Colombia

government
-  Colombian agriculture and fishing institute (ICA) www.ica.gov.co

• On 1962, Colombian agriculture and livestock Institute Corporation was created by Decree 1562 from june 15th, to coordinate and intensify agricultural sciences research, teaching and extension work for a better and more harmonious development of all sector activities and specially to facilitate social agricultural reform. On 1963, by means of Decree 3116, the Institute was given public stablishment decentralize nature and its organization pfocess started, the structure desing, statute, budget, personal, and incorporation and management of all resources of the Department of Agrarian Research Department (DIA). On 1963, ICA acquired from the Ministry five national centers of agricultural and livestock research and seven experimental research stations located in the main areas of agroecological potential for production based on the species considered priorities for that time. These centers were Tibaitatá in Cundinamarca; Palmira, in Valle del Cauca; Tulio Ospina, in Bello Antioquia; La Libertad in Meta; San Jorge in Cundinamarca and La Selva, in Antioquia. On 1966 from the Ministry of Agriculture, ICA received the comisión to stablish the seed certification system and on August 1967 the extension service started formally.

Aracataca (colloquially sometimes referred to as "Cataca") is a municipality located in the Department of Magdalena, in Colombia's Caribbean Region. 

- hometown of garcia marquez;On June 25, 2006, a referendum to rename the town "Aracataca-Macondo" failed due to a low turnout.

 亚美尼亚城 Armenia (Spanish pronunciation: [aɾˈme.nja]) is the capital of Quindio Department. It is one of the main centers of the national economy and of the Colombian coffee growing axis. Armenia is a medium-sized city and part of the "coffee triangle" with Pereira and Manizales.The city was founded on October 14, 1889, by Jesús María Ocampo, also known as "Tigrero" (translates to "tiger killer") due to his love of hunting jaguars, known locally as tigers. Ocampo came from Anaime, Tolima, looking for shelter in the mountains of Quindío because he was running away from General Gallo. He paid one hundred pesos in gold coins to Antonio Herrera for the land on which to build a fonda, or trade center, not only for himself but also for other colonists who came from Salento, Antioquia, Manizales, and areas surrounding the Quindío River and La Vieja River. Ocampo then proceeded to sell land for settlement. To encourage settlement, Ocampo returned to Anaime to ask for the help of his friend Juan de la Cruz Cardona and to marry thirteen-year-old Arsenia Cardona. Six months after its founding, in August 1890, Armenia had reached a population of 100 people, allowing it to gain legal recognition by the government. In the founding meeting of the city, on October 14, 1889, the name of Villa Holguín was suggested, in honor of Carlos Holguín Mallarino, the then-current president of the country. However, the proposal was rejected, and the name Armenia was put to a vote and approved on November 30, 1889. ^[2]. Therefore, the belief that the name was changed to Armenia after the country of the same name, in memory of the Armenian people murdered by the Turkish Ottomans in the Hamidian Massacres of 1894–97 and later the Armenian Genocide of 1915–23 is totally unsubstantiated.
- ****************This region was widely known in the country in the early 20th century for the production of storage receptacles made of the empty dried shell of the fruit of a local species of inedible bottle gourd, the "Cuyabra" or "totumo", which gives the demonym of "cuyabros" to the people born in this city. Nowadays, they are no longer mass-produced for practical purposes as cheaper materials such as plastics displaced them from the market, but these traditional receptacles are still produced and hand-painted.


San Basilio de Palenque or Palenque de San Basilio is a Palenque village and corregimiento in the Municipality of Mahates, Bolivar in northern Colombia.
- Spaniards introduced kidnapped African slaves in South America through the Magdalena River Valley. Its mouth is close to the important port of Cartagena de Indias where ships full of Africans arrived. Some Africans escaped and set up Palenque de San Basilio, a town close to Cartagena. They tried to free all African slaves arriving at Cartagena and were quite successful. Therefore, the Spanish Crown issued a Royal Decree (1691), guaranteeing freedom to the Palenque de San Basilio Africans.   The word "palenque" means "walled city" and the Palenque de San Basilio is only one of many walled communities that were founded by escaped slaves as a refuge in the seventeenth century. Of the many palenques of escaped slaves that existed previously San Basilio is the only one that survives. Many of the oral and musical traditions have roots in Palenque's African past.^[2] Africans were dispatched to Spanish America under the asiento system. The village of San Basilio is inhabited mainly by Afro-Colombians which are direct descendants of African slaves brought by the Europeans during the Colonization of the Americas and have preserved their ancestral traditions and have developed also their own language; Palenquero. In 2005 the Palenque de San Basilio village was proclaimed Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.
In the village of Palenque de San Basilio most of its inhabitants are black and still preserve customs and language from their African ancestors. In recent years people of indigenous ancestry have settled at the borders of Palenque, being displaced earlier by the Colombian civil war. The village was established by Benkos Bioho sometime in the 16th century. A Spanish-based creole language known as Palenquero originates in this community. The New York Times reported on October 18, 2007 that the language spoken in Palenquero is thought to be the only Spanish-based creole language spoken in Latin America. Being a creole language, its grammar differs substantially from Spanish making the language unintelligible to Spanish speakers. Palenquero was influenced by the Kikongo language of Congo and Angola, and also by Portuguese, the language of the slave traders who brought African slaves to South America in the 17th century. Exact information on the different roots of Palenquero is still lacking, and there are different theories of its origin. Today fewer than half of the community’s 3,000 residents still speak Palenquero.

卡拉爾卡  Calarcá is a municipality in the eastern part of the department of Quindío, Colombia. It is located 4 km east of the departmental capital Armenia. Its nickname is La Villa del Cacique in homage of its writers. The city was founded in 1886 by Segundo Henao during the time of colonization by people from Antioquia Department.The name derived from an indigenous chief of the Pijaos Tribe, who lived in this land. According to the legends, this chief died in a fight with an indigenous converted into the Catholicism, Baltazar Maldonado, to keep the power of the territory, in a fight placed on Peñas Blancas, a characteristic mountain of the city. Calarcá was founded on June 29 of 1886. The city was founded by Roman Mario Valencia and Segundo Henao, people who went from Salento making explorations through the region, in the final part of the antioqueña foundations. In the beginning the city based its economy on mining and commerce. Years later about 30's the coffee arrived in the region and Calarcá became in one of the most important producers of the region and whole the country. The wealthy generated by the coffee, allowed the city to reach good conditions of developed and a cultural progress, which started to characterize the city as a cradle of poets, such as Luis Vidales and Bauidilio Montoya. The city is host of different events, such as the national festival of the coffee, among the many activities there is one called "yippao" where different Jeep's (a characteristic car of the region) are customized by their owner and go through the city, the national meeting of writers. In 1999 the city was partially destroyed for an eventually earthquake, which affected the department. This made the city lose part of the architectural heritage.

卡利Cali is the main urban and economic center in the south of the country, and has one of Colombia's fastest-growing economies.^[3][4][5] The city was founded on 25 July 1536 by the Spanish explorer Sebastián de Belalcázar.Cali is also a center for sports in Colombia, and is the only Colombian city to have hosted the Pan American Games. Cali is the shortened form of the official name of the city: Santiago de Cali. "Santiago" honours Saint James whose feast day is celebrated on 25 July. The origin of the word "Cali" comes from the local Amerindians the "Calima".Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the region was inhabited by indigenous tribes, mostly speakers of Cariban languages.


La Candelaria is the 17th locality of Bogotá, Colombia.
- [manuscript hunter] it was the first settlement for residents of antigua after the earthquake that destroyed their city, when the spanish court forced to to relocate

考卡山谷省（西班牙語：Departamento del Valle del Cauca）Valle del Cauca, or Cauca Valley (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbaʎe ðel ˈkawka]), is a department of Western Colombia. It is on the western side of the country, abutting the Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Santiago de Cali. Such other cities as Buenaventura, Buga, Valle del Cauca, Cartago, Palmira, Valle del Cauca and Tuluá have great economical, political, social and cultural influence on the department's life. Valle del Cauca has the largest number of independent towns (i.e. not in Metropolitan areas) with over 100,000 inhabitants in the country, counting six within its borders. Buenaventura has the largest and busiest seaport in Colombia, moving about 8,500,000 tons of merchandise annually.The anthem of Valle del Cauca Department is "Salve Valle del Cauca, mi tierra" ("Hail Valley of the Cauca, my land").In 1500 BC the first agricultural–pottery society appeared, the Ilama culture, extending along the Calima River (in what is nowadays the towns of Restrepo and Darien. Its society had a social structure of Cacicazgos (chiefdoms) that prevailed until the arrival of the Spaniards. The Ilama economy was based on migratory agriculture using maize, yuca, and beans; hunting, fishing, textile confectioning and metallurgy. The Chief or "Cacique" was the head of the settlement and also had "chamanes" (spiritual leaders), warriors, farmers, hunters, pottery men, and goldsmiths. By 100 AD, the Ilamas had developed into the Yotoco Culture [es], which expanded the region of the Ilamas further into the Cauca River to the Pacific Ocean, and to the south to the region of what is now the city of Cali.The Yotocos were a highly stratified society, headed by caciques, which managed several settlements. They existed in the region until 1200 AD. The population had increased, forcing them to develop effective agricultural techniques to feed its population which also improved the techniques on pottery and metal works. The agriculture of the Yotocos was more varied than that of the Ilamas and was based on maize, yuca, beans, arracacha, and achiote among others. The Yotoco started declining in the 6th century AD.This archeological period is called the Late Period and is divided into Late Period I (6th to 13th centuries) and Late Period II (14th to 16th centuries). In Late period I the region of Valle del Cauca was inhabited by the Early Sonso culture, Bolo, Sachamate and La Llanada. During Late Period II the region was inhabited by the Late Sonso Culture, Pichinde, Buga and Quebrada Seca. Their development is attributed to population growth. Almost all the settlers in the area became subject to the rule of one main Cacique.


 奇納科塔  Chinácota is a small town and municipality located in the Department of Norte de Santander in Colombia. Chinacota was founded in 1523 by the conquistador Don Pedro de Orsua and Don Ortun Velasco. when the conquistador Don Pedro de Ursula and her partner Don Ortun Velazco were entrusted to reduce Indians Bocarema, Chinaquillo, Bochaga and Bateca who in turn founded some populations, among them that of St. John the Baptist in today site called " Pueblo - straw " belonging to the nation of the chitareros, the name given by the Spaniards to the natives of the valleys of Bochalema, Chinácota and the Holy Spirit because" their entertainment and other revelries of the executed with chicaras totumo ( chítaro in single speech) reeds and other primitive tools .

奇里比克特山脈國家自然公園Chiribiquete National Natural Park was established on 21 September 1989. The park was expanded from the previous 13,000 km² (5,000 sq mi) to 28,000 km²(11,000 sq mi) on 21 August 2013.^[1][3]Colombian president Juan Manuel Santosannounced that Chiribiquete National Park would be expanded by 15,000 km²(5,800 sq mi) on 21 February 2018.The region is incredibly biodiverse and hosts a diverse array of rock art.More than 600,000 traces of over 75,000 petroglyphs and pictographs have been discovered on the walls of 60 rocks shelters in Serranía de Chiribiquete, the oldest of which could date back to about 20,000 years BP.^[2][7] The rock art was produced until the 16th century, and was first reported by American biologistRichard Evans Schultes during the first botanical collections of Chiribiquete in May 1943. 

Chinauta is a coregiment of the municipality of Fusagasugá in the department of Cundinamarca.

库库塔 Cúcuta (Spanish: [ˈkukuta]), officially San José de Cúcuta, is a Colombian city, capital of Norte de Santander department.The city was the place of some of the most important events in Colombian history, like the redaction of the first constitution by the Congress of Cúcuta which led to the foundation of the Republic of Colombia, also known as Gran Colombia, and the Battle of Cúcuta, where troops led by Simón Bolívar defeated the Spanish Royal Rorce, thereby liberating the city from Spanish rule and allowing Bolívar troops to continue their campaign toward Venezuela.The city of Cúcuta was called San José de Guasimales from 1733 to 1793, the year in which the name changed to San José de Cúcuta—"San José" (Saint Joseph) is for the Virgin Mary's husband, and "Cúcuta" ironically means "The House of Goblins" in the language of the Barí indigenous group.^[7] In the city's seal, a legend states, Muy Noble, Valerosa y Leal Villa de San José de Cúcuta ("Very Noble, Valiant and Loyal Town of San José of Cúcuta").^[8]The city has the nicknames "City Without Borders", "Gem of the North," and "City Forest."
- The shield of Cúcuta was adopted on February 3, 1958, by Decree 032, after a request by the History Academy of North Santander. The shield is a classic shape, and carries the title conferred on the city by Royal Decree of the Emperor Carlos IV: Very noble, valiant and loyal town of San José of Cúcuta. The upper part depicts the arms of the city's founder Juana Rangel of Cuéllar, who donated lands for the foundation of the city on June 17, 1733. They are five silver and red fleur-de-lis in the shape of reels, on a golden background. The lower part of the shield displays the arms that the National Congress adopted for Colombia by the Law of October 6, 1821, at its meeting in the Villa del Rosario. In the center are a quiver of spears, marked with X's, and a set of bow and arrows, tied with tricolor tape. The spears represent attributes of the Roman consuls; the X is a symbol of the right of life or death; the bow and arrows are symbols of the Hispanic Indu race.
- Colombia signed a Free Trade Agreement with the United States against opposition by Venezuela. Despite this opposition, industries from Venezuela are constructing their infrastructure in Cúcuta to export their products to the United States, registering their products as if they were Colombian, a strategy that allow them to export without paying certain tariffs. For that reason, Cúcuta is expected to become an industrial city. Colombian law provides tax exemptions for Venezuelan imports through the Zona Franca, which, coupled with the motorway links between Cúcuta and Maracaibo, increases the possibility of exports from Maracaibo into Colombia.
- people

• Virgilio Barco Vargas (17 September 1921 – 20 May 1997) was a Colombian politician and civil engineer who served as the 27th President of Colombia serving from 7 August 1986 to 7 August 1990.Barco was born in Cúcuta in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia to Jorge Enrique Barco Maldonado and Julieta Vargas Durán. He studied Civil Engineering at the National University of Colombia and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from which he graduated in 1943.^[1] He entered politics in 1943 when he became a city council member for the Liberal Party in the town of Durania. He was then elected to the lower house of Congress, but went into exile to the USA in 1950 because of violence between liberals and conservatives. His daughter, Carolina Barco Isakson (who would later become a Colombian politician herself) was born there. He obtained an M.A. in economics at MIT, where he took classes under Nobel prize winners Robert Solow and Paul Samuelson in 1952. In 1954 he obtained a PhD in economics from Boston University.
• economist 30may2020 "forwards and backwards" why a president from the 1980s offer lessons for colombia today

 

昆迪納馬卡省    Cundinamarca
- El origen del nombre Cundinamarca es desconocido. Es, tal vez, una deformación del quechua, u otra lengua precolombina, Kuntur marka (Nido del cóndor). Los conquistadores españoles al llegar a estas tierras y escuchar las dos palabras, lo interpretaron como Cundirumarca, Cuntinamarca y finalmente Cundinamarca que, en castellano, vendría a significar comarca o provincia del cóndor. marca está relacionada, acaso por la consonancia, con comarca y con marca, palabra que antiguamente se utilizaba en Europa para nombrar territorios fronterizos de un reino^[8]​ (de ahí la palabra marqués).^[9]​^[10]​Otra teoría dice que al ser "Cundinamarca" una palabra desconocida en la lengua chibcha, que carecía de las letras D y R, se confirmaría que el nombre de Cundinamarca, quiere decir tierra o región de Dinamarca. La palabra quyca en idioma chibcha significa Tierra, patria, región, mundo, territorio ^[11]​, los chibchas dirían algo similar a Quicadinamarcadesvirtuado por los conquistadores, se convirtió en Cundinamarca.^[12]​ Por otra parte en danés y en otras lenguas escandinavas Konge, con la "e" sorda [kɔnɡə], significa rey (proviene de allí también el término inglés king), teniendo Konge Denmark, AFI: [kɔnɡə ˈtænmak], (Rey de Dinamarca) una fonética similar a Cundinamarca, [kundinaˈmaɾka].^[13]​^[14]​^[15]​ Estas conjeturas hacen referencia a una llegada anterior a los españoles de daneses o escandinavos al territorio. Especulando, por ejemplo, sobre la leyenda de Bochica, quien en la mitología muisca era un héroe civilizador, o un dios, que enseñó a los muiscas a hilar el algodón y tejer mantas, además de inculcarles principios morales y sociales, y que era descrito como un hombre de piel blanca, ojos azules, cabello rubio o blanco y barba larga hasta la cintura, vistiendo una manta hasta las pantorrillas, con los pies descalzos y portando un báculo de oro. Esto coincidiendo con el cambio al sedentarismo de los chibchas.


Medellín (Spanish pronunciation: [meðeˈʝin]), officially the Municipality of Medellín (Spanish: Municipio de Medellín), is the second-largest city in Colombia and the capital of the department of Antioquia. The valley and its Spanish settlement have gone by several names over the years, including Aburrá de los Yamesíes, "Valley of Saint Bartholomew", "Saint Lawrence of Aburrá", "Saint Lawrence of Aná", Villa de la Candelaria de Medellín, and finally "Medellín". The name "Medellín" comes from Medellín, Spain, a small village in the Badajoz province of Extremadura. The village is known for being the birthplace of Hernán Cortés. The Spanish Medellín, in turn, was originally called "Metellinum" and was named after the Roman General Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius in 75 BC who founded the village as a military base.

Muzo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmuso]) is a town and municipality in the Western Boyacá Province, part of the department of Boyacá, Colombia. It is widely known as the world capital of emeralds for the emerald mines containing the world's highest quality gems of this type. The town of Muzo was called Villa de la Santísima Trinidad de los Muzos, or simply Trinidad, when the Spanish conquistadors first founded the settlement in western Boyacá. Muzo is the autonym of the Muzo, the indigenous people who inhabited the region before the Spanish conquest. Before the Spanish conquest of the Eastern Colombian Andes, the region of Muzo was inhabited by the people with the same name. They extracted emeralds in pre-Columbian times, giving them the name "The Emerald People". Using poles of hard tropical wood and water, the people peeled the emeralds from the formations, in particular the Muzo Formation, named after the municipality. Historians have estimated the Muzo settled in the area of Muzo around 1000 AD. The Cariban-speaking Muzo, like their Chibcha neighbours, adored the Sun and Moon as deities. Other than their eastern neighbours, they did not construct temples.

santander

- 佛羅里達布達卡Floridablanca (Spanish pronunciation: [floɾiðaˈβlaŋka], locally commonly abbreviated to Florída, accentuated at the second syllable) is a municipality in the department of Santander at an altitude of 925 metres (3,035 ft) in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. Floridablanca is known for its parks and the Piedra del Sol, a large rock with spirals and circles carved by the Guane over 1,000 years ago.^[2] This city is home of the tallest statue of Jesus Christ in Colombia, "El Santisimo". 

Association
- Fondo Nacional de la Porcicultura https://www.miporkcolombia.co/
- Colombia Emerald Exporters' Association http://www.fedesmeraldas.com.co/Institucional/?sc=ACODES
- Colombian Coffee Growers Federation http://www.federaciondecafeteros.org/particulares/en/

Company

- Ecopetrol, formerly known as Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos S.A. (English: Colombian Petroleum Co.), not to be confused with the US owned and operated Colombian Petroleum Co. (COLPET) and sister company South American Gulf Oil Co. (SAGOC), dating to the 1930s and taken over by the state owned Ecopetrol in the 1970s, is the largest and primary petroleum company in Colombia. The company arose from the assets reverted from the "Mares Concession",^[6] awarded by President Rafael Reyes to the Tropical Oil Company, which began operating in 1921 with the Infantas 2 well and the subsequent start of production of the field Cira-Infantas in the Middle Magdalena Valley (VMM). The giant oilfield is located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south of the city of Barrancabermeja and about 500 kilometres (310 mi) northeast of the capital Bogotá. Even though there were attempts as early as 1941 for the Colombian government to legally take over the Tropical Oil Co.,^[7] it was not until the expiration of the Concesión De Mares contract that a transfer of ownership would take place.The reversion of "De Mares Concession" ("Concesión De Mares") to the Colombian State on 25 August 1951 gave way to the Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos, which had been created in 1948 by means of Law 165 of that year. The growing company assumed the reverted assets of the Tropical Oil Co. that began oil activities in 1921 in Colombia with the implementation of the Cira-Infantas Field in the Middle Magdalena River Valley. Ecopetrol undertook activities in the oil chain as a state-owned industrial and commercial company in charge of administrating the nation's hydrocarbon resources, and grew as other concessions reverted and became part of its operation.The nationalization of Ecopetrol was not smooth and met with some opposition and skepticism as to how the company could in fact be able to keep up with the complex and expensive operations without outside expertise in the changing international market. A call for nationalization was nevertheless made.
- Avianca S.A. (acronym in Spanish for "Aerovías del Continente Americano S.A.", Airways of the American Continent) has been the national airline and flag carrier of Colombia since 5 December 1919, when it was initially registered under the name SCADTA. It is headquartered inBogotá, D.C. with its main hub at El Dorado International Airport. Avianca also comprises a group of seven Latin American airlines, whose operations are combined to function as one airline using a code sharing system. Avianca is thelargest airline in Colombia and second largest in Latin America. Avianca together with its subsidiaries has the most extensive network of destinations in Latin America. It is wholly owned by Synergy Group S.A., a South American holding company established by Germán Efromovich and specializing in air transport. It is listed on the Colombia Stock Exchange.

• Colombia's national airline, Avianca, has filed for bankruptcy protection in a US court. The carrier is the second-largest in Latin America, but its passenger operations have been grounded since March because of coronavirus.It previously filed for bankruptcy in the early 2000s, and was rescued by a deal with Bolivian oil tycoon German Efromovich. The airline grew quickly under his stewardship, but its growing debt led to a successful boardroom coup against Mr Efromovich last year. It is now run by Kingsland Holdings.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52612335

- teknum

• Participated in 2016 hktdc baby product fair

- jewellery

• Dali joyeria relojeria

• Buyer of tdc 2013 jewellery fair

- leather

• interpelli www.interpelli.com

• exhibited at 2019 fashion access

trade and investment environment

- economist 17oct2020 "VAT half empty" govt tries to fix a messy and unfair tax


people
- Juan Manuel Santos Calderón GColIH GCB (Spanish: [xwan maˈnwel ˈsantos kaldeˈɾon]; born 10 August 1951) is a Colombian politician and the President of Colombia, in office since 2010. He was the sole recipient of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize. An economist by profession and a journalist by trade, Santos is a member of the wealthy and influential Santos family, who from 1913 to 2007 were the majority shareholders of the newspaper El Tiempo until its sale to Planeta DeAgostini in 2007. He was a cadet at the Navy Academy in Cartagena. Shortly after graduating from the University of Kansas, he joined the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia as an economic advisor and delegate to the International Coffee Organization in London, where he also attended the London School of Economics. In 1981, he was appointed deputy director of El Tiempo newspaper, becoming its director two years later. Santos earned a mid-career/master's in public administration in 1981 from Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) and was a 1988 Nieman Fellow for his award-winning work as a columnist and reporter. Santos was a Fulbright visiting fellow at Fletcher at Tufts University in 1981. Santos served as a member and Vice Chair of the Washington-based think tank the Inter-American Dialogue and was president of the Freedom of Expression Commission for the Inter American Press Association. In 1991, he was appointed by President César Gaviria Trujillo as Colombia's first Minister of Foreign Trade. Santos worked in expanding international trade with Colombia, and worked in creating various agencies for this purpose including: Proexport, Bancoldex and Fiducoldex. In 2000, he was appointed by President Andrés Pastrana Arango as the 64th Minister of Finance and Public Credit.

• Santos was born in Bogotá, Colombia. 

- Álvaro Uribe Vélez (born 4 July 1952) is a Colombian politician who served as the 31st President of Colombia from 7 August 2002 to 7 August 2010. Uribe studied law. Álvaro Uribe focused his political career and became a member of the center-left Colombian Liberal Party. In 1993 he attended Harvard University, receiving a Certificate of Special Studies in Administration and Management at Harvard Extension School and Certificate in Negotiation and Dispute Resolution at Harvard Law School. Between 1998 and 1999, he studied at St Antony's College, Oxford, England, on a Chevening-Simón Bolívar scholarship and was appointed Senior Associate Member at St Antony's College.

• https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/colombian-president-uribe-testify-fraud-case-191008121540917.html  Alvaro Uribe is expected to make history on Tuesday by becoming the first former Colombian president to testify before a court on allegations that could lead to criminal charges. The former right-wing president, who still holds significant support within the Andean nation, will defend himself in the Supreme Court against allegations he bribed witnesses to recant claims he formed a paramilitary group in the 1990s. If the court decides to indict Uribe, it could lead to a trial. It would also mean he could be the first Colombian president to be imprisoned if convicted.

- Iván Duque Márquez (Spanish pronunciation: [iˈβan ˈdu.ke ˈmaɾkes]; born August 1, 1976) is a Colombian politician, who has served as a senator for Bogota in the Senate of Colombia. He is the presidential candidate for the Democratic Center Party for the 2018 – 2022 presidential term.
Duque was born in Bogotá, the son of Juliana Márquez Tono (political scientist) and the late Iván Duque Escobar (1937-2016). Duque Escobar, his father, served as auditor in the United Nations, governor of Antioquia, Minister of Mines and Energy, president of several companies, unions and public and private institutions, as well as the head of the National Registry of Civil Status during the Government of Andrés Pastrana. Duque’s siblings are Andrés and María Paula, with whom he has a close relationship . Duque has a Law degree (JD) and a Major in Philosophy and Humanities from Sergio Arboleda University in Bogotá. He holds an LLM in International Economic Law from American University and a Master's in Public Policy Management from Georgetown University, Washington D.C.. He has also done Executive Studies in Strategic Negotiation, Private Sector Promotion Policies and Sector Management of Risk Capital in the School of Business and Government of Harvard University (Cambridge, USA). He began his professional career in 1999 as a consultant in the Andean Development Corporation (CAF) and later served as an advisor at the Colombian Ministry of Finance and Public Credit during the government of Andrés Pastrana (1998 - 2002). Subsequently, he worked at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) between 2001 and 2013. There he served as Senior Adviser to the Executive Board for Colombia, Peru and Ecuador, Advisor to the Presidency, and chief of the Division of Culture, Solidarity, and Creativity.
Duque also served a period as international advisor of former President Álvaro Uribe Vélez. Between 2010 and 2011, he was a consultant at the United Nations (UN) in the Research Panel appointed by the Secretary-General for the Incident of the Gaza Flotilla that occurred on May 31st, 2010, between Israel and Turkey, known as Mavi Marmara.

land
- economist 31aug19 "no man's land" collective land ownership keeps the country's pacific coast poor

Coffee
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c9c16bca-aad0-11e4-81bc-00144feab7de.html Production of the country’s arabica coffee, the high quality bean valued by the cognoscenti for its mild and smooth flavour, was devastated by the disease known as la roya. However, Colombian growers have overseen a remarkable recovery in output after an extensive renovation programme over the past five years.

Shopping malls
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d2df49ea-57d5-11e5-a28b-50226830d644.html

Centro Andino shopping centre in Colombia’s capital Bogotá is brimming with brands. Switzerland’s Nespresso, maker of coffee shot capsules, sits comfortably alongside both high-end and fast fashion clothes retailers, from Italy’s Dolce & Gabbana to the UK’s Burberry. The mall — which opened in the 1990s — is now full, so international retailers are choosing to plant themselves outside the legendary building just to be associated with those who have made it inside.

internal conflict

- http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37180752 Hundreds of Colombians have celebrated an historic peace accord between the government and left-wing Farc rebels, signed after 52 years of conflict.The announcement was broadcast live on Wednesday from Havana, Cuba, where peace talks have been held for almost four years.The conflict has killed an estimated 260,000 people and displaced millions.

• https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-peace/colombia-court-says-cannot-yet-rule-on-possible-changes-to-peace-law-idUSKCN1R12TF Colombia’s constitutional court said on Wednesday it cannot rule on whether potential changes to legislation that implements a peace deal with Marxist rebels are constitutional until after they are approved by congress.President Ivan Duque, who says the 2016 accord is too easy on former members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), has asked legislators to review six parts of the law that regulates a special tribunal tasked with trying war crimes.

bull fighting

- http://colombiareports.com/bullfighting-still-much-thing-colombia/ There were violent clashes between protesters and police in Colombia’s capital Bogota on Sunday as bullfighting returned to the capital after a two-year ban. Protesters took to the streets screaming slogans such as “Assassins, assassins!” and “No more Ole Ole!”as they blocked the entrances from the Planetarium district near the National Museum amid the presence of a 1,200 man police operation put in place to “guarantee the constitutional right of [bullfighting] fans.”

indigenous people

- The Muisca are the Chibcha-speaking people that formed the Muisca Confederation of the central Andeanhighlands of present-day Colombia's Eastern Range, in particular the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. As one out of four advanced civilizations of the Americas (apart from the Aztec, Mayas and Incas),^[2] they were encountered by the Spanish Empire in 1537, at the time of their conquest. Subgroupings of the Muisca were mostly identified by their allegiances to three great rulers: the zaque, centered in Hunza, ruling a territory roughly covering modern southern and northeastern Boyacá and southern Santander; the zipa, centered in Bacatá, and encompassing most of modern Cundinamarca, the western Llanos and northeastern Tolima; and the Iraca, ruler of Suamox and modern northeastern Boyacá and southwestern Santander. The territory of the Muisca spanned an area of around 47,000 square kilometres (18,000 sq mi) - a region slightly larger than Switzerland - from the north of Boyacá to the Sumapaz Paramo and from the summits of the Eastern Range to the Magdalena Valley. It bordered the territories of the Panche and Pijao tribes.穆伊斯卡聯盟主要是兩大政治王朝的聯合，南半部的西帕（zipa），以波哥大為中心；北半部的薩克（zaque），以通哈為中心^[1]。

• El Dorado (pronounced [el doˈɾaðo], English: /ˌɛl dəˈrɑːdoʊ/; Spanish for "the golden one"), originally El Hombre Dorado (the golden man), or El Rey Dorado (the golden king), was the term used by the Spanish Empire to describe a mythical tribal chief (zipa) of the Muisca native people of Colombia, who, as an initiation rite, covered himself with gold dust and submerged in Lake Guatavita. The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time, as it went from being a man, to a city, to a kingdom, and then finally an empire. A second location for El Dorado was inferred from rumors, which inspired several unsuccessful expeditions in the late 1500s in search of a city called Manõa on the shores of Lake Parime. Two of the most famous of these expeditions were led by Sir Walter Raleigh. In pursuit of the legend, Spanish conquistadors and numerous others searched Colombia, Venezuela, and parts of Guyana and northern Brazil for the city and its fabulous king. In the course of these explorations, much of northern South America, including the Amazon River, was mapped. By the beginning of the 19th century most people dismissed the existence of the city as a myth.
• 錫帕基拉Zipaquirá (Spanish pronunciation: [sipakiˈɾa]) is a municipality and city of Colombiain the department of Cundinamarca.The town is primarily known for its Salt Cathedral, an underground church built inside a salt mine in a tunnel made as result of the excavation of the salinas. Zipaquirá has an original architecture, and the old city centre is a tourist attraction. Its main square is surrounded by old buildings in the Spanish Colonial style. In Chibcha, the language of the Muisca, who inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense before the Spanish conquest, the name means "The Land of the zipa". Zipa was the ruler of this territory. Another origin is "City of our father".

Usa

- Plan Colombia is the name of a United States military and diplomatic aid initiative aimed at combating Colombian drug cartels and left-wing insurgent groups in Colombian territory. The plan was originally conceived between 1998 and 1999 by the administrations of Colombian President Andrés Pastrana Arango and US President Bill Clinton, with the goals of ending the Colombian armed conflict and creating an anti-cocaine strategy.

• hkej 3jan16 shum article

- http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-01/15/c_135012591.htm  Colombia hailed with big expectation on Thursday the 2016 Oscar Award nomination of the movie "Embrace of the Serpent" as Best Foreign Language Film, making the country's first movie be nominated for the award in history. "It is a big surprise for us to be nominated. I am really falling in the news," Colombian director Ciro Guerra said in a press conference after hearing the 2016 Oscar nomination, saying that it is an honor "to be the first (nomination of a Colombian movie) and be the representative of Latin America." The movie, produced in 2015, tells two stories taking place simultaneously in 1909 and 1940, in which an Amazonian shaman Karamakate travels with two scientists German Theodor Koch-Grunberg and American Richard Evans Schultes in search of a rare sacred plant named "yakruna" that helps cure many diseases. The stories were inspired by the diaries written by the two scientists during their field work in the Colombian Amazon rainforest, which show part of the splendor of the Colombian Amazon landscapes in black and white which was filmed in isolated areas of the country's geography.

canada

- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-columbia-us-m-a-transcanada-idUSKCN0WC26W TransCanada Corp (TRP.TO), the company behind the controversial Keystone XL oil pipeline project, is in talks to buy U.S. natural gas pipeline operator Columbia Pipeline Group Inc (CPGX.N), two people familiar with the matter told Reuters. The two companies have so far failed to agree on a price, and a deal remains uncertain, one of the sources said. TransCanada said in a statement it was in discussions with a third party for a potential transaction, but no agreement had been reached.  The Wall Street Journal, which first reported talks between the two companies on Thursday, said the deal could be valued at more than $10 billion. Columbia Pipeline Group had a market value of about $8 billion as of Wednesday's close and long-term debt of $2.75 billion as of Dec. 31.

venezuela

- At least one explosion rocked a military event where Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro was giving a speech on Saturday and the government said it was a failed assassination attempt involving drones carrying explosives.Maduro said “everything points” to a right-wing plot that initial investigation suggested was linked to Colombia and the U.S. state of Florida, where many Venezuelan exiles live. Several perpetrators were caught, he said, without elaborating.Maduro named Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos as being behind the attack, but gave no evidence to back that up. “The name of Juan Manuel Santos is behind this attack ... the initial investigations point to Bogota,” Maduro said. A Colombian government source said Maduro’s allegation was “absurd” and that Santos was celebrating his granddaughter’s baptism on Saturday. “He is not thinking of anything else, least of all bringing down foreign governments,” the source said. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/venezuelas-maduro-says-drone-blast-was-bid-to-kill-him-blames-colombia-idUSKBN1KP0SA

Ecaudor

- http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21692931-weak-peso-draws-ecuadorean-shoppers-colombia-border-bazaar THE backwater Colombian town of La Hormiga near the border with Ecuador has experienced many booms and busts. In the 1990s there was coca, the raw material for cocaine. That frenzy ended when herbicide-spraying aeroplanes destroyed the crops. In the 2000s a pyramid scheme made many townsfolk rich, then ruined them. The government shut it down in 2008. Today La Hormiga, a sweltering town surrounded by pasture in the department of Putumayo, is experiencing a somewhat more salubrious sort of boom. Merchants are cashing in on the sharp depreciation of the Colombian peso against the United States dollar, which Ecuador uses as its currency. The peso lost a quarter of its value in 2015 and continues to slide this year. This has been a windfall for Ecuadorean shoppers living near—and sometimes not so near—the border, and for Colombian shopkeepers who serve them.

arab
- Daniel Alfonso Garrido masterfully manipulates fragile threads of gold to craft fine jewelry, perpetuating an ancient Arabic art handed down by generations of Colombian goldsmiths.
Lacy spindles of silver and gold have been used to make jewelry in the isolated northern Colombian town of Mompox since the time of the Spanish conquest. Built on an island on the wide Magdalena river, the town's colonial beauty inspired Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the Colombian magic-realist partly setting his "General in his Labyrinth" there. However, tourists make their way here -- four hours upriver by boat, an hour's droning by small aircraft -- for the magic realism of handcrafted jewels.https://www.afp.com/en/news/2265/arab-tradition-glitters-colombia

Korea

- investors from korea

• Line https://www.google.com.hk/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DqHUecTug9EA&ved=0ahUKEwjBqP6_1aPKAhUH3KYKHRM5AT0QtwIIHDAB&usg=AFQjCNGyUvvOfqsDzUbuUJqfAqeoObLNAQ&sig2=OlxL_JOuvGeBlVI9xqmLSw

China
- railway

• State-owned China Harbor Engineering Co, a unit of China Communications Construction Co, will start to build the Bogota Metro Line 1 project-the largest single project in Colombia-in April 2020, with its domestic and Canadian partners, said its top executive on Monday. The news came as the Colombian government announced last week that the consortium formed by CHEC, China Railway Rolling Stock Corp, Xi'an Metro and Bombardier Inc won the bid for the Bogota Metro Line 1 franchise project in Colombia with a contract value worth $5.02 billion. Lin Yichong, chairman of the Beijing-headquartered group, said this investment project is the largest contract in capital volume dominated by CHEC, and also the first breakthrough of the Beijing-based group in the integrated services of the whole life cycle of the rail transit sector. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201910/22/WS5dae5d90a310cf3e35571d02.html

- oil

• china buys colomiban oil as global glut deepens http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-10/25/content_18801097.htm

- meat

• china daily 8aug19 colombia beef, pork producers optimistic exports to china

- art

• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/art/2016-03/08/content_23778862.htm Large-than-life installations of Terracotta Warriors and their horses will light up a public park and a square in Colombia's capital Bogota every night from March 11-27, the seventh time these colorful lanterns will go abroad, and mark the opening of the 2016 China-Latin America and Caribbean Year of Culture Exchanges. All together, there are 80 warrior-inspired installations and two life-size horses. They glow at night in red, blue, yellow, white and pink. The warrior-shaped lanterns have different facial expressions, a take-off on the real Terracotta Warriors unearthed in 1974 in Northwest China's city of Xi'an. "Colombia is the farthest country our installations have been. They have always been warmly welcomed and loved when they were shown in different countries in the past few years," says Xu Wei, the director of the team that makes the lanterns in Beijing. Since 2012, the lanterns have been taken to Britain, Australia, Finland, the Czech Republic, Croatia and Estonia.

- anti chinese

• http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160601/00180_018.html南美洲國家哥倫比亞首都波哥大的市中心商場，當地時間上周四爆發反華騷亂，約五十名哥倫比亞商販闖入華人商店破壞及推打店員。自哥倫比亞政府去年放寬華商及中國遊客的簽證後，大量華商進入當地，當地商販指他們搶佔生意及威脅生存。當地執法部門近日亦以涉嫌走私漏稅及非法居留，拘留十四名華人及查抄店舖。中國駐哥倫比亞大使館已向哥方表示強烈不滿。