Eminent domain (United States, the Philippines), compulsory purchase (United Kingdom, New Zealand, Ireland), resumption (Hong Kong), resumption/compulsory acquisition(Australia), or expropriation (France, Mexico, South Africa, Canada, Brazil) is the power of a state or a national government to take private property for public use. However, it can be legislatively delegated by the state to municipalities, government subdivisions, or even to private persons or corporations, when they are authorized to exercise the functions of public character.[1] The property may be taken either for government use or by delegation to third parties, who will devote it to public or civic use or, in some cases, to economic development. The most common uses of property taken by eminent domain are for government buildings and other facilities, public utilities, highways and railroads, or for public safety. Some jurisdictions require that the acquirer make an offer to purchase the subject property, before resorting to the use of eminent domain.
Faubourg (pronounced [fo.buːʁ]) is an ancient French term approximating "suburb" (now generally termed banlieue). The earliest form is Forsbourg, derived from Latin foris, 'out of', and Vulgar Latin (originally Germanic) burgum, 'town' or 'fortress'. Traditionally, this name was given to an agglomeration forming around a throughway leading outwards from a city gate, and usually took the name of the same thoroughfare within the city. As cities were often located atop hills (for defensive purposes), their outlying communities were frequently lower down. Many faubourgs were located below their towns, and the term "suburbs" is derived from this tendency (sub = below; urbs urbis = city). Faubourgs are often considered the predecessor of European suburbs, into which they evolved generally in the 1950s and 1960s. Although early suburbs still conserved some characteristics related to faubourgs (such as the back alleys with doors, little break margins for houses, etc.), later suburbs underwent major changes in their construction, primarily in terms of residential density. Beside many French cities, the places faubourgs can still be found outside Europe include the province of Quebec in Canada and the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. The cities of Quebec and Montreal contain examples, although Montreal has far greater divergences in terms of "banlieue," which lead to similarities of many Ontarian and American suburbs.
urbanism
- [situationist international] french word urbanisme usually means city planning, but it also refers to the general policy and ideology of urban development. City planning as a society's field of publicity-propaganda. Unitary urbanism - a living critique (setting up bases for an experimental life where people can come together to create their own lives on terrains equipped to their ends) of manipulation of cities and their inhabitants, a critique fueled by all the tensions of everyday life. It is the contrary of a specialised activity. The basic practice of the theory of unitary urbanism will be the transcription of the whole theoretical lie of urbanism, detrourned for these purpose of de-alienation.
New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types.[1] It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has gradually influenced many aspects of real estate development, urban planning, and municipal land-use strategies. New Urbanism is strongly influenced by urban design practices that were prominent until the rise of the automobile prior to World War II; it encompasses ten basic principles such as traditional neighborhood design (TND) and transit-oriented development (TOD).[2] These ideas can all be circled back to two concepts: building a sense of community and the development of ecological practices.
- hkej 27may19 citing the two kai tak housing estates as example, also mentioned ebenezer howard and jane jacobs- Jane Jacobs OC OOnt (née Butzner; May 4, 1916 – April 25, 2006) was an American-Canadian journalist, author, and activist who influenced urban studies, sociology, and economics. Her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) argued that urban renewal did not respect the needs of city-dwellers. It also introduced the sociological concepts "eyes on the street" and "social capital".Jacobs is credited, along with Lewis Mumford, with inspiring the New Urbanist movement.
http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237140/2020/0728/480287.html
http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2015-02/06/content_19505424.htm Airports take off as economic centers
http://www.economist.com/news/business/21707950-allure-manufacturing-out-sticks-not-always-clusters
隨着在家工作的人愈來愈多，將顛覆都市發展方向。環顧全球，過去繁忙、商業高樓林立的都市因疫情影響，上班族轉為在家工作，返工人口大減，商廈大樓閒置，附近的經濟活動隨之減少。專家認為，這將改變包括東京、倫敦及紐約等「金融大都會」的規劃方向，從交通建設到建築設計料走向更可持續發展的「環保方向」，讓城市變得「宜居」。或許，香港也會踏上相同的路上。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20201003/00202_010.html
spatial policy
- http://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/ 日本及び諸外国の国土政策の概要
Public spaces
- advocates/people
- William Hollingsworth "Holly" Whyte (October 1, 1917 – January 12, 1999) was an American urbanist, organizational analyst, journalist and people-watcher. After his book about corporate culture The Organization Man (1956) which sold over two million copies, Whyte turned his attention to the study of human behaviour in urban settings. He published several books on the topic, including The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (1980). Whyte was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania in 1917. An early graduate of St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware, he graduated from Princeton University in 1939 and then served in Marine Corps between 1941-45. In 1946 he joined Fortune magazine where he remained until 1958. In 1952, Whyte coined the term "Groupthink":[3] Groupthink being a coinage - and, admittedly, a loaded one - a working definition is in order. We are not talking about mere instinctive conformity - it is, after all, a perennial failing of mankind. What we are talking about is a rationalized conformity - an open, articulate philosophy which holds that group values are not only expedient but right and good as well. Whyte wrote a 1956 bestseller titled The Organization Man[4] after Fortune Magazine sponsored him to do extensive interviews on the CEOs of corporations such as General Electric and Ford. While working with the New York City Planning Commission in 1969, Whyte began to use direct observation to describe behavior in urban settings. With research assistants wielding still cameras, movie cameras, and notebooks, Whyte described the substance of urban public life in an objective and measurable way. These observations developed into the "Street Life Project", an ongoing study of pedestrian behavior and city dynamics, and eventually to Whyte's book called City: Rediscovering the Center (1988). "City" presents Whyte's conclusions about jaywalking, 'schmoozing patterns,' the actual use of urban plazas, appropriate sidewalk width, and other issues. This work remains valuable because it is based on careful observation, and because it contradicts other conventional wisdom, for instance, the idea that pedestrian traffic and auto traffic should be separated. Whyte along with Project for Public Spaces worked closely on the renovation of Bryant Park in New York City.
Gentrification
- http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/25/opinion/the-gentrification-effect.html?_r=0
- http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21644164-gentrification-good-poor-bring-hipsters
green activism
- green guerilla movement
event
green activism
- green guerilla movement
- founded in New York in 1973 when Liz Christy promoted the seed grenade. It was the beginning of green activism, spun off like street art into the concept of guerrilla gardening to reconquer privatized public spaces.New York in the 1970s and meet Liz Christy and her Green Guerillas group, who took to beautifying crumbling Manhattan neighborhoods by tossing "seed grenades" into abandoned lots. The first seed grenades, a term coined by Christy, were made from controversial ingredients: condoms filled with local wildflower seeds, water, and fertilizer. They were thrown over fences onto New York City's wastelands in order to "green up" neglected urban land. Seed bombing, as it's known today, is definitely punk, but it's also a cheap and effective way for you, me, and everyone we know to transform an eyesore into a resource. The seed bomb growing method has been practiced globally for centuries. The idea germinated in Japan with the ancient practice of "tsuchi dango," which translates as "earth dumpling." The idea was re-invented in the 20th Century by the Japanese farmer and philosopher, Masanobu Fukuoka, an advocate of Do-Nothing Farming and author of the classic, "One-Straw Revolution."https://www.organicconsumers.org/news/pimp-pavement-brief-history-seedbombing, also http://www.makery.info/en/2015/05/05/bricole-it-yourself-la-bombe-a-graine/
india
- Sri Ganganagar is a planned city and the northern-most city of the Indian state of Rajasthan, near the borders of Haryana and Punjab states and the international border of India and Pakistan. It is the administrative headquarters of Sri Ganganagar district. It is named after Maharaja Shri Ganga Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Bikaner. It is known as "the food basket of Rajasthan".Sri Ganganagar was established by Maharaja Ganga Singh, near Ramanagar which was named Rami Ki Dhani after Ram Singh Saharan and now known as 'Purani Abadi' and 'Old Abadi'. Sri Ganganagar is one of the first well-planned modern cities of India; it is said to be influenced by the town planning of Paris. It is divided into residential blocks and a commercial area which includes Dhan Mandi (agricultural marketplace).nt started with wild flowering campaigns, before occupying an uncultivated field to transform it into a shared garden. Since then, guerrilla gardeners have spawned all over the world, especially in the U.S. and the UK, although the Guerrilla Gardening France community is also active. founded in New York in 1973 when Liz Christy promoted the seed grenade. It was the beginning of green activism, spun off like street art into the concept of guerrilla gardening to reconquer privatized public spaces.founded in New York in 1973 when Liz Christy promoted the seed grenade. It was the beginning of green activism, spun off like street art into the concept of guerrilla gardening to reconquer privatized public spaces.founded in New York in 1973 when Liz Christy promoted the seed grenade. It was the beginning of green activism, spun off like street art into the concept of guerrilla gardening to reconquer privatized public spaces.The movement started with wild flowering campaigns, before occupying an uncultivated field to transform it into a shared garden. Since then, guerrilla gardeners have spawned all over the world, especially in the U.S. and the UK, although the Guerrilla Gardening France community is also active.event
- international city festival
- http://www.areadevelopment.com/locationusa/
copycat?
- 合肥政务文化新区(Hefei New Municipal And Culture District Development)位于合肥市西南，南接经济技术开发区，北靠老城区，西临高新技术开发区，东至金寨路高架。作为合肥市“141”城市空间发展战略的重要组成部分，自2002年3月正式启动以来，新区始终坚持高标准、高起点做好规划编制工作，先后完成了总体规划、城市设计、专业规划、雕塑规划、控制性详细规划及全区环境评价报告、集中景观绿地法定图则、环境景观等规划的设计和编制。天鹅湖是一座 人工湖，始建于2003年，湖面1040亩，有各种雕塑、园林树木、人工沙滩、喷泉等景观，是合肥市民旅游休闲的新去处，天鹅湖不但环境优美，旁边还新建了体育场，大剧院，市政办公中心等多处建筑，将成为未来合肥的政治文化休闲中心地，天鹅湖是合肥市内最大的开放式公园。 合肥市政府新大楼——双子塔。双子塔邻天鹅湖的合肥市政务双子塔，是合肥市政法的新建的办公大楼。安徽天鹅湖大酒店坐落于合肥市政务文化新区天鹅湖畔，紧邻合肥政务中心大楼，是合肥市标志性建筑之一。天鹅湖大酒店由安徽出版集团、安徽电视台、安徽新华发行集团、安徽日报报业集团等大型国有文化企业联合投资，是集各类型会议、商务和酒店服务为一体的综合性五星级酒店。 合肥大剧院 同样坐落在天鹅湖畔，合肥大剧院包括歌剧院、音乐厅、戏剧场三部分，其舞台具备推、拉、升、降、转等功能，能满足大型歌剧、舞剧、芭蕾舞剧及大型歌舞演出的需要，可实现快速切换软、硬布景，整体技术功能达到国际一流水准。
- 14th edition in jordan, incident about taiwan notable to display its own flag
- http://www.areadevelopment.com/locationusa/
copycat?
- 合肥政务文化新区(Hefei New Municipal And Culture District Development)位于合肥市西南，南接经济技术开发区，北靠老城区，西临高新技术开发区，东至金寨路高架。作为合肥市“141”城市空间发展战略的重要组成部分，自2002年3月正式启动以来，新区始终坚持高标准、高起点做好规划编制工作，先后完成了总体规划、城市设计、专业规划、雕塑规划、控制性详细规划及全区环境评价报告、集中景观绿地法定图则、环境景观等规划的设计和编制。天鹅湖是一座 人工湖，始建于2003年，湖面1040亩，有各种雕塑、园林树木、人工沙滩、喷泉等景观，是合肥市民旅游休闲的新去处，天鹅湖不但环境优美，旁边还新建了体育场，大剧院，市政办公中心等多处建筑，将成为未来合肥的政治文化休闲中心地，天鹅湖是合肥市内最大的开放式公园。 合肥市政府新大楼——双子塔。双子塔邻天鹅湖的合肥市政务双子塔，是合肥市政法的新建的办公大楼。安徽天鹅湖大酒店坐落于合肥市政务文化新区天鹅湖畔，紧邻合肥政务中心大楼，是合肥市标志性建筑之一。天鹅湖大酒店由安徽出版集团、安徽电视台、安徽新华发行集团、安徽日报报业集团等大型国有文化企业联合投资，是集各类型会议、商务和酒店服务为一体的综合性五星级酒店。 合肥大剧院 同样坐落在天鹅湖畔，合肥大剧院包括歌剧院、音乐厅、戏剧场三部分，其舞台具备推、拉、升、降、转等功能，能满足大型歌剧、舞剧、芭蕾舞剧及大型歌舞演出的需要，可实现快速切换软、硬布景，整体技术功能达到国际一流水准。
- 內地出行平台高德地圖，將安徽省合肥市政務文化新區的仙龍湖路標示為「黃泉路」，連日來接獲當地大批用戶投訴。平台前日回應，相關標示已被清除，惟有市民要求進一步查清事件原因。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200913/00178_022.html
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