓課程，推動竹建築產業的發展。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190602/00176_017.html- note japanease name
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- The Bozo ethnic group of West Africa take their name from the Bambara phrase bo-so, which means "bamboo house". Bamboo is also the national plant of St. Lucia.
- Several Asian cultures, including that of the Andaman Islands, believe humanity emerged from a bamboo stem. In Philippine mythology, one of the more famous creation accounts tells of the first man, Malakás ("Strong"), and the first woman, Maganda ("Beautiful"), each emerged from one half of a split bamboo stem on an island formed after the battle between Sky and Ocean. In Malaysia, a similar story includes a man who dreams of a beautiful woman while sleeping under a bamboo plant; he wakes up and breaks the bamboo stem, discovering the woman inside. The Japanese folktale "Tale of the Bamboo Cutter" (Taketori Monogatari) tells of a princess from the Moon emerging from a shining bamboo section. Hawaiian bamboo ('ohe) is a kinolau or body form of the Polynesian creator god Kāne. A bamboo cane is also the weapon of Vietnamese legendary hero, Thánh Gióng, who had grown up immediately and magically since the age of three because of his wish to liberate his land from Ân invaders. An ancient Vietnamese legend (The Hundred-knot Bamboo Tree) tells of a poor, young farmer who fell in love with his landlord's beautiful daughter. The farmer asked the landlord for his daughter's hand in marriage, but the proud landlord would not allow her to be bound in marriage to a poor farmer. The landlord decided to foil the marriage with an impossible deal; the farmer must bring him a "bamboo tree of 100 nodes". But Gautama Buddha (Bụt) appeared to the farmer and told him that such a tree could be made from 100 nodes from several different trees. Bụt gave to him four magic words to attach the many nodes of bamboo: Khắc nhập, khắc xuất, which means "joined together immediately, fell apart immediately". The triumphant farmer returned to the landlord and demanded his daughter. Curious to see such a long bamboo, the landlord was magically joined to the bamboo when he touched it, as the young farmer said the first two magic words. The story ends with the happy marriage of the farmer and the landlord's daughter after the landlord agreed to the marriage and asked to be separated from the bamboo. In a Chinese legend, the Emperor Yao gave two of his daughters to the future Emperor Shun as a test for his potential to rule. Shun passed the test of being able to run his household with the two emperor's daughters as wives, and thus Yao made Shun his successor, bypassing his unworthy son. After Shun's death, the tears of his two bereaved wives fell upon the bamboos growing there explains the origin of spotted bamboo. The two women later became goddesses Xiangshuishen after drowning themselves in the Xiang River.
- 話說不論在中國或在印度，俱有竹樹一旦開花，就會帶來災禍，中國古人常說「竹樹開花，必有大災」，印度亦有「竹樹開花，饑荒發生」之說；竹樹開花，鄰近的竹亦相繼開花，造成大片竹林死亡，對以竹為主食的動物勢必造成毀滅；另外，竹米（竹之種子）亦為齧齒類動物之優良食物。 有不少以竹為食的昆蟲，此所以竹林非但提供材料，製造各式各樣用具，此為重要生態資源，直接或間接賴竹為生的昆蟲逾百種，以下為四種常見例子：（一）大竹象為一種大型象甲，成蟲之後就鑿開嫰竹莖部，以吸食其汁，幼蟲更加長期寄居在嫩竹之內；（二）居竹偽角蚜，此昆蟲在嫩竹大量繁殖，以吸食汁液；同時大突肩瓢蟲大量捕食居竹偽角蚜；（三）鳳眼方環蝶，其幼蟲咬食竹葉；（四）黑竹緣蝽在竹莖大量繁殖，以刺管刺入竹莖內吸食汁液。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/03/21/b06-0321.pdf
- japan
- simon bamboo (medake), white bamboo (shiratake) used for building tearoom
小檗属 Berberis (/ˈbɜːrbərɪs/), commonly known as barberry,[1][2] is a large genus of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1–5 m (3.3–16.4 ft) tall, found throughout temperateand subtropical regions of the world (apart from Australia). Species diversity is greatest in South America and Asia; Europe, Africa and North America have native species as well. The best-known Berberis species is the European barberry, Berberis vulgaris, which is common in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and central Asia, and has been widely introduced in North America. Many of the species have spines on the shoots and along the margins of the leaves.Berberis vulgaris grows in the wild in much of Europe and West Asia. It produces large crops of edible berries, rich in vitamin C, but with a sharp acid flavour. In Europe for many centuries the berries were used for culinary purposes in ways comparable to how citrus peel might be used. Today in Europe they are very infrequently used. The country in which they are used the most is Iran, where they are referred to as zereshk (زرشک) in Persian. The berries are common in Persian cuisine such as in rice pilafs(known as zereshk polo) and as a flavouring for poultry meat. Due to their inherent sour flavor, they are sometimes cooked with sugar before being added to Persian rice. Iranian markets sell zereshk dried. In Russia they are sometimes used in jams (especially the mixed berry ones), and extract from them is a common flavoring for soft drinks and candies/sweets. Berberis microphylla and B. darwinii (both known as calafate and michay) are two species found in Patagonia in Argentina and Chile. Their edible purple fruits are used for jams and infusions.he dried fruit of Berberis vulgaris is used in herbal medicine.[17] The chemical constituents include isoquinolone alkaloids, especially berberine.Historically, yellow dye was extracted from the stem, root, and bark.The thorns of the barberry shrub have been used to clean ancient gold coins, as they are soft enough that they won't damage the surface but will remove corrosion and debris.
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