麦西亞王国 Mercia (/ˈmɜːrʃiə,
- flag is yellow cross on blue background
- アングロサクソン時代のイングランドは七王国時代ともいわれるが、実際のところ存在した王国は100を超えると推定される。七王国と呼ばれるようになったのは、アングロサクソン年代記などによってあと付けされたためで、実際に七王国にあげられている諸王国とそうでない王国の間に確たる差があったわけではない。これらの王国は勢力争いを繰り広げたが、負けた王国は滅ぼされるわけではなく、勝利した側に臣従することによって一種のヒエラルキー構造をなしていた。この国どうしの臣従の慣習は、上位支配権もしくは宗主権 (Overlordship) と呼ばれる。七王国時代は、イングランドにキリスト教が復興した時代でもあった。ローマ帝国の衰退によって、ブリテン諸島はいったんはキリスト教の圏外となった。流入してきたアングロサクソン諸部族は当初ゲルマン神話に基づく信仰を有しており、キリスト教世界からみればイングランドは蛮族の地となっていた。スタフォードシャーのウェンズベリ(Wednesbury)は主神ウォウドゥン(Woden)（北欧神話のオーディン(Odin)に相当）の名に因むほか、英語の曜日名にもゲルマン神話の残滓が見られる。諸々の王国は次第にキリスト教に改宗していったが、マーシア王国は比較的遅くまでキリスト教に改宗しなかった。
- very detailed japanese wiki version
- flag is yellow cross on blue background
- アングロサクソン時代のイングランドは七王国時代ともいわれるが、実際のところ存在した王国は100を超えると推定される。七王国と呼ばれるようになったのは、アングロサクソン年代記などによってあと付けされたためで、実際に七王国にあげられている諸王国とそうでない王国の間に確たる差があったわけではない。これらの王国は勢力争いを繰り広げたが、負けた王国は滅ぼされるわけではなく、勝利した側に臣従することによって一種のヒエラルキー構造をなしていた。この国どうしの臣従の慣習は、上位支配権もしくは宗主権 (Overlordship) と呼ばれる。七王国時代は、イングランドにキリスト教が復興した時代でもあった。ローマ帝国の衰退によって、ブリテン諸島はいったんはキリスト教の圏外となった。流入してきたアングロサクソン諸部族は当初ゲルマン神話に基づく信仰を有しており、キリスト教世界からみればイングランドは蛮族の地となっていた。スタフォードシャーのウェンズベリ(Wednesbury)は主神ウォウドゥン(Woden)（北欧神話のオーディン(Odin)に相当）の名に因むほか、英語の曜日名にもゲルマン神話の残滓が見られる。諸々の王国は次第にキリスト教に改宗していったが、マーシア王国は比較的遅くまでキリスト教に改宗しなかった。
- very detailed japanese wiki version
The kingdom of the South Saxons (/ˈsʌsɪks/; Old English: Suþseaxna rice), today referred to as the Kingdom of Sussex, was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the Anglo-SaxonHeptarchy. On the south coast of the island of Great Britain, it was originally a sixth century Saxon colony and later an independent kingdom. The South Saxons were ruled by the kings of Sussex until the country was annexed by Wessex, probably in 827, in the aftermath of the Battle of Ellandun.The foundation legend of the Kingdom of the South Saxons is given by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which states that in the year AD 477 Ælle arrived at a place called Cymenshore in three ships with his three sons,[28] Cissa, Cymen and Wlencing. The Chronicle describes how on landing Ælle slew the local defenders and drove the remainder into the Forest of Andred.[28] The Chronicle goes on to describe Ælle's battle with the British in 485 near the bank of Mercredesburne, and his siege of the Saxon Shore fort at Andredadsceaster at modern Pevensey in 491 after which the inhabitants were massacred.[29][30] According to legend, various places took their names from Ælle's sons. Cissa is supposed to have given his name to Chichester, Cymen to Cymenshore and Wlencing to Winchelsea.
- The Duke of Sussex is a substantive title associated with Sussex first appeared with the Kingdom of Sussex. The title of Duke of Sussex was conferred upon Prince Augustus Frederick, the sixth son of King George III, on 24 November 1801. Prince Augustus Frederick married Lady Augusta Murray at St George's, Hanover Square, Westminster in 1793, and secondly Lady Cecilia Goreat Great Cumberland Place, London, on 2 May 1831. Both marriages were in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772; thus the couple's children were illegitimate. Not being the Prince's legitimate wife, Lady Cecilia could not be received at court. She was eventually (on 30 March 1840) given the title of Duchess of Inverness in her own right by Queen Victoria.[5]Since Augustus Frederick had no legitimate issue, his titles became extinct on his death in 1843. In 1999, before the wedding of Prince Edward, the youngest son of Elizabeth II, some had suggested the Dukedom of Sussex or Cambridge as the most likely title to be granted to him. Instead, Prince Edward was created Earl of Wessex, and it was announced that he would eventually be created Duke of Edinburgh, a title currently held by his father, Prince Philip.[6]There was again speculation that Prince William of Wales might be given the Sussex title on his wedding to Catherine Middleton in April 2011, but he was instead created Duke of Cambridge. In the same year, it was reported that Prince Harry had been promised the title on the day of his (then speculative) wedding. Regardless of whether or not he had been promised, he was indeed created Duke of Sussex, Earl of Dumbarton, and Baron Kilkeel on the morning of his wedding to Meghan Markle in 2018.
Æthelstan or Athelstan (Old English: Æþelstan, or Æðelstān, meaning "noble stone"; c. 894 – 27 October 939) was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 924 to 927 and King of the English from 927 to 939. He was the son of King Edward the Elder and his first wife, Ecgwynn. Modern historians regard him as the first King of England and one of the greatest Anglo-Saxon kings. He never married and had no children. He was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund. When Edward died in July 924, Æthelstan was accepted by the Mercians as king. His half-brother Ælfweard may have been recognised as king in Wessex, but died within three weeks of their father's death. Æthelstan still encountered resistance in Wessex for several months, and was not crowned until September 925. In 927 he conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom, York, making him the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of the whole of England. In 934 he invaded Scotland and forced Constantine II to submit to him, but Æthelstan's rule was resented by the Scots and Vikings, and in 937 they invaded England. Æthelstan defeated them at the Battle of Brunanburh, a victory which gave him great prestige both in the British Isles and on the Continent. After his death in 939 the Vikings seized back control of York, and it was not finally reconquered until 954. Æthelstan centralised government; he increased control over the production of charters and summoned leading figures from distant areas to his councils. These meetings were also attended by rulers from outside his territory, especially Welsh kings, who thus acknowledged his overlordship. More legal texts survive from his reign than from any other 10th-century English king. They show his concern about widespread robberies, and the threat they posed to social order. His legal reforms built on those of his grandfather, Alfred the Great. Æthelstan was one of the most pious West Saxon kings, and was known for collecting relics and founding churches. His household was the centre of English learning during his reign, and it laid the foundation for the Benedictine monastic reform later in the century. No other West Saxon king played as important a role in European politics as Æthelstan, and he arranged the marriages of several of his sisters to continental rulers.
- Most accounts of the day agree that the riots of 1208, was fuelled by the incident of an Oxford university student (accused of) murdering a town girl. This forced the students and masters to flee Oxford to nearby towns such as Reading and Cambridge to set up learning centres, thus laying the foundations of what we now know as Cambridge University. However, there also exists a contention that in the town of Cambridge, there already existed the foundations of an educational community (even before the 1208 riots) and therefore Cambridge was older than what was recorded in history. In 1727, a court confirmed, after reviewing evidence, that Oxford University (specifically University College) could trace its birth, by way of a bequest made by Alfred the Great, youngest son of King Æthelwulf, who reigned as King of Wessex from 871 to 899, thus cementing the precedence we use till today. https://www.quora.com/Why-do-we-tend-to-say-Oxford-and-Cambridge-rather-than-Cambridge-and-Oxford
The Norman conquest of Englandwas the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and Frenchsoldiers led by Duke William II ofNormandy, later styled as William the Conqueror. William's claim to the English throne derived from his familial relationship with the childlessAnglo-Saxon King Edward the Confessor, who may have encouraged William's hopes for the throne. Edward died in January 1066 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson. The Norwegian kingHarald Hardrada invaded northern England in September 1066 and was victorious at the Battle of Fulford, but Harold defeated and killed him at theBattle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September 1066. Within days, William landed in southern England. Harold marched south to confront him, leaving a significant portion of his army in the north. Harold's army confronted William's invaders on 14 October at the Battle of Hastings; William's force defeated Harold, who was killed in the engagement. Although William's main rivals were gone, he still faced rebellions over the following years and was not secure on his throne until after 1072. The lands of the resisting English elite were confiscated; some of the elite fled into exile. To control his new kingdom, William gave lands to his followers and built castles commanding military strongpoints throughout the land. Other effects of the conquest included the court and government, the introduction of Norman French as the language of the elites, and changes in the composition of the upper classes, as William enfeoffed lands to be held directly from the king. More gradual changes affected the agricultural classes and village life: the main change appears to have been the formal elimination of slavery, which may or may not have been linked to the invasion. There was little alteration in the structure of government, as the new Norman administrators took over many of the forms of Anglo-Saxon government.
- https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-the-Ancient-Britons-the-original-inhabitants-of-Britain-before-the-Saxon-and-Viking-invasions-after-the-Norman-conquest
The Wars of the Roses were a series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster (associated with a red rose), and the House of York (whose symbol was a white rose). The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487; however, there was fighting before and after this period between the houses. The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years' War, combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI which revived interest in Richard, Duke of York's claim to the throne. With the Duke of York's passing, the claim transferred to his heir, Edward, who later became the first Yorkist king of England, as Edward IV. Soon after Edward IV's death, the throne passed to his younger brother, Richard III, after the disappearances of Edward's sons, Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, within the confines of the Tower of London. The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who defeated the last Yorkist king, Richard III, at the Battle of Bosworth Field. After assuming the throne as Henry VII, he married Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter and heir of Edward IV, thereby uniting the two claims. The House of Tudor ruled the Kingdom of England until 1603, with the death of Elizabeth I, granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
Starting in 1529, King Henry VIII changed course form attacking theology of luther to severing the english church from rome and establishing himself as its head - for dynastic reasons, but in alliance with reform-minded clerics, he also undertook some modest reforms of religious ritual and dogma. In mid-1530s, his royal commissioners were fanning out saints' days and popular festivals, and alleged confiscating the movable wealth of local churches.
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular uprising that began in Yorkshire in October 1536, before spreading to other parts of Northern England including Cumberland, Northumberland and north Lancashire, under the leadership of lawyer Robert Aske. The "most serious of all Tudor rebellions", it was a protest against Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and the policies of the King's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, as well as other specific political, social and economic grievances. The Pilgrimage began almost immediately following the suppression of the short-lived Lincolnshire rising of 1536. The traditional historical view portrays the Pilgrimage as "a spontaneous mass protest of the conservative elements in the North of England angry with the religious upheavals instigated by King Henry VIII".
The Prayer Book Rebellion, Prayer Book Revolt, Prayer Book Rising, Western Risingor Western Rebellion (Cornish: Rebellyans an Lyver Pejadow Kebmyn) was a popular revolt in Devon and Cornwall in 1549. In that year, the Book of Common Prayer, presenting the theology of the English Reformation, was introduced. The change was widely unpopular – particularly in areas of still firmly Catholic religious loyalty (even after the Act of Supremacy in 1534) such as Lancashire.[citation needed]Along with poor economic conditions, the attack on the Catholic Church led to an explosion of anger in Devon and Cornwall, initiating an uprising. In response, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, sent Lord John Russell with an army composed partly of German and Italian mercenaries to suppress the revolt.
The Thirty-nine Articles of Religion (commonly abbreviated as the Thirty-nine Articles or the XXXIX Articles) are the historically defining statements of doctrines and practices of the Church of England with respect to the controversies of the English Reformation. The Thirty-nine Articles form part of the Book of Common Prayer used by both the Church of England and the Episcopal Church. Several versions are available online. When Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church and was excommunicated, he formed a new Church of England, which would be headed by the monarch (himself) rather than the pope. At this point, he needed to determine what its doctrines and practices would be in relation to the Roman Catholic Church and the new Protestant movements in continental Europe. A series of defining documents were written and replaced over a period of 30 years as the doctrinal and political situation changed from the excommunication of Henry VIII in 1533, to the excommunication of Elizabeth I in 1570. These positions began with the Ten Articles in 1536, and concluded with the finalisation Thirty-nine articles in 1571. The Thirty-nine articles ultimately served to define the doctrine of the Church of England as it related to Calvinist doctrine and Roman Catholic practice. The articles went through at least five major revisions prior to their finalisation in 1571. The first attempt was the Ten Articles in 1536, which showed some slightly Protestant leanings—the result of an English desire for a political alliance with the German Lutheran princes. The next revision was the Six Articles in 1539 which swung away from all reformed positions, and then the King's Book in 1543, which re-established most of the earlier Roman Catholic doctrines. During the reign of Edward VI, Henry VIII's only son, the Forty-Two Articles were written under the direction of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer in 1552. It was in this document that Calvinist thought reached the zenith of its influence in the English Church. These articles were never put into action, due to Edward VI's death and the reversion of the English Church to Roman Catholicism under Henry VIII's elder daughter, Mary I. Finally, upon the coronation of Elizabeth I and the re-establishment of the Church of England as separate from the Roman Catholic Church, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion were initiatied by the Convocation of 1563, under the direction of Matthew Parker, the Archbishop of Canterbury. The articles pulled back from some of the more extreme Calvinist thinking and created the peculiar English reformed doctrine. The Thirty-nine articles were finalised in 1571, and incorporated into the Book of Common Prayer. Although not the end of the struggle between Catholic and Protestant monarchs and citizens, the book helped to standarize the English language, and was to have a lasting effect on religion in the United Kingdom, and elsewhere through its wide use.
civil war
- first phase began in august 1642, pitted a composite puritan coalition (divisions within coalition between presbyterians and independents), organised by a committee of safety in parliament, against the royalist forces of the king, supported by the anglican church
- in 1645 the joint committee authorized the creation of a professional army to replace locally mobilized militias, which came to be known as the new model army
- in early 1649, the so-called rump parliament, dominated by those outsiders, passed, in quick succession, a series of acts that together represent their new political settlement: an act abolishing the office of king, an act abolishing the house of lords, an act declaring england to be a commonwealth
- on 16dec1653, the protectorate issued the instrument of governance - britain's first written constitution (for england, scotland and ireland, which were incorporated into the commonwealth and empowered to delegate representatives to its parliament.
- the old walpole chapel in east anglia served a congregation of independents, which was formed in 1649 until 1970
- The Diggers were a group of Protestant radicals, sometimes seen as forerunners of modern anarchism, and also associated with agrarian socialism and Georgism. Gerrard Winstanley's followers were known as True Levellers in 1649 and later became known as Diggers, because of their attempts to farm on common land. Their original name came from their belief in economic equality based upon a specific passage in the Book of Acts. The Diggers tried (by "leveling" land) to reform the existing social order with an agrarian lifestyle based on their ideas for the creation of small egalitarian rural communities. They were one of a number of nonconformist dissenting groups that emerged around this time.
The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholderWilliam III, Prince of Orange. William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascension to the throne as William III of England jointly with his wife, Mary II, James's daughter, after the Declaration of Right, leading to the Bill of Rights 1689. King James's policies of religious tolerance after 1685 met with increasing opposition from members of leading political circles, who were troubled by the king's Catholicism and his close ties with France. The crisis facing the king came to a head in 1688, with the birth of the king's son, James Francis Edward Stuart, on 10 June (Julian calendar). This changed the existing line of succession by displacing the heir presumptive (his daughter Mary, a Protestant and the wife of William of Orange) with young James Francis Edward as heir apparent. The establishment of a Roman Catholic dynasty in the kingdoms now seemed likely. Some Tory members of parliament worked with members of the opposition Whigs in an attempt to resolve the crisis by secretly initiating dialogue with William of Orange to come to England, outside the jurisdiction of the English Parliament. Stadtholder William, the de facto head of state of the Dutch United Provinces, feared a Catholic Anglo–French alliance and had already been planning a military intervention in England. After consolidating political and financial support, William crossed the North Sea and English Channel with a large invasion fleet in November 1688, landing at Torbay. After only two minor clashes between the two opposing armies in England, and anti-Catholic riots in several towns, James's regime collapsed, largely because of a lack of resolve shown by the king. However, this was followed by the protracted Williamite War in Ireland and Dundee's rising in Scotland. In England's distant American colonies, the revolution led to the collapse of the Dominion of New England and the overthrow of the Province of Maryland's government. Following a defeat of his forces at the Battle of Reading on 9 December, James and his wife Mary fled England; James, however, returned to London for a two-week period that culminated in his final departure for France on 23 December. By threatening to withdraw his troops, William in February 1689 (New Style Julian calendar) convinced a newly chosen Convention Parliament to make him and his wife joint monarchs. The Revolution permanently ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England. For British Catholics its effects were disastrous both socially and politically: Catholics were denied the right to vote and sit in the Westminster Parliament for over a century; they were also denied commissions in the army, and the monarch was forbidden to be Catholic or to marry a Catholic, this latter prohibition remaining in force until 2015. The Revolution led to limited tolerance for Nonconformist Protestants, although it would be some time before they had full political rights. It has been argued, mainly by Whig historians, that James's overthrow began modern English parliamentary democracy: the Bill of Rights 1689 has become one of the most important documents in the political history of Britain and never since has the monarch held absolute power. Internationally, the Revolution was related to the War of the Grand Alliance on mainland Europe. It has been seen as the last successful invasion of England. It ended all attempts by England in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century to subdue the Dutch Republic by military force. However, the resulting economic integration and military co-operation between the English and Dutch navies shifted the dominance in world trade from the Dutch Republic to England and later to Great Britain. The expression "Glorious Revolution" was first used by John Hampden in late 1689, and is an expression that is still used by the British Parliament. The Glorious Revolution is also occasionally termed the Bloodless Revolution, albeit inaccurately. The English Civil War (also known as the Great Rebellion) was still within living memory for most of the major English participants in the events of 1688, and for them, in comparison to that war (or even the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685) the deaths in the conflict of 1688 were mercifully few.
In 1907, UK and Russia agreed over spheres of influence in persia, afghanistan and Thibet. UK adopted a doctrine similar to Monroe doctrine in regard to India, Turkey, Egypt, Afghanistan, Persia, Thibet. [higgins]
The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, or the Hussein–McMahon Correspondence, was an exchange of letters (14 July 1915 to 30 January 1916) during World War I, between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, and Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in Egypt, concerning the political status of lands under the Ottoman Empire. Growing Arab nationalism had led to a desire for independence from the Ottoman Empire. In the letters Britain agreed to recognize Arab independence after WWI "in the limits and boundaries proposed by the Sherif of Mecca", not including areas in which France had interests. This was in exchange for Arab help in fighting the Ottomans, led by Hussein bin Ali. The correspondence came in conflict with the later Balfour declaration of 1917, in which Britain promised a Jewish National Homeland in Palestine.
The Sykes–Picot Agreement /ˈsaɪks pi.ko/, officially known as the Asia Minor Agreement, was a secret agreement between the United Kingdom and France, to which the Russian Empire assented. The agreement defined their mutually agreedspheres of influence and control inSouthwestern Asia. The agreement was based on the premise that the Triple Entente would succeed in defeating theOttoman Empire during World War I. The negotiations leading to the treaty occurred between November 1915 and March 1916[2] and it was signed 16 May 1916.[3] The deal was exposed to the public in Izvestiaand Pravda on 23 November 1917 and in the British Guardian on November 26, 1917. The agreement allocated to the UK control of areas roughly comprising the coastal strip between the Mediterranean Sea and the River Jordan, Jordan, southern Iraq, and an additional small area that included the ports of Haifaand Acre, to allow access to the Mediterranean.[8] France got control of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, Syria andLebanon.[8] Russia was to get Istanbul, the Turkish Straitsand Armenia.[8] The controlling powers were left free to determine state boundaries within their areas.[8] Further negotiation was expected to determine international administration pending consultations with Russia and other powers, including Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca.
The Balfour Declaration was a letter dated 2 November 1917 from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. The "Balfour Declaration" was later incorporated into both the Sèvres peace treaty with theOttoman Empire, and the Mandate for Palestine. The original document is kept at the British Library. The declaration was in contrast to the McMahon-Hussein correspondence, which promised the Arab independence movement control of the Middle East territories "in the limits and boundaries proposed by the Sherif of Mecca" in exchange for revolting against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
post ww2
- By 1945 the British working class had suffered 11 years of the Depression, unemployment & poverty, followed by 6 years of war & conscription. They blamed the Conservatives for not caring & for not acting sooner to prevent the war. More to the point, too many pre-war elite Conservative politicians were perceived as enthusiastic for Fascism as their best hope of suppressing socialism, restoring the fortunes & power of the aristocracy & sending the educated middle class back to the gutter. With Hitler gone, it was time for payback, & that meant voting Labour. Sadly while the nation successfully transformed from a warfare state to a welfare state (unlike the USA & USSR) the Labour policy of austerity, combined with continuing rationing, identity cards, conscription & social engineering lost Labour all that support before its term was up.https://www.quora.com/Why-was-Winston-Churchill-so-unpopular-in-Britain-after-WW2
The Suez Crisis, also named the Tripartite Aggression and the Kadesh Operation, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 byIsrael, followed by the United Kingdom andFrance. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasserfrom power. After the fighting had started, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations forced the three invaders to withdraw. The episode humiliated Great Britain and France and strengthened Nasser. On October 29, Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai. Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to cease fire, which was ignored. On November 5, Britain and France landed paratroopers along the Suez Canal. The Egyptian forces were defeated, but they did block the canal to all shipping. It became clear that the Israeli invasion and the subsequent Anglo-French attack had been planned beforehand by the three countries. The three allies had attained a number of their military objectives, but the Canal was now useless and heavy pressure from the United States and the USSR forced them to withdraw. U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had strongly warned Britain not to invade; he now threatened serious damage to the British financial system. Historians conclude the crisis "signified the end of Great Britain's role as one of the world's major powers". Peden in 2012 states, "The Suez crisis is widely believed to have contributed significantly to Britain's decline as a world power." The Suez Canal was closed from October 1956 until March 1957. Israel fulfilled some of its objectives, such as attaining freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran. As a result of the conflict, the United Nations created the UNEF Peacekeepers to police the Egyptian–Israeli border, British Prime Minister Anthony Eden resigned, Canadian Minister of External AffairsLester Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize, and the USSR may have been emboldened to invade Hungary.
- hkej 19jan18 shum article
- hkej 19jan18 shum article
religion/conflict with pope
- Anselm of Canterbury (Latin: Anselmus Cantuariensis; c. 1033 – 21 April 1109), also called Anselm of Aosta (Italian: Anselmo d'Aosta) after his birthplace and Anselm of Bec (French: Anselme du Bec) after his monastery, was a Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian of the Catholic Church, who held the office of archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109. After his death, he was canonized as a saint; his feast day is 21 April. Beginning at Bec, Anselm composed dialogues and treatises with a rational and philosophical approach, sometimes causing him to be credited as the founder of Scholasticism. Despite his lack of recognition in this field in his own time, Anselm is now famed as the originator of the ontological argument for the existence of God and of the satisfaction theory of atonement. He was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church by a bull of Pope Clement XI in 1720. As archbishop, he defended the church's interests in England amid the Investiture Controversy. For his resistance to the English kings William II and Henry I, he was exiled twice: once from 1097 to 1100 and then from 1105 to 1107. While in exile, he helped guide the Greek bishops of southern Italy to adopt Roman rites at the Council of Bari. He worked for the primacy of Canterbury over the bishops of York and Wales but, though at his death he appeared to have been successful, Pope Paschal II later reversed himself and restored York's independence.
- The Becket controversy or Becket dispute was the quarrel between Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and King Henry II of England, from 1163 to 1170. The controversy culminated with Becket's murder in 1170, and was followed by Becket's canonization in 1173 and Henry's public penance at Canterbury in July 1174.
- version at bbc - Thomas Becket was born in around 1120, the son of a prosperous London merchant. He was well educated and quickly became an agent to Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, who sent him on several missions to Rome. Becket's talents were noticed by Henry II, who made him his chancellor and the two became close friends. When Theobald died in 1161, Henry made Becket archbishop. Becket transformed himself from a pleasure-loving courtier into a serious, simply-dressed cleric. The king and his archbishop's friendship was put under strain when it became clear that Becket would now stand up for the church in its disagreements with the king. In 1164, realising the extent of Henry's displeasure, Becket fled into exile in France, and remained in exile for several years. He returned in 1170. On the 29 December 1170, four knights, believing the king wanted Becket out of the way, confronted and murdered Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. Becket was made a saint in 1173 and his shrine in Canterbury Cathedral became an important focus for pilgrimage. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/becket_thomas.shtml
- Becket was immediately hailed as a martyr and canonised in 1173, and his shrine in Canterbury Cathedral became famous throughout Christendom. Unfortunately this shrine was totally destroyed at the Reformation in 1538, but his tomb can be seen in St. Thomas’s in Trinity Chapel behind the high altar. http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Thomas-Becket/
- kiv - picture found in malayam and bulgarian wikipedia version of saffron
- throughout the 17th and 18th c , parlaiment (Whigs and tories) passed laws that severely curtailed the rights, freedoms, and employment of both dissenters and, to an even greater degree, catholics.
- by the end of 18thc, there was spread of evangelical movements in britain, and evangelicals could be found among both dissenters and anglicans. They played an important role in shaping the british east india company in the first half of 19th century
Website
- http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/
- http://www.british-history.ac.uk/
- http://lafayette.org.uk
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/history
- britainia ad530 http://www.ict.griffith.edu.au/wiseman/DECB/map530.gif
Document/artefact
- The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The original manuscript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great (r. 871–899). Multiple copies were made of that one original and then distributed to monasteries across England, where they were independently updated. In one case, the Chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154. Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are of equal historical value and none of them is the original version. The oldest seems to have been started towards the end of Alfred's reign, while the most recent was written at Peterborough Abbey after a fire at that monastery in 1116. Almost all of the material in the Chronicle is in the form of annals, by year; the earliest are dated at 60 BC (the annals' date for Caesar's invasions of Britain), and historical material follows up to the year in which the chronicle was written, at which point contemporary records begin. These manuscripts collectively are known as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.The Chronicle is not unbiased: there are occasions when comparison with other medieval sources makes it clear that the scribes who wrote it omitted events or told one-sided versions of stories; there are also places where the different versions contradict each other. Taken as a whole, however, the Chronicle is the single most important historical source for the period in England between the departure of the Romans and the decades following the Norman conquest. Much of the information given in the Chronicle is not recorded elsewhere. In addition, the manuscripts are important sources for the history of the English language; in particular, the later Peterborough text is one of the earliest examples of Middle English in existence.
- Domesday Book (/ˈduːmzdeɪ/ or US: /ˈdoʊmzdeɪ/; Latin: Liber de Wintonia "Book of Winchester") is a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror. It was written in Medieval Latin, was highly abbreviated, and included some vernacular native terms without Latin equivalents. The survey's main purpose was to determine what taxes had been owed during the reign of King Edward the Confessor, which allowed William to reassert the rights of the Crown and assess where power lay after a wholesale redistribution of land following the Norman conquest. The assessors' reckoning of a man's holdings and their values, as recorded in Domesday Book, was dispositive and without appeal. The name "Domesday Book" (Middle English for "Doomsday Book") came into use in the 12th century.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-we-pronounce-Domesday-book-as-doomsday Because that's been its name for half a thousand years. Earliest attributions include 1221 and 1552. It has nowt to do with hemispherical structures, so much as the fact that the middle-English spelling of doom was dome. Writing is merely an attempt at a visual form of what people say. The spoken form is the language, not the written form.
- The Bayeux Tapestry (English /baɪˈjɜːr/ or US /bɑːˈjuː/,/beɪˈjuː/; French: Tapisserie de Bayeux, IPA: [tapisʁi də bajø], or La telle du conquest) is an embroidered cloth nearly 70 metres (230 ft) long and 50 centimetres (20 in) tall, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings. The tapestry consists of some fifty scenes with Latin tituli, embroidered on linen with coloured woollen yarns. It is likely that it was commissioned by Bishop Odo, William's half-brother, and made in England—not Bayeux—in the 1070s. In 1729 the hanging was rediscovered by scholars at a time when it was being displayed annually in Bayeux Cathedral. The tapestry is now exhibited at the Musée de la Tapisserie de Bayeux in Bayeux, Normandy, France (49.2744°N 0.7003°W).
- the tapestry depicts the conquered saxon king harold as an oath-breaker, who promised on the relics of bayeux to support william as king, but then seizes the crown himself
- http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/17/bayeux-tapestry-displayed-britain-leaves-french-shores-first/ Britain should loan France the Rosetta Stone in return for being allowed to borrow the Bayeux Tapestry, a senior Tory MP has said as the battle to host the relic began. The Telegraph understands the tapestry is destined to go on show at the British Museum in 2022, after curators have been in discussion with their French colleagues for some time.
- worth a read/other interesting stuff
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-English-so-different-from-other-Romance-languages
The embroidered artwork is set to be displayed in the UK after Emmanuel Macron, the French president, gave the move his seal of approval.- The Harleian Library, Harley Collection, Harleian Collection and other variants (Latin: Bibliotheca Harleiana) is one of the main "closed" collections of the British Library in London (formerly the library of the British Museum). The collection is 7660 manuscripts, including 2200 illuminated manuscripts, [1] more than 14,000 original legal documents; and more than 500 rolls. It was formed byRobert Harley (1661–1724) and his son Edward (1689-1741). In 1753, it was purchased for £10,000 by the British government. Together with the collections of Sir Robert Cotton (the Cotton library) and Hans Sloane (the Sloane library) it formed the basis of the British Museum's collection of manuscripts, which moved to the new British Library in 1973.[2] The collection contains illuminated manuscripts spanning the early Middle Ages to the Renaissance. There are important early British manuscripts, many from Western Europe, and several Byzantine manuscripts in Greek and other languages.
- sloane manuscripts - Themes of these several thousand manuscript volumes include medicine, alchemy, chemistry, botany and horticulture, exploration and travel, mathematics and natural history, magic and religion. They include what has been described as the greatest collection of medical manuscripts ever made by a single individual, not just in quantity and variety but in the exceptional quality of individual items. Highlights include a finely illuminated early 14th century copy of the `Chirurgia’ of Roger Frugardi of Parma, manuscripts of Sloane’s contemporaries and immediate predecessors in the scientific community, John Dee, Sir Thomas Browne, Robert Hooke and Sir Isaac Newton, and contemporary records of exploration in both hemispheres, from Nova Scotia to the East Indies and the South Seas.
- Raphael Holinshed (1529–1580; /ˈhɒlɪnzhɛd/ ) was an English chronicler, whose work, commonly known as Holinshed's Chronicles, was one of the major sources used by William Shakespeare for a number of his plays.
- http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O26285/atour-through-the-british-colonies-board-game-betts-john/ The game has 37 numbered pictures arranged in four circular levels with a full width picture at the top and bottom. Each picture refers to a British colony. The publisher, John Betts, called London the metropolis of the British Empire.
Interestingly two routes to India are provided, one overland via Alexandria and other via Sierra Leone and the Cape. It is perhaps surprising to see how well informed and up-to-date some of the comments are--disapproval of the selling of gunpowder and spirits to North American Indians, and the fact that Newfoundland was rediscovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1496.
- reference books
- Robert campbell's the london tradesmen (1747)
- Ackermann's Repository of Arts was an illustrated British periodical published from 1809-1829 by Rudolph Ackermann.[1] Although commonly called Ackermann's Repository, or, simply Ackerman's, the formal title of the journal was Repository of arts, literature, commerce, manufactures, fashions, and politics, and it did, indeed cover all of these fields.[2] In its day, it had great influence on English taste in fashion, architecture, and literature.
british empire- http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21716625-generous-payment-here-and-there-can-go-long-way-what-break-up-british-empire-can
united kingdom
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/acts_of_union_01.shtml
social system
- Russet is a coarse cloth made of wool and dyed with woad and madder to give it a subdued grey or brown shade. By the statute of 1363, poor English people were required to wear russet or cheap blanket. Humble squires and priests, such as Franciscans wore russet as a sign of humility but preferred a good quality russet such as that made in Colchester, which was better than the cheapest cloth.
social class
- A yeoman /ˈjoʊmən/ was a member of a social class in late medieval to early modern England. In early recorded uses, a yeoman was an attendant in a noble household; hence titles such as "Yeoman of the Chamber", "Yeoman of the Crown", "Yeoman Usher", "King's Yeoman", Yeomen Warders, Yeomen of the Guard. The later sense of yeoman as "a commoner who cultivates his own land" is recorded from the 15th century; in military context, yeoman was the rank of the third order of "fighting men", below knights and squires, but above knaves. A specialized meaning in naval terminology, "petty officer in charge of supplies", arose in the 1660s.The term is first recorded c. 1300. Its etymology is unclear. It may be a contraction of Old English iunge man, meaning "young man" (compare knave, meaning "boy"), but there are alternative suggestions, such as derivations from an unattested *geaman (a hypothetical cognate of Old Frisian gaman, from gea- "province") meaning "villager; rustic". The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Taleappears in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, written between 1387 and 1400.
- Yeoman of the Guard act as Royal Bodyguard to the Sovereign at Garden Parties. The Yeoman were created in 1485 by King Henry VII & are the oldest Military Corps still existing in the UK.https://www.facebook.com/UKandHongKong/photos/a.153141311395972.28962.153101271399976/1794638497246237/
- The Yeomen Warders of Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress the Tower of London, and Members of the Sovereign's Body Guard of the Yeoman Guard Extraordinary, popularly known as the Beefeaters, are ceremonial guardians of the Tower of London. In principle they are responsible for looking after any prisoners in the Tower and safeguarding the British crown jewels; they have also conducted guided tours since the Victorian era. Since 2011, there have been 37 Yeomen Warders and one Chief Warder. All warders are retired from the Armed Forces of Commonwealth realms and must be former warrant officers with at least 22 years of service. They must also hold the Long Service and Good Conduct medal.
- The Yeomen of the Guard; or, The Merryman and His Maid, is a Savoy Opera, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert. It premiered at the Savoy Theatre on 3 October 1888 and is set in the Tower of London, during the 16th century
Trade
- The Corn Laws were measures enforced in the United Kingdom between 1815 and 1846, which imposed restrictions and tariffs on imported grain. They were designed to keep grain prices high to favour domestic producers. The laws did indeed raise food prices and became the focus of opposition from urban groups who had far less political power than rural Britain. The Corn Laws imposed steep import duties, making it too expensive to import grain from abroad, even when food supplies were short. The laws were supported by Conservativelandowners and opposed by Whig industrialists and workers. The Anti-Corn Law League was responsible for turning public and elite opinion against the laws. It was a large, nationwide middle-class moral crusade with a Utopian vision, according to historian Asa Briggs; its leading advocate Richard Cobden promised that repeal would settle four great problems simultaneously.
- The Canada Corn Act was passed in 1843 by the British Parliament and allowed Canadian grains to enter the British market at a reduced duties and to discourage shipment to the American market.
Industry
- The Lace Market is a historic quarter-mile square area ofNottingham, England. It was the centre of the world's laceindustry during the British Empire and is now a protected heritage area. It was an area of salesrooms andwarehouses for storing, displaying and selling the lace. The Lace Market adjoins Hockley Village, and both areas now accommodate a variety of bars, restaurants and shops.
- cabinet
- Thomas Chippendale (1763–66), and Chippendale's rivals, the royal cabinet-makers William Vile and John Cobb, and Samuel Norman (Gilbert). A pair of marquetry commodes in the French taste by a French cabinet-maker working in London, Pierre Langlois, is at Aske.
english breakfast
- 追溯起英式早餐的起源，竟不能免俗 地變成了一場 「炫富」 盛況。中世紀的人 們一天只吃兩頓飯，並且內容極簡。於是 上流社會為了展示自己的領地和財力，一 大清早就將所轄土地上的產物統統搬上餐 桌，各種肉類、蛋白質和新鮮麵包，當然還有香噴噴 的茶。這種 「高貴」 的生活習慣被視為是身份地位的 象徵，後來逐漸演變成貴族間一項重要的社交方式。 不過到了維多利亞時代，由於工業革命的興起， 貴族勢力減弱，中產階級就變成了主流人群，為了配 合上班，吃早餐的時間也從之前的十一點提前了兩小 時。後來隨着越來越多人享用，原本富豪們最引以為 傲的標籤走進了尋常百姓家。到了二十世紀五十年代 ，幾乎多半英國人都會用傳統的英式早餐開啟一天生 活，似乎是歪打正着，也讓他們擁有了全世界最豐盛 的早餐。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190711/PDF/b7_screen.pdf
Art
- Nicholas Hilliard (c. 1547 – 7 January 1619) was anEnglish goldsmith and limner best known for his portrait miniatures of members of the courts of Elizabeth I andJames I of England. He mostly painted small oval miniatures, but also some larger cabinet miniatures, up to about ten inches tall, and at least two famous half-length panel portraits of Elizabeth. He enjoyed continuing success as an artist, and continuing financial troubles, for forty-five years. His paintings still exemplify the visual image of Elizabethan England, very different from that of most of Europe in the late sixteenth century. Technically he was very conservative by European standards, but his paintings are superbly executed and have a freshness and charm that has ensured his continuing reputation as "the central artistic figure of the Elizabethan age, the only English painter whose work reflects, in its delicate microcosm, the world of Shakespeare's earlier plays.
Literature
- Beowulf (/ˈbeɪoʊwʊlf, ˈbiːoʊ-/;[2] Old English: [ˈbeːo̯ˌwulf]) is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It may be the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature. A date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript, which was produced between 975 and 1025.[3] The author was an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet, referred to by scholars as the "Beowulf poet".The poem is set in Scandinavia. Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by a monster known as Grendel. After Beowulf slays him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland (Götaland in modern Sweden) and later becomes king of the Geats. After a period of fifty years has passed, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is mortally wounded in the battle. After his death, his attendants cremate his body and erect a tower on a headland in his memory. The full poem survives in the manuscript known as the Nowell Codex. It has no title in the original manuscript, but has become known by the name of the story's protagonist.[5] In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through Ashburnham House in London that had a collection of medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton.[6] The Nowell Codex is currently housed in the British Library.
- http://www.heorot.dk/beowulf-rede-text.html
- the ruin (poem)
- song of summer (poem)
- Geoffrey Chaucer (/ˈtʃɔːsər/; c. 1343 – 25 October 1400), known as the Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages. He was the first poet to be buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, and astronomer, composing a scientific treatise on the astrolabe for his ten-year-old son Lewis, Chaucer also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Among his many works are The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde. He is best known today for The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer's work was crucial in legitimizing the literary use of the Middle Englishvernacular at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin.
- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Middle English: Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt) is a late 14th-century Middle English chivalric romance. It is one of the best known Arthurian stories, with its plot combining two types of folklore motifs, the beheading game and the exchange of winnings. The Green Knight is interpreted by some as a representation of the Green Man of folklore and by others as an allusion to Christ. Written in stanzas of alliterative verse, each of which ends in a rhyming bob and wheel,[1]it draws on Welsh, Irish, and English stories, as well as the French chivalric tradition. It is an important poem in the romance genre, which typically involves a hero who goes on a quest which tests his prowess, and it remains popular to this day in modern English renderings from J. R. R. Tolkien, Simon Armitage, and others, as well as through film and stage adaptations. It describes how Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table, accepts a challenge from a mysterious "Green Knight" who challenges any knight to strike him with his axe if he will take a return blow in a year and a day. Gawain accepts and beheads him with his blow, at which the Green Knight stands up, picks up his head, and reminds Gawain of the appointed time. In his struggles to keep his bargain, Gawain demonstrates chivalry and loyalty until his honour is called into question by a test involving Lady Bertilak, the lady of the Green Knight's castle. The poem survives in a single manuscript, the Cotton Nero A.x., which also includes three religious narrative poems: Pearl, Purity and Patience. All are thought to have been written by the same unknown author, dubbed the "Pearl Poet" or "Gawain Poet", since all three are written in a North West Midland dialect of Middle English.
- The Somonyng of Everyman (The Summoning of Everyman), usually referred to simply as Everyman, is a late 15th-century morality play. Like John Bunyan's 1678 Christian novel The Pilgrim's Progress, Everyman uses allegorical characters to examine the question of Christian salvation and what Man must do to attain it.The premise is that the good and evil deeds of one's life will be tallied by God after death, as in a ledger book. The play is the allegorical accounting of the life of Everyman, who represents all mankind. In the course of the action, Everyman tries to convince other characters to accompany him in the hope of improving his account. All the characters are also allegorical, each personifying an abstract idea such as Fellowship, (material) Goods, and Knowledge. The conflict between good and evil is dramatised by the interactions between characters. Everyman is being singled out because it is difficult for him to find characters to accompany him on his pilgrimage. Everyman eventually realizes through this pilgrimage that he is essentially alone, despite all the personified characters that were supposed necessities and friends to him. Everyman learns that when you are brought to death and placed before God, all you are left with is your own good deeds.
- Sir Thomas More (/mɔər/; 7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), venerated by Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532.[3] He wrote Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary ideal island nation.More opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther and William Tyndale. More also opposed the King's separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England and the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. After refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, he was convicted of treason and beheaded. Of his execution, he was reported to have said: "I die the King's good servant, and God's first." Pope Pius XI canonised More in 1935 as a martyr. Pope John Paul II in 2000 declared him the "heavenly Patron of Statesmen and Politicians."[4] Since 1980, the Church of England has remembered More liturgically as a Reformation martyr.[5] The Soviet Union honoured him for the supposedly communist attitude toward property rights expressed in Utopia.
- Christopher Marlowe,[1] also known as Kit Marlowe (/ˈmɑːrloʊ/; baptised 26 February 1564 – 30 May 1593), was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. Marlowe was the foremost Elizabethan tragedian of his day.[2] He greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was born in the same year as Marlowe and who rose to become the pre-eminent Elizabethan playwright after Marlowe's mysterious early death. Marlowe's plays are known for the use of blank verse and their overreaching protagonists.Marlowe was born in Canterbury to shoemaker John Marlowe and his wife Catherine. His date of birth is not known, but he was baptised on 26 February 1564, and is likely to have been born a few days before. Of the dramas attributed to Marlowe, Dido, Queen of Carthage is believed to have been his first. It was performed by the Children of the Chapel, a company of boy actors, between 1587 and 1593. The play was first published in 1594; the title page attributes the play to Marlowe and Thomas Nashe. Marlowe's first play performed on the regular stage in London, in 1587, was Tamburlaine the Great, about the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), who rises from shepherd to warlord. It is among the first English plays in blank verse,[8] and, with Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy, generally is considered the beginning of the mature phase of the Elizabethan theatre. Tamburlaine was a success, and was followed with Tamburlaine the Great, Part II.
- John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poemParadise Lost (1667), written in blank verse.Milton's poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self-determination, and the urgent issues and political turbulence of his day. Writing in English, Latin, Greek, and Italian, he achieved international renown within his lifetime, and his celebrated Areopagitica (1644), written in condemnation of pre-publication censorship, is among history's most influential and impassioned defences of free speech and freedom of the press. William Hayley's 1796 biography called him the "greatest English author",[1] and he remains generally regarded "as one of the preeminent writers in the English language",[2] though critical reception has oscillated in the centuries since his death (often on account of his republicanism). Samuel Johnson praised Paradise Lost as "a poem which...with respect to design may claim the first place, and with respect to performance, the second, among the productions of the human mind", though he (a Tory and recipient of royal patronage) described Milton's politics as those of an "acrimonious and surly republican".
- Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton (1608–1674). The first version, published in 1667, consisted of ten books with over ten thousand lines of verse. A second edition followed in 1674, arranged into twelve books (in the manner of Virgil's Aeneid) with minor revisions throughout and a note on the versification. The poem concerns the biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of God to men".
- Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892). Tennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire, England.[6] He was born into a middle-class line of Tennysons, but also had a noble and royal ancestry.His father, George Clayton Tennyson (1778–1831), was rector of Somersby (1807–1831), also rector of Benniworth (1802–1831) and Bag Enderby, and vicar of Grimsby (1815). Rev. George Clayton Tennyson raised a large family and "was a man of superior abilities and varied attainments, who tried his hand with fair success in architecture, painting, music, and poetry. He was comfortably well off for a country clergyman and his shrewd money management enabled the family to spend summers at Mablethorpe and Skegness on the eastern coast of England". Alfred Tennyson's mother, Elizabeth Fytche (1781–1865), was the daughter of Stephen Fytche (1734–1799), vicar of St. James Church, Louth (1764) and rector of Withcall (1780), a small village between Horncastle and Louth.
- "Tears, Idle Tears" is published as one of the "songs" in his The Princess(1847), it is regarded for the quality of its lyrics.
- The Ingoldsby Legends is a collection of myths, legends, ghost stories and poetry written supposedly by Thomas Ingoldsby of Tappington Manor, actually a pen-name of an Englishclergyman named Richard Harris Barham.
- John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, CBE FRSL (/ˈtɒlkiːn/;[a] 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor who is best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion. He served as the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, from 1945 to 1959.[1] He was at one time a close friend of C. S. Lewis—they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings. Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972. After Tolkien's death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion. These, together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and Middle-earth within it. Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings.
- Tolkien's paternal ancestors were middle-class craftsmen who made and sold clocks, watches and pianos in London and Birmingham. The Tolkien family had emigrated from Germany in the 18th century but had become "quickly intensely English".[9] According to the family tradition, the Tolkiens had arrived in England in 1756, as refugees from Frederick the Great's invasion of the Electorate of Saxony during the Seven Years' War.[10] Several families with the surname Tolkien or similar spelling live in northwestern Germany, mainly in Lower Saxony and Hamburg. Tolkien believed his surname derived from the German word tollkühn, meaning "foolhardy",[13] and jokingly inserted himself as a "cameo" into The Notion Club Papers under the literally translated name Rashbold. However, this origin of the name has not been proven. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on 3 January 1892 in Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State (now Free State Province in South Africa) to Arthur Reuel Tolkien (1857–1896), an English bank manager, and his wife Mabel, née Suffield (1870–1904). The couple had left England when Arthur was promoted to head the Bloemfontein office of the British bank for which he worked. Tolkien had one sibling, his younger brother, Hilary Arthur Reuel Tolkien, who was born on 17 February 1894. As a child, Tolkien was bitten by a large baboon spider in the garden, an event some think later echoed in his stories, although he admitted no actual memory of the event and no special hatred of spiders as an adult. In another incident, a young family servant, who thought Tolkien a beautiful child, took the baby to his kraal to show him off, returning him the next morning.
- The tengwar are an artificial script created by J. R. R. Tolkien. Within the fictional context of Tolkien's legendarium, the tengwar were invented by the Elf Fëanor, and used first to write the Elven tongues Quenya and Telerin. Later a great number of languages of Middle-earth were written using the tengwar, including Sindarin. Tolkien used tengwar to write English: most of Tolkien's tengwar samples are actually in English.
- John James Osborne (Fulham, London, 12 December 1929 – 24 December 1994) was an English playwright, screenwriter and actor, known for his excoriating prose and intense critical stance towards established social and political norms. The success of his 1956 play Look Back in Anger transformed English theatre. Osborne was one of the first writers to address Britain's purpose in the post-imperial age. He was the first to question the point of the monarchy on a prominent public stage.[citation needed] During his peak (1956–1966), he helped make contempt an acceptable and now even cliched onstage emotion, argued for the cleansing wisdom of bad behaviour and bad taste, and combined unsparing truthfulness with devastating wit.
Magazine
- young ladies' magazine (18th century)
national anthem
- ****** according to jeffrey richards (imperialism and music britain 1876-1953), music was used to consecrate the aims of exhibition, and so a concert was programmed as part of the opening ceremonies. It opened with the national anthem, the second verse being sung in sanskrit. There followed an ode, specially written by poet laureate lord tennyson, and set to music by arthur sullivan, who was conducting.
Music
- sumer is icumen in (the summer canon) - the only known piece of 6-part polyphony before the 15th century. It was composed around 1250, probably in reading. The piece combines two forms that were common in england at the time: the rota and the rondellus.
- Thomas Morley (1557 or 1558 – early October 1602) was an English composer, theorist, singer and organist of the Renaissance. He was one of the foremost members of the English Madrigal School. He was also involved in music publishing, and from 1598 up to his death he held a printing patent (a type of monopoly). He used the monopoly in partnership with professional music printers such as Thomas East. According to Philip Brett and Tessa Murray, Morley was 'chiefly responsible for grafting the Italian shoot on to the native stock and initiating the curiously brief but brilliant flowering of the madrigal that constitutes one of the most colourful episodes in the history of English music'.Living in London at the same time as Shakespeare, he became organist at St Paul's Cathedral. He was the most famous composer of secular music in ElizabethanEngland. He and Robert Johnson are the composers of the only surviving contemporary settings of verse by Shakespeare.
- My bonny lass she smileth
- William Byrd (/bɜːrd/; birth date variously given as c.1539/40 or 1543 – 4 July 1623, was an English composer of the Renaissance. He wrote in many of the forms current in England at the time, including various types of sacred and secular polyphony, keyboard (the so-called Virginalist school), and consort music. He produced sacred music for use in Anglicanservices, although he himself became a Roman Catholic in later life and wrote Catholic sacred music as well.
- Henry Purcell (/ˈpɜːrsəl/ or /pɜːrˈsɛl/; c. 10 September 1659[Note 1] – 21 November 1695) was an English composer. Although incorporating Italian and French stylistic elements into his compositions, Purcell's legacy was a uniquely English form of Baroque music.
Theatre/musical
- melodrama (developed in 18th century France) came to London, at the time there was a lucrative sheet music market- Savoy opera was a style of comic opera that developed in Victorian England in the late 19th century, with W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan as the original and most successful practitioners. The name is derived from the Savoy Theatre, which impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte built to house the Gilbert and Sullivan pieces, and later, those by other composer–librettist teams. The great bulk of the non-G&S Savoy Operas either failed to achieve a foothold in the standard repertory, or have faded over the years, leaving the term "Savoy Opera" as practically synonymous with Gilbert and Sullivan.
- Sir Cameron Anthony Mackintosh (born 17 October 1946) is a British theatrical producernotable for his association with many commercially successful musicals. At the height of his success in 1990, he was described as being "the most successful, influential and powerful theatrical producer in the world" by the New York Times.[2] He is the producer of shows such as Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera, Mary Poppins, Oliver!, Miss Saigon, Cats and Hamilton. Mackintosh was born in Enfield, London, the son of Diana Gladys (née Tonna), a production secretary, and Ian Robert Mackintosh, a timber merchant and jazz trumpeter.[6] His father was Scottish, and his mother, a native of Malta, was of Maltese and French descent.[7][8]Mackintosh was raised in his mother's Roman Catholic faith[citation needed] and educated at Prior Park College in Bath. In 1998 Mackintosh was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to the Labour Party,[41] a decision he later claimed to regret, saying: "Labour really fucked it up. They were profligate at a time when we were doing well. That's why we have the problems we have now. They didn't save any money for a rainy day. It couldn't have been worse these last 12 years."[44] In the 2015 British general election, Mackintosh donated £25,000 to the successful Conservative candidate for Somerton and Frome, David Warburton.
ritual/tradition
- The tradition of wassailing (alt sp wasselling) falls into two distinct categories: The house-visiting wassail and the orchard-visiting wassail. The house-visiting wassail is the practice of people going door-to-door, singing and offering a drink from the wassail bowl in exchange for gifts. This practice still exists, but has largely been displaced by caroling. The orchard-visiting wassail refers to the ancient custom of visiting orchards in cider-producing regions of England, reciting incantationsand singing to the trees to promote a good harvest for the coming year. The word wassail comes from the Anglo-Saxon greeting Wæs þu hæl, meaning "be thou hale"—i.e., “be in good health”. The correct response to the greeting is Drinc hæl
- Stir-up-Sunday, the next before Advent, is the traditional day to make the Christmas pudding. Traditionally, a silver sixpence was stirred in to the mix, to bring the finder wealth and good luck in the year to come. In the past it was usual for every member of the household to give the pudding a stir and make a wish. Some families have used the same Christmas sixpence for as long as they can remember! http://www.royalmint.com/discover/celebrations/christmas-traditions-and-coins
witchcraft
- James I had been greatly interested in witchcraft even before he took the throne (in 1603), writing a book, Daemonologie, instructing his readers to condemn and prosecute both supporters and practitioners of witchcraft. The scepticism of the king became reflected in the feelings of unrest about witchcraft among the common people. The king’s views were also imposed on the law; each Justice of the Peace in Lancashire at the beginning of the year of 1612 were instructed to compile a list of all those who refused to attend Church or take communion (a criminal offence). Lancashire had been regarded as a wild and lawless society, possibly related to the general sympathy with the Catholic Church. During the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the people of Pendle Hill openly opposed the closure of the nearby Cistercian Abbey and reverted straight back to Catholicism when Queen Mary came to the throne in 1553. The region of Lancashire was thought of as “where the church was honoured without much understanding of its doctrines by the common people". It was with this background of unease that the two judges made their investigations and sentenced the Pendle witches. http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Pendle-Witches/
- Perhaps the most notorious witch trial of the 17th century, the legend of the Pendle witches is one of the many dark tales of imprisonment and execution at Lancaster Castle. Twelve people were accused of witchcraft; one died while held in custody, eleven went to trial. One was tried and found guilty at York and the other ten were tried at Lancaster. Only one was found not guilty. It was an unusual trial in that it was documented in an official publication, The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the Countie of Lancaster, by the clerk of the court, Thomas Potts. As it was well documented, the story has remained as a well-known legend. http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Pendle-Witches/
People
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160427/00180_035.html 科學家一直對人類起源深感興趣，欲從基因中窺探這一未解謎團。英國近日一項歷來最大型的基因研究發現，約一半的西歐男人，均是四千年前青銅時代一位不知名統治者的血脈。
- Alfred the Great (Old English: Ælfrēd, Ælfrǣd, "elf counsel" or "wise elf"; 849 – 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by the time of his death had become the dominant ruler in England.[1] He is one of only two English monarchs to be given the epithet "the Great", the other being the Scandinavian Cnut the Great. He was also the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons". Details of Alfred's life are described in a work by the 10th-century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser. Alfred had a reputation as a learned and merciful man of a gracious and level-headed nature who encouraged education and improved his kingdom's legal system, military structure and his people's quality of life.
- Sir John Mandeville is the supposed author of The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, a travel memoir which first circulated between 1357 and 1371. By aid of translations into many other languages, the work acquired extraordinary popularity. Despite the extremely unreliable and often fantastical nature of the travels it describes, it was used as a work of reference—Christopher Columbus, for example, was heavily influenced by both this work and Marco Polo's earlier Il Milione (Adams 1988, p. 53).In his preface, the compiler calls himself a knight, and states that he was born and bred in England, in the town of St Albans.[1] Although the book is real, it is widely believed that "Sir John Mandeville" himself was not. Common theories point to a Frenchman by the name of Jehan a la Barbe (or other possibilities discussed below).[2] The most recent scholarly work suggests that The Travels of Sir John Mandeville was "the work of Jan de Langhe, a Fleming who wrote in Latin under the name Johannes Longus and in French as Jean le Long."[3] Jan de Langhe was born in Ypres early in the 1300s and by 1334 had become a Benedictine monk at the abbey of Saint-Bertin in Saint-Omer which was about 20 miles from Calais. After studying law at the University of Paris, Langhe returned to the abbey and was elected abbot in 1365. He was a prolific writer and avid collector of travelogues, right up to his death in 1383.John de Mandeville crossed the sea on 1322; had traversed by way of Turkey (Asia Minor), Armenia the Little (Cilicia) and the Great, Tartary, Persia, Syria, Arabia, Egyptupper and lower, Libya, great part of Ethiopia, Chaldea,Amazonia, India the Less, the Greater and the Middle, and many countries about India; had often been to Jerusalem, and had written in Romance as more generally understood than Latin.
- Sir Walter Raleigh (/ˈrɔːli/, /ˈræli/, or/ˈrɑːli/; circa 1554 – 29 October 1618) was an English landed gentleman, writer, poet, soldier, politician, courtier, spy, and explorer. He was cousin to Sir Richard Grenville and younger half-brother of SirHumphrey Gilbert. He is also well known for popularising tobacco in England. Raleigh while imprisoned in the Tower wrote his incomplete "The Historie of the World." Using a wide array of sources in six languages, Raleigh was fully abreast of the latest continental scholarship. He wrote not about England, but of the ancient world with a heavy emphasis on geography.
- Raleigh was born to a Protestant family in Devon, the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. Little is known of his early life, though in his late teens he spent some time in France taking part in the religious civil wars. In his 20s he took part in the suppression of rebellion in Ireland participating in the Siege of Smerwick. Later, he became a landlord of property confiscated from the native Irish. He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted in 1585. Raleigh was instrumental in the English colonisation of North America and was granted a royal patent to explore Virginia, paving the way for future English settlements. In 1591, he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London. After his release, they retired to his estate at Sherborne, Dorset. In 1594, Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in South America and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of "El Dorado". After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was again imprisoned in the Tower, this time for being involved in the Main Plot against King James I, who was not favourably disposed towards him. In 1616, he was released to lead a second expedition in search of El Dorado. During the expedition, men led by his top commander ransacked a Spanish outpost, in violation of both the terms of his pardon and the 1604 peace treaty with Spain. Raleigh returned to England and, to appease the Spanish, he was arrested and executed in 1618.
Coronation
- music
- Zadok the priest
- Jubilee deo
- Omnes gentes
- I was glad
- Crown imoerial
trooping the colour
- Trooping the Colour is a ceremony performed by regiments of the British and Commonwealth armies. It has been a tradition of British infantry regiments since the 17th century, although the roots go back much earlier. On battlefields, a regiment's colours, or flags, were used as rallying points. Consequently, regiments would have their ensigns slowly march with their colours between the soldiers' ranks to enable soldiers to recognise their regiments' colours. Since 1748, Trooping the Colour has also marked the official birthday of the British sovereign. {note by me: the date is not actually the birthday of the british sovereign}
- Trooping the Colour is a ceremony performed by regiments of the British and Commonwealth armies. It has been a tradition of British infantry regiments since the 17th century, although the roots go back much earlier. On battlefields, a regiment's colours, or flags, were used as rallying points. Consequently, regiments would have their ensigns slowly march with their colours between the soldiers' ranks to enable soldiers to recognise their regiments' colours. Since 1748, Trooping the Colour has also marked the official birthday of the British sovereign. {note by me: the date is not actually the birthday of the british sovereign}
- Über 1400 Soldaten mit zweihundert Pferden nehmen an der Parade teil. Es marschieren die vereinigten Musikkapellen der Garde-Regimenter mit über vierhundert Musikern und Trommlern auf. Der kommandierende Offizier spricht 113 Befehlsworte. Pünktlich mit dem Elf-Uhr-Glockenschlag des Horse-Guards-Gebäudes trifft die Königin mit ihrer Kutsche vom Buckingham Palace kommend mit ihrer Kavallerie-Eskorte auf dem Platz ein. Anschließend nimmt die Königin den Royal Salute entgegen. Die Parade beginnt mit der „Inspection of the Line“, bei der die Königin in ihrer Kutsche langsam alle Ränge der sechs Gardeformationen der Infanterie, der beiden Formationen der Household Cavalry und der Royal Horse Artillery entlangfährt.
Charlotte ball
- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3232866/Queen-Charlotte-s-Ball-Women-richest-families-skills-poise-elegance-London-s-prestigious-society-event.html Affluent foreigners and mega-rich Brits put their wealth on display at the glamorous Queen Charlotte's Ball at Kensington Palace this weekend. The ball is renowned as the pinnacle event in the London Season, which is rich in history and was formed over two hundred years ago when the custom of returning to London at the end of the hunting season was celebrated with glittering balls and high society events. The modern group of meticulously selected debutantes continued the tradition and celebrated their year of charity fundraising, etiquette classes and debut at the Ball. The young ladies, aged between 17 and 20 and wearing designer dresses, were presented to guests and curtsied to the Queen Charlotte Cake. King George III introduced the Queen Charlotte's Ball in 1780 to celebrate his wife's birthday and debutantes were traditionally presented to the King or Queen until 1958.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160505/00178_027.html近年主辦方邀請包括中國在內的海外名媛參與，而在最近的夏洛特王后舞會中，中國富豪的子女就佔了四分之一。海外及內地傳媒近年不時報道「中國名媛」現身海外舞會，其中較知名的法國巴黎成人禮舞會，近年亦曾出現不少「紅三代」的芳蹤，包括已故前全國人大常委會委員長萬里的孫女萬寶寶、已故中共元老陳雲的孫女陳曉丹及前全國政協主席賈慶林外孫女李紫丹等，令內地網民議論。
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160505/00178_027.html近年主辦方邀請包括中國在內的海外名媛參與，而在最近的夏洛特王后舞會中，中國富豪的子女就佔了四分之一。海外及內地傳媒近年不時報道「中國名媛」現身海外舞會，其中較知名的法國巴黎成人禮舞會，近年亦曾出現不少「紅三代」的芳蹤，包括已故前全國人大常委會委員長萬里的孫女萬寶寶、已故中共元老陳雲的孫女陳曉丹及前全國政協主席賈慶林外孫女李紫丹等，令內地網民議論。
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/entertainment/art/20160918/19773657超盈參加的這個舞會只邀請名門望族出席，現已有236年歷史。當地《每日郵報》報道這件盛事時更以「Princesses for a day」來形容參與其中的名媛，還登了超盈與男伴的合照，原來她的男伴是奧地利王子Royal Highness Archduke Alexander of Austria，超盈有賭王父親，算起來都是「公主」，襯起王子相當童話。Alexander與超盈同是25歲，曾讀過軍校，父親Carl Christian是奧地利王子，母親Marie Astrid是盧森堡公主。
- singtao 23may19 a4 金铃 to select participants
High society events- singtao 23may19 a4 金铃 to select participants
- presidents club charity dinner
- https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/24/women-groped-and-sexually-harassed-at-london-charity-gala The chair of the parliamentary committee on women and equalities, Maria Miller MP, has suggested strengthening the Equalities Act, after details emerged of a men-only charity dinner – attended by senior figures from business and politics – at which hired “hostesses” were allegedly groped, sexually harassed and propositioned by guests. Senior female politicians lined up to condemn “stomach-churning” behaviour by attendees of the Presidents Club charity dinner, held at London’s exclusive Dorchester hotel and hosted by comedian David Walliams.The annual event, attended by 360 guests including bankers, entrepreneurs and celebrities, included an auction to raise money for good causes.
But according to an undercover investigation by two journalists from the Financial Times, some of the 130 women employed as hostesses to entertain the all-male guest list were subjected to sexual harassment. - ft article "presidents club disbanded" 25jan18
- Labour peer Jonathan Mendelsohn has been effectively sacked from the party’s frontbench after he attended the men-only Presidents Club dinner, where “hostesses” were allegedly sexually harassed and groped.https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/25/presidents-club-furore-claims-labour-scalp-as-peer-ejected-by-party
- Caroline Dandridge of ARTISTA, the agency which recruited the hostesses, said: ‘This event that has been running for 33 years and raises large amounts of money for disadvantaged children's charities.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/24/great-ormond-street-returns-donations-claims-waitresses-fundraiser/
Lancaster House
- queen and police officer revealed xi delegation's rude behaviour of canceling visit to the house at last minute
mansion house
- On July 21, 1911, at the Mansion House in London, David Lloyd George delivers the customary annual address of the British chancellor of the exchequer. Lloyd George, a radical member of the Liberal government of Prime Minister Herbert Asquith, had made a name for himself as a leftist, anti-imperialist influence in the party, promoting pension plans for the elderly and national insurance and opposing Britain’s policies in the South African (or Boer) War in 1899-1902. His speech at the Mansion House, however, came in the wake of the Second Moroccan Crisis, a clash between the great European powers that began on May 21, 1911, when French troops occupied the city of Fez in Morocco, at the appeal of the sultan, to restore order after rebel tribes threatened the city. On July 1, 1911, Germany sent its gunboat Panther to the port of Agadir as a forceful protest against French influence in Morocco and the Congo. Though Germany assumed Britain would stay out of the conflict and that, once isolated, France would give way, that was not the case. Rather than use his annual speech as an opportunity to advocate for pacifism and disengagement from the conflict between France–Britain’s ally, along with Russia, in the so-called Triple Entente–and an aggressive Germany, Lloyd George made clear that Britain would not stand down.
Chequers, or Chequers Court, is the country house of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. A 16th century manor house in origin, it is located near the village of Ellesborough, halfway between Princes Risborough and Wendover in Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom, at the foot of the Chiltern Hills. The name Chequers may derive from an early owner of the manor of Ellesborough in the 12th century, Elias Ostiarius (or de Scaccario).[2] The name "Ostiarius" meant an usher of the Court of the Exchequer and scacchiera means a chess board in Italian. Elias Ostiarius' coat of arms included the chequer board of the Exchequer, so it is possible the estate is named after his arms and position at court. The house passed through generations of the Scaccario family (spelt many different ways) until it seems to have passed into the D'Awtrey family, whose name was eventually anglicised to Hawtrey.
A different explanation of the name is that the house is named after the chequer trees (Sorbus torminalis) that grow in its grounds.[3] There is a reference to this in the book Elizabeth: Apprenticeship by David Starkey, which describes the early life of Elizabeth I.
Henley Regatta
- http://www.hrr.co.uk/ Henley Regatta was first held in 1839 and has been held annually ever since, except during the two World Wars. Originally staged by the Mayor and people of Henley as a public attraction with a fair and other amusements, the emphasis rapidly changed so that competitive amateur rowing became its main purpose. The 1839 Regatta took place on a single afternoon but proved so popular with oarsmen that the racing lasted for two days from 1840. In 1886 the Regatta was extended to three days and to four in 1906. Since 1928 its increased popularity meant entries exceeded the permitted numbers in several events, and so Qualifying Races are now held in the week before the Regatta to reduce the number of entries to the permitted maximum. In 1986 the Regatta was extended to five days, with an increase in the maximum entry for certain events.
- in west country, spoons are customary gifts from sponsors to godchildren at christenings
- [horrible histories] no sewage system
stuart
- [horrible histories] banana introduced during this period, began to know existence of tea
victorian
- https://www.quora.com/What-English-words-did-you-hear-your-parent-or-grandparent-use-that-are-now-mostly-lost-to-the-language-and-considered-archaic-or-obscure
- according to gordon and jubin, musicals in victorian era reflected absurd inequities of English class system, strange constraints on gender relations, excess of nationalistic sentiment
- food
- costume
edwardian
- musical comedies
- https://www.quora.com/What-English-words-did-you-hear-your-parent-or-grandparent-use-that-are-now-mostly-lost-to-the-language-and-considered-archaic-or-obscure
- according to gordon and jubin, musicals in victorian era reflected absurd inequities of English class system, strange constraints on gender relations, excess of nationalistic sentiment
- food
- 英式麵餅（Crumpet）作為老 牌主食的代表，雖然跟司康相比還 算低調，沒發展到全世界津津樂道 的地步，但在英國國內絕對是屹立 不倒。以至於許多遊客都會覺得驚 訝，這種相貌平平的小餅，如何能 做到深入人心，成為標誌性符號？ 確實，除了在英國和英聯邦國家，你幾乎 見不到它的存在。這種用麵粉和酵母製成的圓 餅，是維多利亞時代最被推崇的代表。因為在 此之前，酵母、泡打粉並未誕生，所以說好大 喜功也好，說過猶不及也罷，總之英式麵餅問 世初期便引起了強烈轟動，人們對它蓬鬆的質 地欲罷不能，對餅身上那密密麻麻的小孔更覺 得魅力非凡。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190420/PDF/a22_screen.pdf
- costume
- https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/04/08/breeching-boys-2/
- https://www.quora.com/In-Victorian-England-was-having-your-teeth-removed-actually-considered-a-perfect-21st-birthday-gift-or-a-good-gift-for-a-newly-married-bride-If-so-why-was-this-so-and-when-did-this-start
- [horrible histories] do not say leg, trousers (use southern necessity instead)
edwardian
- musical comedies
- self destruction theme built in
- invasion of american, negro-jewish rhythms from the new world
- noteworthy works
- A Country Girl, or, Town and Country is a musical play in two acts by James T. Tanner, with lyrics by Adrian Ross, additional lyrics by Percy Greenbank, music by Lionel Monckton and additional songs by Paul Rubens. The musical opened at Daly's Theatre in London, managed by George Edwardes, on 18 January 1902.
- inspired by?? The Country Girl by David Garrick is a derivative play adapted from The Country Wife by William Wycherley. By the time David Garrick adapted The Country Wife into The Country Girl, Wycherley's play was considered too raunchy and scandalous to show in theaters. In The Country Girl the plot and characters of The Country Wife are reformed to exclude elements of the play which, at the time, were considered immoral or in bad taste.The Country Girl was initially performed in 1766 at the Drury-Lane Theatre in Dublin.
- copycats?? The Country Girl is a 1950 dramatic play by American playwright Clifford Odets which was subsequently adapted as a film of the same name in 1954. The play was produced for television twice, in 1974 with Georgie Elgin played by Shirley Knight, and in 1982 by Faye Dunaway. The Country Girl is a 1954 American drama film directed by George Seaton and starring Bing Crosby, Grace Kelly, and William Holden. Adapted by George Seaton from Clifford Odets' 1950 play of the same name, the film is about an alcoholic has-been actor struggling with the one last chance he's been given to resurrect his career.
- The Quaker Girl is an Edwardian musical comedy in three acts with a book by James T. Tanner, lyrics by Adrian Ross and Percy Greenbank, and music by Lionel Monckton. In its story, The Quaker Girl contrasts dour Quaker morality with Parisienne high fashion. The protagonist, Prudence, is thrown out of her house by her quaker parents for drinking a glass of champagne. Later, in Paris, her grey dress and bonnet become the height of fashion.The musical opened at the Adelphi Theatre in London on 5 November 1910.
Family name
turkey
- From the DNA analysis the researchers were able to reveal that most of the hunter-gatherer population of Britain were replaced by those carrying ancestry originating on the Aegean coast of modern Turkey. Natural History Museum postdoctoral researcher Dr Tom Booth said: “We looked at the genetic ancestry of human remains from both before and after 6,000 years ago – so some dating to the Mesolithic and some to the Neolithic – to see if we can characterise any changes.“As soon as these Neolithic cultures start to arrive, we see a big change in the ancestry of the British population. It looks like the development of farming and these Neolithic cultures was mainly driven by the migration of people from mainland Europe.”Stonehenge was built around 3000BC, meaning the genetic identity of the Britons responsible was mostly descended from the influx of Mediterranean farmers who began arriving 6,000 years ago. Last year it was revealed some of the cremated remains of neolithic people found buried close to the site had come from west Wales, close to where the stone used in the structure was quarried. Others had reportedly lived more locally, in Wiltshire.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/stone-henge-builders-origin-dna-migrant-farmers-a8872336.html
- The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland
https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=0AyDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1639&lpg=PA1639&dq=loi+surname+呂&source=bl&ots=iwyAPTJwRC&sig=T6HtzFfwoJRgT-QqnjZim39--uQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkgJDa8dzUAhWHVZQKHSCSAQ8Q6AEIIDAB#v=onepage&q=loi%20surname%20%E5%91%82&f=falseturkey
- From the DNA analysis the researchers were able to reveal that most of the hunter-gatherer population of Britain were replaced by those carrying ancestry originating on the Aegean coast of modern Turkey. Natural History Museum postdoctoral researcher Dr Tom Booth said: “We looked at the genetic ancestry of human remains from both before and after 6,000 years ago – so some dating to the Mesolithic and some to the Neolithic – to see if we can characterise any changes.“As soon as these Neolithic cultures start to arrive, we see a big change in the ancestry of the British population. It looks like the development of farming and these Neolithic cultures was mainly driven by the migration of people from mainland Europe.”Stonehenge was built around 3000BC, meaning the genetic identity of the Britons responsible was mostly descended from the influx of Mediterranean farmers who began arriving 6,000 years ago. Last year it was revealed some of the cremated remains of neolithic people found buried close to the site had come from west Wales, close to where the stone used in the structure was quarried. Others had reportedly lived more locally, in Wiltshire.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/stone-henge-builders-origin-dna-migrant-farmers-a8872336.html
No comments:
Post a Comment