Hungary

Government

- National Tax and Customs Administration of Hungary (NTCA)  http://en.nav.gov.hu

• Website has a chinese version!!!
• Az Adó- és Pénzügyi Ellenőrzési Hivatal (APEH) a pénzügyminiszter irányítása és felügyelete alatt álló, önálló jogi személyiséggel rendelkező, országos hatáskörű, önállóan gazdálkodó közigazgatási szerv volt Magyarországon 2010. december 31-ig. Utódja a Nemzeti Adó- és Vámhivatal (NAV).

Eger
- The origin of its name is still unknown. One suggestion is that the place was named after the elder ("égerfa" in Hungarian) which grew so abundantly along the banks of the Eger Stream. This explanation seems to be correct because the name of the town reflects its ancient natural environment, and also one of its most typical plants, the elder, large areas of which could be found everywhere on the marshy banks of the Stream although they have since disappeared. The German name of the town: Erlau=Erlen-au (elder grove) also speaks in favour of this supposition. And there is another theory which says that Eger's name comes from the Latin word: "ager" (earth). This theory comes from more recent researchers^[who?] who think that during the 11th and 12th centuries settlers with a Walloon origin ("latins" in Hungarian) moved to this territory. The basin of Eger and the hilly region around it have always been very suitable for human settlements, and there are many archaeological findings from the early ages of history, which support this fact. The other names of the town are in Latin as Agria, in Serbian and Croatian as Jegar / Јегар or Jegra / Јегра, in Czech and Slovene language as Jager, in Slovak language as Jáger, in Polish as Jagier, and in Turkish as Eğri.

•  The shield of Eger developed from the shield of Bishop György Fenesy (1686–1689) after an agreement which was made with him in 1694. The bastion with the three gates on it refers to the existence of the fortress. The rampant unicorn between the two bastions on the side of the shield came from the bishop's shield. The sword in the fore-feet of the unicorn symbolises the manorial power of life and death. The snake twisting on the sword stands for the defeat of treachery and hatred by faith. The star and the sun symbolise the alternation of days and nights. And finally, the eagle with a gospel in its clutches refers to apostle and evangelist Saint John who is the patron saint of the Archdiocese of Eger.

Szombathely
-  The name Szombathely is from Hungarian szombat, "Saturday" and hely, "place", referring to its status as a market town, and the medieval markets held on Saturday every week. The Latin name Savaria or Sabaria comes from Sibaris, the Latin name of the river Gyöngyös (German Güns). The root of the word is the Proto-Indo-European word *seu, meaning "wet". The Austrian overflowing of the Gyöngyös/Güns is called Zöbern, most probably a derivation of its Latin name. The city is known in Croatian as Sambotel, in Slovene as Sombotel and in Yiddish as Sambathali. The German name, Steinamanger, means "stone on the green" (Stein am Anger). The name was coined by German settlers who encountered the ruins of the Roman city of Savaria.
-  Szombathely is the oldest recorded city in Hungary. It was founded by the Romans^[5] in 45 AD under the name of Colonia Claudia Savariensum (Claudius' Colony of Savarians), and it was the capital of the Pannonia Superior province of the Roman Empire. It lay close to the important "Amber Road" trade route. The city had an imperial residence, a public bath and an amphitheatre. In 2008, remains of a mithraeum were discovered. 


Company
- bus

• Ikarus is a bus manufacturer based in Budapest, Hungary. It was established in 1895 as Uhri Imre Kovács- és Kocsigyártó Üzeme(roughly: "Imre Uhri's Blacksmith Workshop and Coach Factory"). By 1913, the company focused mainly on constructing cars and due to increased sales during World War I it made great profits. In 1927, Ikarus had won an international tender and it was this year that large scale production could begin by delivering 60 shuttle buses. Following the Wall Street Crash the company became bankrupt as it did not receive any significant orders and it had to be closed down. In 1935, the company had resumed production and was fully functioning during World War II. On 23 February 1949, Ikarus was officially established when it merged with airplane manufacturer Ikarus Gép és Fémgyár Rt. In 1955 and 1956 with the new front engine models (Ikarus 620, 630 and 31) the company's foreign sales were boosted and apart from Eastern-European countries, the People's Republic of China, Burma and Egypt started using them in several of their cities. By 1962, Ikarus delivered 8,000 buses abroad and in 1970 it won second place at an expo in Monaco showing its prominence in Europe. In 1971, over 100,000 buses were manufactured and sales increased year-by-year. By 1973, Ikarus became the world's fourth largest manufacturer, but lacking raw materials, orders were not delivered in time on several occasions. Until the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the German Democratic Republicwas one of the most important trading partners of Ikarus, but when Germany was re-unified sales fell to about 10%. Ikarus provided body shells (without doors, windows, seats, engine) for Orion Bus Industries contracts to supply two of Canada's transit systems, the Toronto and Ottawa with articulated buses in late 1986–87. The Orion Ikarus buses were put on the fast track for retirement by the TTC due to structural corrosion problems. These problems were blamed on poor spot welds made during the manufacture of the bus. From 1999, the company had been owned by Irisbus, a French-Italian investing group. In 2006, Irisbus sold Ikarus Bus to Hungary's Műszertechnika group for the full asking price. 

• 中亞國家哈薩克一輛載有五十五名乘客及兩名司機的旅遊巴，周四從俄羅斯薩馬拉開往哈薩克奇姆肯特，途中突然起火並燒剩支架，最少五十二人死亡。乘客均為烏茲別克裔，暫時未知起火原因。該輛旅遊巴由匈牙利伊凱洛斯巴士廠（Ikarus）製造，車齡已有數十年，但在哈薩克等前蘇聯加盟國至今仍廣泛使用。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180119/00180_018.html

- wine

• Grand Tokaj is a recently constituted maker and trader of wines, a state-owned organization that grew out of a chaotic effort to privatize the wine industry in the 1990s. Today the company accounts for roughly 40 percent of the total wine production of Tokaj-Hegyalja, a region declared to be the world's first demarcated wine region in 1737.http://www.chinadailyasia.com/lifeandart/2016-07/19/content_15464832.html

- watch

• http://www.astronora.hu/ 

trade and investment environment
- ngos

• https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-10/trump-s-win-prompts-hungarian-call-for-crackdown-on-soros-groups Hungary plans to crack down on non-governmental organizations linked to billionaire George Soros now that Donald Trump will occupy the White House, according to the deputy head of Prime Minister Viktor Orban’s party. The European Union member will use “all the tools at its disposal” to “sweep out” NGOs funded by the Hungarian-born financier, which “serve global capitalists and back political correctness over national governments,” Szilard Nemeth, a vice president of the ruling Fidesz party, told reporters on Tuesday. No one answered the phone at the Open Society Institute in Budapest when Bloomberg News called outside business hours.
•  Hungary’s government is to water down a bill regulating “foreign-funded” non-governmental organisations after growing criticism of Prime Minister Viktor Orban’s reforms.Budapest had raised hackles among civil society groups by asking them to register their receipt of international funds and individual donations. But Janos Lazar, a senior government minister, said on Thursday that the threshold for naming individual donors had been raised and requirements for groups to declare their status had been eased. Under the latest proposals, civil society groups that receive less than Ft7.2m ($26,000) a year from abroad will be exempt from registering, while donors giving less than Ft500,000 can remain anonymous. Groups that fail to comply will face fines or dissolution.https://www.ft.com/content/20476e28-4c5e-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b?mhq5j=e1

industry
- equestrian

• 从乡村到城镇，甚至像首都布达佩斯那样的大城市，无处不有与马有关的活动或设施。其中，最常的是马具商店，那里不但出售马鞍、辔头、马鞭、马掌，还出售马鬃、马皮、驭手衣饰。这些，有的是实用品，有的则是漂亮的观赏品。此外，常见的还有驯马协会，专为训练生马提供服务；骑手俱乐部，专事培养新的驭手；马匹旅游公司，专为游客提供马匹或马车服务；马术协会，专事组织各种赛马活动。匈牙利的赛马活动据说盛行于十九世纪，至今不衰。从儿童到老人，从普通百姓到政府高官，人们都争相参与。据匈牙利问题专家侯凤菁介绍，赛马一般在气候宜人的春秋两季举行。每值赛马日，人们都像过节一样穿上民族服装争先恐后地前往观赏。匈牙利最盛大的赛马大会每年九月在布达佩斯的英雄广场上举行。作为国家政治中心的广场，这时铺满沙子，变成一个大赛场。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180523/PDF/b10_screen.pdf  据另一位匈牙利问题专家周东耀介绍，匈牙利东北部的霍尔多巴吉大草原是这个国家良种马的驯养基地，有多个闻名遐迩的马术培训场所。老皇宫前面的广场上，每天都可看到壮观而漂亮的传统马队在巡游。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180524/PDF/b4_screen.pdf

People
- aristocrat

• Esterházy (also spelled Eszterházy, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɛstɛrhaːzi]) is a Hungarian noble family with origins in the Middle Ages. Since the 17th century, they were among the great landowner magnates of the Kingdom of Hungary during the time it was part of the Habsburg Empire and later Austria-Hungary. During the history of the Habsburg empire, the Esterházys were consistently loyal to the Habsburg rulers. They received the title of count in 1626 and the Forchtenstein line received the title of Fürst (Ruling Prince) from the Holy Roman Emperor in 1712. Since German mediatization in 1806 the family also makes part of Germany's high nobility (Hochadel). The Esterházys arose among the minor nobility of the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary (today's southwest Slovakia), originally a branch of the Salamon clan (de genere Salamon) by the name Zerházi (de Zerhásház / de Zyrház / de Zyrhas). Their first known ancestors were Mokud (Mocud) from the Salamon clan, who was a military serviceman and landowner in the Csallóköz region of Western Hungary (today Žitný ostrov in southwestern Slovakia), and Pristaldus, a judicial office-holder in the court of Béla III of Hungary. The Esterházy family is known for its association with the composer Joseph Haydn (1732-1809), who served as their Kapellmeister.
• Wenckheim family

• A Wenckheim család a Wenck: birtok székhelyet, a heim: pedig oda valót jelent. A család eredetileg osztrák polgári származású volt, de később bárói és grófi rangra is szert tettek. Ez utóbbi két ág 1776 és 1802 között jutott el Magyarországra. A família tagjai politikusként és kultúrmérnökként jeleskedtek, elsősorban az akkor oly szükségessé vált vizek lecsapolásának munkálataiban vették ki részüket. A család a Németországi Hund törzsből származtatja magát. Az ősi fészek a thüringeni erdő mellett volt. A 16. században élt ismert őseik: Wenck János apát, Wenck Henrik, a máltai rend nagymestere, Wenck János (1683–1711), grazi orvos. Fiai közül Wenck József Ágost (†1748), aki 1717-ben vette fel a Wenckheim nevet (Ő volt I. Wenckheim József). Ugyancsak állami szolgálatban, alsó-ausztriai kancellárként lett a nemesség megszerzője. Jó házasságot kötött, amikor 1730-ban feleségül vette az ugyancsak frissen nemesített Harruckern János Györgylányát, Mária Cecíliát. 1748-ban, apósához hasonlóan, ő is megkapta a római birodalmi lovagi rangot.

• Sandor karolyi

- Coloman the Learned, also the Book-Lover or the Bookish^[4] (Hungarian:Könyves Kálmán; Croatian: Koloman;Slovak: Koloman Učený; c. 1070 – 3 February 1116) was King of Hungary from 1095 and King of Croatia from 1097. Coloman and his younger brother Álmoswere still under-age when their father KingGéza I of Hungary died and their uncleLadislaus I ascended the throne in 1077. According to late medieval Hungarian chronicles, the king decided to prepare Coloman—who was physically disabled—for a church career. Coloman was appointed bishop of Eger or Várad(Oradea, Romania) in the early 1090s. The dying King Ladislaus preferred Álmos to Coloman when nominating his heir in early 1095. Coloman fled from Hungary but returned around 19 July 1095 when his uncle died. Coloman was crowned in early 1096; the circumstances of his accession to the throne are unknown. He granted the so-called "duchy"—one-third of theKingdom of Hungary—to Álmos. In the year of Coloman's coronation, at least five large groups of crusaders arrived in Hungary on their way to the Holy Land. Coloman allowed the organized groups to pass through Hungary peacefully but mercilessly annihilated the bands entering his kingdom unauthorized or pillaging the countryside. He invaded Croatia and defeated its last native king Petar Svačić in 1097. Coloman was crowned king of Croatia in 1102. According to the late 14th-centuryPacta conventa, the authenticity of which is not universally accepted by scholars, Coloman was only crowned after having ratified a treaty with the leaders of the Croatian nobility. Coloman had to face his brother's lust for power throughout his life; Álmos devised plots to overthrow him on at least five occasions. In retaliation, Coloman seized his brother's duchy in 1107 or 1108 and had Álmos and Álmos' son, Béla blinded in about 1114. Hungarian chronicles, which were compiled in the reign of kings descending from his mutilated brother and nephew, depict Coloman as a bloodthirsty and unfortunate monarch. On the other hand, Coloman is portrayed as "the most well-versed in the science of letters among all the kings of his day"^[5] by the contemporaneous chronicler Gallus Anonymus. Coloman's decrees, which governed many aspects of life—including taxation, trade and relations between his Christian and non-Christian subjects—remained unmodified for more than a century. He was the first Hungarian king to renounce the control of the appointment of prelates in his realms.
- Matthias Corvinus, also called Matthias I(Hungarian: Hunyadi Mátyás, Croatian:Matija Korvin, Romanian: Matei Corvin,Slovak: Matej Korvín, Czech: Matyáš Korvín; 23 February 1443 – 6 April 1490), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1458. After conducting several military campaigns, he was elected King of Bohemia in 1469 and adopted the title Duke of Austria in 1487. He was the son of John Hunyadi, Regent of Hungary, who died in 1456. In 1457, Matthias was imprisoned along with his older brother, Ladislaus Hunyadi, on the orders of King Ladislaus V of Hungary. Ladislaus Hunyadi was executed, causing a rebellion that forced King Ladislaus to flee Hungary. After the King died unexpectedly, Matthias's uncle Michael Szilágyi persuaded the Estates to unanimously proclaim Matthias king on 24 January 1458. He began his rule under his uncle's guardianship, but he took effective control of government within two weeks. As king, Matthias waged wars against the Czech mercenaries who dominated Upper Hungary (today parts of Slovakia andNorthern Hungary) and against Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, who claimed Hungary for himself. In this period, theOttoman Empire conquered Serbia andBosnia, terminating the zone of buffer states along the southern frontiers of theKingdom of Hungary. Matthias signed a peace treaty with Frederick III in 1463, acknowledging the Emperor's right to style himself King of Hungary. The Emperor returned the Holy Crown of Hungary with which Matthias was crowned on 29 April 1464. In this year, Matthias invaded the territories that had recently been occupied by the Ottomans and seized fortresses in Bosnia. He soon realized he could expect no substantial aid from the Christian powers and gave up his anti-Ottoman policy. Matthias introduced new taxes and regularly collected extraordinary taxes. These measures caused a rebellion in Transylvania in 1467, but he subdued the rebels. The next year, Matthias declared war on George of Poděbrady, the Hussite King of Bohemia, and conquered Moravia,Silesia, and Lausitz, but he could not occupy Bohemia proper. The Catholic Estates proclaimed him King of Bohemia on 3 May 1469, but the Hussite lords refused to yield to him even after the death of George of Poděbrady in 1471. Instead, they elected Vladislaus Jagiellon, the eldest son of Casimir IV of Poland. A group of Hungarian prelates and lords offered the throne to Vladislaus's younger brother Casimir, but Matthias overcame their rebellion. Having routed the united troops of Casimir IV and Vladislaus at Breslau in Silesia(now Wrocław in Poland) in late 1474, Matthias turned against the Ottomans, who had devastated the eastern parts of Hungary. He sent reinforcements to Stephen the Great,Prince of Moldavia, enabling Stephen to repel a series of Ottoman invasions in the late 1470s. In 1476, Matthias besieged and seized Šabac, an important Ottoman border fort. He concluded a peace treaty with Vladislaus Jagiellon in 1478, confirming the division of theLands of the Bohemian Crown between them. Matthias waged a war against Emperor Frederick and occupied Lower Austria between 1482 and 1487. Matthias established a professional army (the Black Army of Hungary), reformed the administration of justice, reduced the power of the barons, and promoted the careers of talented individuals chosen for their abilities rather than their social statuses. Matthias patronized art and science; his royal library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was one of the largest collections of books in Europe. With his patronage, Hungary became the first country to embrace the Renaissance from Italy. As Matthias the Just, the monarch who wandered among his subjects in disguise, he remains a popular hero of Hungarian folk tales.

• https://www.quora.com/How-elite-was-the-Black-Army-of-Hungary Only two European countries, the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Hungary, had a professional standing army at the time. The Black Army of Hungary was twice the size of the French army; at its height it numbered 25,000 - 30,000 men (20,000 horsemen and 5,000 - 10,000 infantry). It was one of the first European armies that was equipped by firearms (twenty-five percent of the infantry in the army had firearms). The Black Army is accredited with countless victories, including the defeat of a three-times larger Ottoman army at the Battle of Breadfield (1479) and the capture of Vienna in 1485. Since the Black Army was a skilled mercenary force, the king had to levy heavy taxes on the peasantry to finance it. After Matthias died without a legitimate heir, a very weak-minded king (Vladislaus II) ascended the Hungarian throne and the Black Army was disbanded due to lack of funding.

- Sándor Csoma de Kőrös (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈʃaːndor ˈkøːrøʃi ˈt͡ʃoma]; 27 March 1784/8^[1] – 11 April 1842), bornCsoma Sándor (Csoma being the family name) was a Hungarian philologist and Orientalist, author of the first Tibetan-English dictionary and grammar book. He was called Phyi-glin-gi-grwa-pa in Tibetan, meaning "the foreign pupil" and was given the title of Bosatsu or Boddhisatva (Buddhist sainthood) by the Japanese in 1933.^[2] He was born in Kőrös, Grand Principality of Transylvania (today Chiuruş,Romania). His birth date is often given as 4 April, although this is actually his baptismday and the year of his birth is debated by some authors who put it at 1787 or 1788 rather than 1784. The Magyar ethnic group, the Székelys, to which he belonged believed that they were derived from a branch of Attila's Huns who had settled in Transylvania in the fifth century. Hoping to study the claim and to find the place of origin of the Székelys and the Magyars by studying language kinship, he set off to Asia in 1820 and spent his lifetime studying the Tibetan language and Buddhist philosophy. Csoma de Kőrös is considered as the founder of Tibetology. He was said to have been able to read in seventeen languages. He died in Darjeeling while attempting to make a trip to Lhasa in 1842 and a memorial was erected in his honour by the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
- István, Count Széchenyi, (born Sept. 21, 1791, Vienna, Austrian Empire—died April 8, 1860, Döbling, near Vienna) reformer and writer whose practical enterprises represented an effort toward Hungarian national development before the upsurge of revolutionary radicalism in the 1840s. Born into an old, aristocratic Hungarian family, Széchenyi fought against Napoleon I and thereafter traveled extensively in Europe. The modernity of England and France impressed him, especially when he contrasted them with his backward homeland. Resolved to improve Hungary’s condition, he donated a year’s income to establish the Hungarian National Academy of Sciences (1825). At Széchenyi’s instigation, the Hungarian nobility formed aristocratic clubs to discuss political affairs. In 1830 he introduced steam shipping on the Danube. Also in that year, he began publishing a number of works, including Hitel (1830; “Credit”), Vilag (1831; “Light”), and Stadium (1833), in which he voiced Hungary’s need for economic advancement. Széchenyi argued that the nobility was responsible for a large portion of the country’s evils; modernization was impossible if the aristocracy paid no taxes and wasted its time in complacency, frivolity, and the defense of the Hungarian constitution against Vienna. Hungary’s nobility was scandalized, but Széchenyi’s polemics were effective. Though he failed to better the lot of the peasant, he constructed roads, improved the navigability of the Danube River so that ships could travel all the way to the Black Sea, and built the first suspension bridge atBudapest, financed through tolls paid by both nobles and commoners. In the 1840s, however, Széchenyi lost much of his following to the more radical younger generation under Lajos Kossuth. Loyal to the Habsburgs, Széchenyi condemned the attempt to Magyarize Hungary’s non-Magyars; he believed that liberty would follow economic progress, whereas Kossuth argued the reverse. Entering Lajos Batthyány’s cabinet in 1848, Széchenyi lost his sanity when conflict with Vienna erupted; he was removed to an asylum near Vienna. Threatened with prosecution for sedition after he published an attack on Austria’s absolutist rule in Hungary (1859), he committed suicide the next year.
- Ferenc Deák, byname The Sage Of The Country, Hungarian A Haza Bölcse(born Oct. 17, 1803, Söjtör, Hung., Austrian Empire [now in Hungary]—died Jan. 28/29, 1876, Budapest) Hungarian statesman whose negotiations led to the establishment of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867. 
- Sándor Petőfi (born Petrovics;^[2][3]Hungarian: Petőfi Sándor pronounced[ˈpɛtøːfi ˈʃaːndor]; Slovak: Alexander Petrovič;^[2] Serbian: Александар Петровић; 1 January 1823 – most likely 31 July 1849^[1]) was a Hungarian poet andliberal revolutionary. He is considered Hungary's national poet, and was one of the key figures of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.He is the author of the Nemzeti dal (National Song), which is said to have inspired the revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary that grew into a war for independence from the Austrian Empire.
- Max Herz (in Hungarian Herz Miksa) (Ottlaka, Hungary[now Grăniceri, Romania], 19 May 1856 – Zurich,Switzerland, 5 May 1919) Hungarian architect, conservator, museum director and architectural historian, active in Egypt.
- Béla Viktor János Bartók (/ˈbɑːrtɒk/; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbeːlɒ ˈbɒrtoːk]; 25 March 1881 – 26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer and pianist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Liszt are regarded as Hungary's greatest composers (Gillies 2001). Through his collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the founders of comparative musicology, which later becameethnomusicology.

• In 1908, he and Kodály traveled into the countryside to collect and research old Magyar folk melodies. Their growing interest in folk music coincided with a contemporary social interest in traditional national culture. They made some surprising discoveries. Magyar folk music had previously been categorised as Gypsy music. The classic example is Franz Liszt's famous Hungarian Rhapsodies for piano, which he based on popular art songs performed by Romani bands of the time. In contrast, Bartók and Kodály discovered that the old Magyar folk melodies were based on pentatonic scales, similar to those in Asian folk traditions, such as those of Central Asia, Anatolia and Siberia. Bartók and Kodály quickly set about incorporating elements of such Magyar peasant music into their compositions. They both frequently quoted folk song melodies verbatim and wrote pieces derived entirely from authentic songs. An example is his two volumes entitled For Children for solo piano, containing 80 folk tunes to which he wrote accompaniment. Bartók's style in his art music compositions was a synthesis of folk music, classicism, and modernism. His melodic and harmonic sense was profoundly influenced by the folk music of Hungary, Romania, and other nations. He was especially fond of the asymmetrical dance rhythms and pungent harmonies found in Bulgarian music. Most of his early compositions offer a blend of nationalist and late Romanticism elements.

- szentagothai (1912- 1994)

• Lamented events of early 1990s (czeizel, tudosok, genok, tanulsagok p350)

- Lajos Simicska (born 28 January 1960) is a Hungarian businessman who was head of APEH, Hungary's internal revenue service, in 1998-1999 during the first administration of Viktor Orbán. He now has extensive media interests.

- artist

• Molnár C. Pál (Battonya, 1894. április 28. – Budapest, 1981. július 11.) magyar festő és grafikus.Műveiben a mediterrán hangulat a neoklasszicista nyugalommal párosul, így oldódik fel nála a nyugtalanság, a mozgalmasság az elmélyülésben, végső soron a transzcendenciában, így lesz kiváló egyházi és díszítő festő.

• no english version
• note his painting -   Pegazus lázadása (rebellion of pegasus)

- uk linked

• Sir Marc Aurel Stein, KCIE, FRAS, FBA  (Hungarian: Stein Márk Aurél) (26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-British archaeologist, primarily known for his explorations and archaeological discoveries in Central Asia. He was also a professor at Indian universities. Stein was also an ethnographer, geographer, linguist and surveyor. His collection of books and manuscripts taken from Dunhuang caves is important for the study of the history of Central Asia and the art and literature of Buddhism. He wrote several volumes on his expeditions and discoveries which include Ancient Khotan, Serindia and Innermost Asia.

•  Fin janvier 1901, il découvre de nouvelles ruines à cent cinquante kilomètres au nord de Niya¹ (MinFeng). Outre des restes de constructions, elles produisent des tablettes de bois contenant des textes du III^e siècle, dans une écriture qui corrobore que la région a été conquise et colonisée par des habitants de Taxila (aujourd’hui au Pakistan). Les sceaux qui ornent les tablettes portent des figures clairement issues du  monde gréco-romain : Héraclès, Éros, Pallas Athéna.

- jews

• György Lukács, (born April 13, 1885, Budapest, Hungary—died June 4, 1971, Budapest) Hungarian Marxist philosopher, writer, and literary critic who influenced the mainstream of European communist thought during the first half of the 20th century. His major contributions include the formulation of a Marxist system of aesthetics that opposed political control of artists and defended humanism and an elaboration of the theory of alienation within industrial society originally developed by Karl Marx (1818–83).
• Georg Charles von Hevesy, also called George Charles de Hevesy (born Aug. 1, 1885, Budapest, Austria-Hungary [now in Hungary]—died July 5, 1966, Freiburg im Breisgau, W.Ger.) chemist and recipient of the 1943 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. His development of isotopic tracer techniques greatly advanced understanding of the chemical nature of life processes. In 1923 he also discovered, with the Dutch physicist Dirk Coster, the element hafnium.

tax on internet data usage
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20141031/00180_015.html 匈牙利政府計劃開創全球先例，向互聯網供應商數據流量徵稅，每1GB數據徵收一百五十福林（約四點七港元）的稅款。政府宣稱此舉為平衡財政赤字，民眾則質疑是企圖建立「數碼鐵幕」，收緊資訊自由。十萬民眾自周日起連日在首都布達佩斯上街，爆發四年來最大規模的反政府示威。http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/2473beba-59f0-11e4-9787-00144feab7de.html
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e847f75e-60e2-11e4-894b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3I1PylDVp Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orban on Friday abandoned a controversial plan for the world’s first internet tax following the largest mass demonstrations in Budapest in recent memory.

匈牙利的金王冠
- 這頂王冠整體來看很精緻，唯冠頂的十字架製作工藝略顯粗糙，給人的印象不是原配，而是後來另行製作。一般的說法是，拉丁王冠上原有一個雙面聖髑十字架，其中包含有來自耶穌被釘的那個十字架上的三塊碎片。十六世紀中葉，年老體弱的國王約翰一世長期無嗣，為王位傳承發愁。可是，就在他纏綿病榻之時，王后伊莎貝拉卻為他生下一子。這位波蘭公主出身的王后頗有心計，產後不久就將王冠把持，以備在老國王駕崩後自己的兒子能順利登基。一些大臣發現，逼她交出王冠。在迫不得已交出時，她做了一點手腳，偷偷將王冠上的十字架取下。一五四○年，其幼子約翰‧西格斯蒙德承襲大位，沒能戴上王冠，只是在胸前掛着從王冠上摘下的那個十字架。三十多年後，神聖羅馬帝國皇帝魯道夫二世接過匈牙利王位，十字架復歸原位，王冠才得以恢復其完整。十八世紀之後，不知具體從何時開始，挺立在冠頂的十字架給弄歪，向左方傾斜。有傳說稱，這是取放王冠時不小心，把十字架給碰歪；另有傳說稱，王冠裝殮盒子後，十字架給壓歪；還有傳說，小偷盜竊王冠時，十字架給摔歪。十字架歪斜的狀況一直保持至今。有人曾建議將其扶正。但是，多數人認為，歪斜反映的是匈牙利命運多舛。作為歷史發展曲折多變的見證，還是以維持現狀為好，大可不必恢復其原位。王冠起初保存在伊斯特萬一世加冕的塞克什白堡的王室教堂。十四世紀初，王朝遷都，王冠先後被轉移到維謝格拉德和布達佩斯，一度流落到現今的斯洛伐克首都布拉迪斯拉發和烏克蘭城市穆卡切沃。一四三九年，身兼匈牙利、克羅地亞、德意志等國國王的阿爾拜特病故，王冠落到德國人手中。一四六四年，馬加什國王登基，將王冠追回。後來，奧斯曼帝國軍隊入侵，為防止王冠落入敵手，匈牙利王室將其埋藏在同奧地利接壤的邊界地帶。一六九九年，哈布斯堡王朝繼奧斯曼帝國之後控制匈牙利，奧地利皇帝約瑟夫二世兼任匈牙利國王，王冠從此存放在維也納。近百年之後，王冠才回到匈牙利。一八四八年，匈牙利發生反對封建王朝的革命，王室被迫交出王冠。翌年，革命失敗，其領導人科蘇特流亡國外，將王冠掩埋在現今羅馬尼亞的一片柳林中。四年後，王室恢復統治，找到王冠，運回布達佩斯。一八六七年，奧地利與匈牙利統治集團達成協議，成立二元君主制的奧匈帝國，奧地利皇帝兼任匈牙利國王，利用這頂王冠加冕。一九一八年，第一次世界大戰結束，奧匈帝國解體，匈牙利宣布獨立，成立共和國。從此，王冠失去加冕作用，作為「國家政治文物」封存，由專門的王冠衛隊守護。　王冠長期顛沛流離的遭逢到此並未結束。一九三九年，第二次世紀大戰爆發，匈牙利加入德意日三國同盟，追隨德軍侵犯蘇聯。一九四四年九月，蘇聯紅軍發起反攻，在匈牙利掌權的親納粹政黨箭十字黨感到末日來臨。次年三月末，該黨黨魁薩洛希‧費倫茨唯恐王冠落到蘇軍手中，就夥同王冠衛隊長帕伊塔什上校，帶着王冠和權杖、王球、寶劍、大禮袍等整套加冕用品逃離匈牙利，試圖把這些「皇家珍寶」統統獻給德國納粹頭子希特勒。可是，他們做夢也未料到，世界反法西斯戰爭進展神速，盟軍正從各個方向朝德國挺進。他們剛進入奧地利境內，就被美國軍隊的偵察兵發現。這樣，王冠就落到美軍手中。戰爭結束後，美國人將王冠運到美國，交由肯塔基州諾克斯堡的美國國家金庫收藏，一藏就是三十多年。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180725/PDF/b8_screen.pdf


Animal breed
- 匈牙利鬈毛豬The Mangalica (sometimes spelledMangalitsa in the UK or Mangalitza in the USA) is a Hungarian breed of domestic pig. It was developed in the mid-19th century by crossbreeding Hungarian breeds fromSzalonta and Bakony with the SerbianŠumadija breed. The Mangalica pig grows a thick, wooly coat similar to that of a sheep. The only other pig breed noted for having a long coat is the extinctLincolnshire Curly-coated pig of England. The pigs were originally bred for their lard in the 1830s by Austrian Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary. After the collapse ofAustria-Hungary, the breed slowly disappeared, reaching a low point under Hungarian communism, where government policy combined with changing dietary habits brought it to near-extinction. The breed was revived in the early 1990s by a series of breeders, including the Hungarian Peter Toth.


Culinary specialty
- chimeny cake (kutros kalacs)

university
- The University of Pécs (PTE; Hungarian: Pécsi Tudományegyetem) is the first university in Hungary and one of the major higher education institutes of the country, with 10 faculties, 32 clinics and a winery research facility. Hungarian, English and German programs are used in education.
The first university of Hungary was established in Pécs by Louis I of Hungary in 1367, the letters patent issued by pope Urban V, similar to that of the University of Vienna. The university existed for a few decades, then split into two schools, one of jurisprudence and one of theology in the course of the 15th century. The university was completely discontinued during Ottoman occupation, then restarted in 1785 by Joseph II moving the Royal Academy from Győr to Pecs. In 1802 the Royal Academy was moved back to Győr by the order of Francis I, and higher education was discontinued in Pecs until 1833, when the bishop of Pecs in conjunction with the city senate founded the Pecs Academy, comprising a legal and a philosophical faculty. The modern University of Pécs was founded in 1912, and was originally located in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). Since after the World War I Pozsony too came to be cut off from Hungary, in 1921 the university moved to Pécs, where it remained to this day. In 1951 the medical faculty was separated from the university, and till 2000 was a separate institution. The university was renamed Janus Pannnonius University in 1982. The present University of Pécs was created on January 1, 2000, via the merger of Janus Pannonius University, the Medical University of Pécs and the Illyés Gyula Teacher Training College of Szekszárd.
-  Eötvös Loránd University (Hungarian: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, ELTE) is a Hungarian public research university based in Budapest. The predecessor of Eötvös Loránd University was founded in 1635 by cardinal Péter Pázmány as a catholic university for teaching theology and philosophy. In 1770, the University was transferred to Buda, and with the support of Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, became the Royal Hungarian University. It was named Royal University of Pest until 1873, then University of Budapest until 1921, when it was renamed Pázmány Péter University after its founder Péter Pázmány. The Faculty of Science started its autonomous life in 1949 when The Faculty of Theology was separated from the university. The university received its current name in 1950, after one of its most well-known physicists, Baron Loránd Eötvös.

Freedom of press
- https://www.ft.com/content/50488256-60af-11e6-ae3f-77baadeb1c93 Orban tightens grip on Hungary’s media

hungarians (people)
- https://www.quora.com/How-can-I-have-20-Iberian-ethnicity-on-a-DNA-test-if-my-ancestors-back-to-1800-were-Hungarians

History
- reference

• Antonio Bonfini (Latin variant: Antonius Bonfinius) (1434–1503) was an Italian humanist and poet who spent the last years of his career as a court historian in Hungary with King Matthias Corvinus.^[1] Bonfini was commissioned by Matthias Corvinus to produce a work chronicling the History of Hungary. The book was named Historia Pannonica: Sive Hungaricarum Rerum Decades IV.^[
• Gesta hungarorum

- The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, also Hungarian conquest or Hungarian land-taking (Hungarian: honfoglalás: "conquest of the homeland") was a series of historical events ending with the settlement of the Hungarian people in Central Europe at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. Before the arrival of the Hungarians, three early medieval powers, the First Bulgarian Empire, East Francia and Moravia had fought each other for control of the Carpathian Basin. They occasionally hired Hungarian horsemen as soldiers. Therefore, the Hungarians who dwelt on the Pontic steppes east of the Carpathians were familiar with their future homeland when their "land-taking" started. The Hungarian conquest started in the context of a "late or 'small' migration of peoples". Contemporary sources attest that the Hungarians crossed the Carpathian Mountains following a joint attack in 894 or 895 by the Pechenegs and Bulgarians against them. They first took control over the lowlands east of the river Danube and attacked and occupied Pannonia (the region to the west of the river) in 900. They exploited internal conflicts in Moravia and annihilated this state sometime between 902 and 906. The Hungarians strengthened their control over the Carpathian Basin by defeating a Bavarian army in a battle fought at Brezalauspurc on July 4, 907. They launched a series of plundering raids between 899 and 955 and also targeted the Byzantine Empire between 943 and 971. However, they gradually settled in the Basin and established a Christian monarchy, the Kingdom of Hungary around 1000. 

• The tribes settled, but conducted raids to the west, returning to the settlements for winter. The period is known as the “Era of Adventures" in Hungarian historiography. At least 42 such raids were conducted cca. 865-970 CE.They suffered a catastrophic defeat in 955 at Augsburg. Tradition has it that all were killed except for 7 who were sent back with ears and noses cut off as a warning. They are known as the mournful Hungarians or heroes (gyászmagyarok, gyászvitézek).It was partially due to this and other defeats that the leaders of the tribes decided to accept christianity and a crown from Rome and Byzantium to form the Hungarian Kingdom in 1000 CE.BTW, 896 is of course again a traditional date. In reality the settlement took place over several decades.https://www.quora.com/In-896AD-the-Magyars-swept-into-what-would-become-known-as-Hungary-Arpad-decided-he-wanted-to-settle-down-but-several-groups-werent-done-fighting-and-went-west-to-France-and-Spain-What-happened-to-that-offshoot-of
• https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-the-inhabitants-of-what-is-now-Hungary-after-the-Magyar-invasion-and-settlement a story about my father’s people - the Székely. They are an ethnically and linguistically Magyar people living in the eastern Carpathian basin, a geography of mountains and plateaus.They have had a long-held traditional belief that:they are remnants of the Huns, who ruled the area in the 5th centurythey welcomed the conquering Magyars in their own language in the 9th century.Around the world, it is in hill and mountain country that groups are safe from flood and war, and can hang on to their language and culture better. The Székely live on the inner rim of the Carpathians. The Huns or Avars occupied the center of the basin for generations until they were displaced by other peoples. It seems easy to believe that remnants of these peoples could remain in the surrounding mountains and plateaus.

- The Battle of Mohács (Hungarian: [ˈmohaːt͡ʃ]; Hungarian: Mohácsi csata, Turkish: Mohaç Muharebesi) was one of the most consequential battles in Central European history. It was fought on 29 August 1526 near Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary, between the forces of the Kingdom of Hungary, led by Louis II, and those of the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent. The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania. Further, the death of Louis II as he fled the battle marked the end of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Hungary and Bohemia, whose dynastic claims passed to the House of Habsburg. The Battle of Mohács marked the end of the Middle Ages in Hungary.

- Das Heanzenland, auch Hianzenland, Hoanzenland oder – als hochsprachlicher Versuch – Heinzenland genannt,^[2] war eine Bezeichnung für Deutsch-Westungarn, das spätere Burgenland, das ein Jahrtausend lang Teil des Königreichs Ungarn war. 
Am 22. November 1918 wurde sogar die kurzlebige Republik Heinzenland in Mattersburgausgerufen.^[7][8] Der Name Heanzenland wird heute noch für das Mittel- und Südburgenland verwendet.

• The Republic of Heinzenland (German: Republik Heinzenland; German pronunciation: [ʁepuˈbliːk 'haɪntsn̩lant]) was a short-lived and unrecognized nation in the region now known as the Austrian federal state of Burgenland, aimed at protecting the German-speaking population in Western Hungary. The state was a direct result of the disputes in Central Europe following the First World War on the future of Burgenland under either Austrian or Hungarian control. Its main leader was Social Democratic politician Hans Suchard. Due to its short life, it is known as the "Two-day Republic".The name "Heinzenland" is derived from the German name for Western Hungary, Heanzenland, Hianzenland, or Hoanzenland^[1] (Heinzenland in Standard German).
• Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, early pioneer of antiseptic procedures, was of German ancestry, his father was an ethnic German (hienc, stem from Heanzenland)

- The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement of 1920 to formally end World War I between most of the Allies of World War I and the Kingdom of Hungary, the latter being one of the successor states toAustria-Hungary. The treaty regulated the status of an independent Hungarian state and defined its borders. It left Hungary as a landlocked state. Five of the pre-war kingdom's ten largest cities were drawn into other countries. The treaty limited Hungary's army to 35,000 officers and men, while the Austro-Hungarian Navyceased to exist. The principal beneficiaries of the treaty's territorial division were the Kingdom of Romania, the Czechoslovak Republic, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). One of the main elements of the treaty was the doctrine of "self-determination of peoples" and it was an attempt to give the non-Hungarians their own national states. In addition, Hungary had to pay war reparations to its neighbours. The treaty was dictated by the Allies rather than negotiated and the Hungarians had no option but to accept its terms. The Hungarian delegation signed the treaty under protest on 4 June 1920 at the Grand Trianon Palace inVersailles, France. The treaty was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 24 August 1921. 

• https://www.quora.com/Why-do-people-still-claim-that-the-Treaty-of-Trianon-was-fair-and-just-when-33-of-Hungarians-were-left-outside-the-new-borders-of-Hungary

- The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság), also known as the Regency, existed from 1920 to 1946 as a de facto^{note 1}country under Regent Miklós Horthy. Horthy officially represented the Hungarian monarchy of Charles IV, Apostolic King of Hungary. Attempts by Charles IV to return to the throne were prevented by threats of war from neighbouring countries and by the lack of support from Horthy. The country has been regarded by some historians to have been a client state of Germany from 1938 to 1944.^[6] The Kingdom of Hungary under Horthy was an Axis Power during most of World War II. In 1944, after Horthy's government negotiated secretly with the Allies, and considered to leave the war as well, Hungary was occupied by Nazi Germany and Horthy was deposed. The Arrow Cross Party's leader Ferenc Szálasi established a new Nazi-backed government, effectively turning Hungary into a German-occupied puppet state.

• https://www.thenewslens.com/article/111155

-  The Arrow Cross Party (Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement") was a national socialist party led by Ferenc Szálasi, which led a government in Hungary known as the Government of National Unity from 15 October 1944 to 28 March 1945. During its short rule, ten to fifteen thousand civilians (many of whom were Jews, or Romani) were murdered outright, and 80,000 people were deported from Hungary to various concentration camps in Austria. After the war, Szálasi and other Arrow Cross leaders were tried as war criminals by Hungarian courts. Note the arrow cross (red and green) sign
- The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 or theHungarian Uprising of 1956 (Hungarian:1956-os forradalom or felkelés) was a nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and itsSoviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956. Though leaderless when it first began, it was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR's forces drove out Nazi Germany from its territory at the end of World War II and broke into Central and Eastern Europe. The revolt began as a student demonstration, which attracted thousands as they marched through central Budapestto the Parliament building, calling out on the streets using a van with loudspeakers via Radio Free Europe. A student delegation, entering the radio building to try to broadcast the students' demands, was detained. When the delegation's release was demanded by the demonstrators outside, they were fired upon by the State Security Police (ÁVH) from within the building. One student died and was wrapped in a flag and held above the crowd. This was the start of the revolution. As the news spread, disorder and violence erupted throughout the capital. The revolt spread quickly across Hungaryand the government collapsed. Thousands organised into militias, battling the ÁVH and Soviet troops. Pro-Soviet communists and ÁVH members were often executed or imprisoned and former political prisoners were released and armed. Radical impromptu workers' councils wrested municipal control from the ruling Hungarian Working People's Party and demanded political changes. A new government formally disbanded the ÁVH, declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact, and pledged to re-establish free elections. By the end of October, fighting had almost stopped and a sense of normality began to return. After announcing a willingness to negotiate a withdrawal of Soviet forces, the Politburochanged its mind and moved to crush the revolution. On 4 November, a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country. The Hungarian resistance continued until 10 November. Over 2,500 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops were killed in the conflict, and 200,000 Hungarians fled as refugees. Mass arrests and denunciations continued for months thereafter. By January 1957, the new Soviet-installed government had suppressed all public opposition. These Soviet actions, while strengthening control over the Eastern Bloc, alienated many Western Marxists, leading to splits and/or considerable losses of membership forCommunist Parties in the West. Public discussion about this revolution was suppressed in Hungary for more than 30 years. Since the thaw of the 1980s, it has been a subject of intense study and debate. At the inauguration of the Third Hungarian Republic in 1989, 23 October was declared a national holiday.

• https://libcom.org/history/united-nations-report-hungarian-uprising-1956 By the end of 1962 a tacit agreement began to emerge whereby the Hungarian regime – at least in the diplomatic sense – might be given absolution in return for a full amnesty and the freeing of political prisoners sent to jail after the Revolution. Under the aegis of this agreement, and following an American initiative, the UN General Assembly passed another resolution on December 20, 1962, effectively abandoning the Hungarian question. 

Change of names of landmark
- http://www.politics.hu/20110426/us-embassy-says-understands-renaming-budapests-roosevelt-square/

The Balassi Institute (Hungarian: Balassi Intézet) is a worldwide non-profit cultural organization funded by the ministry of education and culture of Hungary. The institute spreads and promotes Hungarian language and culture abroad. The Institute plays a key role in developing and attaining Hungary’s objectives in the area of cultural diplomacy. As an organizational hub, it coordinates and directs all activities provided by Hungarian institutes abroad. It is named after Hungarian Renaissance lyric poet Bálint Balassi.



Hungarian (language)
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-Hungarians-keep-their-unique-language-even-though-surrounded-by-Indo-European-language-speakers
- many basic Hungarian words are monosyllabic and resemble or could be English words, e.g. toj ‘egg’, szaj ‘mouth’, fog ‘tooth’, hat ‘six’, hét ‘seven’, tíz ‘ten’, húsz ‘twenty’, száz ‘hundred’, sör ‘beer’, bor ‘wine’, van ‘is’, nincs ‘there is none’. Then there are gazdag ‘rich’ and boldog ‘happy’.https://www.quora.com/Which-non-Indo-European-language-has-the-most-similar-phonology-to-English
- "sz"

• In the beginning, /z/ and /s/ were both marked with “ʒ”, while /sh/ was represented by runatic “ſ”. As “ſ” morphed to “s”, and /z/ and /s/ are needed to separate, /z/ became “z”, and /s/ required a new letter. It was the “sz”, which is the combination of Indo-European “s” + traditional “z”https://www.quora.com/In-what-languages-do-you-pronounce-the-sz-as-an-s

- Szégyen a futás, de hasznos Translation: "Running is a shame, but useful."
Meaning: Choose your battles.
- Zengő ABC - alphabet song in hungarian
- relation with finnish

• https://www.quora.com/How-similar-are-Finnish-and-Hungarian I would say that the phonetics are quite similar and there are some grammatical similarities, but that’s about it. I find it very easy to read a written Finnish text accurately as the phonemes in each language are very similar, whereas in English they’re often completely different. However, the truth is that English is closer to Sanskrit or Persian than Hungarian is to Finnish, so I wouldn’t make too much out of it.

- comparison with other languages

• https://www.quora.com/Are-there-any-languages-that-are-mutually-intelligible-with-Hungarian There are two languages spoken in the westernmost part of Siberia in Russia, the Khanty and Mansi languages which are probably the closest languages to Hungarian, although are not mutually intelligible with it - they are related because all three are Ugric.

hungarian (people)

- according to some Hungarian scholars (like Imre Boba, if I’m not mistaken). Namely, that theory suggests that the name “Hungarian” comes from the name of the tribe of the Onogurs (also known as Onogondurs), which was the leading tribe of Kubrat’s Old Great Bulgaria (also known as Patria Onoguria). Some have even speculated that the early ruling dynasties of the Bulgars and Hungarians might have been two branches of the same dynasty, ruling over different tribes (kind of like how just a bit over a century ago the rulers of Great Britain, Portugal, Belgium and Bulgaria were/are members of the same dynasty). But that’s nothing more than speculation. In any case, there are other theories for the origin of the Hungarian name (f.e. the Gesta Hungarorum claims it comes from Hungrad, the first stronghold captured during the Honfoglalas) and, of course, there’s also the point that “Hungarian” is an exonym, whereas the Hungarians even today call themselves Magyars in their own language.https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-name-of-the-Bulgarians-before-being-conquered-by-the-Hungarians-after-which-they-were-later-named-Is-it-true-that-before-that-they-belonged-to-Serbian-tribes-and-called-themselves-Serbs

literature
- Sebestyén "Lantos" Tinódi (c. 1510 in Tinód – 30 January 1556 in Sárvár) was a 16th-century Hungarian lyricist, epic poet, political historian, and minstrel.Little is known about Tinódi's childhood. He attended various schools and studied Latin, and excelled at sheet music. He joined the military service in 1535 and in 1539 was wounded in a battle, which rendered him ineligible for further military service. In 1541, when Turks invaded, it made a big impression on him. He became a political poet at this time, his works expressing the need to resist the Turks.

• 「公牛血」一 說很快出現在匈牙 利抵禦奧斯曼帝國 入侵的歷史和文學 作品中。據傳，在 寫作中最早使用這 一詞彙的是十六世紀詩人塞帕什基尼．蒂 諾第。塞帕什基尼出身農奴，長期在全國 各地流浪，接觸下層人民，聽到許多匈牙 利人反抗奧斯曼帝國侵略的戰鬥故事，其 中包括埃格爾保衛戰的英雄事跡。他於是 運用當時流行的歌謠形式將戰事目擊者的 講述記錄下來，納入一五五四年出版的《 編年史》中。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171118/PDF/b6_screen.pdf

- Baron Bálint Balassi de Kékkő et Gyarmat (Hungarian: Gyarmati és kékkői báró Balassi Bálint, Slovak: Valentín Balaša; 20 October 1554 – 30 May 1594) was a Hungarian Renaissance lyric poet. He wrote mostly in Hungarian,^[4] but was also proficient in further eight languages: Latin, Italian, German, Polish, Turkish, Slovak, Croatian and Romanian.^[4] He is the founder of modern Hungarian lyric and erotic poetry.Balassi was born at Zólyom in the Kingdom of Hungary (today Zvolen, Slovakia). He was educated by the reformer Péter Bornemissza and by his mother, the highly giftedProtestant zealot, Anna Sulyok.

• 一位較早使用這一詞彙的是十六世 紀末的著名抒情詩人巴拉塞．巴林特。在 埃格爾戰役發生二十多年後，巴拉塞作為 軍官駐守埃格爾城，並迎娶當年那位城防 司令多布的女兒為妻。他在以戰歌形式創 作的《勇士之歌》中，對這場戰鬥也有生 動的描述。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171118/PDF/b6_screen.pdf

- János Arany (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈjaːnoʃ ˈɒrɒɲ]; archaically English: John Arany;^[1] 2 March 1817—22 October 1882) was a Hungarian journalist, writer, poet, and translator.^[2] He is often said to be the "Shakespeare of ballads"

• 阿蘭尼不但關心匈牙利當時的革命鬥爭， 還從歷史故事中取材撰寫了不少歌謠，其 中最著名的是一八五三年創作的激發人們 愛國感情的《埃格爾的姑娘》。他熱 愛這座歷史名城，熟悉其遭逢，於一八九 九年創作長篇歷史小說《埃格爾之星》。 這小說生動地記述了埃格爾保衛戰中激動 人心的 「公牛血」故事，塑造了以城防司 令多布為代表的諸多英雄人物，再現了匈 牙利人民當年不畏強暴、不怕犧牲、機智 勇敢的愛國主義精神。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171118/PDF/b6_screen.pdf
• The Bards of Wales (Hungarian: A walesi bárdok) is a ballad by the Hungarian poet János Arany, written in 1857. 

religion
- Magyarok Istene

• https://www.quora.com/Do-Hungarians-accept-their-Finno-Ugric-origin

music
- http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom/tkt/magyarsag-nepzeneje/ch09.html

electronic library
- http://mek.oszk.hu/indexeng.phtml

ethnic people
-塞凱伊人 The Székelys (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈseːkɛj]), sometimes also referred to as Szeklers(Hungarian: székelyek, Romanian: Secui, German: Szekler, Latin: Siculi), are a subgroup^[5][6] of the Hungarian people living mostly in the Székely Land in Romania. A significant population descending from the Székelys of Bukovina lives in Tolna and Baranya counties in Hungaryand in certain districts of Vojvodina, Serbia. In the Middle Ages, the Székelys, along with the Transylvanian Saxons, played a key role in the defense of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Ottomans^[7] in their posture as guards of the eastern border. With the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, Transylvania (including the Székely Land) became part of Romania, and the Székely population was a target of Romanianization efforts.^[8] In 1952, during the Socialist Republic of Romania, the former province of Mureș, Romania (with the highest concentration of Székely population), was legally designated as the Hungarian Autonomous Region. It was superseded in 1960 by the Mureș-Hungarian Autonomous Region, itself divided in 1968 into three non-autonomous counties, Harghita, Covasna and Mureș.^[9]In post-Cold War Romania, where the Székelys form roughly half of the ethnic Hungarian population, members of the group have been among the most vocal of Hungarians seeking an autonomousHungarian region in Transylvania.
- roma

• A Hungarian school unlawfully segregated minority Roma students for years, the country’s top court said in a final ruling on Tuesday, granting 100 million forints (US$310,000) in compensation to the children’s families. Nationalist Prime Minister Viktor Orban, who is at odds with the European Union for his perceived erosion of the rule of law, hinted in January that the state should disobey any court order to pay restitution to the Roma and provide training instead.https://www.chinadailyhk.com/article/130352#Hungarian-top-court-rules-Roma-unlawfully-segregated-awards-damages

Jews
- The Hungarian numerus clausus was introduced in 1920. Though the text did not use the term Jew, it was nearly the only group overrepresented in higher education^{[citation needed]}. The policy is often seen as the first Anti-Jewish Act of twentieth century Europe.^[7] Its aim was to restrict the number of Jews to 6%, which was their proportion in Hungary at that time; the rate of Jewish students was approximately 15% in the 1910s.^[8] In 1928—because of the pressure of liberal capital and League of Nations—a less explicit version of the act was passed. In the period of 1938–1945 the anti-Jewish acts were revitalised and eventually much worsened, partly due to German Nazi pressure, and in hope of revising theTreaty of Trianon with the help of Germany.^[8] Many Hungarian scientists such as Edward Teller emigrated partly because of the numerus clausus.

turks
- The Busójárás (Hungarian, meaning "Busó-walking"; in Croatian: Pohod bušara^[1]) is an annual celebration of the Šokciliving in the town of Mohács, Hungary, held at the end of the Carnival season ("Farsang"), ending the day before Ash Wednesday. The celebration features Busós (people wearing traditional masks) and includes folk music, masquerading, parades and dancing. Busójárás lasts six days, usually during February. It starts on a Thursday, followed by the Kisfarsang(Little Farsang) carnival on Friday, with the biggest celebration, Farsang vasárnap (Farsang Sunday) on the seventh Sunday before Easter Sunday; the celebration then ends with Farsangtemetés (Burial of Farsang) on the following Tuesday (Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras). These traditional festivities have been inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of the UNESCO in 2009. Locals explain the Carnival with two related but different legends.According to the most popular legend, during the Ottoman times of the territory, people from Mohács fled the town, and started living in the nearby swamps and woods to avoid Ottoman (Turkish) troops. One night, while they were sitting and talking around the fire, an old Šokac man appeared suddenly from nowhere, and said to them: "Don't be afraid, your lives will soon turn to good and you'll return to your homes. Until that time, prepare for the battle, carve various weapons and scary masks for yourselves, and wait for a stormy night when a masked knight will come to you." He disappeared as suddenly as he arrived. The refugees followed his orders, and some days later, on a stormy night, the knight arrived. He ordered them to put on their masks and go back to Mohács, making as much noise as possible. They followed his lead. The Turks were so frightened by the noise, the masks, and the storm in the night, that they thought demons were attacking them, and they ran away from the town before sunrise. In the older, less popular story, the busós are scaring away not the Turks but Winter itself. In any case, the locals have celebrated the Busójárás in early February every year ever since, hosting "guest Busó teams" from neighbouring countries (Croatia and Serbia, local Šokci Croats and Slovenia) and also from Poland.

USA
- In a showdown with Prime Minister Viktor Orban, Central European University, established by Soros in 1991, said a bill submitted to parliament by Human Resources Minister Zoltan Balog targets the school “directly” and must be withdrawn. Balog, who’s in charge of education, said “national security considerations” and ensuring that university courses meet “foreign policy priorities” required amending current legislation. “The United States is very concerned about the legislation proposed by the Hungarian government yesterday that would severely impact the operations of the Central European University in Budapest,” U.S. Charge d’Affaires in Hungary David Kostelancik said in an emailed statement on Wednesday. The U.S. “opposes any effort to compromise the operations or independence of the University,” he said. The bill proposes tightening regulations on non-EU universities issuing diplomas in Hungary, forcing them to close if there’s no bilateral agreement with their home countries. CEU, which is accredited both in the U.S. and in Hungary, doesn’t have such an agreement. Another rule would require universities to have a campus in their “home” countries as well, a regulation which CEU alone doesn’t meet among 28 institutions reviewed, Education Ministry State Secretary Laszlo Palkovics told reporters.
- https://www.ft.com/content/b7f5717a-9dd5-11e7-9a86-4d5a475ba4c5 Hungary’s rightwing government is launching a “national consultation” on an alleged plan by George Soros to flood Europe with immigrants, in a sign that the billionaire philanthropist will be a target in the ruling Fidesz party’s campaign to be elected for a third term next spring. Government officials confirmed that a budget has been earmarked to send a questionnaire and an explanatory letter to about 8m voters concerning the Hungary-born Mr Soros’ supposed views.

EU
- http://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/12/the-associated-press-eu-launches-probe-of-hungarian-education-law.html The European Union's executive arm questioned Hungary's commitment to the bloc's fundamental values Wednesday as it launched an investigation of a new law which is widely seen in Europe as targeting a Bucharest university founded by billionaire George Soros.

Russia
- Hungary’s prime minister Viktor Orban joined forces with Vladimir Putin on Thursday to criticise western sanctions against Russia, showing Budapest’s tighter embrace of Moscow as a political and trade partner. https://www.ft.com/content/f1f4482a-e96b-11e6-893c-082c54a7f539

russia and turkey

- https://www.quora.com/Do-Eastern-Europeans-like-Russia-or-Turkey-more  the 4th of April was a national holiday called Liberation Day in Hungary, during communism , where people were practically forced to celebrate the start of the Soviet occupation of the country in 1945. Make no mistake, the beginning of the Soviet occupation certainly was a liberation in a way, as it put an end to the Nazi occupation of Hungary, saved lives of Hungarian Jews, meant the end of WW II for Hungary etc. On the other hand the liberation also meant the destruction and/or confiscation of most of the countries infrastructure, not to mention the mass raping of Hungarian women of all age groups* and countless other atrocities. The following ca. 44 years meant oppression for most of the people, and the end of a millennium of connection to the Western world.See, the 150 years of Ottoman occupation(from 1541 to 1689) was an “honest” occupation of a more honest time. Never have I ever read a historical document of the era, which stated, that the Turkish troops were temporarily staying in Hungary (which was a running joke regarding the Soviet troops), nor one, that viewed the era as liberating for the Hungarians. It was occupation and annexation, that’s all. Also it ended ten generations ago, so the wounds in our collective memory are more or less healed.So, to finally answer the question, I believe people in Hungary tend to have more or less positive (or at least neutral) feelings towards Turkey and maybe a slightly more bitter feelings towards Russia, especially the older generations.

japan
- 二十四歲的佳子公主，由奧地利轉往匈牙利展開訪問，她再次穿上和服，與匈牙利總統艾德會面，上周六在布達佩斯出席晚宴，慶祝日本與匈牙利建交一百五十周年。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190923/00180_036.html


China
- leaders visit

•  中國國務院總理李克強當地時間29日上午在布達佩斯總統府會見匈牙利總統阿戴爾。當地時間28日下午李克強在布達佩斯國會大廈同匈牙利總理歐爾班舉行會談，並於會談後共同會見記者。李克強表示，中國視匈牙利為在中東歐的 重要合作夥伴，將鼓勵更多有實力的中國企業到匈投資興業。李克強和歐爾班又共同見證了兩國政治、經貿、金融、人文等領域11個雙邊合作文件的簽署。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/11/30/a07-1130.pdf

- silk road

• 中國外交部長王毅當地時間6日在布達佩斯同匈牙利外長西亞爾托舉行了會談。會談後共見記者時，王毅表示，兩國應共同努力，推動中方「一帶一路」倡議與匈方「向東開放」政策的戰略對接。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/06/08/a21-0608.pdf, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150608/PDF/a9_screen.pdf, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1818243/hungary-first-europe-sign-chinas-new-silk-road-plan Hungary has become the first European country to sign a cooperation pact for China's New Silk Road initiative to develop trade and transport infrastructure across Asia and beyond, in a move other European countries are expected to follow. The move will also boost the popularity of the Beijing-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in Europe, prompting more nations to either invest in or apply for loans from the bank in future, analysts say. Foreign Minister Wang Yi on Saturday signed a memorandum of understanding with his Hungarian counterpart Peter Szijjarto in Budapest to cooperate in the New Silk Road network - China's "One Belt, One Road" strategy to link Asia and Europe economically.
• 11 月30日，中國與匈牙利 「一帶一路」工作 組首次會議在北京舉行，參加開幕式的中 國外交部長王毅形容這是首個 「一帶一路 」政府間工作會議http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161201/PDF/a7_screen.pdf

- rmb

• http://www.reuters.com/article/hungary-debt-yuan-idUSL5N17G3S5 Hungary has mandated the Bank of China Ltd to arrange a yuan-denominated sovereign bond of benchmark size, which would be the first such issue from Central Europe. The announcement fits into the plans of Prime Minister Viktor Orban's government, whose efforts to build closer economic ties with China have involved joint projects in finance and infrastructure in the past few years.
• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-01/24/content_28041573.htm Bank of China in Hungary and China UnionPay issued the first Chinese renminbi and Hungarian forint debit card here on Monday. This is the first renminbi bank card to be issued in Europe by Bank of China.
• 自去年12月起，中国银行间外汇市场开展人民币对匈牙利福林直接交易。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171127/PDF/a6_screen.pdf

- railway and maritime transport

• http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/06/26/a30-0626.pdf 東歐國家遇到了發展的瓶頸，就是沒有金錢發 展高速鐵路和河流水利工程。 匈牙利改變顏色以後，急速走向市場經濟，但 到來。歐盟制訂了發展的規劃，可以給予貸款， 隨之而來的是人才大量流失，西方的投資卻沒有 內，連貸款也拿不到。 但是匈牙利並不列入高速鐵路和航行水利的計劃之 在這樣的背景下，匈牙利決定採取 ﹁向東看 ﹂的策 歐洲的交通樞紐。 航運的基礎設施，將匈牙利真正建成中國多瑙河進入 牙利，再運到中國。匈牙利政府急於升級改造多瑙河 洲。歐洲許多產品亦可以通過航運的路線，集中到匈 到達匈牙利，然後通過多瑙河，把貨物運到整個歐 可到達希臘的比雷埃夫斯港口，沿着高速鐵路北上， 資，匈塞鐵路將會延長到馬其頓和希臘。中國的貨物 這個二十八點九億美元的項目提供百分之八十五的融 線改造為複線，實現全程電氣化和高速化。中國將向 進行了現代化改造，還需將其餘三百三十四公里的單 長度三百七十四公里，目前塞爾維亞段已有四十公里 河流域的航運基建工程。匈牙利到塞爾維亞的鐵路總 略，積極和中國合作，提出興建匈塞鐵路和改善多瑙
• 布达佩斯至长沙国际货运回程班列首发仪式27日在布达佩斯多式联运物流中心举行，这标誌着布达佩斯至长沙的中欧班列回程线路正式开通。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171129/PDF/a9_screen.pdf

- automobile

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171127/PDF/a6_screen.pdf今年9月11日，比亚迪在匈牙利北部城市科马罗姆设立的电动大巴工厂首辆电动客车下线。

- wine

• The Association of Hungarian Handmade Wines has organized events for several years to explain the country's wine culture to Chinese drinkers. It has produced Hungarian Wines in Chinese Gastronomy, written by Agnes Herczeg and published in both Hungarian and Chinese, which explains how to match different Hungarian wines with Chinese dishes. The best-known Hungarian brands in China are the "Tokaji" and "Egri Bikaver" (Bull's Blood), but there is growing interest in other Hungarian brands as well, agriculture expert Agnes Karteszi told Chinese media in 2012. "This is partly due to the fact that a relatively large number of Hungarian winemakers are represented in major wine exhibitions and wine dinners with high-quality wines." Hungary's wine tradition has reached Chinese drinkers in another way: Hungarian oak is used by several winemakers in China, including award-winning Helan Qingxue. Hungarian barrel maker Trust Hungary announced in 2014 it would build a cooperage in the Huailai area in China's Hebei province after signing a joint venture deal with local wine producer Huailai Amethyst Winery. The volcanic soil of Tokaj means that oak trees grow more slowly, producing wood with a greater hardness; all of the barrels made in China are produced with imported Hungarian oak.http://www.chinadailyasia.com/lifeandart/2016-07/19/content_15464832_3.html

- Investors from China (source: Invest in Europe booklet by EU office to HK and macao)

• Wanhua Group
• Huawei
• ZTE
• Bank of China
• Haier
• Lenovo
• Inspur
• http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016-10/11/content_27028065.htm BYD, China's leading electric automaker, is to invest 20 million euro to construct a bus assembly plant in Hungary, the first one to be built by a Chinese car maker in Europe.

- chinese in hungary

• http://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-china-hungary-idUSKCN1250RN A "residency bond" scheme, launched in 2013, has attracted thousands of mostly affluent Chinese keen to enjoy the cleaner air, educational opportunities and the more relaxed pace of life that Europe offers - and, unlike the refugees fleeing conflicts in the Middle East, these immigrants feel very welcome. "It's a successful scheme because it brings money into the country and not a penny leaves the country," Orban told parliament on Monday in reply to opposition questions. Yan Ding, who arrived in Budapest with his wife and young daughter in April 2015, is not untypical of the nearly 10,000 Chinese who have moved to Hungary under the scheme.

• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2016-09/28/content_26922852.htm Yu Zemin is known as the spokesman for Hungarian writers in China's literarycircles. The Budapest-based translator and author has introduced many well-knownnovelists from the country to Chinese readers through translations and his ownwritings.

- confucius institute

• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-01/18/content_27984436.htm Zsuzsanna Karsai is the first European to be recruited by the Confucius Institute amonggraduates of the master's program on teaching Chinese to speakers of other languages, andshe's now teaching Chinese in Budapest.

- The Beijing Hungarian Cultural Institute is located at the heart of Beijing, opening its gates to the public on November 13, 2013, at the magnificent Galaxy SOHO, designed by Zaha Hadid. The location was selected as a symbolic gesture: Hungarian cultural diplomacy is not only meant to impart Hungarian traditions and heritage, but also to put an emphasis on current trends as well, thus the institute settled in the state of the art building complex, reminiscent of the Chinese siheyuan concept.https://peking.mfa.gov.hu/eng/page/a-pekingi-magyar-kulturalis-intezet



- education

• 中匈两国政府共同筹建的中匈双语学校是中东欧地区唯一同时使用当地语言和汉语教学的公立学校，去年该校增设高中部，开启匈牙利汉语教学的“全贯通”时代。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171127/PDF/a6_screen.pdf

- film

• http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-04/24/c_136232337_3.htm 2017 Chinese Film Festival at the Urania National Film Theater in Budapest, Hungary, on April 23, 2017

- cny celebration

• 　中国狗年，远在欧洲的匈牙利也有活动庆祝。当地邮政公司早前发行了2018年中国狗年生肖邮票，此举并可推动两地文化交流。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180212/PDF/b11_screen.pdf

Hong kong
- delegation to hk

• 全國政協副主席梁振英昨日會見了來自匈牙利的智庫組織。梁振英向他們介紹了香港在粵港澳大灣區發展中的作用，尤其是作為匈牙利、歐洲其他國家和大灣區的內地城市之間的「超級聯繫人」作用。有關的智庫組織每年5月在匈牙利舉辦「一帶一路」論壇，而且發表研究報告，推動匈牙利及周邊歐洲國家參與「一帶一路」國際合作。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/09/14/a13-0914.pdf

- investors from hk

• ten pao group (1979) factory in hungary  http://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2017/0308/LTN20170308319.pdf

- hungarian in hk

• Photographer dezso bozoky, his pics of old hk were exhibited at hku museum
• Andrew G. Vajna (born András György Vajna; 1 August 1944 – 20 January 2019) was a Hungarian-American film producer. Andrew G. Vajna was born in Budapest in 1944. In 1956 at the age of 12, he fled from Hungary and with the support of Red Cross he made his way alone to Canada. He arrived having no friends and speaking no English. Later on he reunited with his parents in Los Angeles, USA who fled Hungary separately. He studied cinematography at University of California, Los Angeles and then joined the University's Educational Motion Picture Department where he worked on different projects. Preferring being independent Vajna left UCLA to set up his own photo studio, but that venture soon came to end when he broke his leg in a ski accident and business could not operate for 9 months. After his recovery he became a hairdresser and teamed up with a boyhood friend, Gábor Koltai, a wig stylist in Hollywood, to produce high quality wigs. Vajna moved to Hong Kong where he established his own wig manufacturing company, called Gilda Fashion. Finally Vajna sold the firm in 1973. By that time the company employed more than 3,000 people. Vajna launched his career in the entertainment industry with his purchase of motion picture theatres in the Far East. He founded Panasia Films Limited in Hong Kong, a highly profitable venture in the distribution, acquisition and representation of films. After Vajna negotiated the sales of Panasia to Raymond Chow's Golden Harvest Company in 1976, and met Mario Kassar at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, he and the film producer and industry executive formed Carolco, specializing in sales, financing and distribution of films worldwide. Vajna and Kassar had rented a small office in Melrose Avenue where their desks faced each other in the office and Vajna's wife and Kassar's girlfriend were their secretaries. In less than four years, Carolco became one of the top three foreign sales organizations in motion pictures industry. In 1982, Vajna was a founder and then president of the American Film Marketing Association. During that same year, Vajna and Kassar made their film production debut with Rambo: First Blood, starring Sylvester Stallone. First Blood was a success, grossing $120 million internationally. Rambo: First Blood Part II was released in 1985, generating more than $300 million worldwide. Vajna was executive producer with Mario Kassar on such films such as Alan Parker's Angel Heart, and Rambo III. Other projects include Music Box, Mountains of the Moon, Total Recall, Air America, Narrow Margin and Jacob's Ladder. Following his return to his native country, Vajna played an important role in reinforcing Viktor Orbán's government control on the media.^[4] In 2015 he bought the Hungarian TV2 Group,^[5] the country's second-biggest commercial channel. The state-owned lender Eximbank, which usually supports export companies, helped Vajna's acquisition.^[4] In 2015, TV2 won nearly a fifth of state advertising spending, four times more than its nearest rival, according to the independent Hungarian watchdog Mérték Media Monitor.^[6] Under Vajna's ownership, the channel's editorial stance was strongly in favour of the government.^[7] From 2016 until his death he also owned the Rádió 1 radio station.^[8] In 2017 he bought Lapcom Zrt. which includes the tabloid Bors, and the regional dailies Délmagyarország and Kisalföld.

- hk people in hungary

• 90後港女Sabrina卻利用交友App結識匈牙利籍男友，更移居到當地生活。她指當地物業投資是不錯的選擇，回報率可接近一成。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20180611/00269_002.html

Event

- Budapest Contemporary Arts Festival http://cafebudapest.hu