- The Order of José Martí (Orden José Martí) is a state honor in Cuba. The Order was named so after José Martí, the national hero of Cuba. The design was realized by the Cuban sculptor José Delarra.
- notable recipients include jiang zeman, xi jinping, putin, 陳大光,阮富仲
havana
- Fuente de la India ("Fountain of the Indian woman") is a fountain by Giuseppe Gaggini in Havana, Cuba, at the south extreme of Paseo del Prado, about 100 m south of El Capitolio, between Monte and Dragones Streets. The figure represents the Indian woman "Habana" in whose honor Havana was named.
- barber's alley https://havanatimes.org/news/barbers-alley-havana-cuba-photo-of-the-day/amp/
The Bay of Pigs (Spanish: Bahía de Cochinos) is an inlet of the Gulf of Cazoneslocated on the southern coast of Cuba. By 1910, it was included in Santa Clara Province, and then instead to Las Villas Province by 1961, but in 1976, it was reassigned to Matanzas Province, when the original six provinces of Cuba were re-organized into 14 new Provinces of Cuba.
- Playa Girón and Playa Larga were the landing sites for seaborne forces of armed Cuban exiles in the Bay of Pigs Invasion, an American CIA-sponsored attempt to overthrow the new government of Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro in April 1961. According to Fidel Castro's former bodyguard, the late Juan Reinaldo Sánchez, Castro lived in great luxury and had a private island in the Bay of Pigs, replete with "mansions, guest houses, a heliport, dolphinarium, turtle lagoon, his luxury yacht Aquarama – a gift from Leonid Brezhnev – and deep-sea fishing speedboat".
- In Cuban Spanish, cochinos may also mean the queen triggerfish (Balistes vetula), which inhabits coral reefs in Bahía de Cochinos, not swine (Sus scrofa).
馬坦薩斯省（西班牙語：Provincia de Matanzas）是古巴的一個西部省份。它西臨瑪雅貝克省，北臨佛羅里達海峽，東臨比亞克拉拉省和西恩富戈斯省。省會為馬坦薩斯。該省被稱為「古巴的雅典」[來源請求]，是文化藝術的聚集地。馬坦薩斯也叫做橋的城市。
- hotel velazco
- https://havanatimes.org/news/hotel-velazco-matanzas-cuba-photo-of-the-day/amp/ note the influences of different culture in architectural style
- france
- Les Français qui ont fui la révolte noire de Saint-Domingue ont importé leur technologie[1] à Cuba, au début des années 1800, alors que la production sucrière cubaine[2] est encore sous-développée. Ils la font tripler, de 14,3 millions de tonnes en 1790 à 41,7 millions en 1815[3]. Parallèlement, celle de Saint-Domingue s'est effondrée, passant de 163 millions de livres en 1791 à 18,5 millions en 1801[3]. Ils ont amené des esclaves mais en rachètent, anticipant l'abolition de la traite négrière en 1808. Une grande sucrerie est dirigée dans la région par Vital Marie Garesché du Rocher (1782-1844), qui avait épousé la fille de Pierre de Bauduy de Bellevue (1769-1833), associé à Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours, fondateur de la multinationale du même nom
Trinidad was founded on December 23, 1514[1] by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllarunder the name Villa de la Santísima Trinidad.Hernán Cortés recruited men for his expedition from Juan de Grijalva's home in Trinidads, and Sancti Spíritus, at the start of his 1518 expedition. This included Pedro de Alvarado and his five brothers. After ten days, Cortes sailed, the alcaydeFrancisco Verdugo failing to prevent Cortes from leaving, despite orders from Diego Velázquez.[5]:49–52The Narvaez Expedition landed at Trinidad in 1527 en route to Florida. Caught in a hurricane, the expedition lost two ships, twenty horses and sixty men to the violent storm.Francisco Iznaga,[6] a Basque landowner in the southern portion of Cuba during the first 30 years of the colonization of Cuba, was elected Mayor of Bayamo in 1540. Iznaga was the originator of a powerful lineage which finally settled in Trinidad where the Torre Iznaga (Iznaga Tower) is. His descendants fought for the independence of Cuba and for annexation to the U.S., from 1820 to 1900. Trinidad is one of the best-preserved cities in the Caribbean from the time when the sugar trade was the main industry in the region.
cuba restricts inflow of foreign bouth products http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-09/02/content_18529387.htm
company
- Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S.A. (English: Telecommunications Company of Cuba; ETECSA) is the monopoly full telecommunications service provider for Cuba. It is owned by the Cuban government.27% of the company was owned by Telecom Italia, until they sold their interest to Rafin SA in January 2011 for $706 million. The remainder is owned by the Ministry of Information and Communication. The services provided by ETECSA includes telephone, internetand wireless services. The company provides services to the public of Cuba, as well as the millions of tourists who vacation in the Republic of Cuba.
- Cuban telecommunications monopoly Etecsa Friday authorised Cubans to send text messages to the United States, lifting a restriction which has long frustrated the population.http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Cuba_authorises_sending_text_messages_to_US_phones?profile=1228
- 古巴雪茄公司Habanos周一稱雖然全球多地立法管制煙草，但因中國需求增長強勁，古巴去年雪茄銷售刷新紀錄，達五億三千七百萬美元（約四十二億港元），較前年增加7％。Habanos副總裁羅培茲指中國已超越法國，成為該公司第二大市場，僅次於西班牙；中國銷售增長55％，東亞整體則增加了9％。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190220/00180_021.html
Industry
- medical and health
- economist 4apr2020 "mercy and money" the pandemic boosts the communist island's main export - cuban doctors
- cigar
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-03/03/content_28416761.htm
In Cuba 's westernmost province of Pinar del Rio ,farmer Francisco Lazo has cultivated tobacco for two decades and shows no signs of slowing down .
- liquor
- Havana club rum
- solar energy
- Pernod ricard (which run a jv with cuban govt) vs bacardi (which bought the recipe of arechebala (assets confiscated by castro govt))
- http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2017-06/06/content_40974797.htm Several weeks ago, Cuba's electric company, Union Electrica de Cuba, announced it was building four photovoltaic parks in the western province of Matanzas, where another nine are also planned. The Matanzas project is part of a large government program to develop renewable energy sources and wean the country off fossil fuels. The goal is to generate 24 percent of Cuba's energy from renewable sources by 2030. On this Caribbean island, solar radiation can reach about 5 kilowatts per square meter per day, or 1,852 KW a year, a rate considered good by experts. The government plans to build a total of 59 solar parks, 33 of which are to be completed this year, Jesus Lacera Linde, executive secretary of the Project Board in Cuba's Ministry of Construction (Mincons), told state daily Granma earlier this year. The 33 plants, which will be linked to the national electric energy grid, will supply up to half of what a conventional electricity plant can generate.
- http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21722896-nuisance-can-be-used-light-barbecues-and-generate-electricity-miracle-marab THE peskiest weed in Cuba sprouts a charming flower. Pink and wispy, with a bushy yellow tail, it looks like a cross between a Chinese lantern and a Muppet. Marabú, as Cubans call the leguminous tree, covers 2m hectares, about 18% of the country’s territory. It spread unchecked during the “special period” of the 1990s, when the Soviet Union stopped subsidising Cuba and farms fell into disuse. Recently, though, Cubans have begun to view marabú as an asset rather than an irritant. Since 2009 Cuba has exported 40,000-80,000 tonnes a year of “artisanal charcoal” made from marabú, which is used for firing up hookahs in the Middle East and pizza ovens in Italy. That could rise after the United States in January approved marabú as the first legal import from Cuba in more than 50 years. There it will compete head-to-head with mesquite to fuel American barbecues.
Investment environment
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-economy-idUSKCN0YF2TP Cuba will recognize small and medium-sized private firms as legal entities, a Communist Party document published on Tuesday showed, a move that could remove obstacles for businesses and foster the emerging private sector. Cuba's government has relaxed restrictions on self-employment in recent years in an attempt to slash the state payroll and battle economic stagnation, leading to the creation of many independent businesses from hairdressers to restaurants. President Raul Castro recognized however at the Communist Party Congress last month that such businesses were working "without the necessary legal recognition," under rules designed for small, family firms only. The 32-page document published on Tuesday detailed the party's plan for Cuba's economic development, approved in the Congress, stating Cubans could create "private businesses of medium, small and micro size" that would be recognized as "legal entities." Economists said this recognition might confer on businesses additional rights such as the ability to import wholesale supplies or export products. The document did not specify what the new status would entail.
- http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1632202/cuba-seeks-over-us8-billion-foreign-investment, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-2819443/Cuba-seeks-8-billion-foreign-investment.html Cuba asked international companies on Monday to invest more than $8 billion in the island as it attempts to kick-start a centrally planned economy starved for cash and hamstrung by inefficiency. Foreign Commerce Minister Rodrigo Malmierca Diaz announced a list of 246 potential projects that would cost $8.7 billion to build, from a pig farm to an auto plant. The menu of possible investments is a key step in a push for foreign capital that includes the relaxation of investment restrictions and the creation of a special trade zone around a new deep-water port west of Havana. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-11/05/content_18868097.htm
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eb663b9a-a7b3-11e4-8e78-00144feab7de.html As American companies begin to explore new opportunities here after the historic decision by Cuba and the US to renew diplomatic relations, they can learn much from those already with a foot in the door. International behemoths such as Bougyues, Nestlé and Anheuser-Busch Inbev have interests in Cuba. There are 200 operating investment projects in Cuba, ranging from joint ventures to management agreements and oil exploration, according to government statistics. But while many have been successful, about 60 per cent of the businesses established here by foreigners since the fall of communism in eastern Europe have closed, according to government statistics. Some of them — analysts and diplomats say — were forced out by the Cuban government.
- agriculture
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-08/08/c_137375880.htm Cuba issued regulations on Tuesday to offer farmers who lease state-owned idle land better terms and more land to boost agricultural output. According to Law 358/18, farmers can lease up to 26.8 hectares, twice the previous quota, and for cattle ranchers, the number is 67 hectares, under the condition that they also produce animal feed. It is easier to apply techniques designed to increase yields over larger parcels of land, said Orlando Diaz, legal director of the Agriculture Ministry. Lengths of leases double to 20 years. Farmers can apply for similarly long extensions, which allow farming operations to be passed on from one generation to the next.
- 古巴為互聯網覆蓋率最低的國家之一，國民的手機亦無法連接互聯網。古巴國營傳媒周三報道，私人無線網絡（WiFi）及路由器等設備將可合法進口，意味政府對互聯網的嚴格限制將獲放寬，新措施將在七月二十九日實施。在新規定下，國營電訊公司ETECSA仍然會是唯一互聯網供應商。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190531/00180_031.html
- Two Cuban economists offer their early conclusions about the Diaz-Canel government’s decision to open up national trade of durable goods, by using cards issued by the Cuban banking system, associated with an account with deposits in US dollars or other convertible foreign currencies.https://havanatimes.org/interviews/retail-in-cuba-with-dollar-accounts-heading-for-failure-economists-warn/amp/
People
- Narciso López (November 2, 1797, Caracas – September 1, 1851, Havana) was a Venezuela-born adventurer and Spanish Army general, best known for his expeditions aimed at liberating Cuba from Spanish rule in the 1850s. His troops carried a flag that López had designed, which later became the flag of modern Cuba. Narciso López was born in Caracas, Venezuela, to a wealthy merchant family of Basque origin; his father was Pedro Manuel Lopez and his mother was Ana Paula de Oriola (sometimes spelt Urriola).
- José Julián Martí Pérez (January 28, 1853 – May 19, 1895) was a Cuban National Hero and an important figure in Latin American literature. During his life, he worked as a poet, essayist, journalist, translator, professor, and publisher. He was very politically active, and is considered an important revolutionary philosopher and political theorist. Through his writings and political activity, he became a symbol of Cuba's bid for independence against Spain in the 19th century, and is referred to as the "Apostle of Cuban Independence." From adolescence, he dedicated his life to the promotion of liberty, political independence for Cuba, and intellectual independence for all Spanish Americans; his death was used as a cry for Cuban independence from Spain by both the Cuban revolutionaries and those Cubans previously reluctant to start a revolt. Martí was also used as a figurehead by the Cuban government throughout the regime of Fidel Castro, and his writings were commonly cited as supporting socialism within Castro's administration. Born in Havana, Martí began his political activism at an early age. He traveled extensively in Spain, Latin America, and the United States, raising awareness and support for the cause of Cuban independence. His unification of the Cuban émigré community, particularly in Florida, was crucial to the success of the Cuban War of Independence against Spain. He was a key figure in the planning and execution of this war, as well as the designer of the Cuban Revolutionary Party and its ideology. He died in military action during the Battle of Dos Ríos on May 19, 1895. Martí is considered one of the great turn-of-the-century Latin American intellectuals. His written works include a series of poems, essays, letters, lectures, novel, and a children's magazine. He wrote for numerous Latin American and American newspapers; he also founded a number of newspapers. His newspaper Patria was an important instrument in his campaign for Cuban independence. After his death, one of his poems from the book, "Versos Sencillos" (Simple Verses) was adapted to the song "Guantanamera", which has become the definitive patriotic song of Cuba.
- [from the wikipedia in a diffferent time, with mention of freemason] In his short life, he was a poet, an essayist, a journalist, a revolutionaryphilosopher, a translator, a professor, apublisher, a Freemason, and a political theorist, and supporter of Henry George's economic reforms known as Georgism. He also wrote about the threat of Spanish and US expansionism into Cuba.
- José Julián Martí Pérez was born on January 28, 1853, in Havana, at 41 Paula Street, to a Spanish Valencian father, Mariano Martí Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, a native of the Canary Islands. Martí was the elder brother to seven sisters: Leonor, Mariana, Maria de Carmen, Maria de Pilar, Rita Amelia, Antonia and Dolores. He was baptized on February 12 in Santo Ángel Custodio church. When he was four, his family moved from Cuba to Valencia, Spain, but two years later they returned to the island where they enrolled José at a local public school, in the Santa Clara neighborhood where his father worked as a prison guard.
- Mirta Francisca de la Caridad Díaz-Balart y Gutiérrez (born 30 September 1928) is Fidel Castro's first wife, the daughter of Rafael José Díaz-Balart, a prominent Cuban politician and mayor of the town of Banes, and his wife América Gutiérrez. Díaz-Balart remarried to Emilio Núñez Blanco (1925-2006), the son of a former Cuban Ambassador to the UN, Emilio Núñez Portuondo. Díaz-Balart lived in Spain with her family after 1959. She was deprived of the company of her son for many years as he studied in Cuba and the Soviet Union.[5] A story on the 8 October 2000 edition of the Miami Herald, claimed that she was still living in Spain and that occasional visits to Cuba had been arranged by Raúl Castro, her former brother-in-law. Díaz-Balart is the aunt of anti-Castro Republican Party U.S. Representative Mario Diaz-Balart(Florida's 25th congressional district) and his brother, former U.S. Congressman Lincoln Diaz-Balart, and TV anchor Jose Diaz-Balart. She is the sister of the painter Waldo Diaz-Balart and the late Rafael Diaz-Balart. She has two daughters by her second husband, Mirta and América Silvia Núñez Díaz-Balart, both residing in Spain with their families. She has numerous grandchildren.
- Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (/ˈkæstroʊ/; American Spanish: [fiˈðel aleˈhandɾo ˈkastɾo ˈrus]; August 13, 1926 – November 25, 2016) was a Cuban communist revolutionaryand politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008. Politically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, Castro also served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state, while industry and business were nationalized and state socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.Born in Birán, Oriente as the son of a wealthy Spanish farmer, Castro adopted leftist anti-imperialist politics while studying law at the University of Havana. Adopting a Marxist–Leninist model of development, Castro converted Cuba into a one-party, socialist state under Communist Party rule, the first in the Western Hemisphere. Policies introducing central economic planning and expanding healthcare and education were accompanied by state control of the press and the suppression of internal dissent. Abroad, Castro supported anti-imperialist revolutionary groups, backing the establishment of Marxist governments in Chile, Nicaragua and Grenada, as well as sending troops to aid allies in the Yom Kippur War, Ogaden War and Angolan Civil War. These actions, coupled with Castro's leadership of the Non-Aligned Movementfrom 1979 to 1983 and Cuba's medical internationalism, increased Cuba's profile on the world stage. Following the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991, Castro led Cuba through the economic downturn of the "Special Period", embracing environmentalist and anti-globalizationideas. In the 2000s, Castro forged alliances in the Latin American "pink tide" – namely with Hugo Chávez's Venezuela – and signed Cuba up to the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas. In 2006, Castro transferred his responsibilities to Vice President Raúl Castro, who was elected to the presidency by the National Assembly in 2008. The longest-serving non-royal head of state in the 20th and 21st centuries, Castro polarized world opinion.
- The 68-year-old son of Cuba's former leader Fidel Castro has killed himself in Havana, according to Cuban state media. Fidel Ángel Castro Díaz-Balart was found on Thursday morning and is said to have suffered from depression. The first-born son of the late president was nicknamed "Fidelito", or Little Fidel, after his father. He was a nuclear physicist, trained by the former Soviet Union.http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42913492
- Miguel Mario Díaz-Canel Bermúdez (American Spanish: [miˈɣel ˈdi.as kaˈnel]; born 20 April 1960) is a Cuban politician who has been First Vice President of the Council of State and Council of Ministers since 2013. He has been a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba since 2003, and he served as Minister of Higher Education from 2009 to 2012; he was promoted to the post of Vice President of the Council of Ministers (deputy Prime Minister) in 2012. A year later, on 24 February 2013, he was elected as First Vice President of the Council of State. Díaz Canel was born on 20 April, 1960 in the city of Placetas in Villa Clara, to Aída Bermúdez and Miguel Díaz-Canel, a mechanical plantworker in Santa Clara. He graduated from Central University of Las Villas in 1982 as an electronics engineer, at which time he joined the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces.[1] Beginning in April 1985 he taught at his alma mater. In 1987 he completed an international mission in Nicaragua as First Secretary of the Young Communist League of Villa Clara. In 1993 he started work with the Communist Party of Cuba and a year later was elected First Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee of Villa Clara Province.[1] In 2003 he was elected to the same position in Holguín Province.[1][6] He was also promoted to the Politburo in 2003.
- Díaz-Canel was born on 20 April 1960 in Placetas, Villa Clara, to Aída Bermúdez, a schoolteacher, and Miguel Díaz-Canel, a mechanical plant worker in Santa Clara.[3][4] Of direct paternal Spanish (Asturian) descent; his great-grandfather Ramón Díaz-Canel left Castropol, Asturias for Havana in the late 19th century.
- Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel on Saturday named Manuel Marrero Cruz as the country's prime minister, a nonexistent role within Cuban politics for more than four decades.Marrero served as the Cuba's tourism minister for almost 16 years and was named prime minister for a five-year term, according to Cuba's state news agency, ACN.https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/21/americas/cuba-appoints-prime-minister/
political
- Fidel Castro was the country's last prime minister. He held the post from 1959 to December 1976, when he took the title of president of the State Council, a title which replaced the posts of president and prime minister.Marrero's appointment was unanimously ratified by the 594 deputies of the Cuba's National Assembly during the Assembly's annual end-of-the-year meeting. Parliament's absolute majority is necessary for the appointment, ACN said.Deputy prime ministers and other members of the Council of Ministers were appointed during Saturday's session.Diaz-Canel remains head of state and Raul Castro remains the first secretary of the Communist Party, where the real power lies.The prime minister is expected to manage the day-to-day operations of the Cuban government but will still report to the president.https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/21/americas/cuba-appoints-prime-minister/
constitution
- 古巴國會於上周六一致通過新憲法修正草案，維持一黨制社會主義制度，但同時反映自蘇聯解體以來，古巴對社會經濟的開放態度。政府將於明年二月就新憲法草案舉行公投。新憲法草案共有二百二十九項條文，取代冷戰時期的憲法，但仍維持共產黨的領導地位。國營傳媒報道，草案也讓過去十年蓬勃發展的私人企業合法化，是當局首度承認外國投資的重要性，並將開放同性婚姻。此外，新憲法限制總統年齡和任期，並設立總理一職。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181224/00180_017.html
foreign policy
- https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/cuba/1978-09-01/cuban-foreign-policy
currency
- dual currency
- https://www.havanatimes.org/?p=130822 the CUC (Convertible Peso) began circulating in 1994, holding the same value as the USD, as a kind of parallel national hard currency to the CUP (Cuban Peso). It formed part of the measures that were taken to tackle the severe crisis Cuba suffered after the USSR collapsed, baptized the Special Period.1 CUC has the same value or purchasing power to 1 CUP in 1989. Bearing in mind the fact that average incomes have only doubled since then, we can deduce that a Cuban’s real income is only 1/6 of what it was in 1989.CUC are just a guise to hide slave wages and inflation. This is the fundamental reason for why it’s so hard for them to eliminate the dual currency system, not the business mess this would create, as one would superficially perceive it to be.
Diaspora
- usa
- 古巴外長羅德里格斯上周六訪美，在首都華盛頓的霍華德大學向一百三十名居美同胞發表演說，宣布明年一月起取消入境禁令，讓八十萬身處海外的古巴裔人士回國。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171030/00180_023.html
- https://www.cubaocho.com/ Cubaocho Museum and Performing Art Center, miami
- Descendants of former Cuban businessman Rafael Lucas Sanchez Hill have filed a lawsuit in Spain against the Melia hotel chain, reported dpa news.The Sanchez Hills, who live in the United States, are seeking 10 million dollars as indemnification for Cuba lands seized by the government in 1960, after Fidel Castro seized control of the island. The land is now the site of some hotels built by the Cuban armed forces and run by the Spanish hotel chain. The Spanish newspaper El Confidencial reported that it was the first lawsuit ever filed in Spain by Cuban Americans against Spanish companies that benefit from expropriated properties in Cuba. The lawsuit follows the Trump administration’s full implementation of Title III of the Helms-Burton Act on May 2. The law allows owners of properties confiscated by the Castro Revolution to file suits in US courts against entities that “traffic” in those properties. https://havanatimes.org/news/spanish-chain-melia-sued-under-helms-burton-over-cuba-hotels/
Inward fi
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a6c0016e-811b-11e5-8095-ed1a37d1e096.html
Chinese and British developers are building luxury golf resorts. Mexico and other countries are investing in a development zone. And Vietnam has inked a deal to build a hotel, following the path of Canadian and Spanish hoteliers. Welcome to Cuba. European, Asian and Latin American investors are eyeing the Caribbean island and trying to get deals ahead of their US rivals, as ties between Havana and Washington thaw following decades of hostility.
music
- "Guantanamera" (Spanish: "from Guantánamo, feminine" indicating a woman from Guantánamo[1]) is perhaps the best known Cuban song and that country's most noted patriotic song, especially when using a poem by the Cuban poet José Martí for the lyrics. The official writing credits have been given to Joseíto Fernández, who first popularized the song on radio as early as 1929 (although it is unclear when the first release as a record occurred). In 1966, a version by American vocal group the Sandpipers, based on an arrangement by the Weavers from their May 1963 Carnegie Hall Reunion concert, became an international hit.
country/city promotion
- Hell Harbor is a 1930 American pre-Code drama film directed by Henry King and written by Fred de Gresac, Clarke Silvernail and Brewster Morse. Anita Morgan, a descendant of the famous pirate Henry Morgan, is living a carefree and careless life on an island in the Caribbean, but would much rather be living the same life In Havana. When she learns that her father, in exchange for money, has promised her hand in marriage to one of his swarthy friends, she is more convinced that Havana is the place to be. When an American comes to the island to buy some pearls, she falls in love with him. and when she discovers he is to be tricked out of his money and killed, she makes plans to save him...and go to Havana with him.
- https://havanatimes.org/todays-song/sexteto-habanero-cuba-song-of-the-day/
christianity
- The Episcopal Church of Cuba (Spanish: Iglesia Episcopal de Cuba) is the diocese consisting of the entire country of Cuba in The Episcopal Church. From 1966 to 2018, it was an extra-provincial part of the Anglican Communion. The Episcopal Church of Cuba traces its formal origins to 1901, when the House of Bishops of the Episcopal Churchestablished the Missionary District of Cuba under the jurisdiction of the Presiding Bishop. The 1959 Cuban Revolution made communication and travel between the churches difficult, and in 1966 the Episcopal Church of Cuba was made an autonomous Diocese within the Anglican Communion, under the oversight of a Metropolitan Council comprising the Primates of the Anglican Church of Canada, the Church in the Province of the West Indies, and the Episcopal Church based in the U.S. In 2018, it was readmitted to The Episcopal Church in General Convention.
- no spanish wikipedia version
History
- 一九五九年的古巴革命，推翻了立場親美的巴蒂斯塔政權，以卡斯特羅和哲古華拉為首的革命政府上台。而在革命期間，美國公司財產被古巴革命政府收歸國有，更導致美國對古巴實行長期貿易禁運，打擊其經濟。一九六一年，美方企圖通過利用古巴流亡政府，在古巴西南海岸豬灣發起入侵行動，但失敗告終。事件促使古巴更加倒向蘇聯陣營，間接導致翌年的導彈危機。當時蘇聯企圖在古巴部署導彈，引發極嚴重的政治軍事危機，被視為最接近核戰的事件。
- The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (Spanish: Crisis de octubre), the Caribbean Crisis (Russian:Карибский кризис, tr. Karibskiy krizis), or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between theUnited States and the Soviet Unionconcerning Soviet ballistic missiles deployment in Cuba. Along with being televised worldwide, it was the closest theCold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.[1]In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961, and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italyand Turkey against the USSR with Moscowwithin range, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba's request to place nuclear missiles in Cuba to deter future harassment of Cuba. An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July and construction on a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer. An election was underway in the U.S. The White House had denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles from Florida. These missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium-range (SS-4) and intermediate-range (R-14) ballistic missile facilities. The United States established a military blockade to prevent further missiles from entering Cuba. It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the USSR. After a long time of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between Kennedy and Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union, subject to United Nations verification, in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement never to invade Cuba without direct provocation. Secretly, the US also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S.-built Jupiter MRBMs, which were deployed in Turkey and Italy against the Soviet Union but were not known to the public. When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il-28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba, the blockade was formally ended on November 20, 1962. The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick, clear, and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow. As a result, the Moscow–Washington hotline was established. A series of agreements sharply reduced U.S.-Soviet tensions for the following years.
- Hkej 5sep17 shum article
USA
- diplomatic history
- A mediados de 1848, el presidente Polk autorizo a su embajador a España, Romulus Mitchell Saunders (https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/saunders-romulus-mitchell ), a negociar la compra de Cuba y ofrecer la suma gigantesca de $100 millones, suma asombrosa en aquellos días por un territorio, que equivaldria a $2.74 billones en valores modernos. Cuba estaba cerca de los Estados Unidos y tenía esclavos, así que la idea le atraía al sur de los Estados Unidos, pero era rechazada por el norte. Aun así, España seguía lucrándose con la producción en Cuba del tabaco, azúcar, melaza, ron, razón por la que rechazo las ofertas de Saunders.
- In late 1962, after the eruption of the Cuban Missile Crisis -- which risked escalating into a global nuclear conflict -- John F. Kennedy explored the idea of a rapprochement, hoping to capitalize on Castro's fury at Moscow for withdrawing its missiles without even consulting him. "Kennedy saw an opportunity to try to win Cuba back from the Soviet orbit," explains William LeoGrande, a professor at American University and co-author of the book "Back Channel to Cuba: The Hidden History of Negotiations between Washington and Havana." Kennedy chose a French journalist, Jean Daniel, to convey a message to Castro in 1963. Daniel, tasked with being the ultimate diplomatic courier, met the Cuban revolutionary leader. He and Kennedy "seemed ready to make peace," he said later. But on the very day that Daniel met Castro, November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. The project fell apart. Kennedy's successor Lyndon Johnson did not wish to pursue the initiative. - Kissinger and Carter - In the mid-1970s, during Gerald Ford's presidency, then secretary of state Henry Kissinger launched in the utmost secrecy what was then the most developed attempt at normalization of relations since they broke off in January 1961. But the intervention of Cuban forces in Angola in 1975 on behalf of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola -- which now rules the African nation -- sounded the death knell on the effort. Just a few weeks after taking office in 1977, Jimmy Carter ordered a new round of talks aimed at normalizing ties with Havana. In the early weeks, things seemed to be moving along -- agreements were reached on maritime disputes, commercial fishing and on opening diplomatic interests sections in each country. "I always had a high opinion of Carter as a man of honor, an ethical man," Castro said years later. "Carter was a man who wanted to fix the problems between the United States and Cuba." But again, the effort wavered over Cuba's military actions in Africa. Havana refused to budge, and Carter said the time wasn't right to move forward. - Bush and Obama - Fast forward to the turn of the century, and the presidency of George W. Bush for whom only one rule mattered -- no concessions without regime change. So no progress was made. But in the spring of 2013, as Obama launched into his second term, he authorized the start of exploratory discussions with Havana. The first meeting took place in June that year in Canada. Pope Francis personally wrote to both leaders -- Obama and Fidel Castro's brother Raul, now the president -- to urge them to move forward. In October, US and Cuban delegations found themselves at the Vatican, with officials from the Holy See, to finalize the terms of their normalization of ties. On December 17, 2014, Obama and Castro stunned the world with their announcement that Washington and Havana would resume formal ties. The nearly unthinkable had happened: top-secret talks had gone on for 18 months without a single leak to the media. Why so much secrecy? For LeoGrande, there are still powerful reasons to tread carefully on the subject of Cuba -- though not the same ones as a generation ago. "In the 60s and 70s, it was more the issue of the Cold War and (American) presidents did not want to risk looking soft on communism," he told AFP. "That's why Johnson decided not to follow up on Kennedy's initiative." But from the 1980s, the influence -- and political clout -- of the Cuban exile community in Florida started to weigh heavily on the minds of US political leaders. "Presidents were afraid -- particularly Democratic presidents and Democratic candidates -- that if they hinted at an opening to Cuba, they could lose the state of Florida and lose the election," LeoGrande said.
- Trade Sanction
- http://www.sputniknews.com/latam/20141110/1014585788.html The US embargo on Cuba goes against international law and causes severe damage to the welfare of Cuban citizens, Uruguay's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said in a statement Monday.
- 美國周三推出新的古巴制裁令，重新限制古巴裔美國人向古巴家人匯款的金額。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190419/00180_011.html
- the Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) amended the Cuban Assets Control Regulations (CACR) to further implement President Trump’s June 2017 National Security Presidential Memorandum (NSPM) Strengthening the Policy of the United States Towards Cuba. The changes amend certain authorizations related to the provision of remittances to Cuba and eliminate the authorization for specific financial transactions known as “U-turn” transactions. “We are taking additional steps to financially isolate the Cuban regime. The United States holds the Cuban regime accountable for its oppression of the Cuban people and support of other dictatorships throughout the region, such as the illegitimate Maduro regime,” said Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin. “Through these regulatory amendments, Treasury is denying Cuba access to hard currency, and we are curbing the Cuban government’s bad behavior while continuing to support the long-suffering people of Cuba.” https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm770
- https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/CivPen/Documents/20191209_agr.pdf Allianz Global Risks US Insurance Company Settles Potential Liability for Apparent Violations of the Cuban Assets Control Regulations: Allianz Global Risks US Insurance Company (“AGR US”) is a Chicago-based property casualty insurer and a wholly owned subsidiary of Allianz SE (“Allianz”), a German financial services provider organized under the laws of the European Union and Germany. AGR US operates AGR Canada (“AGR Canada”) as a Canadian branch office in Toronto, Canada. AGR US has agreed to remit $170,535 to settle its potential civil liability for 6,474 apparent violations of the Cuban Assets Control Regulations (“CACR”), 31 C.F.R. Part 515.
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The Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996 (Helms–Burton Act, Pub.L. 104–114, 110 Stat. 785, 22 U.S.C. §§ 6021–6091) is a United States federal law which strengthens and continues the United States embargo against Cuba. The act extended the territorial application of the initial embargo to apply to foreign companies trading with Cuba, and penalized foreign companies allegedly "trafficking" in property formerly owned by U.S. citizens but confiscated by Cuba after the Cuban revolution. The act also covers property formerly owned by Cubans who have since become U.S. citizens. The Act is named for its original sponsors, Senator Jesse Helms, Republican of North Carolina, and Representative Dan Burton, Republican of Indiana.
The law was passed by the 104th United States Congress on March 6, 1996 and enacted into law by the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton on March 12, 1996. The bill, which had been tabled in late 1995 after Senator Helms was unable to overcome several Democratic filibusters, was reintroduced prompted by an episode that happened a month earlier. On February 24, 1996, Cuban fighter jets shot down two private planes operated by a Miami-based humanitarian international Search and Rescue support group called Brothers to the Rescue (Spanish: Hermanos al Rescate), which had been on a search and locate mission over international waters. Whether they were shot down over Cuban territory or international airspace is a matter of debate.- http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1664586/american-alan-gross-released-cuban-prison-after-five-years (18dec14), http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-30516740 US President Barack Obama has hailed a "new chapter" in US relations with Cuba, announcing moves to normalise diplomatic and economic ties.
- http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21637388-loosening-embargo-will-pay-dividends-far-beyond-cuba-new-normal
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-01/30/content_19445868.htm Cuban President Raul Castro said on Wednesday that the United States should clear someobstacles before the two countries can seriously embark on the restoration of diplomaticrelations. Castro made the remark while addressing the third Summit of the Community of Latin Americanand Caribbean States in Belen, Costa Rica. In the address, he laid out the conditions to normalize ties with the US, demanding thatWashington first lift the half-century trade embargo on Cuba, return the US base at GuantanamoBay, compensate his country for damages and remove Havana from a terror list.
- http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-31667183 Cuban and US diplomats say they have made progress in talks in Washington to restore full relations between the two countries. At issue is the opening of embassies in the two capitals and Cuba's hope it will be removed from a US terror list. The Cuban delegation was optimistic that problems could be overcome. Likewise the head of the US delegation said she hoped that the embassies issue could be resolved before a regional summit in Panama on 10 April. http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015-02/28/content_19676334.htm http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015-02/28/content_19678914.htm US and Cuban officials said progress was made in the second round of talks on resuming diplomatic ties here Friday, but they also cautioned that "serious disagreements" remained. US Assistant Secretary for Western Hemisphere Roberta Jacobson who leads the US delegation, described the talks as "productive" and "encouraging", saying that the two sides made "meaningful" progress in resolving their differences. She also expressed optimism that the US and Cuba could open embassies in each other's capital ahead of the Summit of the Americas slated for April 10-11. But she added that "serious disagreements remained." The assessment was echoed by her counterpart, Josefina Vidal, Cuba's lead negotiator who heads the Cuban foreign ministry's US division.
- diplomatic representation
- diplomatic representation
- http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/09/politics/us-cuba-acoustic-attack-embassy/index.html The US believes several State Department employees at the US embassy in Havana were subjected to an "acoustic attack" using sonic devices that left at least two with such serious health problems they needed to be brought back to the US for treatment, several senior State Department officials told CNN. A US government official told CNN that the who, where and when point to "an attack" -- the US is investigating whether a third country was involved as "payback" for actions the US has taken elsewhere and to "drive a wedge between the US and Cuba." The sophisticated device that operated outside the range of audible sound was deployed either inside or outside the residences of US diplomats living in Havana, according to three US officials.
- 美國因駐古巴大使館人員去年遭受不明性質的攻擊，身體出現異常，決定撤離大使館半數以上員工。由於只可撤走外交官半年的法例規定限期於周日屆滿，國務院上周五因而宣布，永久縮減駐古巴大使館人員，周一起大使館將繼續以最少的人手運作，以執行核心的外交和領事職能。使館員工的家屬也不允許隨行。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180304/00180_016.html
- visit by leaders
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016-03/21/content_23994285.htmObama's visit to the island nation will serve as a powerful symbol of the relationship that the US and Cuba are now forging. For Obama, the trip offers one of the last, best chances to advance the diplomatic opening with President Raul Castro before Obama leaves office next year. Ahead of Obama's arrival, US flags were raised in parts of Havana alongside Cuban flags, an improbable image for those who lived through a half-century in which the US and Cuba were bitter foes. Cubans were hard at work cleaning up Old Havana and giving buildings a fresh coat of paint, as the city buzzed in anticipation of Obama's visit. Not in nearly 90 years has a sitting American president visited Cuba. Joined by his wife and daughters, Obama will stroll the streets of Old Havana and meet with Castro in his presidential offices. He'll join baseball-crazed Cubans for a historic game between their beloved national team and Major League Baseball's Tampa Bay Rays. Ahead of his trip, Obama further lifted restrictions on Cuba, easing travel restrictions for Americans and restoring Cuba's access to the global financial system. Since rapprochement the two sides have restored diplomatic ties, signed commercial deals on telecommunications and scheduled airline service, and expanded cooperation on law enforcement and environmental protection.
- sanction
- 美國特朗普政府周三宣布加強制裁古巴，取消前任奧巴馬政府實行的多項便利化措施，禁止美國公民與一百八十家古巴政府機構、企業、旅行社等有商務往來；美國公民必須跟美國旅行社組團到訪古巴，或者在美國機構的代表陪伴下進行正式訪問。新政策將於周四實施，古巴外交部指摘有關措施傷害古巴人民。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171110/00180_014.html
- 美國總統特朗普政府周二加強對古巴制裁，宣布禁止美國郵輪、私人遊艇或教育交流團到訪當地，禁令於周三實施，預料將對其經濟造成巨大打擊。政府稱將容許已付費的市民繼續旅程。古巴外長羅德里格斯譴責稱，美國迫使古巴作出政治讓步的計劃將不能得逞。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190606/00180_013.html
- agricultural trade
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2f3bc8be-ef1e-11e5-a609-e9f2438ee05b.html Barack Obama’s historic visit to Cuba this week has been rich in symbolism, but even as the president has lifted restrictions on American companies to do business with the Caribbean nation, one key constituency remains frustrated: the powerful US agriculture lobby. Agriculture-related exports to the island, which sits just 90 miles off the Florida coast, have been allowed under US law since 2001 and with Cuba importing 80 per cent of its food, Washington is eager to penetrate a market officials say is worth $2bn a year.
- http://www.bbc.com/news/business-35854979 US hotel company Starwood has become the first American firm to agree a deal with the Cuban authorities since the revolution of 1959. Starwood is currently the target of potentially the biggest takeover of an American company by a Chinese business. Anbang Insurance, which already owns New York's Waldorf Astoria, has made a $13bn bid for Starwood, trumping an offer by America's Marriott International. Anbang's founder, chairman and chief executive Wu Xiaohui is married to Zhuo Ran, grand-daughter of Deng Xiaoping, the country's former leader who is credited with engineering China's economic reform.
- donald trump
- https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/sep/29/donald-trump-cuba-embargo-violation-clinton-allegation, http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161001/00180_005.html
- http://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21683976-downside-warming-relations-america-cuban-baseball-crisis
Uk
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016-04/29/content_24957354.htm british Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond on Thursday became the country's first foreign secretary to visit Cuba in more than half a century, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) said. Hammond, who is visiting Latin America, will meet his Cuban counterpart Bruno Rodriguez and other government leaders to discuss the recent social and economic changes in Cuba, the FCO said in a statement. During the visit, Hammond is expected to sign a bilateral agreement restructuring Cuba's debt to Britain and cement future UK-Cuba cooperation on financial services, energy, culture and education. In the statement, Hammond said "Britain and Cuba have outlooks on the world and systems of government that are very different," but he is "looking forward to demonstrating to the Cuban government and people that the UK is keen to forge new links across the Atlantic." "As the first British foreign secretary to visit Cuba since before the Cuban Revolution in 1959, this is an opportunity to hear for myself what Cuba thinks about its present challenges and where it sees its future," he said.
Vatican
- http://www.rt.com/news/315997-guevara-daughter-pope-francis/ The Cuban revolutionary’s daughter Aleida Guevara has refused to go to a mass Pope Francis will lead during his historic Cuban trip, saying it would be “hypocritical” of her to be present. The mass will take place in Revolution Square in Havana, which is adorned with a huge mural of the iconic guerilla leader, Ernesto “Che” Guevara. "The CPC (Communist Party of Cuba) asks us militants to go to mass, to go to meet the Pope. That is as a task from the party with which I don’t entirely agree," Aleida Guevara told AFP "I won’t go to the mass because it would be hypocritical of me. What will I do standing there for hours? No, no," she added, also saying, "My dad is there [Che Guevara’s grave is in Revolution Square, in Havana] because it is a symbol of this country."
- http://www.rt.com/news/315997-guevara-daughter-pope-francis/ The Cuban revolutionary’s daughter Aleida Guevara has refused to go to a mass Pope Francis will lead during his historic Cuban trip, saying it would be “hypocritical” of her to be present. The mass will take place in Revolution Square in Havana, which is adorned with a huge mural of the iconic guerilla leader, Ernesto “Che” Guevara. "The CPC (Communist Party of Cuba) asks us militants to go to mass, to go to meet the Pope. That is as a task from the party with which I don’t entirely agree," Aleida Guevara told AFP "I won’t go to the mass because it would be hypocritical of me. What will I do standing there for hours? No, no," she added, also saying, "My dad is there [Che Guevara’s grave is in Revolution Square, in Havana] because it is a symbol of this country."
Korea
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160608/PDF/a12_screen.pdf韓國和古巴是上個世紀40年代建立的外交關 係，但在1959年古巴社會主義革命成功後，韓古 外交關係中斷，雙方長期幾乎沒有來往。到上世 紀90年代後半期，韓古關係稍有鬆動，但來往十 分有限。美古時隔54年恢復邦交，給韓古復交帶 來了希望。
Chinese
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/weekend/2017-06/10/content_29695564.htm Ever since the first Chinese immigrants arrived in Cuba 170 years ago, the process of cultural exchange has never stopped.Tao and Gonzalez are the latest links in a chain stretching back to June 1847, when the first 200 laborers arrived in Havana, with many settling down to start families.Since their arrival, Chinese immigrants and their descendants have left a profound mark on Cuban history, including fighting against Spanish colonialism and following the revolution of Fidel Castro. "There was no Chinese-Cuban deserter. There was no Chinese-Cuban traitor," reads a monument in Havana, quoting Gonzalo de Quesada (1868-1915), a lawyer and close friend of Cuba's national hero, Jose Marti. Festivities concluded on Sunday with a series of activities, which counted on the presence of Ma Peihua, vice chairperson of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.The printing press of Havana's Chinatown was also reopened and the local daily, Kwong Wah Po, the only one of its type on the island since 1944, will serve the local Chinese community again five years after being shut down.
- Also refer to qing hung article in singtao 21jan18 p04 chinese immigrants are guangdong and hakka people who came to build railway since 1850s, they married black slaves and settled down , then moved to florida in 1959 to escape from communism.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2018-04/13/content_36023554.htm Wei went to Havana for two weeks in early 2015 to film interviews with Amaran, Wong and their families. The women showed Wei and her crew around the Chinatown district. Cuba now has only about 400 Chinese-Cubans, many of them elderly people living in the Barrio Chino.
- 雷競旋book on chinese in cuba. Her grandfather and father are emigrants to cuba
- chinatown
- in 1847, ocean liners oquendo and duke of argyle had taken some 500 chinese labourers to havana. Between 1847 anfd 1874, an estimated 140,000 chinese laboueres were sent to cuba, most of whom were deceived into taking up work or kidnapped. ??? Today fewer than 100 chinese remain in cuba
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3009616/chinatown-without-chinese-descendants-migrants-dream-return-glory-days Here, taxi drivers joke that it is the only Chinatown in the world without any Chinese, a testament to the assimilation of a migrant community that first arrived in Cuba in the middle of the 19th century. “Since its creation, it was an open Chinese neighbourhood that produced this mix between the Chinese and the country’s original population,” said Teresa Maria Li, director of the local House of Traditional Chinese Arts.These are some of the last remaining Cuban residents who are 100 per cent Chinese. Their descendants have embraced the local culture, and are more Cuban than Chinese. The influx of rich Chinese migrants from California provided a boost to Cuba’s gross domestic product but in 1959 Castro’s “nationalisation law affected all Chinese. Small businesses had considerable Chinese capital”, said Montes de Oca. But once the Soviet Union fell and Cuba spiralled into an economic crisis in the 1990s, some old Chinese restaurants reopened, although like most of the city they remain run-down. With Havana celebrating its 500th anniversary, authorities have committed to restoring many parts of the city, including Chinatown.
- artist
- 早在上世紀中葉，粵劇就曾「遠渡」到南美，並催生出兩位「古巴伶人花旦」——何秋蘭、黃美玉。香港攝影師劉博智日前與大公報記者一席對話，暢談結識何秋蘭、黃美玉的全過程，以及她們如何在貧困的生活環境中，發揚粵劇並執著「尋根」之旅。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190311/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190411/PDF/a22_screen.pdf
- wifredo lam 林飛龍, full name wifredo oscar de la concepcion lam y castilla, mother of spanish, indian and african origin singtao 28jan18 qing hung article
China
- historical ties
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/09/26/a12-0926.pdf
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161127/00180_009.html , http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161127/PDF/a4_screen.pdf
- 根据古巴的史料记载，首批华人是在一八四七年六月三日乘船抵达哈瓦那港的，身份是“契约华工”。古巴有种植甘蔗的传统，也有从国外僱佣劳动力的习惯，多 从非洲招募。那些年，能从非洲找到的工人甚少，甘蔗园主把眼光放到了中国。这样，首批华工被“契约”到古巴，开始艰苦、非人的“苦力”劳作，也起始了华人 与这个国家的交往。此后，抵达古巴的中国人越来越多，从事的事情也不仅仅局限于甘蔗种植，扩散到了其他许多方面，对古巴的影响从而逐渐加大。大批的中国人 还参加过古巴的几度独立战争，中国人部队表现英勇、突出，深受古巴人民的尊敬和爱戴。一九五九年古巴建立了新的政权，一部分华人离开了这个国家，另一些人 则选择留了下来，继续与古巴人民并肩战斗和建设。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170620/PDF/b11_screen.pdf
- migrant slaves in 19th century
- chinese laborers replaced freed slaves in the sugar cane fields and the abuse they suffered was so terrible that , for once, the Chinese government was embarrassed enough to send an investigation team to Cuba, as a result of which the export of labor to Cuba was banned. (source: Diana Lary Chinese Migration)
- visit by leaders
- trade
- solar
- investors from China
taiwan
- http://www.vidalatinasd.com/news/2016/mar/08/cuba-cancels-musical-performance-in-taiwan/
Communist Cuba has suddenly canceled a scheduled arts performance in Taiwan for political reasons, the organizer announced, amid speculation that the cancellation was made under pressure from China. Taiwan arts promotion company, the Management of New Arts (MNA) announced on Monday that the Cuban troupe was scheduled to perform the Taiwan leg of 'Bravo! Cuba! Orquesta Buena Vista Social Club 'Adios tour'' at the National Concert Hall in Taipei, Taiwan, on Mar. 8, but suddenly canceled the show. "The show was arranged through a Spanish agent. The Spanish agency told us that the Cuban Cultural Ministry canceled the show due to Taiwan's upcoming change of government," MNA said in a statement. MNA executives visited the Cuban embassy in Beijing, China, trying to persuade Cuba to let the show take place, but embassy staff said that the cancellation was for political reasons and the decision was final. "This is the first time in our years of hosting cultural and arts activities, that a performance has been canceled for political factors. We regret the cancellation and will refund purchased tickets," the statement added.
Hong Kong
- links
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/01/02/b05-0102.pdf古巴駐廣州總領事菲利克斯於上月 29日專程由廣州來香港，邀請古巴航空公司中港澳區銷售總代理香港維安航空管理有限公司黃子良董事主席和黃維安總裁前往香港中國會，介紹古巴雪茄駐中國區代表英飛烽香港公司與香港古巴榮譽領事兼古巴雪茄亞洲區總代理鄧永鏘爵士認識會面。目前古巴航空有定期航班來往加拿大多倫多、法國巴黎、西班牙馬德里和意大利羅馬。古巴每月出口雪茄近 200公噸，還出口海參、龍蝦和鮮花等到香港和中國內地及其他亞洲國家和地區。面對古巴雪茄空運出口急需，古巴航空中港澳區總代理去年十一月已經代表古巴航空與中國海南航空公司國際部洽商，希望海航與古巴航空互相通航開展代碼共享合作。海航建議利用海航現時北京—多倫多—北京（每天一班）航班由多倫多延伸飛往古巴首都哈瓦那。雙方航空公司總部有關部門亦已經同意通過該項合作初部協議，現在只需要待有關申請文件批准後，海航便可以由北京經多倫多飛古巴首都哈瓦那（每日一班）。古巴航空可經此代碼共享航班運送大量雪茄及其他產品出口往中國內地、香港及亞洲其地國家和地區。
Event
- Havana International Trade Fair http://www.feriahavana.com/
- President Xi Jinping and Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel witnessed the signing of a series of cooperative documents after their talks at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201811/09/WS5be49d80a310eff3032877e4.html
- http://www.cmhw.cu/en/national/19687-raul-castro-received-the-chinese-admiral-miao-hua
- State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Cuban Foreign Minister Bruno Rodriguez pose for a photo after signing a bilateral political consultation plan on Wednesday in Beijing.http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201905/30/WS5cef12baa3104842260be909.html
- trade
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-06/04/content_20905202.htm Chinese connoisseurs are sparking a boom in imported Cuban cigars with trendylounges and bars springing up in major cities here. The first thing you notice when you enter the Cigar Ambassador Club in the trendyThe Place mall in central Beijing is the strong tobacco aroma that impregnates theroom. Amid a cloud of light smoke, Vincent Chen, a diamond trader in his 30s fromBeijing, is holding a chunky Partagas cigar between his fingers.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/09/25/a05-0925.pdf 近年來，兩國政府積極展開合 作，推動古巴製造業升級、市場逐步開放、產業 領域間的協調，以及有限度地引入私營經濟成 分。 長期對古巴進行調研的墨爾本大學拉美研究副 教授阿德里安．赫恩對中國在古巴的投資有獨到 評論。他說：「在古巴，中國投資推動了物流、 教育、製造的一體化，達到的行業協作超出了任 何單一公司與公司之間的夥伴關係，中古合作注 重古巴產業能力升級和協調這種長期目標。」 赫恩說，中國追求產業融合在古巴交通領域體 現得十分明顯。在古巴旅遊大巴和公共汽車市場 佔據領先地位的宇通集團有限公司的做法不是運 整車到古巴，而是將汽車部件從鄭州工廠運至哈 瓦那組裝，減少了 12%至 15%的運輸成本。中國 技師對古巴技師進行組裝培訓，為古巴融入全球 生產鏈提供專業儲備。
- leaders visit
- http://english.gov.cn/premier/news/2016/09/24/content_281475449846246.htm Cuba introduced a new foreign investment law in 2014 and is developing a special economic development zone in Mariel, about 40 kilometers from the capital, Havana, to attract more foreign investors. Blanco Silva said Cuba has adopted an innovative approach to its sugar industry by utilizing the byproducts to generate clean electricity. China is working with his country, he said, in financing power stations “in line with the Cuban government policy of increasing the production of clean energy from 4 percent today to 24 percent by the year 2030”. The ambassador expressed a warm welcome to Chinese tourists planning to visit Cuba as well as Chinese companies investing in building hotels there. “A number of well-known Chinese construction companies are undertaking discussions with their Cuban counterparts to establish different types of cooperation aimed at the development of the tourism infrastructure in the country,” he said. Tourism cooperation was enhanced in December 2015, the 55th anniversary of the two countries’ diplomatic ties, when Air China began flights from Beijing to Havana.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/09/26/a12-0926.pdf 中國國務院總理李克強結束對加拿大的 正式訪問後，應古巴國務委員會主席兼部長會議主席勞爾 ．卡斯特羅邀請，當地時間 24日下午與夫人程虹乘專機 抵達哈瓦那，開始對古巴進行正式訪問。據新華社報道， 李克強當日同勞爾舉行會談，強調中方願同古 方聚焦發展合作。兩國此次簽署近 30 項政 府間協議及商業合同，涵蓋經濟技術、財政 金融、產能合作、新能源、信息通信、 檢驗檢疫等諸多領域。訪問期間，李克 強還將看望古巴前領導人菲德爾．卡斯 特羅，並出席中古人文友好交流活動。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160926/PDF/a6_screen.pdf
- mariel port
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-03/06/content_28442796.htm
The Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries Co, a global leader in port equipment, has provided the Mariel Container Terminal with four ship-to-shore gantry cranes, 12 rubber-tiered gantry cranes and two rail-mounted gantry cranes. As business picks up at Mariel, the company will increase the number of state-of-the-art cranes to 24 STS and 72 RTGs, increasing the unloading capacity from 800,000 containers to 3 million.
- 古巴鐵路系統源遠流長，堪稱全球最古老同類系統之一，列車和路軌日久失修令車廂殘舊、車速緩慢，甚至意外頻生。在盟友中國及俄羅斯協助下，古巴政府計劃在二○三○年前將鐵路系統現代化，上周六是逾四十年來首架新載客列車投入服務，由首都哈瓦那開出。由中國製造的新列車擁有藍色車身，分為頭等及二等座，前者設有冷氣。古巴於今年五月購入八十節華製車廂，預料明年再接收另外八十節。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190715/00180_012.html
- solar
- With China's help, Cuba hopes to produce more solar panels as part of efforts to promote renewable energy and bring electricity to remote areas. Chinese raw materials are guaranteeing production at Cuba's only photovoltaic panel manufacturing plant, the Ernesto Che Guevara Electronic Components, in the western province of Pinar del Rio, 160 kilometers west of Havana. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-07/24/content_30218760.htm
- China National Tobacco Corporation and Leading Cuban cigar maker Habanos S.A. signed a letter of intent here on Sunday on increasing Cuba's cigar exports to China. China National Tobacco Corporation General Manager Ling Chengxing and co-presidents of Habanos S.A., Inocente Nunez and Luis Sanchez-Harguindey, inked the document in Havana. According to the agreement, Habanos S.A. can provide assistance to cigar production in China while expanding its cigar sales in the Asian market. http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2017-07/24/content_41274854.htm
- investors from China
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-09/26/content_26892815.htm Yutong's 5,890 buses have transformed the Castro-led Caribbean country socio-economically
- https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/09/14/what-a-new-chinese-restaurant-in-havana-says-about-cuba a photo of Fidel Castro, the late Cuban dictator, shaking hands with Xi Jinping, China’s living one, hangs in the entrance to the newly opened “Beijing” restaurant in Havana. Around it are snapshots of Chinese and Cuban bigwigs past and present. One from 1961 shows a smiling Mao Zedong and Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado, then Cuba’s president, on a balcony. On a flight in 2014 from Havana to Santiago de Cuba, the birthplace of Cuba’s revolution, Mr Xi promised Raúl Castro, then its president, a fine Chinese restaurant. That visit, too, is memorialised in the vestibule. It took five years, and millions of dollars in rent and renovation, before the Beijing was ready to serve its first dandan noodles. It opened in August at last, two years later than planned. Even when the Chinese and Cuban autocrats bless the enterprise, doing business in Cuba is hard.
- http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-02/17/c_136062915.htm At the on-going 2017 Cuba International Book Fair (FIL), the Chinese pavilion has been attracting many locals and foreigners, and has become one of the most-visited areas.
- http://www.vidalatinasd.com/news/2016/mar/08/cuba-cancels-musical-performance-in-taiwan/
Communist Cuba has suddenly canceled a scheduled arts performance in Taiwan for political reasons, the organizer announced, amid speculation that the cancellation was made under pressure from China. Taiwan arts promotion company, the Management of New Arts (MNA) announced on Monday that the Cuban troupe was scheduled to perform the Taiwan leg of 'Bravo! Cuba! Orquesta Buena Vista Social Club 'Adios tour'' at the National Concert Hall in Taipei, Taiwan, on Mar. 8, but suddenly canceled the show. "The show was arranged through a Spanish agent. The Spanish agency told us that the Cuban Cultural Ministry canceled the show due to Taiwan's upcoming change of government," MNA said in a statement. MNA executives visited the Cuban embassy in Beijing, China, trying to persuade Cuba to let the show take place, but embassy staff said that the cancellation was for political reasons and the decision was final. "This is the first time in our years of hosting cultural and arts activities, that a performance has been canceled for political factors. We regret the cancellation and will refund purchased tickets," the statement added.
Hong Kong
- links
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161127/00180_011.html
- david tang https://www.ft.com/content/52e7ec9e-b0ce-11e6-a37c-f4a01f1b0fa1
My friend Fidel Castro
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/01/02/b05-0102.pdf古巴駐廣州總領事菲利克斯於上月 29日專程由廣州來香港，邀請古巴航空公司中港澳區銷售總代理香港維安航空管理有限公司黃子良董事主席和黃維安總裁前往香港中國會，介紹古巴雪茄駐中國區代表英飛烽香港公司與香港古巴榮譽領事兼古巴雪茄亞洲區總代理鄧永鏘爵士認識會面。目前古巴航空有定期航班來往加拿大多倫多、法國巴黎、西班牙馬德里和意大利羅馬。古巴每月出口雪茄近 200公噸，還出口海參、龍蝦和鮮花等到香港和中國內地及其他亞洲國家和地區。面對古巴雪茄空運出口急需，古巴航空中港澳區總代理去年十一月已經代表古巴航空與中國海南航空公司國際部洽商，希望海航與古巴航空互相通航開展代碼共享合作。海航建議利用海航現時北京—多倫多—北京（每天一班）航班由多倫多延伸飛往古巴首都哈瓦那。雙方航空公司總部有關部門亦已經同意通過該項合作初部協議，現在只需要待有關申請文件批准後，海航便可以由北京經多倫多飛古巴首都哈瓦那（每日一班）。古巴航空可經此代碼共享航班運送大量雪茄及其他產品出口往中國內地、香港及亞洲其地國家和地區。
Event
- Havana International Trade Fair http://www.feriahavana.com/
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