- https://www.quora.com/Do-British-people-pronounce-the-letter-r-in-words-If-not-how-should-I-understand-their-speech
th
- https://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-language-besides-English-that-uses-the-th-sound-or-something-similar
- https://www.quora.com/What-languages-have-trouble-with-the-English-th-sounds
x
- **********https://www.quora.com/Why-is-x-pronounced-differently-at-the-beginning-of-words-and-in-the-middle-end-of-words
@
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-name-of-the-character-and-why-do-we-pronounce-it-as-at-in-an-email-address-Was-that-intended-when-email-addresses-were-created-or-did-people-start-to-say-at-over-time
pronunciation
- https://www.quora.com/Pronunciation-How-did-gh-at-the-end-of-some-words-become-an-eff-sound
- https://www.quora.com/Why-arent-the-e-s-at-the-end-of-the-words-in-English-e-g-bike-line-include-ordinance-etc-pronounced
- scone https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-proper-way-to-pronounce-scone
- https://www.quora.com/Which-British-place-names-are-pronounced-the-furthest-from-how-theyre-spelled
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-pronounce-Leicester
- soft c
- https://www.quora.com/When-did-the-English-pronunciation-of-Latin-shift-hard-to-soft-C-and-I-to-J-sounds
- silent c
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Worcester-pronounced-as-Wooster
- the Proto-Indo-European word *skher- or *sker-, meaning “to divide” or “to separate” or “to distinguish”.A branch of PIE, known as the Italic branch, became Latin. Most of Latin’s words came from PIE in some way, including the word *sker, which had developed into the Latin word scire (pronounced “skeeré”), meaning “to know (a fact)”. It’s not too hard to see the change between the words: when you know a fact, you’re distinguishing the truth from what’s false.Something called palatization happened in a later form of Latin. This means that the letter “c” changed from a “k” sound to a “ts” sound, then later became an “s” sound in French. This meant it was pronounced like “seeré” now. The sci- root entered English in the form of the word “science”: the art of separating the true from the false.The Germanic branch of PIE, the one that would later become English, German, and Swedish, took the word *sker and did something a bit different with it: they turned it into the word *skit-, meaning “poop”. The thinking went that when you poop, you’re separating the feces from your body.In the North Germanic branch, the word stayed roughly the same. In the West Germanic languages, however, a lot of their words went through a different kind of assibilation: the “sk” sound turned into an “sh” sound. Compare North Germanic “skirt” and West Germanic “shirt”; North Germanic “skin” and West Germanic “shin”.
- https://www.quora.com/When-did-the-English-pronunciation-of-Latin-shift-hard-to-soft-C-and-I-to-J-sounds
- r
- Rhoticity in English refers to English speakers' pronunciation of the historical rhotic consonant /r/, and is one of the most prominent distinctions by which varieties of English can be classified. The historical English /r/ sound is preserved in all pronunciation contexts in the "rhotic varieties" of English,[a] which primarily include the English dialects of Scotland, Ireland, and most of the United States and Canada. However, the historical /r/ is not pronounced except before vowels in "non-rhotic varieties", which include most of the dialects of modern England, Wales, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and some parts of the southern and eastern—particularly northeastern[4]—coastal United States. In non-rhotic varieties, speakers no longer pronounce /r/ in postvocalic environments—that is, when it is immediately after a vowel and not followed by another vowel. For example, a rhotic English speaker pronounces the words hard and butter as /ˈhɑːrd/ and /ˈbʌtər/, whereas a non-rhotic speaker "drops" or "deletes" the /r/ sound, pronouncing them as /ˈhɑːd/ and /ˈbʌtə/. A non-rhotic speaker usually still pronounces the /r/ in the phrase "butter and jam" (the linking R), since the /r/ is followed by a vowel in this case.
- often
-"one"
- https://www.quora.com/My-sister-pronounces-the-t-in-often-What-silent-letters-do-you-pronounce Often was pronounced with a t -sound until the 17th century, when a pronunciation without the [t] came to predominate in the speech of the educated, in both North America and Great Britain, and the earlier pronunciation fell into disfavor. Common use of a spelling pronunciation has since restored the [t] for many speakers, and today [aw-fuhn] and [awf-tuhn] [or [of-uhn] and [of-tuhn] ] exist side by side. Although it is still sometimes criticized, often with a [t] is now so widely heard from educated speakers that it has become fully standard once again.
- Two of these are relevant here. First, in southern and western parts of England (Gloucestershire, Devon, Somerset, Cornwall, etc.) the Middle English Great Vowel Shift /ɔː/ → /oʊ/ didn’t happen quite the way it did further east and north. In these regions, it tended to diphthongize with a high vowel /ʊ/ at the beginning of the diphthong instead of the end: /ʊɔ/ instead of /o:(ʊ)/. Thus in these dialects you also get things like stuone, huome, etc. The outcome of this for ‘one’ in these dialects would then be /ʊɔn/, and the initial high vowel quickly shifted to /w/: stwone, hwome, wone. We know this happened not only because these forms survived until fairly recent times, but also because they were attested at the time: William Tyndale in his famous translation of the Bible used won for ‘one’, and Tyndale was from Gloucester.https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-word-one-pronounced-wun
style
- http://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21699107-usage-wars-are-coming-end-and-good-sense-winning-prevailing-winds FOR half a century, language experts have fallen into two camps, with most lexicographers and academic linguists on one side, and traditionalist writers and editors on the other. Should language experts aim to describe the state of the language accurately? (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, in 1961, shocked the world by including common but disparaged “ain’t” and “irregardless”.) Or should they prescribe how the language should be used (“Irregardless ain’t a word”)? Over the decades, the two sides have traded insults; prescribers are authoritarians in denial about the real world and describers are permissivists with no standards. Two authors in the past two years have made clear that it is time to move on. Steven Pinker is a describer, a linguist and cognitive scientist. But in 2014 he published “The Sense of Style”, a guide to good writing that ended with a section of prescriptions: do this, not that. They were grounded in description, not dogma—but prescriptions they were nonetheless.
- https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49137619 Conservative MP Jacob Rees-Mogg began his new role as the leader of the House of Commons by issuing a style guide to all staff members in his new office. His rules, according to ITV News, include banning his staff from using words such as "very", "lot" and "got" when writing to other MPs and members of the public.Mr Rees-Mogg, who was brought into government by the new prime ministerthis week, has also asked staff in his new office to use imperial measurements and refer to non-titled males as "esquire".The guidance was drawn up by Mr Rees-Mogg's North East Somerset constituency team some years ago, but has now been shared with officials in his new office.
-ise / - ize
- https://www.quora.com/Will-American-English-ever-get-rid-of-its-preference-for-z-over-s-for-example-ize-instead-of-ise
-or / -er
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-words-which-refer-to-a-person-who-performs-a-particular-action-end-in-er-and-others-in-or-so-we-have-writer-lawyer-rider-but-also-actor-impersonator-mentor
mister, mrs
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-missus-abbreviated-as-Mrs
they
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-etymology-of-they
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/04/singular-they-voted-word-of-the-decade-by-us-linguists
- economist 18jan2020 "who do they think they are?" the fight over the singular use of "they" has been going on for centuries
yes, no
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-English-word-for-yes-develop-to-add-an-s-at-the-end-unlike-in-other-Germanic-languages
mono, di/bi, tri, poly
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-we-use-the-Greek-prefixes-mono-tri-and-poly-but-the-Latin-prefix-bi-to-denote-quantities-in-math-Why-dont-we-say-dinomial
Informal British English for umbrella, more commonly spelled brolly, though the plural is brollies. The Brits also do not wear raincoats, but rather “Macks,” short for Mackintosh. You find this in the Beatles’s Penny Lane: “…and the banker never wears a Mack, in the pouring rain (It’s very strange.)https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-brolli-Where-did-the-word-come-from
history
- https://www.quora.com/When-was-the-last-time-you-discovered-the-origin-of-a-word-that-absolutely-captivated-you
- ********https://www.quora.com/Which-key-historical-events-contributed-to-the-development-of-the-English-language-How-did-they-contribute First, the migration of the Angles and the Saxons in the 5th century introduced the Germanic idioms to Great Britain. English is named after the Angles, who themselves took their name from Anglia, a peninsula in the Baltic Sea. The Roman Empire had collapsed and the Romanised Celts gave way to the newcomers. By the 7th century, the Germanic language of the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in Great Britain, replacing the languages of Roman Britain (43–409): Common Brittonic, a Celtic language, and Latin, brought to Britain by the Roman occupation. Latin did remain as the scholarly language of the Catholic Church, scholars and law courts. Celtic languages have survived to a degree, including Welsh, still spoken throughout Wales. Half a million people can speak Welsh; that's around 19% of the population. In Ireland, a 2016 census revealed that only 21.4% or 20,586 people said that they spoke Irish daily outside the education system. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon (c. 550–1066 ). From the 8th to the 12th century, Old English gradually transformed through language contact into Middle English. Middle English is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the William the Conqueror in 1066, but it developed further in the period from 1200–1450. The waves of Norse colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with Old Norse, a North Germanic language. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in the Danelaw area around York, which was the centre of Norse colonisation; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and Northern English. With the Norman Conquest in 1066, the now Norsified Old English language was subject to contact with the Old Norman language, a Romance language closely related to Modern French. The Norman language in England eventually developed into Anglo-Norman. Because Norman was spoken primarily by the elites and nobles, while the lower classes continued speaking Anglo-Saxon, the main influence of Norman was the introduction of a wide range of loanwords related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains.Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative cases was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating possession. The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible. By the 12th century Middle English was fully developed, integrating both Norse and Norman features; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around 1500. Middle English literature includes Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, and Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur. In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. The next period in the history of English was Early Modern English (1500–1700). Early Modern English was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift (1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during the reign of Henry V. Around 1430, the Court of Chancery in Westminster began using English in its official documents, and a new standard form of Middle English, known as Chancery Standard, developed from the dialects of London and the East Midlands. In 1476, William Caxton introduced the printing press to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. Literature from the Early Modern period includes the works of William Shakespeare and the translation of the Bible commissioned by King James I. By the late 18th century, the British Empire had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication.
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-letters-that-are-no-longer-used-in-the-English-alphabet
- https://www.quora.com/How-has-English-evolved-to-such-an-extent-that-old-English-is-incomprehensible-to-a-native-English-speaker-today note charter of cnut
reform and development
- https://www.quora.com/What-caused-the-words-island-and-isle-to-become-so-similar-in-spelling-but-from-different-etymological-roots In Old English, the name for “island” was iegland, with the ieg- signifying that it’s in the water. A lot of the g sounds in Old English ended up getting rubbed out as time went on, so eventually it became yland, pronounced more-or-less the same way it is today. But several centuries before that, there was the little matter of the Norman Conquest. For those of you who haven’t studied English linguistic history, 1066 was the most important year, bar none. French became the language of English nobility for generations, and English ceased to be written at all (though most of the people still spoke it). When English did reemerge in written, it had become about 30% French. This includes isle, which is a French word — the modern French is île, but that accent on the i signifies the former presence of a silent s. This came from the Latin insula, completely different from the origin of iegland. But the long i + l sound of isle and the long i + l sound of yland were too similar not to notice. English writers assumed they must be related. “Isle”, with its silent s, was the proper original, while “yland” was a vulgar corruption. Remember: including silent letters shows the world that you know how to spell things correctly, and thus how cultured you are! (This is also the reason why “debt” has a silent “b” — it s was simply dett for a long while, but Latin-obsessed writers wanted to bring it back to the original debitus.)
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-there-a-d-in-the-word-fridge-but-not-in-the-word-refrigeratora full millennium ago, long before the letter J existed, with some Irish monks who were on a mission: de-paganize the Anglo-Saxons. You know, make them Christian, give them a Bible, et cetera. All that fun monk-y business. Should be a fairly easy task, shouldn’t it? All they need to do is…
- https://www.quora.com/Did-the-French-make-any-efforts-to-change-England-s-language-after-William-conquered-it-in-1066 Almost the entire English ruling class was either killed, exiled, or impoverished. The literary life in English that the old elite had fostered was obliterated, and the linguistic standard that it had supported lost all prestige. The English that began to re-emerge as a literary language in the 13th and 14th Centuries wasn’t even directly derived from the West Saxon that is generally called “Old English”. It was based much more on the more “Angle-ish” language of Southeastern England, heavily overlaid with Norman French vocabulary, and with a drastically simplified and French-influenced grammar.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Old-English-so-different-from-Modern-and-Middle-English the ruling class spoke almost exclusively French, while the peasants spoke English. there was little English literature following the invasion, as French was the preferred language of the educated. For a few hundred years, few of the nobility spoke English. What was written in English tended to be localized and improvised, losing much of the complex Old English grammar. In vocabulary, English added a huge number of French words. While the “basic” words (body parts, farm animals, basic concepts) remained at their core Germanic, words dealing with government, administration, art, or more complex concepts became based in French. As a result, English often ended up with two words that more or less meant the same thing, but one being Germanic and the other being French: freedom and liberty; woods and forest; kingly, regal and royal; body and corpse. Over time, subtle differences emerged to use these words slightly differently.
- Modern English spelling developed from about AD 1350 onwards, when—after three centuries of Norman French rule—English gradually became the official language of England again, although very different from before 1066, having incorporated many words of French origin (battle, beef, button, etc.). Early writers of this new English, such as Geoffrey Chaucer, gave it a fairly consistent spelling system, but this was soon diluted by Chancery clerks who re-spelled words based on French orthography[citation needed]. English spelling consistency was dealt a further blow when William Caxton brought the printing press to London in 1476. Having lived in mainland Europe for the preceding 30 years, his grasp of the English spelling system had become uncertain. The Belgian assistants he brought to help him set up his business had an even poorer command of it. As printing developed, printers began to develop individual preferences or "house styles". Furthermore, typesetters were paid by the line and were fond of making words longer. However, the biggest change in English spelling consistency occurred between 1525, when William Tyndale first translated the New Testament, and 1539, when King Henry VIII legalized the printing of English bibles in England. The many editions of these bibles were all printed outside England by people who spoke little or no English. They often changed spellings to match their Dutch orthography. Examples include the silent h in ghost (to match Dutch gheest, which later became geest), aghast, ghastly and gherkin. The silent h in other words—such as ghospel, ghossip and ghizzard—was later removed.
- The first of these periods was from the middle of the 16th to the middle of the 17th centuries AD, when a number of publications outlining proposals for reform were published. Some of these proposals were:
- The Great Vowel Shift was a major series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place, beginning in southern England, primarily between 1350 and the 1600s and 1700s,[1][2] today influencing effectively all dialects of English. Through this vowel shift, all Middle English long vowels changed their pronunciation. In addition, some consonant sounds changed as well, particularly those that became silent; the term Great Vowel Shift is sometimes used to include these consonant changes as well. English spelling was first becoming standardized in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the Great Vowel Shift is responsible for the fact that English spellings now often strongly deviate in their representation of English pronunciations. The Great Vowel Shift was first studied by Otto Jespersen (1860–1943), a Danish linguist and Anglicist, who coined the term.
- https://www.quora.com/In-Early-Modern-English-the-pronunciation-of-%E2%80%9Chousewifery%E2%80%9D-was-%CA%94%C9%A4z%C9%AAf%C9%B9%C9%99i-What-caused-the-apparent-partial-reversal-in-modern-pronunciation
- economist 5oct19 "sticks and stones" the polarisation of politics is producing a new lexicon of insults
- metathesis
old english
- https://www.quora.com/What-letters-were-used-in-Middle-or-Old-English-that-arent-used-anymore
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-02/27/content_23663659.htm
Sitting on the floor of a rehearsal room in east London in leggings, T-shirts andheadbands, a group of teenage dancers laughed about how quickly their language changes, rattling off "old" words still unfamiliar to many older English speakers. "Safe" meaning good, "boomting" or "chungting" meaning good-looking, and "a lie!"as an exclamation of agreement were all deemed to have "died down".
- thee/thou
- pronunciation
- https://www.quora.com/If-I-was-transported-back-in-time-to-England-in-1341-how-difficult-would-it-be-to-communicate
french influence
- https://www.quora.com/What-words-derived-from-the-Irish-language-have-passed-into-common-English-parlance
welsh influence
- https://www.quora.com/Does-English-carry-any-Welsh-influences
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Welsh_origin
spanish adopted into english
- https://www.quora.com/What-Spanish-words-have-been-adopted-in-the-English-language
sansjrit influence
- https://www.quora.com/Is-the-English-word-Brother-derived-from-the-Sanskrit-word-Bhratru-and-the-word-Mother-from-the-Sanskrit-word-Maatru
arabic influence
hebrew influence
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Hebrew_origin
chinese influence
- 「颱風」二字原是從英語typhoon音譯而來，而typhoon的前身，正是普通話「大風」（da feng）的英語串寫版本。書面語的「颱風」，相信是為了與普通「大風」有所分野而衍生。 Ketchup一字原是中國福建人用醃魚和調料做成的鮭汁，味道、質感與顏色都和番茄無關，只是其閩南話讀音近似koe-chiap。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/07/13/a26-0713.pdf
foreign influence
- https://www.quora.com/Which-of-these-English-words-have-Indian-roots-shampoo-safari-spice-or-herb
- https://www.quora.com/Where-did-Irish-first-names-come-from-Are-names-such-as-Criost%C3%B3ir-actually-Gaelic-or-just-made-up-as-an-equivalent-to-Christopher
- https://www.quora.com/How-come-a-language-like-German-has-its-own-words-for-new-scientific-concepts-while-English-often-borrows-words-from-Latin
relationship with dutch and german
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-English-language-closer-to-Dutch-than-it-is-to-German
- English does have a few words that are cognate with the German heißen and the Dutch heten. Like in German and Dutch, these English cognates do relate to concepts of calling, ordering, commanding etc. However, and unlike in German and Dutch, where the relevant words are still in everyday, constant use, the relevant words in English are now rare and archaic - practically obsolete. This is why English-speakers, when German and Dutch are so close to English, often wonder why German and Dutch have a one-word way of expressing this concept of saying what your name is, whereas English needs a whole phrase. The truth is that English does have this one-word concept too, but has to almost all intents and purposes discarded and forgotten it.https://www.quora.com/Why-does-the-English-language-have-no-word-for-my-name-is-like-in-German-hei%C3%9Fen
Linguistic purism in the English language is the belief that words of native origin should be used instead of foreign-derived ones (which are mainly Latinate and Greek). "Native" (inborn) can mean "Anglo-Saxon" (Engelsaxish) or it can be widened to include all Germanic (Theedish) words. In its mildest form, it merely means using existing native words instead of foreign-derived ones (such as using begin instead of commence). In a less mild form, it also involves coining new words from Germanic roots (such as wordstock for vocabulary). In a more extreme form, it also involves reviving native words that are no longer widely used (such as ettle for intend). The resulting language is sometimes called Anglish (coined by the author and humorist Paul Jennings), or Roots English (referring to the idea that it is a "return to the roots" of English). The mild form is often advocated as part of Plain English, but the more extreme form has been and continues to be a fringe movement. English linguistic purism is discussed by David Crystal in the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. The idea dates at least to the inkhorn term controversy of the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 19th century, writers such as Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy and William Barnes advocated linguistic purism and tried to introduce words like birdlore for ornithology and bendsome for flexible. A notable supporter in the 20th century was George Orwell, who advocated what he saw as plain Saxon words over complex Latin or Greek ones, and the idea continues to have advocates today.
-burgh words
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-name-Lincoln-spelled-with-a-silent-l
Posh- http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/sep/22/how-talk-posh-glossary-non-u?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2
- http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/quiz/2014/sep/22/are-you-posh-quiz?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2
you
- https://www.quora.com/Why-isn-t-the-word-you-spelled-with-just-the-letter-U
idioms/common expressions
- https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/common-expressions-musical-origins/
slang
dialects?
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Latin-have-its-colloquial-form-Vulgar-Latin-assuming-its-differences-are-great-because-it-s-given-its-own-name-How-come-there-s-no-such-spoken-form-in-English-or-other-modern-languages-that-it-s-considered-a
usa english
- English word such as tap, lift, boot or bonnet - where an American would use faucet, elevator, trunk or hoodhttps://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-US-the-only-country-which-on-forms-has-a-separate-language-choice-of-English-US-instead-of-English-UK
- https://www.quora.com/When-did-Americans-first-start-to-lose-their-British-accents
accent
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-people-across-Canada-with-minor-exceptions-speak-English-with-the-same-accent-while-people-in-the-USA-speak-with-so-many-different-accents
- https://www.quora.com/If-English-accents-and-dialects-had-honest-slogans-what-would-they-be
- canadian
italians speaking english
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Italians-add-an-e-at-the-end-of-many-words-when-speaking-English
europeans speaking english
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-the-Italians-and-the-French-people-have-a-bad-pronunciation-of-English-and-why-do-they-find-it-difficult-to-improve Think about the good old fellow Mr Smith: how do you pronounce the vowel in his surname? It's something between i and e, shorter than both and bordering on a schwa. It took years to learn to listen to it and to start using it. Most Italians will only know Mr Smeeth.And, case in point, what the heck is a schwa? A mid central neutral vowel? Mid central neutral? What are we, Swiss? Pick a vowel side and stick with it!Then you have your consonants. Specific training is required to learn to say the two “th" sounds. Most won't bother and just say t or f depending on the situation and the alcohol intake. But it's not just that. A lot of English consonants have got a breathy quality, especially clear when saying t or d. We don't do that in Italian, so it ends up like having a foreign accent.
wierd words
- https://www.quora.com/Whats-a-weird-English-word-thats-used-frequently
surname
- The surname Bosque was first found in Essex where they held a family seat as Lords of the Manor. The Saxon influence of English history diminished after the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The language of the courts was French for the next three centuries and the Norman ambience prevailed. But many more family surnames would arrive from the continent after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in the reign of Louis XIV and this Huguenot family name was first referenced in the year 1685 when John and David Bosanquet came to England from their native Languedoc in the south of France and settled in Forest House in Essex.https://www.houseofnames.com/bosque-family-crest Spelling variations of this family name include: Bosanquet, Bosanket, Bosanqet, Bosquet and others.
- leigh
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-English-names-with-English-origin
country names
- https://www.quora.com/Is-France-the-only-European-nation-which-is-spelt-the-same-in-English-as-it-is-in-their-own-language
word with aa
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-English-words-that-have-two-a-next-to-each-other
official use
- English was, in practice, the everyday language of the Court by Chaucer’s time, which was why he (as a courtier himself) was writing in English; not many people outside the Church and courtly rank would have been in a position to read his works, because not many could have afforded to buy books. So we can be pretty sure of this. Chaucer died around 1400. So we can confidently assume that as a late start date for courtly use of English, and that certainly continued through Tudor and Stuart times. It only begins to involve the complications of a new language, German, with the arrival of the Hanoverians. https://www.quora.com/When-did-the-royal-family-of-The-UK-start-speaking-English-as-its-first-language-and-not-French-or-German-anymore
- https://www.quora.com/What-does-the-British-expression-nice-bristols-mean
snob
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-origin-of-the-word-snob
- Snob. In most of the English-speaking world, that’s a person who believes that they are part of a superior group. In Sussex, it’s just another name for “cobbler” (as in, “someone who repairs shoes.”)https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-traditional-local-words-where-you-live-that-have-a-completely-different-meaning-in-normal-English
snot
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-etymology-for-the-word-snot Long before it was used as a word for mucus, he was the Anglian Cheiftan who founded the town of Snottingham, later changed to Nottingham by the Normans. Snein his brother built a hill fort in what is now the district of Snienton Dale. My old miserable school was built over the blasted ridge of that hill fort, and I spent half my life running up and down stairs to attend lessons in classrooms on either side of the hill. Nottinghams was called “Tig Guocobauc” place of the cave dwellers, in Celtic times, until it was settled by the Snottingas, a tribe under the chieftain Snot shortly before 700 AD. They came under the Mercian rule and the settlement is mentioned in 868AD. The tribe, Snottenga derives from an Anglian word for a cave? perhaps the original Germanic word snot is reference to a damp cave on the front of the face? It comes from a simplification of the word Snotta (fresian) and can mean the mucus of the nose - snot - or somebody who is disrespectful, a snotty person. Of course with the Norman invasion we started to use the French term Phlegm, or the Saxon term Bogey for the same word to describe mucus in the early medieval, but it sneaked back into the language in the 14th century from the term for a contemptable person. A dark, slightly slippery, shadowy person… a social cave dweller ?
dinner
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-older-people-use-the-word-dinner-for-lunch-while-younger-people-use-dinner-for-supper-When-did-this-change-or-is-this-a-regional-phenomenon
????
- https://www.quora.com/Which-English-loanwords-by-country-or-language-of-origin-cost-the-most
usa
- association
reform and development
- https://www.quora.com/What-caused-the-words-island-and-isle-to-become-so-similar-in-spelling-but-from-different-etymological-roots In Old English, the name for “island” was iegland, with the ieg- signifying that it’s in the water. A lot of the g sounds in Old English ended up getting rubbed out as time went on, so eventually it became yland, pronounced more-or-less the same way it is today. But several centuries before that, there was the little matter of the Norman Conquest. For those of you who haven’t studied English linguistic history, 1066 was the most important year, bar none. French became the language of English nobility for generations, and English ceased to be written at all (though most of the people still spoke it). When English did reemerge in written, it had become about 30% French. This includes isle, which is a French word — the modern French is île, but that accent on the i signifies the former presence of a silent s. This came from the Latin insula, completely different from the origin of iegland. But the long i + l sound of isle and the long i + l sound of yland were too similar not to notice. English writers assumed they must be related. “Isle”, with its silent s, was the proper original, while “yland” was a vulgar corruption. Remember: including silent letters shows the world that you know how to spell things correctly, and thus how cultured you are! (This is also the reason why “debt” has a silent “b” — it s was simply dett for a long while, but Latin-obsessed writers wanted to bring it back to the original debitus.)
- see also https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-word-where-the-silent-letters-dont-make-sense
…well, they need to invent the English alphabet in order to write said Bible, actually. That’s quite a big first step. The monks had their own variant of the Latin alphabet, but when it comes to pronunciation Latin and Old English have some pretty significant differences. Differences like:
- Old English has a “th” sound that Latin doesn’t have
- Old English has a “gh” sound that Latin doesn’t have
- Old English has an “sh” sound that Latin doesn’t have
- Old English has many vowels that Latin doesn’t have
- And, most importantly for the answer here, Old English has this funny set of “ch”/“j” sounds that Latin doesn’t have - or, at least, didn’t have. The Romance languages are slowly developing their own set of “ch”/“j” sounds, and they’ve got some problems when it comes to their written language, too - see here and here for the story on those.
The Anglo-Saxons already had an alphabet, a variation on the Runes, that their Germanic ancestors had long ago stolen from the Etruscans. Few of the Angles or Saxons were literate, so Runic inscriptions in Old English, like the Franks Casket below, are rare.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Modern-English-so-radically-different-from-Old-English-despite-being-the-same-languageWhen the Normans of the Rollonid dynasty, then the French dynasty of the Plantagenêt of Anjou that took their place, came to England, they enforced the French language. This is how the lowly English peasants that raised oxes would serve “beef” to their lords, or when they raised sheep, they would serve “mutton” to their lords, or when they raised pigs, they would serve “pork” to their lords, or when they killed a “rooster”, they would serve a “cock” to mylord the duke. In the core of the current English language, the most commonly used words are very Germanic indeed (including the Old Norse left by the Danish invaders, before the Normans). But once you leave that core and dive into more sophisticated vocabulary, French and Latin exist in a larger share than Germanic/Norse roots.
- https://www.quora.com/Is-the-English-language-really-Germanic-How-can-you-say-that
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Old-English-so-different-from-Modern-and-Middle-English the ruling class spoke almost exclusively French, while the peasants spoke English. there was little English literature following the invasion, as French was the preferred language of the educated. For a few hundred years, few of the nobility spoke English. What was written in English tended to be localized and improvised, losing much of the complex Old English grammar. In vocabulary, English added a huge number of French words. While the “basic” words (body parts, farm animals, basic concepts) remained at their core Germanic, words dealing with government, administration, art, or more complex concepts became based in French. As a result, English often ended up with two words that more or less meant the same thing, but one being Germanic and the other being French: freedom and liberty; woods and forest; kingly, regal and royal; body and corpse. Over time, subtle differences emerged to use these words slightly differently.
- Modern English spelling developed from about AD 1350 onwards, when—after three centuries of Norman French rule—English gradually became the official language of England again, although very different from before 1066, having incorporated many words of French origin (battle, beef, button, etc.). Early writers of this new English, such as Geoffrey Chaucer, gave it a fairly consistent spelling system, but this was soon diluted by Chancery clerks who re-spelled words based on French orthography[citation needed]. English spelling consistency was dealt a further blow when William Caxton brought the printing press to London in 1476. Having lived in mainland Europe for the preceding 30 years, his grasp of the English spelling system had become uncertain. The Belgian assistants he brought to help him set up his business had an even poorer command of it. As printing developed, printers began to develop individual preferences or "house styles". Furthermore, typesetters were paid by the line and were fond of making words longer. However, the biggest change in English spelling consistency occurred between 1525, when William Tyndale first translated the New Testament, and 1539, when King Henry VIII legalized the printing of English bibles in England. The many editions of these bibles were all printed outside England by people who spoke little or no English. They often changed spellings to match their Dutch orthography. Examples include the silent h in ghost (to match Dutch gheest, which later became geest), aghast, ghastly and gherkin. The silent h in other words—such as ghospel, ghossip and ghizzard—was later removed.
- The first of these periods was from the middle of the 16th to the middle of the 17th centuries AD, when a number of publications outlining proposals for reform were published. Some of these proposals were:
- De recta et emendata linguæ angliæ scriptione (On the Rectified and Amended Written English Language)[4] in 1568 by Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary of State to Edward VI and Elizabeth I
- An Orthographie in 1569 by John Hart, Chester Herald
- Booke at Large for the Amendment of English Orthographie in 1580 by William Bullokar
- Logonomia Anglica in 1621 by Dr. Alexander Gill, headmaster of St Paul's School in London
- English Grammar in 1634 by Charles Butler, vicar of Wootton St Lawrence
These proposals generally did not attract serious consideration because they were too radical or were based on an insufficient understanding of the phonology of English.[6] However, more conservative proposals were more successful. James Howell in his Grammar of 1662 recommended minor changes to spelling, such as changing logique to logic, warre to war, sinne to sin, toune to town and tru to true.[6] Many of these spellings are now in general use. From the 16th century AD onward, English writers who were scholars of Greek and Latin literature tried to link English words to their Graeco-Latin counterparts. They did this by adding silent letters to make the real or imagined links more obvious. Thus det became debt (to link it to Latin debitum), dout became doubt (to link it to Latin dubitare), sissors became scissorsand sithe became scythe (as they were wrongly thought to come from Latin scindere), iland became island (as it was wrongly thought to come from Latin insula), ake became ache (as it was wrongly thought to come from Greek akhos), and so forth. William Shakespeare satirized the disparity between English spelling and pronunciation. In his play Love's Labour's Lost, the character Holofernes is "a pedant" who insists that pronunciation should change to match spelling, rather than simply changing spelling to match pronunciation. For example, Holofernes insists that everyone should pronounce the unhistorical B in words like doubt and debt.
- https://www.quora.com/When-did-amasing-change-to-amazing- The Great Vowel Shift was a major series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place, beginning in southern England, primarily between 1350 and the 1600s and 1700s,[1][2] today influencing effectively all dialects of English. Through this vowel shift, all Middle English long vowels changed their pronunciation. In addition, some consonant sounds changed as well, particularly those that became silent; the term Great Vowel Shift is sometimes used to include these consonant changes as well. English spelling was first becoming standardized in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the Great Vowel Shift is responsible for the fact that English spellings now often strongly deviate in their representation of English pronunciations. The Great Vowel Shift was first studied by Otto Jespersen (1860–1943), a Danish linguist and Anglicist, who coined the term.
- https://www.quora.com/In-Early-Modern-English-the-pronunciation-of-%E2%80%9Chousewifery%E2%80%9D-was-%CA%94%C9%A4z%C9%AAf%C9%B9%C9%99i-What-caused-the-apparent-partial-reversal-in-modern-pronunciation
- *******note the earlier pronunciation of china*******
- economist 5oct19 "sticks and stones" the polarisation of politics is producing a new lexicon of insults
- metathesis
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-people-say-aks-or-ax-instead-of-ask
old english
- https://www.quora.com/What-letters-were-used-in-Middle-or-Old-English-that-arent-used-anymore
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-02/27/content_23663659.htm
Sitting on the floor of a rehearsal room in east London in leggings, T-shirts andheadbands, a group of teenage dancers laughed about how quickly their language changes, rattling off "old" words still unfamiliar to many older English speakers. "Safe" meaning good, "boomting" or "chungting" meaning good-looking, and "a lie!"as an exclamation of agreement were all deemed to have "died down".
- thee/thou
- https://www.quora.com/Why-does-a-word-for-you-plural-not-exist-in-English
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Thou-disappear-in-English-but-Vous-French-and-Sie-German-are-still-in-use-Do-you-think-they-will-disappear-one-day-too
- The Old English word for knight was cniht or cneoht. However, it didn’t mean knight back then. There were no knights yet in the era of Old English. It was likely pronounced /knɪçt/ or /knɪxt/. The /k/ sound was not silent. The word meant “boy” or “servant”. Eventually, these young servants fought alongside their lords, which changed the meaning or the word.https://www.quora.com/How-was-knight-said-in-old-English
- the term “bairn” is British, in that it occurs in some dialects of British English, mainly in the north of England and in Scotland. It’s origin is the Old English/Anglo-Saxon word “bearn” = child. It is a cognate with the word “barn” = “child”, which occurs in Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and Icelandic.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-etymology-of-the-British-term-bairn
- gaol
- From Middle English gayole, Middle English gajol, gaylle, gaille, gayle, gaile, via Old French gaiole, gayolle, gaole, from Medieval Latin gabiola, for Vulgar Latin *caveola, a diminutive of Latin cavea(“cavity, coop, cage”). Gaol was the more common spelling between about 1760 and 1830, and is still preferred in proper names in some regions. Most Australian newspapers use jail rather than gaol, citing either narrower print width or the possibility of transposing letters in gaol to produce goal.[2] By far the most common spelling in Canada is jail, but a handful of legal writers use gaol
- used in south african government tender documents
- https://www.quora.com/What-if-Old-English-dual-number-pronouns-were-maintained-Based-on-sound-changes-what-would-they-look-like-in-Modern-English
- *****https://www.quora.com/What-are-words-that-no-longer-commonly-mean-what-they-used-to
- https://www.quora.com/Is-it-possible-for-a-language-to-have-four-vowels-in-a-syllable-quadriphthong
- https://www.quora.com/Is-it-possible-for-a-language-to-have-four-vowels-in-a-syllable-quadriphthong
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-linguists-figure-out-how-to-pronounce-Old-English
The first pronunciation guides of English popped up in Early Modern English with John Hart's An Orthografie in 1569. With Old English and Middle English, we mainly look at the orthography and compare what we know about the orthography with living languages today. The phonology for many of the consonants is more than just educated guesses.
- https://www.quora.com/How-similar-is-Old-English-Anglo-Saxon-to-modern-Frisian
- https://www.quora.com/If-I-was-transported-back-in-time-to-England-in-1341-how-difficult-would-it-be-to-communicate
french influence
- old french origin
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-the-Brits-spell-words-like-theatre-and-centre-with-the-final-re-but-computer-with-the-er-at-the-end
- https://www.quora.com/Is-the-British-pronunciation-of-lieutenant-based-on-the-Greek-pronunciation-of-the-eu-digraph Lieutenant is of French origin. The French had taken the Latin phrase locum tenens[1] and turned it into lieu tenant, which literally means “place holding” in Middle French. This is where the military title of Lieutenant (a deputy, literally a “place holder”) comes from. At the time, the letter U hadn’t been around for long. That letter wasn’t part of the Latin alphabet as the ancient Romans had used it. The Romans had written both the vowel U and the consonant V with the same letter, V, and this practice survived well into the early modern period.[4] As a result, the English took the French word and spelled it lievtenant. Later, that spelling stuck for a while even as the letters U and V had started to split.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-the-English-pronounce-the-h-at-the-beginning-of-all-words-except-in-case-of-herbs
norse roots
- ******* https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-Vikings-influence-the-English-language Old Norse, the language of the Vikings, also gave us many hundreds of words, especially the ones that begin with “sk”: skate, skid, skill, skim, skin, skip, skirt, skulk, skull, sky; and also “sc”: scab, scalp, scant, scare, scathe, scoff, score, scowl, scramble, scrap, scrape, scratch, scrawl, scream, screech, scrub, scum, scurvy. But many other common words came into the English language from Old Norse — ugly, law, outlaw, fellow, get, give, take, …. It is likely that the northern dialects of English changed faster than the southern dialects because of the mixture of English and Danish (Viking) people living in the north. Using “s” rather than “th” for verbs (“he talks” instead of “he talketh”) began in the northern areas of England (the areas settled by Vikings) and spread south. Similarly, the use of “are” instead of Old English “sindon” spread from the north — compare modern Danish “er” (is, are) to German “sind” (are) — this could well be Viking influence. Finally, right across the north-east of England there are towns and villages with names ending in “by” (e.g. Whitby) which indicate Norse settlers (there are many placenames in Scandinavia ending with “by” as well).
- Medieval English sounds, as pronounced, very much like Frisian or Danish. The culprit is the Great Vowel Shift which happened during the 14th to 18th century. This vowel shift did not happen in as great extent in the Scottish language, and it is the reason why Lalland Scots sounds very much like Danish.https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-the-English-language-in-the-late-15th-century-in-England-would-have-sounded-almost-like-a-different-language-compared-to-modern-day-English-because-of-the-changes-over-time- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-word-for-the-relation-between-the-sound-w-in-the-word-war-English-and-the-g-in-guerre-French
greek origin
- https://www.quora.com/What-English-words-of-Greek-origin-dont-sound-like-they-come-from-Greek
- Greek is said to give a base of 30% of the English language. It is particularly prominent in medicine and the sciences. https://www.quora.com/Why-has-Greek-evolved-so-little
- ph vs f
- https://www.quora.com/Some-Germanic-languages-like-German-or-English-spell-Greek-words-like-philosophy-with-ph-but-in-other-Germanic-languages-like-Swedish-Dutch-or-Danish-it-is-with-an-f-Why-Which-was-original-Why-did-the-difference-in The rule now is: The sound f is written with the letter f except in words that are borrowed from Greek, in which case it is written as ph. This makes very little sense other than it being traditional. How a language community deals with this problem depends on how it values consistency of spelling vs. tradition. As a rule of thumb, the more regular the spelling of a language, the most likely it has reformed the spelling of Greek-origin words to use f rather than ph. In fact, the primary hold-outs are Latin itself (which has perfectly regular spelling, but as a dead language is no longer subject to language reforms), French (a Romance language), and German and English (two Germanic languages). PS: As Emil Petrov mentioned in his answer, German (unlike Latin, English and French) has started the process of converting ph to f. But for now this is a bit controversial. Basically, it’s only done in words that are in daily use and not related to high culture (hence Telefon and no longer Telephon, but still Philosophie).
- ph and v
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-English-words-that-have-a-Latin-Romance-origin-but-dont-look-like-they-do
- https://www.quora.com/Why-didn-t-a-Latin-based-English-evolve-from-the-latin-spoken-in-Britannia
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-English-a-Germanic-language-and-not-a-Roman-language-Britannia-was-a-Roman-province-for-almost-400-years in the Old English period there wasn’t really that much contact between Latin speakers and English speakers, except in limited contexts such as trade and religion - words like “angel”, “candle, “street”, “market”, “priest”, “fork” are early Latin entries into English which are mostly related to those semantic areas, referring to concepts for which there were no Germanic equivalents. Many of these early borrowings died out and didn’t make into Middle English. The heavier, later influx of Romance loanwords via French and medieval Church Latin didn’t occur until the Norman period centuries later and even then these haven’t really affected the “core” of the language.
anglo saxon influence
- Anglo-Saxon conquest per se - by 1066 Britain had a population of less than a third of what it had in Roman times and while many place name elements survived into modern English from Latin - notably all the towns ending in -cester, -chester or -caster, indicating the presence of a Roman fort. The most common 1,000 words and English grammar and phonology are almost entirely Anglo-Saxon. For this reason, and because it is “genetically” a Germanic language, deriving ultimately from Proto-Germanic and Proto-West-Germanic, it is not considered a Romance language. https://www.quora.com/Why-is-English-a-Germanic-language-and-not-a-Roman-language-Britannia-was-a-Roman-province-for-almost-400-years
- https://www.quora.com/There-is-a-new-theory-that-English-is-actually-a-North-Germanic-language-heavily-influenced-by-West-Germanic-rather-than-the-other-way-around-What-are-your-thoughts-on-this-What-is-the-evidence-for-and-against the Angles and Saxons lived on the Jutland peninsula between Denmark and the rest of the German speaking world, in a territory smaller than New Jersey. They were obviously in contact and conversation with both their neighbors. At that time it constituted a dialect continuum. Much later, Anglo-Saxons and Danes shared England, which is about the size of Alabama. That Modern English is so different from Old English is a direct result of the English - Danish interactions during that period. The Anglo-Saxon dialects did not participate in the characteristic sound shifts of Old Norse, like the “z” to “r”. They did participate in the gemination that Old Norse did not except to a very limited extent.So it’s reasonable to say that at the time when all the Germanic dialects were still mutually comprehensible, the Angles and Saxons spoke a dialect closer to the Frisians and the Dutch than to either the Norse or the High country Germans.
relation with jutish
- https://www.quora.com/Were-Anglo-Saxon-and-Jutish-three-mutually-intelligible-languages-In-the-formation-of-the-English-language-which-one-of-the-3-languages-gave-the-greatest-contribution
irish influence- https://www.quora.com/Is-there-another-word-in-the-English-language-in-which-ph-is-pronounced-as-a-v-instead-of-an-f-sound-besides-the-name-Stephen-sometimes
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-English-words-that-have-a-Latin-Romance-origin-but-dont-look-like-they-do
- https://www.quora.com/Why-didn-t-a-Latin-based-English-evolve-from-the-latin-spoken-in-Britannia
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-English-a-Germanic-language-and-not-a-Roman-language-Britannia-was-a-Roman-province-for-almost-400-years in the Old English period there wasn’t really that much contact between Latin speakers and English speakers, except in limited contexts such as trade and religion - words like “angel”, “candle, “street”, “market”, “priest”, “fork” are early Latin entries into English which are mostly related to those semantic areas, referring to concepts for which there were no Germanic equivalents. Many of these early borrowings died out and didn’t make into Middle English. The heavier, later influx of Romance loanwords via French and medieval Church Latin didn’t occur until the Norman period centuries later and even then these haven’t really affected the “core” of the language.
anglo saxon influence
- Anglo-Saxon conquest per se - by 1066 Britain had a population of less than a third of what it had in Roman times and while many place name elements survived into modern English from Latin - notably all the towns ending in -cester, -chester or -caster, indicating the presence of a Roman fort. The most common 1,000 words and English grammar and phonology are almost entirely Anglo-Saxon. For this reason, and because it is “genetically” a Germanic language, deriving ultimately from Proto-Germanic and Proto-West-Germanic, it is not considered a Romance language. https://www.quora.com/Why-is-English-a-Germanic-language-and-not-a-Roman-language-Britannia-was-a-Roman-province-for-almost-400-years
- https://www.quora.com/There-is-a-new-theory-that-English-is-actually-a-North-Germanic-language-heavily-influenced-by-West-Germanic-rather-than-the-other-way-around-What-are-your-thoughts-on-this-What-is-the-evidence-for-and-against the Angles and Saxons lived on the Jutland peninsula between Denmark and the rest of the German speaking world, in a territory smaller than New Jersey. They were obviously in contact and conversation with both their neighbors. At that time it constituted a dialect continuum. Much later, Anglo-Saxons and Danes shared England, which is about the size of Alabama. That Modern English is so different from Old English is a direct result of the English - Danish interactions during that period. The Anglo-Saxon dialects did not participate in the characteristic sound shifts of Old Norse, like the “z” to “r”. They did participate in the gemination that Old Norse did not except to a very limited extent.So it’s reasonable to say that at the time when all the Germanic dialects were still mutually comprehensible, the Angles and Saxons spoke a dialect closer to the Frisians and the Dutch than to either the Norse or the High country Germans.
relation with jutish
- https://www.quora.com/Were-Anglo-Saxon-and-Jutish-three-mutually-intelligible-languages-In-the-formation-of-the-English-language-which-one-of-the-3-languages-gave-the-greatest-contribution
- https://www.quora.com/What-words-derived-from-the-Irish-language-have-passed-into-common-English-parlance
welsh influence
- https://www.quora.com/Does-English-carry-any-Welsh-influences
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Welsh_origin
spanish adopted into english
- https://www.quora.com/What-Spanish-words-have-been-adopted-in-the-English-language
sansjrit influence
- https://www.quora.com/Is-the-English-word-Brother-derived-from-the-Sanskrit-word-Bhratru-and-the-word-Mother-from-the-Sanskrit-word-Maatru
arabic influence
- a lot English words of Arabic origins are related to food , like : Sugar سكر Sukkar , Saffron زعفران Zaafran , Alcohol كحول kuhool , Jasmine ياسمين yasmeen,also there are words related to science like algebra الجبر al gabr , Alchemy الكيمياء al chemiaa , and Algorithm الخوارزمية al khawarizmyahttps://www.quora.com/What-s-the-best-Arabic-word-or-phrase-that-should-be-adopted-into-English-common-usage, https://www.quora.com/How-many-words-are-there-in-the-English-language-that-derive-from-Arabic
hebrew influence
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Hebrew_origin
chinese influence
- 「颱風」二字原是從英語typhoon音譯而來，而typhoon的前身，正是普通話「大風」（da feng）的英語串寫版本。書面語的「颱風」，相信是為了與普通「大風」有所分野而衍生。 Ketchup一字原是中國福建人用醃魚和調料做成的鮭汁，味道、質感與顏色都和番茄無關，只是其閩南話讀音近似koe-chiap。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/07/13/a26-0713.pdf
- ketchup
- https://www.quora.com/What-do-they-call-ketchup-in-England
- Ketjap (Indonesisch: kecap) is een Indonesische sojasaus. Het wordt gemaakt van een mengsel van sojabonenmeel, grof gemalen tarwe, kruiden en zout. ケチャップマニス（kecap manis）は、インドネシアの甘い調理用ソース。色は黒で粘性が高い。インドネシア料理に多用される。ケチャップというと日本ではトマトケチャップのことを指すが、インドネシア語ではソース全般を指し、語源は東南アジアで使われている福建語の"ke-zyap 鮭汁"といわれている。マニスは「甘い」という意味である。Sweet soy sauce (Indonesian: kecap manis) is a sweetened aromatic soy sauce, originating from Indonesia, which has a darker color, a viscous syrupy consistency and a molasses-like flavor due to the generous addition of palm sugar. Kecap manis is widely used with satay. It is similar to, though finer in flavor than, Chinese sweet bean sauce (tianmianjiang). It is by far, the most popular type of soy sauce employed in Indonesian cuisine, accounts for an estimated 90 percent of the nation's total soy sauce production.
foreign influence
- https://www.quora.com/Which-of-these-English-words-have-Indian-roots-shampoo-safari-spice-or-herb
- https://www.quora.com/Where-did-Irish-first-names-come-from-Are-names-such-as-Criost%C3%B3ir-actually-Gaelic-or-just-made-up-as-an-equivalent-to-Christopher
- https://www.quora.com/How-come-a-language-like-German-has-its-own-words-for-new-scientific-concepts-while-English-often-borrows-words-from-Latin
relationship with dutch and german
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-English-language-closer-to-Dutch-than-it-is-to-German
- English does have a few words that are cognate with the German heißen and the Dutch heten. Like in German and Dutch, these English cognates do relate to concepts of calling, ordering, commanding etc. However, and unlike in German and Dutch, where the relevant words are still in everyday, constant use, the relevant words in English are now rare and archaic - practically obsolete. This is why English-speakers, when German and Dutch are so close to English, often wonder why German and Dutch have a one-word way of expressing this concept of saying what your name is, whereas English needs a whole phrase. The truth is that English does have this one-word concept too, but has to almost all intents and purposes discarded and forgotten it.https://www.quora.com/Why-does-the-English-language-have-no-word-for-my-name-is-like-in-German-hei%C3%9Fen
http://www.economist.com/news/international/21643148-why-are-countries-failing-so-badly-teaching-english-mute-leading-mute Why are countries failing so badly at teaching English?
-burgh words
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-correct-pronunciation-of-Edinburgh The placename element -burgh is pronounced like borough - it’s merely the Scots spelling of the same word. In the UK, borough is pronounced like burruh, or burrah, or bruh (when unstressed), but never like burrow or berg/burg. There are also other place names with the -burgh element in Scotland: Musselburgh, Jedburgh, Winchburgh, Fraserburgh, Newburgh, Burghead. All are pronounced similarly. This is not the same in other English speaking countries, such as the USA.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-name-Lincoln-spelled-with-a-silent-l
Posh
- http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/quiz/2014/sep/22/are-you-posh-quiz?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2
you
- https://www.quora.com/Why-isn-t-the-word-you-spelled-with-just-the-letter-U
idioms/common expressions
- https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/common-expressions-musical-origins/
slang
- http://www.lifehack.org/articles/communication/30-awesome-british-slang-terms-you-should-start-using-immediately.html?ref=fbp&n=12
- https://www.quora.com/Where-did-the-term-Holy-cow-originate-from
dialects?
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Latin-have-its-colloquial-form-Vulgar-Latin-assuming-its-differences-are-great-because-it-s-given-its-own-name-How-come-there-s-no-such-spoken-form-in-English-or-other-modern-languages-that-it-s-considered-a
usa english
- English word such as tap, lift, boot or bonnet - where an American would use faucet, elevator, trunk or hoodhttps://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-US-the-only-country-which-on-forms-has-a-separate-language-choice-of-English-US-instead-of-English-UK
- https://www.quora.com/When-did-Americans-first-start-to-lose-their-British-accents
accent
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-people-across-Canada-with-minor-exceptions-speak-English-with-the-same-accent-while-people-in-the-USA-speak-with-so-many-different-accents
- https://www.quora.com/If-English-accents-and-dialects-had-honest-slogans-what-would-they-be
- canadian
- https://www.quora.com/What-accent-in-the-USA-does-the-Canadian-accent-sound-the-most-similar-to-Did-the-Canadian-accent-originate-from-the-USA-or-is-it-the-other-way The Canadian accent largely originated in the United States. After the American Revolution, large numbers of American loyalists to the British crown fled North to Canada because of persecution in the US. They were known as the United Empire Loyalists and form the basis of Canada’s English speaking population. There were enough of them that Upper Canada (today Ontario) was split off from French speaking Lower Canada (today Quebec) and New Brunswick was split off from Nova Scotia to accommodate the large number of English speaking refugees. Until that time Canada had been mostly French speaking.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Australian-accent-so-hard-to-imitate
italians speaking english
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Italians-add-an-e-at-the-end-of-many-words-when-speaking-English
europeans speaking english
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-the-Italians-and-the-French-people-have-a-bad-pronunciation-of-English-and-why-do-they-find-it-difficult-to-improve Think about the good old fellow Mr Smith: how do you pronounce the vowel in his surname? It's something between i and e, shorter than both and bordering on a schwa. It took years to learn to listen to it and to start using it. Most Italians will only know Mr Smeeth.And, case in point, what the heck is a schwa? A mid central neutral vowel? Mid central neutral? What are we, Swiss? Pick a vowel side and stick with it!Then you have your consonants. Specific training is required to learn to say the two “th" sounds. Most won't bother and just say t or f depending on the situation and the alcohol intake. But it's not just that. A lot of English consonants have got a breathy quality, especially clear when saying t or d. We don't do that in Italian, so it ends up like having a foreign accent.
wierd words
- https://www.quora.com/Whats-a-weird-English-word-thats-used-frequently
surname
- The surname Bosque was first found in Essex where they held a family seat as Lords of the Manor. The Saxon influence of English history diminished after the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The language of the courts was French for the next three centuries and the Norman ambience prevailed. But many more family surnames would arrive from the continent after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in the reign of Louis XIV and this Huguenot family name was first referenced in the year 1685 when John and David Bosanquet came to England from their native Languedoc in the south of France and settled in Forest House in Essex.https://www.houseofnames.com/bosque-family-crest Spelling variations of this family name include: Bosanquet, Bosanket, Bosanqet, Bosquet and others.
- note the coat of arms has a crescent like object
- leigh
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-Leigh-come-to-be-pronounced-Lee
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-English-names-with-English-origin
country names
- https://www.quora.com/Is-France-the-only-European-nation-which-is-spelt-the-same-in-English-as-it-is-in-their-own-language
word with aa
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-English-words-that-have-two-a-next-to-each-other
official use
- English was, in practice, the everyday language of the Court by Chaucer’s time, which was why he (as a courtier himself) was writing in English; not many people outside the Church and courtly rank would have been in a position to read his works, because not many could have afforded to buy books. So we can be pretty sure of this. Chaucer died around 1400. So we can confidently assume that as a late start date for courtly use of English, and that certainly continued through Tudor and Stuart times. It only begins to involve the complications of a new language, German, with the arrival of the Hanoverians. https://www.quora.com/When-did-the-royal-family-of-The-UK-start-speaking-English-as-its-first-language-and-not-French-or-German-anymore
Rhyming slang is a form of slang word construction in the English language. It is especially prevalent in the UK, Ireland and Australia. It started in the early 19th century in the East End of London; hence its alternative name, Cockney rhyming slang. In the United States, especially the criminal underworld of the West Coast between 1880 and 1920, rhyming slang has sometimes been known as Australian slang. The construction of rhyming slang involves replacing a common word with a phrase of two or more words, the last of which rhymes with the original word; then, in almost all cases, omitting, from the end of the phrase, the secondary rhyming word (which is thereafter implied),[6][page needed][7] making the origin and meaning of the phrase elusive to listeners not in the know. Rhyming slang is believed to have originated in the mid-19th century in the East End of London, with several sources suggesting some time in the 1840s. Rhyming slang is used mainly in London in England but can to some degree be understood across the country. Some constructions, however, rely on particular regional accents for the rhymes to work. For instance, the term "Charing Cross" (a place in London), used to mean "horse" since the mid-19th century,[8][page needed] does not work for a speaker without the lot–cloth split, common in London at that time but not nowadays. A similar example is "Joanna" meaning "piano", which is based on the pronunciation of "piano" as "pianna" /piˈænə/.[citation needed] Unique formations also exist in other parts of the United Kingdom, such as in the East Midlands, where the local accent has formed "Derby Road", which rhymes with "cold".[citation needed] Outside England, rhyming slang is used in many English-speaking countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, with local variations. For example, in Australian slang, the term for an English person is "pommy", which has been proposed as a rhyme on "pomegranate" rhyming with "immigrant".Many examples of rhyming slang are based on locations in London, such as "Peckham Rye", meaning "tie" (as in necktie), which dates from the late nineteenth century; "Hampstead Heath", meaning "teeth" (usually as "Hampsteads"), which was first recorded in 1887; and "barnet" (Barnet Fair), meaning "hair", which dates from the 1850s.The use of personal names as rhymes continued into the late twentieth century, for example "Tony Blairs" meaning "flares", as in trousers with a wide bottom (previously this was "Lionels" (Lionel Blair) - this change illustrates the ongoing mutation of the forms of expression) and "Britney Spears", meaning "beers".
- china means mate (origianl phrase china plate)
- septic means yank (original phrase septic tank)
- turkish means laugh (original phrase turkish bath)
foul, indecent words- china means mate (origianl phrase china plate)
- septic means yank (original phrase septic tank)
- turkish means laugh (original phrase turkish bath)
- https://www.quora.com/What-does-the-British-expression-nice-bristols-mean
snob
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-origin-of-the-word-snob
- Snob. In most of the English-speaking world, that’s a person who believes that they are part of a superior group. In Sussex, it’s just another name for “cobbler” (as in, “someone who repairs shoes.”)https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-traditional-local-words-where-you-live-that-have-a-completely-different-meaning-in-normal-English
snot
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-etymology-for-the-word-snot Long before it was used as a word for mucus, he was the Anglian Cheiftan who founded the town of Snottingham, later changed to Nottingham by the Normans. Snein his brother built a hill fort in what is now the district of Snienton Dale. My old miserable school was built over the blasted ridge of that hill fort, and I spent half my life running up and down stairs to attend lessons in classrooms on either side of the hill. Nottinghams was called “Tig Guocobauc” place of the cave dwellers, in Celtic times, until it was settled by the Snottingas, a tribe under the chieftain Snot shortly before 700 AD. They came under the Mercian rule and the settlement is mentioned in 868AD. The tribe, Snottenga derives from an Anglian word for a cave? perhaps the original Germanic word snot is reference to a damp cave on the front of the face? It comes from a simplification of the word Snotta (fresian) and can mean the mucus of the nose - snot - or somebody who is disrespectful, a snotty person. Of course with the Norman invasion we started to use the French term Phlegm, or the Saxon term Bogey for the same word to describe mucus in the early medieval, but it sneaked back into the language in the 14th century from the term for a contemptable person. A dark, slightly slippery, shadowy person… a social cave dweller ?
dinner
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-older-people-use-the-word-dinner-for-lunch-while-younger-people-use-dinner-for-supper-When-did-this-change-or-is-this-a-regional-phenomenon
????
- https://www.quora.com/Which-English-loanwords-by-country-or-language-of-origin-cost-the-most
usa
- association
- The American Dialect Society (ADS), founded in 1889, is a learned society "dedicated to the study of the English language in North America, and of other languages, or dialects of other languages, influencing it or influenced by it."[1] The Society publishes the academic journal American Speech.The organization was founded as part of an effort to create a comprehensive American dialect dictionary, a near century-long undertaking that culminated in the publication of the Dictionary of American Regional English.[1] In 1889, when Joseph Wright began editing the English Dialect Dictionary, a group of American philologists founded the American Dialect Society with the ultimate purpose of producing a similar work for the United States.
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