- https://www.quora.com/In-view-of-the-absence-of-definite-and-indefinite-articles-in-Latin-why-did-they-develop-in-the-languages-which-evolved-from-it
pronunciation
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-we-know-what-Latin-sounded-like-We-have-written-text-but-how-do-we-know-were-pronouncing-it-right
script
- Merovingian script or Gallo-Roman script was a medieval variant of the Latin script so called because it was developed in Gaul during the Merovingian dynasty. It was used in the 7th and 8th centuries before the Carolingian dynasty and the development of Carolingian minuscule.There were four major centres of Merovingian script: the monasteries of Luxeuil, Laon, Corbie, and Chelles. Each script developed from uncial, half-uncial, and the Merovingian charter scripts.
- carolingian minuscule or Caroline minusculeis a script which developed as a calligraphic standard in Europe so that the Latin alphabetcould be easily recognized by the literateclass from one region to another. It was developed for the first time, in about 780, by the Benedictine monks of Corbie Abbey(about 150 km north of Paris). It was used in the Holy Roman Empire between approximately 800 AD and 1200 AD. Codices, pagan and Christian texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule throughout the Carolingian Renaissance. The script developed into blackletter and became obsolete, though its revival in the Italian Renaissance forms the basis of more recent scripts.
Ab initio (/ˌæbᵻˈnɪʃi.oʊ/ ab-i-nish-ee-oh) is a Latin term meaning "from the beginning" and is derived from the Latin ab ("from") + initio, ablative singular of initium ("beginning").
- In law, ab initio refers to something being the case from the start or from the instant of the act rather than from when the court declared it so. For instance, the term "void ab initio" means "to be treated as invalid from the outset." E.g., in many jurisdictions, if a person signs a contract under duress, that contract is treated as being "void ab initio". Typically, documents or acts which are void ab initio cannot be fixed and if a jurisdiction, a document or an act is so declared at law to be void ab initio, the parties are returned to their respective positions that they were at the beginning of the event. "Void ab initio" is often contrasted with "voidable", such documents which become void only as of the date of the judicial declaration to that effect. An insurer facing a claim from an insured who had deceived the insurer on a material fact would claim that the insurance contract was void ab initio; it was null and void from the beginning and that since there was no legally enforceable contract, the insurer ought not to have to pay.
c
- When the alphabet was borrowed into Etruscan, kappa stayed more or less the same, while the gamma became curvier and turned into a “C” shape. Etruscan didn’t have a “g” sound, so C now represented a “k” sound.When the Romans started using the alphabet to write Latin, they preferred C for their general “k”-sound needs, and kept K mostly for Greek loanwords. (Latin does have a “g” sound, so they made a new letter by adding a line to C to make G, and used that to represent the sound.)Then the Romance languages underwent a sound change. Sound changes are perfectly normal and happen all the time, but they can have negative effects on a language’s spelling if it isn’t updated.This particular sound change was called palatalization, which in this context means that a C before an I, Y, or E turned into more of a “ts” sound, so “Caesar” shifted in pronunciation from “Kaiser” to “Tsaiser” (and eventually shortened to “Tsar” in some loans). In some Romance languages (eg. French), it simplified to a plain “s” sound; in others (eg. Italian), it moved further to “ch”.But C continued to make its original “k” sound before A, O, or U, hence its reputation as a letter that could easily be replaced with S or K.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-strangest-letter-of-the-Latin-alphabet-in-your-opinion-and-why
c,k
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-latin-philologists-come-to-the-conclusion-that-Cs-in-Latin-are-pronounced-as-Ks
- https://www.quora.com/Were-c-and-k-pronounced-differently-in-Latin
h
- https://www.quora.com/In-what-dialect-was-Latin-spoken-Would-an-Italian-speaking-Latin-have-the-closest-dialect The modern Italian pronunciation is not at all how Latin would have been spoken in Catullus time. In Catullus’ time /h/ was certainly variably present (pronounced in some dialects, sometimes), and some speakers such as Arrius, who grew up speaking lower class dialects, instead hyper-corrected /h/ inserting it into words where it wasn’t there before.
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-strangest-letter-of-the-Latin-alphabet-in-your-opinion-and-why
z
- https://www.quora.com/Do-any-Latin-words-contain-the-letter-Z
An amicus curiae (literally, friend of the court; plural, amici curiae) is someone who is not a party to a case and is not solicited by a party, but who assists a court by offering information that bears on the case. The decision on whether to admit the information lies at the discretion of the court. The phrase amicus curiae is legal Latin.
Æon or Eon in Latin means “vital force and eternity which comes from the Ancient Greek God of the ages and time, “Aion”, also known as Chronos. This term was also used in the “allegory of the cave” by philosopher Plato to denote the world "behind" the perceived.https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Lipotrue_discovers_the_power_of_the_Greeks/164297
Annus mirabilis (pl. anni mirabiles) is a Latin phrase that means "wonderful year", "miraculous year" or "amazing year". This term was originally used to refer to the year 1666, and today is used to refer to several years during which events of major importance are remembered. Prior to this, however, Thomas Dekker used the phrase mirabilis annus in his 1603 pamphlet The Wonderful Year, "Wherein is shewed the picture of London lying sick of the plague."
bear
- https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Latin-have-two-words-ursa-and-ferre-for-a-bear
Casus belli is a Latin expression meaning "an act or event that provokes or is used to justify war" (literally, "a case of war").[1] A casus belli involves direct offenses or threats against the nation declaring the war, whereas a casus foederis involves offenses or threats against its ally—usually one bound by a mutual defense pact. Either may be considered an act of war.
The term came into wide use in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the writings of Hugo Grotius (1653), Cornelius van Bynkershoek (1707), and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (1732), among others, and due to the rise of the political doctrine of jus ad bellum or "just war theory".[4][5] The term is also used informally to refer to any "just cause" a nation may claim for entering into a conflict. It is used retrospectively to describe situations that arose before the term came into wide use, as well as being used to describe present-day situations—even those in which war has not been formally declared. In formally articulating a casus belli, a government typically lays out its reasons for going to war, its intended means of prosecuting the war, and the steps that others might take to dissuade it from going to war. It attempts to demonstrate that it is going to war only as a last resort (ultima ratio) and that it has "just cause" for doing so. Modern international law recognizes only three lawful justifications for waging war: self-defense, defense of an ally required by the terms of a treaty, and approval by the United Nations. Proschema (plural proschemata) is the equivalent Greek term, first popularized by Thucydides in his History of the Peloponnesian War. The proschemata are the stated reasons for waging war, which may or may not be the same as the real reasons, which Thucydides called prophasis (πρóφασις). Thucydides argued that the three primary real reasons for waging war are reasonable fear, honor, and interest, while the stated reasons involve appeals to nationalism or fearmongering (as opposed to descriptions of reasonable, empirical causes for fear).
cathedral means chair; it is used to designate a church as the seat of episcopal authority in a diocese.
cor unum - one heart
diu - for a long time
esse quam videri - to be rather than to seem to be, ie, reality before appearance, substance rather than surface
An explanandum (a Latin term) is a phenomenon that needs to be explained and its explanans is the explanation of that phenomenon. For example, one person may pose anexplanandum by asking "Why is there smoke?", and another may provide an explanans by responding "Because there is a fire". In this example, "smoke" is the explanandum, and "fire" is the explanans.
in loco parentis - in place of parents
ITER PARA TUTUM – (Guide us onward on the right path)
Lex lata (also called de lege lata) is a Latin expression that means "the law as it exists" (as opposed to lex ferenda). Lex ferenda is a Latin expression that means "future law" used in the sense of "what the law should be" (as opposed to lex lata - "the current law"). The derivative expression de lege ferenda means "with a view to the future law". The expressions are generally used in the context of proposals for legislative improvements, especially in the academic literature, both in the Anglo-American and in the continental legal systems.
Modus vivendi is a Latin phrase that means "mode of living" or “way of life”. It often is used to mean an arrangement or agreement that allows conflicting parties to coexist in peace. In science it is used to describe lifestyles. Modus means mode, way, method, or manner. Vivendi means of living. The phrase is often used to describe informal and temporary arrangements in political affairs. For example, if two sides reach a modus vivendi regarding disputed territories, despite political, historical or cultural incompatibilities, an accommodation of their respective differences is established for the sake of contingency. In diplomacy, a modus vivendi is an instrument for establishing an international accord of a temporary or provisional nature, intended to be replaced by a more substantial and thorough agreement, such as a treaty.[2] Armistices and instruments of surrender are intended to achieve a modus vivendi.
Mutatis mutandis - "changing [only] those things which need to be changed" or more simply "[only] the necessary changes having been made"
napa in latin means glen (as in agia napa church, cyprus)
Ne bis in idem, which translates literally from Latin as "not twice in the same [thing]", is a legal doctrine to the effect that no legal action can be instituted twice for the same cause of action. It is a legal concept originating in Roman Civil Law, but it is essentially the equivalent of the double jeopardy (autrefois acquit) doctrine found in common law jurisdictions.
nepos - nephew The word nepotism derives from it. During 14thc, italians start using the term nepotismo to describe the papal practice of giving their sons - dubbed 'nephews' to disguise their illegitimacy - all the best appointments
ne varietur - it must not be changed —used as an inscription on notarized documents especially that are evidence of an encumbrance (as a mortgage)
omnibus omnia - motto of st paul convent hk
Origo在拉丁文解作「宇宙的起源」
Pacta sunt servanda (Latin for "agreements must be kept"), is a brocard, a basic principle of civil law and of international law. In its most common sense, the principle refers to private contracts, stressing that contained clauses are law between the parties, and implies that nonfulfillment of respective obligations is a breach of the pact.paupentas - poverty
pūpus
- https://www.quora.com/How-are-pupils-in-the-eye-and-pupil-students-related-etymologically
Quid pro quo ("something for something" in Latin[2]) is a Latin phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; "a favor for a favor". Phrases with similar meanings include: "give and take", "tit for tat", "you scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours", and "one hand washes the other". Other languages use other phrases for the same purpose.The Latin phrase quid pro quo originally implied that something had been substituted, as in this instead of that. Early usage by English speakers followed the original Latin meaning, with occurrences in the 1530s where the term referred to either intentionally or unintentionally substituting one medicine for another. This may also have extended to a fraudulent substitution of useful medicines for an ingenuine article. By the end of the same century, quid pro quo evolved into a more current use to describe equivalent exchanges. In 1654, the expression quid pro quo was used to generally refer to something done for personal gain or with the expectation of reciprocity in the text The Reign of King Charles: An History Disposed into Annalls, with a somewhat positive connotation. It refers to the covenant with Christ as something "that prove not a nudum pactum, a naked contract, without quid pro quo." Believers in Christ have to do their part in return, namely "foresake the devil and all his works". Quid pro quo would go on to be used, by English speakers in legal and diplomatic contexts, as an exchange of equally valued goods or services and continues to be today.The Latin phrase corresponding to the usage of quid pro quo in English is do ut des (Latin for "I give, so that you may give").[6] Other languages continue to use do ut des for this purpose, while quid pro quo (or its equivalent qui pro quo, as widely used in Italian, French and Spanish) still keeps its original meaning of something being unwillingly mistaken, or erroneously told or understood, instead something else.
- In common law, quid pro quo indicates that an item or a service has been traded in return for something of value, usually when the propriety or equity of the transaction is in question. A contract must involve consideration: that is, the exchange of something of value for something else of value. For example, when buying an item of clothing or a gallon of milk, a pre-determined amount of money is exchanged for the product the customer is purchasing; therefore, they have received something but have given up something of equal value in return.
- https://www.newsweek.com/nancy-pelosi-attempting-senate-quid-pro-quo-steve-scalise-fair-trial-1479534 眾所周知，以眾議院議長佩洛西為首的民主黨人，為了讓彈劾案顯得更有力量，攻擊特氏時棄用了拉丁詞組「quid pro quo」（利益交換），轉而使用「貪污」（bribery）一詞（《憲法》載明「貪污」是總統可被彈劾的嚴重罪行，而非「利益交換」）。《華爾街日報》一篇評論文章指出，眾議院制訂的彈劾條款，不包括「貪污」條款則已，否則拜登必須出席審訊。該文章引述希夫的說法，指開國先賢對「貪污」的理解比現行法律闊得多，只要官員的行為出於個人或政治利益考慮，而非國家利益，違背了公眾信任，即屬貪污。按照這個說法，拜登在任副總統時，曾要求基輔當局炒掉正調查其子供職天然氣公司的檢察官，否則將扣起援助款項，正好合乎「貪污」的定義，而該篇評論文章的題目正是「希夫彈劾拜登」，極具諷刺意味。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191230/00192_001.html
quoad hoc : as far as this : to this extent
Res publica is a Latin phrase, loosely meaning 'public affair'. It is the root of the word 'republic', and the word 'commonwealth' has traditionally been used as a synonym for it; however translations vary widely according to the context. 'Res' is a nominative singular Latin noun for a substantive or concrete thing – as opposed to 'spes', which means something unreal or ethereal – and 'publica' is an attributive adjective meaning 'of and/or pertaining to the state or the public'. Hence a literal translation is, 'the public thing/affair'.
Risus
- laughter
Base phrase Comparative Superlative Meanings
sensu stricto sensu strictiore sensu strictissimo in the strict/stricter/strictest sense
sensu lato sensu latiore sensu latissimo in the broad/broader/broadest sense
sensu amplo sensu ampliore sensu amplissimo in a relaxed/more relaxed/most relaxed sense
In broadcasting, vox populi (/ˈvɒks ˈpɒpjuːlɪ/ voks pop-ew-li) is an interview with members of the general public. Vox populi is a Latin phrase that literally means voice of the people.
- French, unlike the other Romance languages, developed from the vulgar Latin of a people who were heavily influenced by other languages—the Celtic tribes that inhabited Gaul before the Roman conquest (these tribes never really went away after Julius Caesar conquered Gaul in the 50s BCE), and then the Germanic tribes who streamed into Gaul after Roman defenses weakened in the late 200s and 300s CE. This constant churn of different linguistic influences allowed the vulgar Latin of Gaul to incorporate very different phonemes and pronunciation patterns that were much more closely related to the Germanic languages than anything else. This was not the case with Italy, which had not had a heavy Celtic influence since around 2,000 BCE and remained well-fortified against invasion by the Germanic tribes until the 400s CE. This was also not the case with the Iberian Peninsula, which also had had weak Celtic influence since around 1,000 BCE, and had had strong Greek and Phoenician influence from 1,000 BCE onwards. The Iberian Peninsula, like Italy, also did not suffer Germanic invasions until the 400s CE. This isolation from Celtic and Germanic influence thus allowed the vulgar Latins of Italy and the Iberian Peninsula to retain a lot more of the Latinate phonemes and pronunciation patterns, which was not the case with French. That’s even reflected in the modern-day names of these languages—Spanish derives from the Latin “Hispania,” Italian from the Latin “Italia,” but French derives from Frankish, which is the language of the Germanic invaders of Gaul. If French had retained more of its Latinate roots, it would’ve naturally been called Gallic for the Latin “Gallia.”https://www.quora.com/Of-all-the-Latin-based-languages-Italian-Spanish-Romanian-etc-from-mainland-Europe-why-does-French-sound-so-different-from-the-rest
- https://www.quora.com/Where-does-the-plural-s-come-from-in-Romance-languages-Latin-pluralizes-differently
- https://www.quora.com/What-language-is-the-closest-to-Classical-Latin
- https://www.quora.com/Which-one-of-the-modern-Latin-languages-is-the-least-Latin while French is still related, French lexicon has changed more. Romanian has also changed a bit (heavy influence from other languages) but Romanian preserves case and declension to an extent while other Romance languages do not.
- https://www.quora.com/On-most-of-Romance-languages-Spanish-Portuguese-French-the-basic-rule-to-make-a-noun-plural-is-adding-s-or-x-Why-is-Italian-so-different-being-the-closest-to-Latin
- https://www.quora.com/Which-language-is-closer-to-Latin-French-or-Portuguese
abbreviations
- Michel Eyquem de Montaigne
roman empire
- https://www.quora.com/What-exactly-was-the-extent-of-Latin-as-a-language-in-the-Roman-empire-at-the-time-of-its-peak-What-provinces-used-it-more-than-others
byzantine empire
- The whole of what today is Tunisia, plus NW Libya and most of coastal Algeria was Latin speaking (at least in a sense of Latin over Greek, heavily used by urban educated classes, but how much it was used in the countryside over say Berber we don’t know). It was retaken by Justinian and lost to the Arabs about 695 AD. So it was a major ‘Byzantine”, Latin speaking area in 610. Dalmatia was Byzantine and that was Latin speaking. Much of the traditional Latin speaking interior of the former Yugoslavia, Pannonia, was largely, but not completely lost at that point, but there were bits under ‘Byzantine’ Rule. They still controlled ‘bits’ of Italy, mostly the Greek dominated south, but some bits further north as well. Also in the east there were Latin ‘Colonia’ areas settled by Latin speaking military veterans, which continued to function in Latin rather than Greek. How much they continued to speak Latin we don’t know but probably the important ones like Berytus/Beirut still did. Finally Justinian’s Law Code was written in latin and the Byzantine Law System essentially functioned in Latin until the Ekloga in Greek was issued in 726. Beyrtus, by the way, as the most important Latin Colonia in the East was all the most important centre of Legal studies because the Latin language was so important for the law, even at this point.https://www.quora.com/Was-Latin-still-spoken-in-the-Byzantine-Empire-way-after-610-AD
modern day use
north africa
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Latin-never-spread-to-North-Africa Latin was very widespread in North Africa. Among the many famous Latin authors from Africa are Terence, Apuleius, and Marcus Cornelius Fronto. For many centuries the most widely read book in Latin after the Bible was the Confessions of St. Augustine, written in Annaba, Algeria by the Punic / Berber saint.Latin remained the language of the most urban areas in North Africa well beyond the fall of the Roman Empire: the African Romance dialect was still the language of African Christians up to at least the 11th century and in some places as late as the 14th.
trivial
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-possibility-that-the-Latin-languages-Portuguese-Spanish-French-Italian-Romanian-do-not-come-from-Latin
pronunciation
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-we-know-what-Latin-sounded-like-We-have-written-text-but-how-do-we-know-were-pronouncing-it-right
script
- Merovingian script or Gallo-Roman script was a medieval variant of the Latin script so called because it was developed in Gaul during the Merovingian dynasty. It was used in the 7th and 8th centuries before the Carolingian dynasty and the development of Carolingian minuscule.There were four major centres of Merovingian script: the monasteries of Luxeuil, Laon, Corbie, and Chelles. Each script developed from uncial, half-uncial, and the Merovingian charter scripts.
- carolingian minuscule or Caroline minusculeis a script which developed as a calligraphic standard in Europe so that the Latin alphabetcould be easily recognized by the literateclass from one region to another. It was developed for the first time, in about 780, by the Benedictine monks of Corbie Abbey(about 150 km north of Paris). It was used in the Holy Roman Empire between approximately 800 AD and 1200 AD. Codices, pagan and Christian texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule throughout the Carolingian Renaissance. The script developed into blackletter and became obsolete, though its revival in the Italian Renaissance forms the basis of more recent scripts.
Ab initio (/ˌæbᵻˈnɪʃi.oʊ/ ab-i-nish-ee-oh) is a Latin term meaning "from the beginning" and is derived from the Latin ab ("from") + initio, ablative singular of initium ("beginning").
- In law, ab initio refers to something being the case from the start or from the instant of the act rather than from when the court declared it so. For instance, the term "void ab initio" means "to be treated as invalid from the outset." E.g., in many jurisdictions, if a person signs a contract under duress, that contract is treated as being "void ab initio". Typically, documents or acts which are void ab initio cannot be fixed and if a jurisdiction, a document or an act is so declared at law to be void ab initio, the parties are returned to their respective positions that they were at the beginning of the event. "Void ab initio" is often contrasted with "voidable", such documents which become void only as of the date of the judicial declaration to that effect. An insurer facing a claim from an insured who had deceived the insurer on a material fact would claim that the insurance contract was void ab initio; it was null and void from the beginning and that since there was no legally enforceable contract, the insurer ought not to have to pay.
c
- When the alphabet was borrowed into Etruscan, kappa stayed more or less the same, while the gamma became curvier and turned into a “C” shape. Etruscan didn’t have a “g” sound, so C now represented a “k” sound.When the Romans started using the alphabet to write Latin, they preferred C for their general “k”-sound needs, and kept K mostly for Greek loanwords. (Latin does have a “g” sound, so they made a new letter by adding a line to C to make G, and used that to represent the sound.)Then the Romance languages underwent a sound change. Sound changes are perfectly normal and happen all the time, but they can have negative effects on a language’s spelling if it isn’t updated.This particular sound change was called palatalization, which in this context means that a C before an I, Y, or E turned into more of a “ts” sound, so “Caesar” shifted in pronunciation from “Kaiser” to “Tsaiser” (and eventually shortened to “Tsar” in some loans). In some Romance languages (eg. French), it simplified to a plain “s” sound; in others (eg. Italian), it moved further to “ch”.But C continued to make its original “k” sound before A, O, or U, hence its reputation as a letter that could easily be replaced with S or K.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-strangest-letter-of-the-Latin-alphabet-in-your-opinion-and-why
c,k
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-latin-philologists-come-to-the-conclusion-that-Cs-in-Latin-are-pronounced-as-Ks
- https://www.quora.com/Were-c-and-k-pronounced-differently-in-Latin
h
- https://www.quora.com/In-what-dialect-was-Latin-spoken-Would-an-Italian-speaking-Latin-have-the-closest-dialect The modern Italian pronunciation is not at all how Latin would have been spoken in Catullus time. In Catullus’ time /h/ was certainly variably present (pronounced in some dialects, sometimes), and some speakers such as Arrius, who grew up speaking lower class dialects, instead hyper-corrected /h/ inserting it into words where it wasn’t there before.
In Ecclesiastical Latin, <h> is not pronounced. By 150 AD, most Latin varieties had probably lost the /h/ sound over a century ago, and only the oldest speakers would have produced it in most dialects. This is why it isn’t produced in Ecclesiastical Latin—Ecclesiastical Latin was originally spoken after Latin had gone through that sound change.
x- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-strangest-letter-of-the-Latin-alphabet-in-your-opinion-and-why
z
- https://www.quora.com/Do-any-Latin-words-contain-the-letter-Z
An amicus curiae (literally, friend of the court; plural, amici curiae) is someone who is not a party to a case and is not solicited by a party, but who assists a court by offering information that bears on the case. The decision on whether to admit the information lies at the discretion of the court. The phrase amicus curiae is legal Latin.
Æon or Eon in Latin means “vital force and eternity which comes from the Ancient Greek God of the ages and time, “Aion”, also known as Chronos. This term was also used in the “allegory of the cave” by philosopher Plato to denote the world "behind" the perceived.https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Lipotrue_discovers_the_power_of_the_Greeks/164297
Annus mirabilis (pl. anni mirabiles) is a Latin phrase that means "wonderful year", "miraculous year" or "amazing year". This term was originally used to refer to the year 1666, and today is used to refer to several years during which events of major importance are remembered. Prior to this, however, Thomas Dekker used the phrase mirabilis annus in his 1603 pamphlet The Wonderful Year, "Wherein is shewed the picture of London lying sick of the plague."
bear
- https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Latin-have-two-words-ursa-and-ferre-for-a-bear
Casus belli is a Latin expression meaning "an act or event that provokes or is used to justify war" (literally, "a case of war").[1] A casus belli involves direct offenses or threats against the nation declaring the war, whereas a casus foederis involves offenses or threats against its ally—usually one bound by a mutual defense pact. Either may be considered an act of war.
The term came into wide use in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the writings of Hugo Grotius (1653), Cornelius van Bynkershoek (1707), and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (1732), among others, and due to the rise of the political doctrine of jus ad bellum or "just war theory".[4][5] The term is also used informally to refer to any "just cause" a nation may claim for entering into a conflict. It is used retrospectively to describe situations that arose before the term came into wide use, as well as being used to describe present-day situations—even those in which war has not been formally declared. In formally articulating a casus belli, a government typically lays out its reasons for going to war, its intended means of prosecuting the war, and the steps that others might take to dissuade it from going to war. It attempts to demonstrate that it is going to war only as a last resort (ultima ratio) and that it has "just cause" for doing so. Modern international law recognizes only three lawful justifications for waging war: self-defense, defense of an ally required by the terms of a treaty, and approval by the United Nations. Proschema (plural proschemata) is the equivalent Greek term, first popularized by Thucydides in his History of the Peloponnesian War. The proschemata are the stated reasons for waging war, which may or may not be the same as the real reasons, which Thucydides called prophasis (πρóφασις). Thucydides argued that the three primary real reasons for waging war are reasonable fear, honor, and interest, while the stated reasons involve appeals to nationalism or fearmongering (as opposed to descriptions of reasonable, empirical causes for fear).
cathedral means chair; it is used to designate a church as the seat of episcopal authority in a diocese.
cor unum - one heart
- [sound of music keepsake published by colorama] in 1941 the trapp family bought a farm in vermont (countryside similar to austrian landscape near salzburg) and named the house cor unum
diu - for a long time
Erga omnes is a Latin phrase which means "towards all" or "towards everyone". In legal terminology, erga omnes rights or obligations are owed toward all. For instance a property right is an erga omnes entitlement, and therefore enforceable against anybody infringing that right. An erga omnes right (a statutory right) can here be distinguished from a right based on contract, unenforceable except against the contracting party. In international law it has been used as a legal term describing obligations owed by states towards the community of states as a whole. An erga omnes obligation exists because of the universal and undeniable interest in the perpetuation of critical rights (and the prevention of their breach). Consequently, any state has the right to complain of a breach. Examples of erga omnes norms include piracy and genocide. The concept was recognized in the International Court of Justice's decision in the Barcelona Traction case [(Belgium v Spain) (Second Phase) ICJ Rep 1970 3 at paragraph 33]
esse quam videri - to be rather than to seem to be, ie, reality before appearance, substance rather than surface
An explanandum (a Latin term) is a phenomenon that needs to be explained and its explanans is the explanation of that phenomenon. For example, one person may pose anexplanandum by asking "Why is there smoke?", and another may provide an explanans by responding "Because there is a fire". In this example, "smoke" is the explanandum, and "fire" is the explanans.
in loco parentis - in place of parents
ITER PARA TUTUM – (Guide us onward on the right path)
Lex lata (also called de lege lata) is a Latin expression that means "the law as it exists" (as opposed to lex ferenda). Lex ferenda is a Latin expression that means "future law" used in the sense of "what the law should be" (as opposed to lex lata - "the current law"). The derivative expression de lege ferenda means "with a view to the future law". The expressions are generally used in the context of proposals for legislative improvements, especially in the academic literature, both in the Anglo-American and in the continental legal systems.
Modus vivendi is a Latin phrase that means "mode of living" or “way of life”. It often is used to mean an arrangement or agreement that allows conflicting parties to coexist in peace. In science it is used to describe lifestyles. Modus means mode, way, method, or manner. Vivendi means of living. The phrase is often used to describe informal and temporary arrangements in political affairs. For example, if two sides reach a modus vivendi regarding disputed territories, despite political, historical or cultural incompatibilities, an accommodation of their respective differences is established for the sake of contingency. In diplomacy, a modus vivendi is an instrument for establishing an international accord of a temporary or provisional nature, intended to be replaced by a more substantial and thorough agreement, such as a treaty.[2] Armistices and instruments of surrender are intended to achieve a modus vivendi.
Mutatis mutandis - "changing [only] those things which need to be changed" or more simply "[only] the necessary changes having been made"
napa in latin means glen (as in agia napa church, cyprus)
Ne bis in idem, which translates literally from Latin as "not twice in the same [thing]", is a legal doctrine to the effect that no legal action can be instituted twice for the same cause of action. It is a legal concept originating in Roman Civil Law, but it is essentially the equivalent of the double jeopardy (autrefois acquit) doctrine found in common law jurisdictions.
nepos - nephew The word nepotism derives from it. During 14thc, italians start using the term nepotismo to describe the papal practice of giving their sons - dubbed 'nephews' to disguise their illegitimacy - all the best appointments
ne varietur - it must not be changed —used as an inscription on notarized documents especially that are evidence of an encumbrance (as a mortgage)
omnibus omnia - motto of st paul convent hk
Origo在拉丁文解作「宇宙的起源」
Pacta sunt servanda (Latin for "agreements must be kept"), is a brocard, a basic principle of civil law and of international law. In its most common sense, the principle refers to private contracts, stressing that contained clauses are law between the parties, and implies that nonfulfillment of respective obligations is a breach of the pact.
pūpus
- https://www.quora.com/How-are-pupils-in-the-eye-and-pupil-students-related-etymologically
Quid pro quo ("something for something" in Latin[2]) is a Latin phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; "a favor for a favor". Phrases with similar meanings include: "give and take", "tit for tat", "you scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours", and "one hand washes the other". Other languages use other phrases for the same purpose.The Latin phrase quid pro quo originally implied that something had been substituted, as in this instead of that. Early usage by English speakers followed the original Latin meaning, with occurrences in the 1530s where the term referred to either intentionally or unintentionally substituting one medicine for another. This may also have extended to a fraudulent substitution of useful medicines for an ingenuine article. By the end of the same century, quid pro quo evolved into a more current use to describe equivalent exchanges. In 1654, the expression quid pro quo was used to generally refer to something done for personal gain or with the expectation of reciprocity in the text The Reign of King Charles: An History Disposed into Annalls, with a somewhat positive connotation. It refers to the covenant with Christ as something "that prove not a nudum pactum, a naked contract, without quid pro quo." Believers in Christ have to do their part in return, namely "foresake the devil and all his works". Quid pro quo would go on to be used, by English speakers in legal and diplomatic contexts, as an exchange of equally valued goods or services and continues to be today.The Latin phrase corresponding to the usage of quid pro quo in English is do ut des (Latin for "I give, so that you may give").[6] Other languages continue to use do ut des for this purpose, while quid pro quo (or its equivalent qui pro quo, as widely used in Italian, French and Spanish) still keeps its original meaning of something being unwillingly mistaken, or erroneously told or understood, instead something else.
- In common law, quid pro quo indicates that an item or a service has been traded in return for something of value, usually when the propriety or equity of the transaction is in question. A contract must involve consideration: that is, the exchange of something of value for something else of value. For example, when buying an item of clothing or a gallon of milk, a pre-determined amount of money is exchanged for the product the customer is purchasing; therefore, they have received something but have given up something of equal value in return.
- https://www.newsweek.com/nancy-pelosi-attempting-senate-quid-pro-quo-steve-scalise-fair-trial-1479534 眾所周知，以眾議院議長佩洛西為首的民主黨人，為了讓彈劾案顯得更有力量，攻擊特氏時棄用了拉丁詞組「quid pro quo」（利益交換），轉而使用「貪污」（bribery）一詞（《憲法》載明「貪污」是總統可被彈劾的嚴重罪行，而非「利益交換」）。《華爾街日報》一篇評論文章指出，眾議院制訂的彈劾條款，不包括「貪污」條款則已，否則拜登必須出席審訊。該文章引述希夫的說法，指開國先賢對「貪污」的理解比現行法律闊得多，只要官員的行為出於個人或政治利益考慮，而非國家利益，違背了公眾信任，即屬貪污。按照這個說法，拜登在任副總統時，曾要求基輔當局炒掉正調查其子供職天然氣公司的檢察官，否則將扣起援助款項，正好合乎「貪污」的定義，而該篇評論文章的題目正是「希夫彈劾拜登」，極具諷刺意味。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191230/00192_001.html
quoad hoc : as far as this : to this extent
Res publica is a Latin phrase, loosely meaning 'public affair'. It is the root of the word 'republic', and the word 'commonwealth' has traditionally been used as a synonym for it; however translations vary widely according to the context. 'Res' is a nominative singular Latin noun for a substantive or concrete thing – as opposed to 'spes', which means something unreal or ethereal – and 'publica' is an attributive adjective meaning 'of and/or pertaining to the state or the public'. Hence a literal translation is, 'the public thing/affair'.
Restitutio ad integrum or restitutio in integrum is a Latin term which means restoration to original condition. It is one of the primary guiding principles behind the awarding of damages in common law negligence claims. The general rule, as the principle implies, is that the amount of compensation awarded should put the successful plaintiff in the position he or she would have been had the tortious action not been committed. Thus the plaintiff should clearly be awarded damages for direct expenses such as medical bills and property repairs and the loss of future earnings attributable to the injury (which often involves difficult speculation about the future career and promotion prospects). Although monetary compensation cannot be directly equated with physical deprivation it is generally accepted that compensation should also be awarded for loss of amenities, reflecting the decrease in expected standard of living due to any injury suffered and pain and suffering. Damages awards in these categories are justified by the restitutio principle as monetary compensation provides the most practicable way of redressing the deprivation caused by physical injury.
Risus
- laughter
Base phrase Comparative Superlative Meanings
sensu stricto sensu strictiore sensu strictissimo in the strict/stricter/strictest sense
sensu lato sensu latiore sensu latissimo in the broad/broader/broadest sense
sensu amplo sensu ampliore sensu amplissimo in a relaxed/more relaxed/most relaxed sense
Sic semper tyrannis is a Latin phrase meaning "thus always to tyrants". It is sometimes mistranslated as "death to tyrants" or "down with the tyrant." The phrase is often said to have originated with Marcus Junius Brutus during the assassination of Julius Caesar, but according to Plutarch, Brutus either did not have a chance to say anything, or if he did, no one heard what was said:
The phrase has been invoked historically in Europe and other parts of the world as an epithet or rallying cry against abuse of power. It is the official motto of the Commonwealth of Virginia and the city of Allentown, Pennsylvania. In the United States it is best known as the words John Wilkes Boothshouted during his assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.
Sine qua non (/ˌsaɪnɨ kweɪ ˈnɒn/; Latin: [ˈsine kwaː ˈnoːn])[1] or condicio sine qua non (plural: condiciones sine quibus non) refers to an indispensable and essential action, condition, or ingredient. It was originally a Latin legal term for "[a condition] without which it could not be", or "but for..." or "without which [there is] nothing".
Sub modo is Latin for "Subject to a modification or qualification." In a contract sub modo, the agreement between the parties may be altered or limited within certain parameters.
Sui generis (/ˌsuːaɪ ˈdʒɛnərɪs/;[1] Latin: [ˈsʊ.iː ˈɡɛnɛrɪs]) is a Latin phrase, meaning "of its (his, her, or their) own kind; in a class by itself; unique".
Sylvan or Sylvans (from the Latin silva: "forest, woods"), Sylvania literally means "forest land" in Latin.
Terra nullius (/ˈtɛrə nʌˈlaɪ.əs/, plural terrae nullius) is a Latin expression deriving from Roman law meaning "nobody's land",[1] which is used in international law to describe territory which has never been subject to the sovereignty of any state, or over which any prior sovereign has expressly or implicitly relinquished sovereignty. Sovereignty over territory which is terra nullius may be acquired through occupation,[2] though in some cases doing so would violate an international law or treaty.
In broadcasting, vox populi (/ˈvɒks ˈpɒpjuːlɪ/ voks pop-ew-li) is an interview with members of the general public. Vox populi is a Latin phrase that literally means voice of the people.
Quo vadis? (Classical Latin: [kʷoː waːdis], Ecclesiastical Latin: [kʷo vaːdis]) is a Latin phrase meaning "Where are you going?" The modern usage of the phrase refers to a Christian tradition regarding Saint Peter. According to the apocryptal Acts of Peter (Vercelli Acts XXXV[1]), Peter flees from crucifixion in Rome at the hands of the government, and along the road outside the city, he meets the risen Jesus. In the Latin translation, Peter asks Jesus, "Quo vadis?" He replies, "Romam eo iterum crucifigi ("I am going to Rome to be crucified again"). Peter then gains the courage to continue his ministry and returns to the city, where he is martyred by being crucified upside-down.[2] The Church of Domine Quo Vadis in Rome is built where, according to legend, the meeting between Peter and Jesus took place. The words "quo vadis" as a question also occur five times in the Latin Vulgate: in Genesis 16:8, Genesis 32:17, Judges 19:17, John 13:36, and John 16:5.
etruscan influence
- https://www.quora.com/Did-Latin-borrow-words-from-any-other-language The most known example is persona, which is an Etruscan loan.
greek influence
- https://www.quora.com/Did-Latin-borrow-words-from-any-other-language Latin-speakers also sometimes used Greek words in their Greek grammatical forms in Latin for stylistic purposes, for example, musicen instead of musicam (the accusative of ‘music’).
language development
- The Roman Empire never really spoke Latin. They did speak “Vulgar Latin.” But the neat and poetic, systematic Classical Latin you read in the texts of authors or in official documents, isn’t the Latin that was spoken by the empire’s inhabitants.https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Roman-Empire-still-speak-Latin-after-250-300-CE-When-did-the-language-begin-to-change-for-real
- Vulgar Latin or Sermo Vulgaris ("common speech") was a nonstandard form of Latin (as opposed to Classical Latin, the standard and literary version of the language) spoken in the Mediterranean region during and after the classical period of the Roman Empire. It is from Vulgar Latin that the Romance languages developed; the best known are the national languages Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and French. Works written in Latin during classical times and the earlier Middle Ages used Classical Latin rather than Vulgar Latin, with very few exceptions (most notably sections of Gaius Petronius' Satyricon). Because of its nonstandard nature, Vulgar Latin had no official orthography. Vulgar Latin is sometimes also called colloquial Latin, or Common Romance (particularly in the late stage). In Renaissance Latin, Vulgar Latin was called vulgare Latinum or Latinum vulgare.[citation needed] By its nature Vulgar Latin varied greatly by region and by time period. A few major divisions can be seen, however. Vulgar Latin dialects began to significantly diverge from Classical Latin in the third century during the classical period of the Roman Empire. Nevertheless through the sixth century the most widely spoken dialects were still similar to and mostly mutually intelligible with Classical Latin. The language called Proto-Romance developed during the governance of Germanic rulers.[3] Similarly in the Eastern Roman Empire as Latin faded as the Court language in the course of the 5th century. The Vulgar Latin spoken in the Balkans north of Greece and southern Bulgaria became heavily influenced by Greek and Slavic and also became radically different from Classical Latin and from the proto-Romance of Western Europe.[4][5] Vulgar Latin diverged into distinct languages beginning in the 9th century.
- https://www.quora.com/Was-Vulgar-Latin-and-classical-Latin-mutually-intelligible-Vulgar-Latin-had-strange-features-classical-Latin-did-not-like-definite-articles
- https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-during-the-Roman-occupation-of-Gaul-the-transition-from-Gaulish-language-to-Vulgar-Latin-was-facilitated-by-the-similarities-between-the-Gaulish-and-Latin-languages
- https://www.quora.com/Was-Vulgar-Latin-a-structured-language-with-defined-grammar-How-similar-was-it-with-Italian
- https://www.quora.com/Where-does-the-plural-s-come-from-in-Romance-languages-Latin-pluralizes-differently
- https://www.quora.com/What-language-is-the-closest-to-Classical-Latin
- https://www.quora.com/Which-one-of-the-modern-Latin-languages-is-the-least-Latin while French is still related, French lexicon has changed more. Romanian has also changed a bit (heavy influence from other languages) but Romanian preserves case and declension to an extent while other Romance languages do not.
- https://www.quora.com/On-most-of-Romance-languages-Spanish-Portuguese-French-the-basic-rule-to-make-a-noun-plural-is-adding-s-or-x-Why-is-Italian-so-different-being-the-closest-to-Latin
- https://www.quora.com/Which-language-is-closer-to-Latin-French-or-Portuguese
abbreviations
- https://www.quora.com/What-do-Latin-abbreviations-such-as-i-e-e-g-cf-and-et-al-stand-for-and-what-do-they-mean
classical latin
- pronunication
- https://www.quora.com/Can-we-know-for-sure-what-Classical-Latin-sounded-like-spoken
- Michel Eyquem de Montaigne
- He believed that Rome had produced more geniuses than the Medieval kingdoms that succeeded it because the French students of his day had to waste time learning Latin while the Romans had spoken it natively. As such, he ensured that the only language that his son would hear in his formative years would be that of Cato, Cicero, and Lucretius. In his Essays, Montaigne would reflect that when he had first been introduced to French schools as a child, his teachers were forced to translate his assignments into Latin as he had no knowledge of the French language until learning it in school.Whether the scheme truly worked and Michel de Montaigne’s brilliance was a result of his all-Latin early education is hard to say. For those who have read his writing it should certainly come as no surprise that he was as familiar with Seneca and Lucretius as kids today are with J.K. Rowling. He seemed himself to be rather self-conscious of his Latin beginnings, often writing self-deprecatingly about how any brilliance he might appear to have was rooted not in his own intellect so much as an extensive ability to quote Greek and Roman philosophers. https://www.quora.com/Who-was-the-last-person-to-speak-Latin-natively
roman empire
- https://www.quora.com/What-exactly-was-the-extent-of-Latin-as-a-language-in-the-Roman-empire-at-the-time-of-its-peak-What-provinces-used-it-more-than-others
byzantine empire
- The whole of what today is Tunisia, plus NW Libya and most of coastal Algeria was Latin speaking (at least in a sense of Latin over Greek, heavily used by urban educated classes, but how much it was used in the countryside over say Berber we don’t know). It was retaken by Justinian and lost to the Arabs about 695 AD. So it was a major ‘Byzantine”, Latin speaking area in 610. Dalmatia was Byzantine and that was Latin speaking. Much of the traditional Latin speaking interior of the former Yugoslavia, Pannonia, was largely, but not completely lost at that point, but there were bits under ‘Byzantine’ Rule. They still controlled ‘bits’ of Italy, mostly the Greek dominated south, but some bits further north as well. Also in the east there were Latin ‘Colonia’ areas settled by Latin speaking military veterans, which continued to function in Latin rather than Greek. How much they continued to speak Latin we don’t know but probably the important ones like Berytus/Beirut still did. Finally Justinian’s Law Code was written in latin and the Byzantine Law System essentially functioned in Latin until the Ekloga in Greek was issued in 726. Beyrtus, by the way, as the most important Latin Colonia in the East was all the most important centre of Legal studies because the Latin language was so important for the law, even at this point.https://www.quora.com/Was-Latin-still-spoken-in-the-Byzantine-Empire-way-after-610-AD
modern day use
- https://www.quora.com/When-did-Latin-stop-being-the-language-of-higher-education The decline of Latin in higher education was an excruciatingly slow, drawn out process that took place over the course of several centuries. Way back in the 1700s, Latin was not just the dominant subject in nearly all universities all across western Europe and North America; it was also the language of international scholarship. For instance, when the Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus published his Systema Naturæ in 1735, he did so in Latin. As the eighteenth century wore on, however, the importance of Latin as the language of international scholarship slowly declined. Books written in Latin grew increasingly less common as people—especially speakers of English, French, and German—began writing in their own native languages instead. In the Anglophone world, controversial authors, such as Thomas Paine in his book The Age of Reason (published in three part in 1794, 1795, and 1807 respectively), criticized the fact that all schoolboys were expected to learn Latin, since all the important Latin texts had already been translated into English.
At the same time, however, others saw Latin’s decline as a worrying sign of social decadence. In 1782, the American Founding Father Thomas Jefferson anxiously wrote, “The learning Greek and Latin, I am told, is going into disuse in Europe. I know not what their manners and occupations may call for: but it would be very ill-judged in us to follow their example in this instance.” By the early 1800s, Latin had lost most of its practical application. It still held immense prestige and the study of Latin still dominated—even monopolized—higher education. Nonetheless, Latin was no longer the dominant language of international scholarship. In the late nineteenth century, as college was becoming increasingly available to more people, certain people began to see no purpose in studying dead languages like Latin and Greek. Instead, they wanted to study practical subjects that would prepare them for their careers.It was not until the twentieth century, however, that the study of Latin and Greek really started to truly die out. World War I dealt some serious blows to the classics by severely wounding the nationalistic, imperialistic, militaristic Victorian ideology to which the classics had been inextricably shackled for most of the late nineteenth century. Perhaps the most poignant expression of this comes from the final stanza of the poem “Dulce et Decorum Est” by Wilfred Owen, which quotes a line in Latin from the Roman poet Horace meaning “Sweet and glorious it is to die for one’s fatherland”In 1931, Yale University dropped the requirement for all students seeking undergraduate admission to know Latin. Other colleges swiftly followed and the number of students studying Latin in the United States plummeted. The prestigious universities in England maintained the requirement for all students to know Latin for much longer, but, finally, in 1960, the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge dropped the requirement for a pass on an Ordinary Level Latin examination in order for students to be able to apply for undergraduate school. Throughout the 1960s, most of the last remaining universities that still required knowledge of Latin for undergraduate admittance dropped their requirements, making Latin optional rather than mandatory. In 1968, France stopped requiring all students to learn Latin in middle school. By the 1970s, virtually all universities had dropped knowledge of Latin as an entry requirement.
- Latin is still the official language of the Holy See (i.e. Vatican City), though most everyday conversations there take place in Italian. But e.g. when the College of Cardinals convenes to elect a new Pope, the proceedings are conducted in Latin, and when papal bulls are issued, the official version is in Latin.https://www.quora.com/Who-and-when-were-the-last-people-to-use-Latin-as-their-official-language
- the Jews who were expelled from Spain called Spanish Latin, and they still call their Spanish dialect Latin to this day. There is also a regional language in Italy called Latin or a Romance language in Switzerland called “Roman”, in fact the only Romance language in eastern Europe calls itself Roman too (Romanian). There are Romance languages everywhere bearing the name Roman or Latin.https://www.quora.com/Why-isnt-Latin-natively-spoken-anymore-while-Greek-survived-even-though-both-were-extremely-common-languages-of-the-pivotal-Roman-Empirenorth africa
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Latin-never-spread-to-North-Africa Latin was very widespread in North Africa. Among the many famous Latin authors from Africa are Terence, Apuleius, and Marcus Cornelius Fronto. For many centuries the most widely read book in Latin after the Bible was the Confessions of St. Augustine, written in Annaba, Algeria by the Punic / Berber saint.Latin remained the language of the most urban areas in North Africa well beyond the fall of the Roman Empire: the African Romance dialect was still the language of African Christians up to at least the 11th century and in some places as late as the 14th.
trivial
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-possibility-that-the-Latin-languages-Portuguese-Spanish-French-Italian-Romanian-do-not-come-from-Latin
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