Matilda of Flanders (French: Mathilde; Dutch: Machteld) (c. 1031 – 2 November 1083) was Queen of England and Duchess of Normandy by marriage to William the Conqueror, and sometime Regent of these realms during his absence. She was the mother of ten children who survived to adulthood, including two kings, William II and Henry I. As a niece and granddaughter of kings of France, Matilda was of grander birth than William, who was illegitimate, and, according to some suspiciously romantic tales, she initially refused his proposal on this account. Her descent from the Anglo-Saxon royal House of Wessex was also to become a useful card. Like many royal marriages of the period, it breached the rules of consanguinity, then at their most restrictive (to seven generations or degrees of relatedness); Matilda and William were third-cousins, once removed. She was about 20 when they married in 1051/2; William was some four years older, and had been Duke of Normandy since he was about eight (in 1035). The marriage appears to have been successful, and William is not recorded to have had any bastards. Matilda was about 35, and had already borne most of her children, when William embarked on the Norman conquest of England, sailing in his flagship Mora, which Matilda had given him. She governed the Duchy of Normandy in his absence, joining him in England only after more than a year, and subsequently returning to Normandy, where she spent most of the remainder of her life, while William was mostly in his new kingdom. She was about 52 when she died in Normandy in 1083. Apart from governing Normandy and supporting her brother's interests in Flanders, Matilda took a close interest in the education of her children, who were unusually well educated for contemporary royalty. The boys were tutored by the Italian Lanfranc, who was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1070, while the girls learned Latin in Sainte-Trinité Abbey in Caen, founded by William and Matilda as part of the papal dispensation allowing their marriage.
William II (Old Norman: Williame; c. 1056 – 2 August 1100), the third son of William the Conqueror, was King of England from 1087 until 1100, with powers over Normandy, and influence in Scotland. He was less successful in extending control into Wales. William is commonly known as William Rufus (Rufus being Latin for "the Red"), perhaps because of his ruddy appearance or, more likely, due to having red hair as a child that grew out in later life. William was a figure of complex temperament, capable of both bellicosity and flamboyance. He did not marry, nor did he father any offspring, which has led to speculations of possible homosexuality by historians.[4] He died after being struck by an arrow while hunting, under circumstances that remain unclear. Circumstantial evidence in the behaviour of those around him raises strong, but unproven, suspicions of murder.[5] His younger brother Henry I hurriedly succeeded him as king. Barlow says he was "A rumbustious, devil-may-care soldier, without natural dignity or social graces, with no cultivated tastes and little show of conventional religious piety or morality—indeed, according to his critics, addicted to every kind of vice, particularly lust and especially sodomy." On the other hand, he was a wise ruler and victorious general. Barlow finds that, "His chivalrous virtues and achievements were all too obvious. He had maintained good order and satisfactory justice in England and restored good peace to Normandy. He had extended Anglo-Norman rule in Wales, brought Scotland firmly under his lordship, recovered Maine, and kept up the pressure on the Vexin."
- [handout from uk parliament] westminster hall was built by him at the end of 11thc
The term "Angevin Empire" (/ˈændʒɪvɪn/; French: L'Empire Plantagenêt) is a collective exonymreferring to the possessions of the Angevin kings of England, who also held lands in France, during the 12th and 13th centuries. Its rulers were Henry II (ruled 1154–1189), Richard I (r. 1189–1199), and John (r. 1199–1216). The Angevins of the House of Plantagenetruled over an area covering half of France, all of England, and parts of Ireland and Wales, and had further influence over much of the remaining British Isles. The empire was established by Henry II, as King of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou (from which the Angevins derive their name), as well as Duke of Aquitaine by right of his wife. Although their title of highest rank came from the Kingdom of England, the Angevins held court primarily at Angers and Chinon in France. The influence and power of the House of Anjou brought them into conflict with the kings of France of the House of Capet, to whom they also owed feudal homage to their French possessions, bringing in a period of rivalry between both dynasties. The term Angevin Empire is a neologismdefining the lands of the House of Plantagenet: Henry II and his sons Richard I and John. Another son, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, ruled Brittany and established a separate line there.
- Empress Matilda (c. 7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167), also known as the Empress Maude,[nb 1] was one of the claimants to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy. The daughter of King Henry I of England, she moved to Germany as a child when she married the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. She travelled with her husband into Italy in 1116, was controversially crowned in St. Peter's Basilica, and acted as the imperial regent in Italy. Matilda and Henry had no children, and when Henry died in 1125, the crown was claimed by Lothair II, one of his political enemies.Matilda was born to Henry I, King of England and Duke of Normandy, and his first wife, Matilda of Scotland, possibly around 7 February 1102 at Sutton Courtenay in Oxfordshire.[1][nb 2]Henry was the youngest son of William the Conqueror, who had invaded England in 1066, creating an empire stretching into Wales. The invasion had created an Anglo-Norman elite, many with estates spread across both sides of the English Channel. These barons typically had close links to the kingdom of France, which was then a loose collection of counties and smaller polities, under only the minimal control of the king.[4] Her mother Matilda was the daughter of King Malcolm III of Scotland, a member of the West Saxon royal family, and a descendant of Alfred the Great. For Henry, marrying Matilda of Scotland had given his reign increased legitimacy, and for her it had been an opportunity for high status and power in England. Matilda had a younger, legitimate brother, William Adelin, and her father's relationships with numerous mistresses resulted in around 22 illegitimate siblings.
- kiv queen matilda's tapestry at bayeux
- Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as King of England, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, Count of Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and Lord of Ireland; at various times, he also partially controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany. Before he was 40 he controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France—an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire.Henry was the son of Geoffrey of Anjouand Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. By the age of 14, he became actively involved in his mother's efforts to claim the throne of England, then occupied by Stephen of Blois. He inherited Normandy and Anjou by 1151 and shortly afterwards became the Duke of Aquitaine by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII of France had recently been annulled. Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153, and Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later. Henry was an energetic and sometimes ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his grandfather Henry I.
- Berengaria of Navarre (Basque: Berengela, Spanish: Berenguela, French: Bérengère; c. 1165–1170 – 23 December 1230) was Queen of England as the wife of Richard I of England. She was the eldest daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre and Sancha of Castile. As is the case with many of the medieval English queens, relatively little is known of her life. Traditionally known as "the only English queen never to set foot in the country", she may in fact have visited the country after her husband's death, but did not do so before, nor did she see much of him during her marriage, which was childless. She did (unusually for the wife of a Crusader) accompany him on the start of the Third Crusade, but mostly lived in his French possessions, where she gave generously to the Church, despite difficulties in collecting the pension she was due from Richard's brother and successor John after she became a widow.
- coat of arms having three lions
Edward of Woodstock, known to history as the Black Prince (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376),[1][a] was the eldest son of King Edward III of England, and thus the heir to the English throne. He died before his father and so his son, Richard II, succeeded to the throne instead. Edward nevertheless still earned distinction as one of the most successful English commanders during the Hundred Years' War, being regarded by his contemporaries as a model of chivalry and one of the greatest knights of his age.Edward was created Duke of Cornwall in 1337. He was guardian of the kingdom in his father's absence in 1338, 1340, and 1342. He was created Prince of Wales in 1343 and knighted by his father at La Hogne in 1346. In 1346 Prince Edward commanded the vanguard at the Battle of Crécy, his father intentionally leaving him to win the battle. He took part in Edward III's 1349 Calais expedition. In 1355 he was appointed the king's lieutenant in Gascony, and ordered to lead an army into Aquitaine on a chevauchée, during which he pillaged Avignonet and Castelnaudary, sacked Carcassonne, and plundered Narbonne. The next year (1356) on another chevauchée he ravaged Auvergne, Limousin, and Berry but failed to take Bourges. He offered terms of peace to King John II of France, who had outflanked him near Poitiers, but refused to surrender himself as the price of their acceptance. This led to the Battle of Poitiers where his army routed the French and took King John prisoner. The year after Poitiers, Edward returned to England. In 1360 he negotiated the treaty of Bretigny. He was created Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony in 1362, but his suzerainty was not recognised by the lord of Albret or other Gascon nobles. He was directed by his father to forbid the marauding raids of the English and Gascon free companies in 1364. He entered into an agreement with Don Pedro of Castile and Charles II of Navarre, by which Pedro covenanted to mortgage Castro de Urdiales and the province of Biscay to him as security for a loan; in 1366 a passage was thus secured through Navarre. In 1367 he received a letter of defiance from Henry of Trastámara, Don Pedro's half-brother and rival. The same year, after an obstinate conflict, he defeated Henry at the Battle of Nájera. However, after a wait of several months, during which he failed to obtain either the province of Biscay or liquidation of the debt from Don Pedro, he returned to Aquitaine. Prince Edward persuaded the estates of Aquitaine to allow him a hearth tax of ten sous for five years in 1368, thereby alienating the lord of Albret and other nobles. Drawn into open war with Charles V of France in 1369, he took Limoges, where in 1370 he gave orders for an indiscriminate massacre in revenge for the voluntary surrender of that town to the French by its bishop, who had been his private friend. Prince Edward returned to England in 1371 and the next year resigned the principality of Aquitaine and Gascony. He led the commons in their attack upon the Lancastrian administration in 1376. He died in 1376 of dysentery[b] and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, where his surcoat, helmet, shield, and gauntlets are still preserved.
- Edward, the eldest son of Edward III and Queen Philippa, was born at Woodstock on 15 June 1330. His father on 10 September allowed five hundred marks a year from the profits of the county of Chester for his maintenance, and on 25 February 1331, the whole of these profits were assigned to the queen for maintaining him and the king's sister Eleanor. In the July of that year the king proposed to marry him to a daughter of Philip VI of France. On 18 March 1333, Edward was invested with the earldom and county of Chester, and in the parliament of 9 February 1337 he was created Duke of Cornwall and received the duchy by charter dated 17 March. This is the earliest instance of the creation of a duke as a peerage title.[4] By the terms of the charter the duchy was to be held by him and the eldest sons of kings of England.[5] His tutor was Dr. Walter Burley of Merton College, Oxford. His revenues were placed at the disposal of his mother in March 1334 for the expenses she incurred in bringing up him and his two sisters, Isabella and Joan.[6] Rumours of an impending French invasion led the king in August 1335 to order that he and his household should remove to Nottingham Castle as a place of safety. When two cardinals came to England at the end of 1337 to make peace between Edward III and Philip VI, the Duke of Cornwall is said to have met the cardinals outside the city of London, and in company with many nobles to have conducted them to the King Edward.[8] On 11 July 1338 his father, who was on the point of leaving England for Flanders, appointed him guardian of the kingdom during his absence, and he was appointed to the same office on 27 May 1340 and 6 October 1342;[9] he was of course too young to take any save a nominal part in the administration, which was carried on by the council. In order to attach John, Duke of Brabant, to his cause, the king in 1339 proposed a marriage between the young Duke of Cornwall and John's daughter Margaret, and in the spring of 1345 wrote urgently to Pope Clement VI for a dispensation for this marriage.
- had a hunting lodge in leongan, bordeaux
- The Prince of Wales's feathers is the heraldic badge of the Prince of Wales. It consists of three white ostrich feathers emerging from a gold coronet. A ribbon below the coronet bears the motto Ich dien (German: [ɪç ˈdiːn], "I serve"). As well as being used in royal heraldry, the badge is sometimes used to symbolise Wales, particularly in Welsh rugby union and Welsh regiments of the British Army.The badge has no connection with the native Princes of Wales. Its use is generally traced back to Edward, the Black Prince (1330–1376), eldest son and heir apparent of Edward III of England. Edward bore (as an alternative to his differenced royal arms) a shield of Sable, three ostrich feathers argent, described as his "shield for peace", probably meaning the shield he used for jousting. These arms can be seen several times on his chest tomb in Canterbury Cathedral, alternating with his royal arms[2] (the royal arms of King Edward III differenced by a label of three points argent). The prince also used badges of one or more ostrich feathers in a number of other contexts. The feathers had first appeared at the marriage of Edward III to Philippa of Hainault, and it is therefore likely that the Black Prince inherited the badge from his mother. Philippa was descended from the Counts of Hainault, whose eldest son bore the title "Count of Ostrevent", the ostrich (French: autruche, Old French spellings including ostruce) feathers being (perhaps) a heraldic pun on that name. Alternatively, the badge may have derived from the Counts of Luxembourg, from whom Philippa was also descended, and who had used the badge of an ostrich.- had a hunting lodge in leongan, bordeaux
- https://www.quora.com/Was-King-Charles-II-of-England-Scotland-and-Ireland-black
tudor
- https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-King-Henry-VIII-s-mother-You-never-hear-about-her-during-his-reign
- elizabeth I
- https://www.quora.com/How-many-Tudor-descendants-if-any-are-alive-today Whilst none of Henry VIII’s acknowledged children had any offspring, his sisters, Margaret and Mary, did. And their families continued.
- https://www.quora.com/Did-a-monarchs-descendants-that-didnt-become-kings-queens-eventually-become-commoners-If-so-after-how-many-generations-does-this-happen Van Plantagenet
- legacy
tudor
- https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-King-Henry-VIII-s-mother-You-never-hear-about-her-during-his-reign
- elizabeth I
- https://www.quora.com/Who-raised-Anne-Boleyn-s-daughter-Elizabeth
- https://www.quora.com/How-many-Tudor-descendants-if-any-are-alive-today Whilst none of Henry VIII’s acknowledged children had any offspring, his sisters, Margaret and Mary, did. And their families continued.
- https://www.quora.com/Did-a-monarchs-descendants-that-didnt-become-kings-queens-eventually-become-commoners-If-so-after-how-many-generations-does-this-happen Van Plantagenet
- legacy
- coat of arms of mamming, bavaria, has the tudor flower symbol
hanoverian dynasty
- George II (George Augustus; German: Georg II. August; 30 October / 9 November 1683O.S./N.S. – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death in 1760. George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain: he was born and brought up in northern Germany. His grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, became second in line to the British throne after about 50 Catholics higher in line were excluded by the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707, which restricted the succession to Protestants. After the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father George I, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British throne. In the first years of his father's reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians, until they rejoined the governing party in 1720. As king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector, he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had more direct control over government policy. He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son, Frederick, who supported the parliamentary opposition. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle. In 1745, supporters of the Catholic claimant to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart ("The Old Pretender"), led by James's son Charles Edward Stuart("The Young Pretender" or "Bonnie Prince Charlie"), attempted and failed to depose George in the last of the Jacobite rebellions. Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751, nine years before his father, so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson, George III. For two centuries after George II's death, history tended to view him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper, and boorishness. Since then, most scholars have reassessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments.George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany, and was the son of George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later King George I of Great Britain), and his wife, Sophia Dorothea of Celle. His sister, Sophia Dorothea, was born when he was three years old. Both of George's parents committed adultery, and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband.[3] She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children, who probably never saw their mother again.
- george III
- Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Sophia Charlotte; 19 May 1744 – 17 November 1818) was the wife of King George III. She was Queen of Great Britain and Ireland from her wedding in 1761 until the union of the two kingdoms in 1801, after which she was queen consort of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until her death in 1818. She was also the Electress consort of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire until the promotion of her husband to King of Hanover on 12 October 1814, after which she was also queen consort of Hanover.Charlotte was a patron of the arts and an amateur botanist who helped expand Kew Gardens. She was distressed by her husband's bouts of physical and mental illness, which became permanent in later life and resulted in their eldest son George's appointment as Prince Regent in 1811. She was the youngest daughter of Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1708–1752; known as "Prince of Mirow") and of his wife Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1713–1761). Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a small north-German duchy in the Holy Roman Empire. George III and Charlotte had 15 children in total, 13 of whom survived to adulthood. They included two future British monarchs, George IV and William IV; Charlotte, Queen of Württemberg; Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the father of Queen Victoria; and Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover.
- Frogmore Cottage is a historic Grade II listed house in the grounds of Frogmore House built in 1801 at the direction of Queen Charlotte on the Frogmore Estate, part of Home Park, Windsor, Berkshire, England. According to preservationists, the cottage warrants every effort to preserve it for its historic value. A part of the Crown Estate, it is currently the home of the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, and their son, Archie Mountbatten-Windsor.The cottage was originally known as Double Garden Cottage and was listed in Queen Charlotte's 1801 accounts for her garden as having been built for £450 by a Mr Bowen.[3] Queen Victoria had breakfast at the cottage on 28 June 1875 and noted an "immense number of little frogs" which she found "quite disgusting".[4] The cottage has been listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England since October 1975. The cottage was a retreat for Queen Charlotte and her unmarried daughters.[6] The theologian Henry James Sr. and his family lived at the cottage in the 1840s.[7] A personal secretary of Queen Victoria's, Abdul Karim, moved to Frogmore Cottage in 1897 with his wife and father.[8][9] Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia in exile from her native Russia stayed there in the 1920s.
- 梅根是否英國皇室首位擁有非裔血統的王妃，輿論意見不一。有美國歷史學家認為，喬治三世妻子夏洛特王后才是真正第一人，稱她是葡萄牙國王阿豐索三世與非裔情婦的後代，又引述皇室御醫形容夏洛特有「黑白混血兒的臉龐」；英國學者則認為這說法理據薄弱。白金漢宮未有正面回應。 http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180519/00180_006.html
queen elizabeth II
- https://www.quora.com/Other-than-Prince-Philip-who-is-allowed-to-call-the-British-Queen-by-her-first-name
- The Duchy of Lancaster is, since 1399, the private estate of the British sovereign as Duke of Lancaster. The principal purpose of the estate is to provide a source of independent income to the Sovereign. The estate consists of a portfolio of lands, properties and assets held in trust for the Sovereign and is administered separately from the Crown Estate. The duchy consists of 18,433 ha (45,550 acres) of land holdings (including rural estates and farmland), urban developments, historic buildings and some commercial properties across England and Wales, particularly in Cheshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire and the Savoy Estate in London.[4] The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies: the other is the Duchy of Cornwall, which provides income to the Prince of Wales.
- The Duchy of Lancaster was created for a younger son of King Edward III, John of Gaunt, who acquired its constituent lands through marriage to the Lancaster heiress Blanche. As the Lancaster inheritance it dates to 1265, when Henry III granted his younger son, Edmund, lands[15] forfeited by Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester. In 1266, the estates of Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, another protagonist in the Second Barons' War, were added. In 1267 the estate was granted as the County, Honour and Castle of Lancaster. In 1284 Edmund was given the Manor of Savoy by his mother, Eleanor of Provence, the niece of the original grantee, Peter II, Count of Savoy. Edward III raised Lancashire into a county palatine in 1351,[citation needed] and the holder, Henry of Grosmont, Edmund's grandson, was created Duke of Lancaster.[15] After his death a charter of 1362 conferred the dukedom on his son-in-law John of Gaunt, Earl of Lancaster, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten for ever. The first act of Henry IV was to declare that the Lancastrian inheritance be held separately from the other possessions of the Crown, and should descend to male heirs. This separation of identities was confirmed in 1461 by Edward IV when he incorporated the inheritance and the palatinate responsibilities under the title of the Duchy of Lancaster, and stipulated that it be held separate from other inheritances by him and his heirs, but would however be inherited with the Crown, to which it was forfeited on the attainder of Henry VI. The Duchy thereafter passed to the reigning monarch, and in 1760 its separate identity preserved it from being surrendered with the Crown Estates in exchange for the civil list. It is primarily a landed inheritance belonging to the reigning sovereign. In 2011, the Duchy established a rebalancing asset plan[clarification needed] and sold most of the Winmarleigh estates farms in Lancashire, and donated a plot of land to the Winmarleigh Village Hall committee by June 2012.
- tax
- The duchy is the personal property of the monarch and has been since 1399, when the Dukedom of Lancaster, held by Henry of Bolingbroke (Henry IV), merged with the crown on his appropriation of the throne (after the dispossession from Richard II). The chief officer is the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, a position sometimes held by a cabinet minister but always a ministerial post. For at least the last two centuries the estate has been run by a deputy; its chancellor has rarely had any significant duties pertaining to its management but is available as a minister without portfolio. The monarch derives the privy purse from the revenues of the Duchy. The surplus for the year ended 31 March 2015 was £16 million and the Duchy was valued at just over £472 million.[23] Its land holdings are not to be confused with the Crown Estate, whose revenues have been handed to the Treasury since the 18th century in exchange for the receipt of a yearly payment.
- The Duchy is administered on behalf of the sovereign by the chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (Michael Gove was appointed to the post on 24 July 2019, and the role was endowed with responsibility for advising the Prime Minister on policy development and implementation, particularly around Brexit.), a government minister appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister, and by the clerk of the Council.
- In 2005, the Duchy of Lancaster, Queen Elizabeth II’s private estate and portfolio, invested $7.5 million in Dover Street VI Cayman Fund LP, according to files from the offshore law firm Appleby. The fund invested in and profited from a company that developed fingerprint technologies for mobile phones and made investments in other high-tech and pharmaceutical companies. Other investors included British and U.S. universities, a United Arab Emirates bank and charitable foundations. In June 2008, the queen’s estate received about $360,000 from its investment. The Cayman fund also invested in a private equity company that controlled BrightHouse, a U.K. rent-to-own firm that has been criticized by consumer watchdogs and members of Parliament for selling household goods to disadvantaged Britons on payment plans with annual interest rates as high as 99.9 percent. From at least 2004 to 2010, the duchy also invested in the Bermuda-based Jubilee Absolute Return Fund. The queen’s offshore investments have not been disclosed in annual financial reports of the duchy, which is not obliged to reveal the details of her personal wealth. The queen voluntarily pays tax on income received. https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/stories/queen-elizabeth-ii
Prince Charles
- tax
- Prince Charles’ private estate held an undisclosed interest in an offshore company that could have benefited from his campaigning for changes to climate change rules, according to reporting by ICIJ’s British media partners in the latest round of Paradise Papers revelations.The BBC and the Guardian reported on Tuesday that the prince’s estate, the Duchy of Cornwall, “secretly bought shares worth $113,500 in a Bermuda company,” Sustainable Forestry Management, that was directed by a friend of the prince.The duchy told ICIJ’s media partners that the prince had no direct involvement in its investments, and a spokesman for the prince said his campaigning on climate change had nothing to do with his estate’s stake in the offshore company.https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/another-british-royal-found-offshore-connections/
- Benjamin William "Ben" Elliot (born 11 August 1975) is an English businessman, philanthropist, and nephew of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. Elliot is the son of Simon Elliot, a Dorset landowner, and Sonia Annabel Shand, an interior designer and antiques dealer. He has two younger sisters, Alice and Catherine. His mother is the sister of Camilla Rosemary Shand and the late Mark Shand. His maternal grandfather was Major Bruce Shand and his paternal grandfather was Air Chief Marshal Sir William Elliot. Elliot was educated at Eton College and graduated with a BSc in Politics and Economics from the University of Bristol. Elliot is the co-founder of Quintessentially Group.
- The 43-year-old entrepreneur and philanthropist has been appointed the Government’s first Food Waste Champion.https://inews.co.uk/news/environment/food-waste-champion-is-named-as-ben-elliot-luxury-lifestyle-influencer-and-nephew-of-the-duchess-of-cornwall/
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, CI, GCVO, GCStJ (Margaret Rose; 21 August 1930 – 9 February 2002) was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II. Margaret spent much of her childhood with her parents and sister. Her life changed dramatically in 1936, when her paternal uncle, King Edward VIII, abdicated to marry a divorcée, Wallis Simpson. Margaret's father became king, and her sister became heir presumptive, with Margaret second in line to the throne. During the Second World War, the two sisters stayed at Windsor Castle, despite suggestions to evacuate them to Canada. During the war years, Margaret was considered too young to perform any official duties and instead continued her education. After the war, Margaret fell in love with Group Captain Peter Townsend. In 1952, Margaret's father died, her sister became queen, and Townsend divorced his first wife. Early the following year, he proposed to Margaret. Many in the government believed he would be an unsuitable husband for the Queen's 22-year-old sister, and the Church of England refused to countenance marriage to a divorced man.[4] Margaret eventually abandoned her plans with him, and in 1960 she married the photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon by the Queen. The couple had two children: David and Sarah. Margaret was often viewed as a controversial member of the British royal family. Her divorce in 1978 earned her negative publicity, and she was romantically associated with several men. Her health gradually deteriorated in the final two decades of her life. A heavy smoker for most of her adult life, Margaret had a lung operation in 1985, a bout of pneumonia in 1993, and at least three strokes between 1998 and 2001. She died at King Edward VII's Hospital on 9 February 2002.
- remember a day report 17jun1979 Princess Margaret sold seven items of jewellery at a London auction, fetching a total of £11,600. Her office declined to comment on her financial position but said she no longer wanted to wear the pieces being offeredhttps://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3015403/british-princess-feels-pinch-malaysias-hard-line-refugees
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, KG, GCMG, GCVO, CD, ADC(P) (Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick; born 9 October 1935) is a member of the British royal family. He is a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II through their fathers, Prince George, Duke of Kent, and King George VI. Because his mother, Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark was a cousin of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Edward is both a second cousin and first cousin once removed to Prince Charles and his siblings.He has held the title of Duke of Kent since the age of six, after the death of his father in a plane crash in 1942. He carries out engagements on behalf of the Queen. He is president of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, presenting the trophies to the Wimbledon champion and runner-up, and served as the United Kingdom's Special Representative for International Trade and Investment, retiring in 2001. He is president of The Scout Association, the Royal United Services Institute, and the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and since 1967 Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England. He is also patron of the Institute of Advanced Motorists.
- His wife converted to Catholicism in 1994.
- scmp rad on a jan1980 report - British textile unions, already up in arms because the Duke of Kent wore Hong Kong-made suits, were further incensed to learn that the city’s tailors also made clothes fit for a queen. And princesses too for that matter. During the royal visit in May 1975, “several thousand dollars worth of clothes” were made for Queen Elizabeth by the Soong Salon de Mode Ltd in Tsim Sha Tsui. Princess Anne and Princess Margaret had also shopped there.https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3046364/british-royals-hong-kong-gaffe-beatles-legend-paul-mccartney
- scmp rad on a jan1980 report - British textile unions, already up in arms because the Duke of Kent wore Hong Kong-made suits, were further incensed to learn that the city’s tailors also made clothes fit for a queen. And princesses too for that matter. During the royal visit in May 1975, “several thousand dollars worth of clothes” were made for Queen Elizabeth by the Soong Salon de Mode Ltd in Tsim Sha Tsui. Princess Anne and Princess Margaret had also shopped there.https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3046364/british-royals-hong-kong-gaffe-beatles-legend-paul-mccartney
Prince andrew
- https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3035673/drunken-royal-sailor-presidential-killing-and-proposal-five scmp remember day on a 1nov1979 report - Prince Andrew, son of Queen Elizabeth, was among a group of naval cadets who took part in a beer smuggling prank which had provoked a complaint to the British Ministry of Defence. Prince Andrew and his Dartmouth Naval College friends took part in a beer barrel smuggling contest against the rival Royal Naval Engineering College. Angry villagers of Buckland, where the prank was staged, called the cadets “drunken louts” and their actions “irresponsible” and “offensive”.
- 英國比阿特麗斯公主周四宣布，已經與富豪地產顧問男友莫齊（Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi）在月初於意大利訂婚，預計將於明年正式出嫁。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190927/00180_035.html
- https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50498156The Duke of York has been seen for the first time since he announced he would step back from royal duties over the Jeffrey Epstein scandal.Prince Andrew said on Wednesday he would withdraw from his official role for the "foreseeable future".Criticism of the prince's ties to convicted US sex offender Epstein intensified amid a growing backlash following a BBC interview.Lawyers for Epstein's victims have urged the prince to speak to US police.The prince was seen by photographers on Thursday morning driving out of his home in Windsor, Berkshire, and was later spotted leaving Buckingham Palace.The Duke of York's ex-wife, Sarah Ferguson, who defended him as a "true and real gentleman" a day before the Newsnight interview was broadcast, was also seen being driven into the grounds of Buckingham Palace.
Prince Edward, Duke of wessex
- Sophie, Countess of Wessex, GCVO DStJ CD (born Sophie Helen Rhys-Jones; 20 January 1965), is a member of the British royal family. She is the wife of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, the youngest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Married in 1999, she worked in public relations until 2002. Sophie Helen Rhys-Jones was born at Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, on 20 January 1965, the second child and only daughter of Christopher Bournes Rhys-Jones (born 1931), past president of the OBA, his alma mater,[1] and a retired sales director for an importer of industrial tyres and rubber goods.[2] Her mother was Mary (née O'Sullivan; 1934–2005), a charity worker and secretary.[3][4] Sophie has an elder brother, David, and was named after her father's sister, Helen, who died in a riding accident in 1960. Her godfather, actor Thane Bettany, was her father's stepbrother;[5] both men spent their early life in Sarawak, North Borneo, then a British Protectorate ruled by the White Rajahs.[6] Sophie descends from King Henry IV of England.[7] She is also related to the family of the Viscounts Molesworth by the descent of her paternal grandmother, Margaret Molesworth, from Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth.
Prince harry
- the Duke is a descendant of Henry VII, who was Henry VIII’s father. Henry VII’s eldest daughter, Margaret, married first, James IV, King of Scots. https://www.quora.com/Is-Prince-Harry-related-to-Henry-VIII
- 33歲英國哈里王子和36歲美國女星梅根馬克爾熱戀一年多，兩人已經論及婚嫁，不過英國媒體卻查出這對成長背景甚至國籍截然不同的戀人，居然可以算得上是遠房表親，其實早就是一家人。來自英國王室的哈里王子和在美國出生長大的馬克爾看來應該毫無關聯，但追溯祖譜，早在15世紀，女王母系這邊的祖先與馬克爾父親那邊的家族其實有血緣關係，哈里與馬克爾共同的祖先是一名擔任高級警官的英國人賴夫鮑爾斯（Ralph Bowes），坐擁城堡與不少財產，他的孫子與孫女分支出去，分別成為哈里與馬克爾家族的先祖，這之間約莫歷經十多代先人，讓馬克爾與哈里成了有血緣關係的遠房表親。singtao eu edition 31oct17
- 有指哈利正考慮偕未婚妻前往墨西哥，與未來外父見面。梅根的父母在她五歲時離婚，她一直與母親相依為命。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171201/00180_039.html
- ???https://www.quora.com/How-is-Meghan-doing-with-the-Queen-s-language
Lady Nicholas Windsor (née Paola Louise Marica Doimi de Lupis, previously Princess Paola Doimi de Lupis de Frankopan Šubić Zrinski; born 7 August 1969) is the wife of Lord Nicholas Windsor, son of the Duke and Duchess of Kent.Lady Nicholas Windsor was born as Paola Louise Marica Doimi de Lupis (she used this name until her time as an undergraduate at Cambridge).[1][2] After the fall of communism in Croatia, the Doimi de Lupis Family resumed the name of Frankopan with princely titles. By the time of her marriage she was therefore Princess Paola Doimi de Lupis de Frankopan Šubic Zrinski[4] in London in 1969. Her father is Louis, Prince Frankopan, Count Doimi de Lupis, born in Split, Yugoslavia, in 1939, a member of the old Croatian and Italian nobility. Lady Nicholas' father came to England from Croatia after the Second World War to attend a boarding school and then go to Oxford University. Her father is a barrister (member of Middle Temple) and a businessman; her mother, Ingrid Detter de Frankopan, is a distinguished Professor Emerita at Stockholm University. The Doimi de Lupis family reverted to the name of Frankopan with princely titles, after the fall of communism in Croatia. The Court of Perugia decided in a judgment[6]) having previously examined the genealogical tables of the family and the grant of the title of Prince in 1425, with sanction of anyone who disputes this, confirmed the name and titles of the Doimi de Frankopan family. The Doimi de Lupis family was also granted a knighthood by Emperor Franz Joseph I in 1855 and 1865 when Croatia was under Austrian hegemony. Lady Nicholas herself attended Cambridge; She has one sister, Christina, and three brothers, Peter, Nicholas, and Lawrence.
- Peter Frankopan (b. 1971) is a senior research fellow at Worcester College, Oxford, the director of the Oxford Centre for Byzantine Research,[2][3] and the author of a bestseller 2015 The Silk Roads: A New History of the World.[4][5] He also wrote the 2012 book The First Crusade: The Call from the East.
- note that chan man hung's articie in orientaldaily 20nov16 introduced the silk road book
- He is the brother of Lady Nicholas Windsor. The Doimi de Lupis family reverted to the name of Frankopan and title of Prince, after the fall of communism in Croatia. The Court of Perugia confirmed the usage of the name and titles of the Doimi de Frankopan family in a judgment[7], having previously examined the genealogical tables of the family and the grant of the title of Prince in 1425, with sanction of anyone who disputes this. The Doimi de Lupis family was also granted a knighthood by Emperor Franz Joseph I in 1855 and 1865 when Croatia was under Austrian hegemony.
Duke of Beaufort, a title in the Peerage of England, was created by Charles II in 1682 for Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester, a descendant of Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, legitimized son of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, a Lancastrian leader in the Wars of the Roses. The name Beaufortrefers to a castle in Champagne, France (now Montmorency-Beaufort). It is the only current dukedom to take its name from a place outside the British Isles. The Dukes of Beaufort descend in the male line from the House of Plantagenet through John of Gaunt and Edward III. This statement was challenged after the analysis of the Y chromosomal DNA of the remains of King Richard III. Most living male heirs of The 5th Duke of Beaufort were found to carry a relatively common Y chromosome type, which is different from the rare lineage found in Richard III remains. The instance of female infidelity could have occurred anywhere in the numerous generations separating Richard III from the 5th Duke of Beaufort . Beaufort Castle was a possession of John of Gaunt, and the surname Beaufort was given to Gaunt's four legitimised children by his mistress and third wife, Katherine Swynford. This was the foundation of the House of Beaufort, Dukes of Somerset. A descendant of the Beauforts through his mother was Henry Tudor, who became Henry VII of England. Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, KG (c. 1460 – 15 March 1526), was the bastard son of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset by his mistress Joan Hill. The Duke of Beaufort holds two subsidiary titles: Marquess of Worcester (created 1642) and Earl of Worcester (1514). The title Marquess of Worcester is used as a courtesy title by the duke's eldest son and heir. The title Earl of Glamorgan is used by the eldest son of the heir apparent to the dukedom. The Earl of Glamorgan's eldest son is known as Viscount Grosmont. The Earldom of Glamorgan and Viscountcy of Grosmont derive from an irregular creation by Charles I in 1644 in favour of Edward Somerset, who later succeeded his father as 2nd Marquess of Worcester. Although the Earldom of Glamorgan and Viscountcy of Grosmont were not recognised as substantive titles at the restoration of Charles II, because of irregularities in the patent of creation, they have nevertheless continued to be used as convenient courtesy titles in order to distinguish the bearer from the Marquess of Worcester as heir apparent, the Earldom of Worcester not being distinctive enough for this purpose. All subsidiary titles are in the Peerage of England. Field Marshal The Lord Raglan, born Lord FitzRoy Somerset (1788–1855), was the youngest son of the fifth duke. The family seat was once Raglan Castle, Monmouthshire, but as of 2017 is Badminton House near Chipping Sodbury in Gloucestershire. The principal burial place of the Dukes and Duchesses of Beaufort is St Michael and All Angels' Church, Badminton.
- Badminton House is a large country house and Grade I Listed Building[1] in Badminton, Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. The house gives its name to the sport of badminton.In 1612 Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester, bought from Nicholas Boteler his manors of Great and Little Badminton, called 'Madmintune' [sic] in the Domesday Book while one century earlier the name 'Badimyncgtun' was recorded,[2][3] held by that family since 1275. Edward Somerset's 3rd son Sir Thomas Somerset modernized the old house in the late 1620s, and built a new T-shaped gabled range. Badminton House has also been strongly associated with fox hunting. Successive Dukes of Beaufort have been masters of the Beaufort Hunt, which is probably one of the two most famous hunts in the United Kingdom alongside the Quorn Hunt. While fox hunts no longer take place at Badminton House, pheasant shoots continue to be held.
Duke of Buckingham, referring to Buckingham, is a title that has been created several times in the peerages of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. There have also been Earls of Buckingham and Marquesses of Buckingham. The first creation of the dukedom was on 14 September 1444, when Humphrey Stafford, 6th Earl of Stafford, was made Duke of Buckingham. On his father's side, Stafford was descended from Edmond de Stafford, who had been summoned to Parliament as Lord Stafford in 1299. The second Baron had been created Earl of Stafford in 1351. On his mother's side, Stafford was the son of Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Buckingham, daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham (later Duke of Gloucester), youngest son of King Edward III of England. Stafford was an important supporter of the House of Lancaster in the Wars of the Roses, and was killed at the Battle of Northampton in July 1460.
Duke of Cambridge, one of several royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom, is a hereditary title of specific rank of nobility in the British Royal Family. The title (named after the city of Cambridge in England) is hereditary among male agnatic descendants of the titleholder by primogeniture, and has been conferred upon members of the British royal family several times. The wife of the titleholder is usually called Duchess of Cambridge.The title goes back to the 17th century, and superseded an earlier title of Earl of Cambridge. The title became extinct several times, before being revived after a hiatus of over a hundred years in 2011, when it was bestowed upon Prince William on 29 April 2011 upon his marriage on the same day to Catherine Middleton.
- coat of arms
- https://www.royal.uk/new-coat-arms-miss-middleton-and-her-family
- https://www.royal.uk/new-conjugal-coat-arms-duke-and-duchess-cambridge
- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2434825/Kate-Middleton-Prince-Williams-new-Conjungal-Coat-Arms-revealed.html
Duke of Sussex was a Substantive title, used at the british court. It was conferred on 24 November 1801 upon Prince Augustus Frederick, the sixth son of King George III. He was made Baron Arklow and Earl of Inverness, at the same time, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
Prince Augustus Frederick married Lady Augusta Murray at St George's, Hanover Square, Westminster, in 1793 and then, Lady Cecilia Gore at Great Cumberland Place, London, on 2 May 1831. Both marriages were in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, meaning that the couple's children were illegitimate. Not being the Prince's legitimate wife, Lady Cecilia could not be received at court. She was eventually (on 30 March 1840) given the title of Duchess of Inverness in her own right by Queen Victoria. Since Augustus Frederick had no legitimate issue, his titles became extinct on his death in 1843. In 1999, during the time leading up to the wedding of Prince Edward, the youngest son of Queen Elizabeth II, experts had suggested the Dukedom of Sussex or Cambridge as the most likely title to be granted to him. Instead, Prince Edward was created Earl of Wessex, and it was announced that he would eventually be created Duke of Edinburgh, a title currently held by his father, Prince Philip. There was again speculation that Prince William of Wales might be given the Sussex title on his wedding to Catherine Middleton in April 2011, but he was instead created Duke of Cambridge. In the same year, it was reported that Prince Harry of Wales had been promised the title on the day of his wedding.
- coat of arms
- https://www.royal.uk/her-royal-highness-duchess-sussex-coat-arms The blue background of the shield represents the Pacific Ocean off the California coast, while the two golden rays across the shield are symbolic of the sunshine of The Duchess's home state. The three quills represent communication and the power of words. Beneath the shield on the grass sits a collection of golden poppies, California's state flower, and wintersweet, which grows at Kensington Palace. It is customary for Supporters of the shield to be assigned to Members of the Royal Family, and for wives of Members of the Royal Family to have one of their husband’s Supporters and one relating to themselves. The Supporter relating to The Duchess of Sussex is a songbird with wings elevated as if flying and an open beak, which with the quill represents the power of communication. A Coronet has also been assigned to The Duchess of Sussex. It is the Coronet laid down by a Royal Warrant of 1917 for the sons and daughters of the Heir Apparent. It is composed of two crosses patée, four fleurs-de-lys and two strawberry leaves.
- 據英國傳媒透露，梅根紋章上的盾牌右方，將以藍色為背景，代表她的出生地加州的海岸；背景上兩道金線代表當地太陽的光線，而三根羽毛則代表溝通及字詞力量。盾牌下方的底座亦明顯費盡心思，除了有肯辛頓宮的金色梅花之外，亦有加州州花花菱草。紋章的細節隱隱約約滲出美國元素，總體設計均與梅根的成長地及經歷有關。除此之外，盾牌左方仍保留皇家徽章。兩旁的護盾獸，左方有為代表支撐哈利的獅子，右方的護盾獸為代表支撐梅根的鳴禽。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180527/00180_024.html
- son archie
- https://premium.telegraph.co.uk/newsletter/article0/archie-harrison-mountbatten-windsor-the-meaning-behind-the-new-royal-babys-name/ Archibald has a long, noble lineage, particularly among the Scottish aristocracy. It has the Germanic roots of ‘erchan’ – ‘precious’ or ‘genuine’ – and ‘bald’, meaning ‘bold’. The words combined to produce the Old High German and Anglo-Saxon name, Erkanbald, and the Old French, Archaunbault. Over the centuries, that morphed into Archibald. The grandeur of the name was enhanced by connections with the ancient Greek ‘Archon’, meaning ‘ruler’ – a suitable name for the great-grandson of the monarch. Harrison is much more unconventional. Strictly speaking, it is correct – literally, “son of Harry”, a patronymic creation first known as a surname in 1355.
Duke of Bedford (named after Bedford, England) is a title that has been created six times (for five distinct people) in the Peerage of England. The first and second creations came in 1414 in favour of Henry IV's third son, John, who later served as regent of France. He was made Earl of Kendal at the same time and was made Earl of Richmond later the same year. The titles became extinct on his death in 1435. The third creation came in 1470 in favour of George Neville, nephew of Warwick the Kingmaker. He was deprived of the title by Act of Parliament in 1478. The fourth creation came 1478 in favour of George, the third son of Edward IV. He died the following year at the age of two. The fifth creation came in 1485 in favour of Jasper Tudor, half-brother of Henry VI and uncle of Henry VII. He had already been created Earl of Pembroke in 1452. However, as he was a Lancastrian, his title was forfeited between 1461 and 1485 during the predominance of the House of York. He regained the earldom in 1485 when his nephew Henry VII came to the throne and was elevated to the dukedom the same year. He had no legitimate children and the titles became extinct on his death in 1495. The Russell family currently holds the titles of Earl and Duke of Bedford. John Russell, a close advisor of Henry VIII and Edward VI, was granted the title of Earl of Bedford in 1551, and his descendant William, 5th Earl, was created Duke following the Glorious Revolution.
- Every Duke from the 5th Duke onwards is descended from Charles II of England. The family seat is Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire. The private mausoleum and chapel of the Russell Family and the Dukes of Bedford is at St. Michael’s Church in Chenies, Buckinghamshire (photo).[2] The family owns The Bedford Estate in central London. Russell square is named after the surname of the Earls and Dukes of Bedford; the freehold remains with the Bedford Estate, though the square is managed by Camden Council. The gardens are Grade II-listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.[2] In 2005, two terrorist bombings occurred near the square. One of the bombings was on a London Underground train between King's Cross St Pancras tube station and Russell Square tube station, and another was on a bus on Tavistock Square, near Russell Square. To commemorate the victims, flowers were laid at the square.[3] In 2016 the Russell Square stabbing took place.
Baron Chandos /ˈʃænˌdɒs, ˈʃɑːnˌdɒs/ is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of England.A Robert de Chandos went to Ireland with King John in 1185. His son Roger in 1221 received licence to hold a fair at Fownhope in 1221. The son of this Roger, Robert de Chandos (d. 1302) participated in the Welsh expedition of Edward I. The son of Robert, Roger de Chandos, served in the Scottish wars of Edward II and received a knighthood. In 1321, he was sheriff of Herefordshire. He was succeeded by Thomas de Chandos.
- Arms of Brydges, Dukes of Chandos: Argent, on a cross sable a leopard's face https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Duke_of_Chandos.png
Marquess of Lincolnshire
- Charles Robert Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire, KG, GCMG, PC, JP, DL (16 May 1843 – 13 June 1928), known as the Lord Carrington from 1868 to 1895, and as the Earl Carrington from 1895 to 1912, was a British Liberal politician and aristocrat.Charles Robert Carrington was born at Whitehall on 16 May 1843, the son of Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington, and his second wife Charlotte, the younger daughter of Peter Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby.[1] The Hon. Sir William Carington and Rupert Carington, 4th Baron Carrington, were his younger brothers, while Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, was his grand-nephew. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.[2] He was a lifelong friend of King Edward VII, having first met him in 1854.[citation needed] On his mother's death in 1879 he became joint hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain of England. Born Charles Carrington, he and his two brothers assumed by Royal Licence the surname of Carington in 1880. In 1896 he assumed by Royal Licence the surname of Wynn-Carington.
- He was initiated into Isaac Newton University Lodge No. 859, Cambridge, on 28 October 1861 at the age of 18, passed in Cairo some 8 years later, and raised in Royal York Lodge of Perseverance No. 7 on 6 October 1875. On 3 January 1882 he became a member of Royal Alpha Lodge No. 16. Even though he was not a past Master of a Lodge, he was appointed Senior Grand Warden of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1882. When he became Governor of New South Wales, he found a rivalry of lodges working under the United Grand Lodge of England and the Grand Lodge of Scotland as well as lodges working under other constitutions. Trying to unite the lodges, he became firstly District Grand Master of New South Wales, and then the first Grand Master of the newly consecrated Grand Lodge of New South Wales. However, as he had still not yet been installed as a Worshipful Master, he was first made Worshipful Master at sight of the Lodge Ionic No. 15. Nine senior Masons were present, including Samuel Way. In 1890 he was appointed Provincial Grand Master of Buckinghamshire and after serving five years, he was made Grand Representative in England of the United Grand Lodge of New South Wales.
- Peter Alexander Rupert Carington,[a][2] 6th Baron Carrington, KG, GCMG, CH, MC, PC, DL (6 June 1919 – 9 July 2018) was a British Conservative politician and hereditary peer who served as Defence Secretary from 1970 to 1974, Foreign Secretary from 1979 to 1982, chairman of British General Electric Company from 1983 to 1984, and Secretary General of NATO from 1984 to 1988. Before his death in 2018, he was the last surviving member of the 1951–55 government of Winston Churchill, the Eden government, and the Macmillan government, as well as of the cabinets of Alec Douglas-Home and Edward Heath. Following the House of Lords Act 1999, which removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, Carrington was created a life peer as Baron Carington of Upton. Carrington was Foreign Secretary in 1982 when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands. He took full responsibility for the failure of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to foresee this and resigned. As NATO Secretary General, he helped prevent a war between Greece and Turkey during the 1987 Aegean crisis.Born in Chelsea on 6 June 1919,[4][5] Carrington was the only son of the 5th Baron Carrington by his wife, the Hon. Sybil Marion Colville, a daughter of Charles Colville, 2nd Viscount Colville of Culross. He was a great-nephew of the Liberal statesman Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire, and also of politician and courtier the Hon. Sir William Carington.
- obit economist 21jul18 issue
duke of ancaster
- [1776 chron] residence in hill street, london
Earl of Arundel is a title of nobility in England, and one of the oldest extant in the English peerage. It is currently held by the Duke of Norfolk, and is used (along with the Earldom of Surrey) by his heir apparent as a courtesy title. The earldom was created in 1138 or 1139[2] for the Norman baron William d'Aubigny. Its origin was the earlier grant by Henry I to his second wife Adeliza of the forfeited "honour" of Arundel, which included the castle and a large portion of Sussex. After his death she married William, who thus became master of the lands, and who from about the year 1141 is variously styled earl of Sussex, of Chichester, or of Arundel. His first known appearance as earl is at Christmas 1141.[3] Until the mid-13th century, the earls were also frequently known as Earl of Sussex, until this title fell into disuse. At about the same time, the earldom fell to the originally Breton FitzAlan Family, a younger branch of which went on to become the Stuart Family, which later ruled Scotland and England.
- Earl of Mercia was a title in the late Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Danish, and early Anglo-Norman period in England. During this period the earldom covered the lands of the old Kingdom of Mercia in the English Midlands. First governed by ealdormen under the kings of Wessex in the 10th century, it became an earldom in the Anglo-Danish period.[1] During the time of King Edward the earldom was held by Leofric and his family, who were political rivals to the House of Godwine. Following the Conquest in 1066 Edwin was confirmed as earl by King William.[2] However he was implicated in the rebellion of 1071 and was dispossessed.[3] Following the death of Edwin the earldom was broken up, the power and regional jurisdiction of the earl passing to the newly formed earldoms of Chester and later Shrewsbury.
- Leofric, (died Aug. 31, 1057, Bromley, Eng.), Anglo-Saxon earl of Mercia (from 1023 or soon thereafter), one of the three great earls of 11th-century England, who took a leading part in public affairs. On the death of King Canute in 1035, Leofric supported the claim of Canute’s son Harold to the throne against that of Hardecanute; and, during the quarrel between Edward the Confessor and Earl Godwine in 1051, he played the part of a mediator. Through his efforts civil war was averted, and in accordance with his advice the settlement of the dispute was referred to the Witan. Because Chester was his principal residence and the seat of his government, he is sometimes called Earl of Chester. His wife was Godgifu, famous in legend as Lady Godiva (q.v.). Both husband and wife were noted as liberal benefactors to the church, among their foundations being the famous Benedictine monastery at Coventry.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leofric
Earl of Leicester is a title that has been created seven times. The first title was granted during the 12th century in the Peerage of England. The current title is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom and was created in 1837.The title was first created for Robert de Beaumont (also spelled de Bellomont), but he nearly always used his French title of Count of Meulan. Three generations of his descendants, all also named Robert, called themselves Earls of Leicester. The Beaumont male line ended with the death of the 4th Earl. His property was split between his two sisters, with Simon IV de Montfort, the son of the eldest sister, acquiring Leicester and the rights to the earldom. (The husband of the younger daughter, Saer de Quincy, was created Earl of Winchester.) However, Simon IV de Montfort was never formally recognized as earl, due to the antipathy between France and England at that time. His second son, Simon V de Montfort, did succeed in taking possession of the earldom and its associated properties. He is the Simon de Montfort who became so prominent during the reign of Henry III. He was killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and his lands and titles were forfeited. In 1267 the title was created a second time and granted to the king's youngest son, Edmund Crouchback. In 1276 he also became Earl of Lancaster, and the titles became united. Crouchback's son Thomas lost the earldom when he was executed for treason in 1322, but a few years later, it was restored to his younger brother Henry. Henry's son Henry of Grosmont left only two daughters, and his estate was divided between them, the eldest daughter Matilda receiving the earldom, which was held by her husband William V of Holland. (The two passages of the earldom via females illustrate the medieval practice by which such inheritance was allowed in the absence of male heirs.) Matilda, however, soon died, and the title passed to John of Gaunt, husband of her younger sister, Blanche, who was later created Duke of Lancaster. Both the dukedom and the earldom were inherited by John of Gaunt's son, Henry Bolingbroke, and both titles ceased to exist when Henry usurped the throne, as the titles "merged into the crown". (The peers are vassals to the Sovereign, and no one can be a vassal to himself.) The properties associated with the earldom became part of what was later called the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1564 the earldom was again created for Queen Elizabeth I's favourite, Robert Dudley. Since Dudley died without heirs, the title became extinct at his death. The title was again created in 1618 for Robert Sidney (Baron Sydney), his nephew. Prior to being granted the earldom Robert Sidney was granted the subsidiary title of Viscount Lisle on 4 May 1605. The Sidneys retained the titles until the death of the seventh Earl in 1743, when the titles again became extinct. The title of earl was then recreated for Thomas Coke (pronounced "Cook"[2]), but it became extinct when he, too, died without heirs.
- Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (c. 1208 – 4 August 1265), sometimes referred to as Simon V[A] de Montfort to distinguish him from his namesake relatives, was a nobleman of French origin and a member of the English peerage, who led the baronial opposition to the rule of King Henry III of England, culminating in the Second Barons' War. Following his initial victories over royal forces, he became de facto ruler of the country, and played a major role in the constitutional development of England. During his rule, Montfort called two famous parliaments. The first stripped the King of unlimited authority, while the second included ordinary citizens from the towns. For this reason, Montfort is regarded today as one of the progenitors of modern parliamentary democracy. As Earl of Leicester he expelled Jews from that city; as he became ruler of England he also cancelled debts owed to Jews through violent seizures of records. Events in London and Worcester, for instance, led to massacres. After a rule of just over a year, Montfort was killed by forces loyal to the King in the Battle of Evesham.
Earl of Portland is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of England, first in 1633 and again in 1689. The title Duke of Portland was created in 1716 but became extinct in 1990 upon the death of the ninth Duke, when the Earldom was inherited by a distant cousin.The title of Earl of Portland was first created for the politician Richard Weston, 1st Baron Weston, in 1633. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1621 to 1628 and Lord High Treasurer from 1628 to 1635, and had already been created Baron Weston of Nayland in the County of Suffolk in 1628. This title was also in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He served as Joint Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire. His son, the third Earl, was killed at the Battle of Lowestoft in 1665. He was unmarried and was succeeded by his uncle, the fourth Earl. He was childless and on his death in 1688 the titles became extinct.The title was created for a second time in 1689 in favour of William Bentinck, the Dutch favourite and close advisor of King William III. He was made Baron Cirencester and Viscount Woodstock at the same time he was given the earldom, also in the Peerage of England.
- Great Portland Estates plc is a British property development and investment company. The Company was founded by Basil Samuel in 1959 to invest in properties originally developed by the Dukes of Portland. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange later that year.[3] It acquired the Ilex Estate in 1997. In 2007 the Company converted into a real estate investment trust. In April 2018 it was announced that KKR would be taking up 57,000 square feet of space in the company's new office development in Hanover Square.
Earl of Carnarvon is a title that has been created three times in British history. The current holder is George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon. The town and county in Wales to which the title refers are now usually spelled Caernarfon.
- note the crescent in its coat of arms
- ********The only serious contender to Prince Philip was Henry Herbert (later 7th Earl of Caernarvon). His Family own the Highclere Estate (better known as Downton Abbey). Despite his suitability as a potential match for the Princess, he wasn't really in the running. Once she met Prince Phillip she was completely smitten. The then Princess Elizabeth and Lord Porchester remained lifelong friends. She called him "Porchie" (an affectionate nickname in reference to his then title) and he became her horse racing Manager until his death.https://www.quora.com/Did-the-then-Princess-Elizabeth-have-any-other-serious-suitors-for-her-hand-before-she-became-engaged-to-Prince-Philip
Earl of Mexborough, of Lifford in the County of Donegal, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 11 February 1766 for John Savile, 1st Baron Pollington, Member of Parliament for Hedon and New Shoreham.
- owls in coat of arms
The Beecham Baronetcy, of Ewanville in the Parish of Huyton in the County Palatine of Lancaster, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 17 July 1914 for the Lancashire pill manufacturer Joseph Beecham. Joseph was succeeded by his eldest son, Thomas, the second Baronet. Thomas was an influential conductor and notably founded the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1932. As of 2011 the title is believed to be held by Thomas' grandson, the presumed fifth Baronet. However, the latter has not successfully proven his succession and is therefore not on the Official Roll of the Baronetage, with the baronetcy considered dormant.
The House of Herbert is a British Noble House founded by William Herbert, known as "Black William", the son of William ap Thomas, founder of Raglan Castle, a follower of Edward IV of England in the Wars of the Roses. The name Herbert originated in 1461 when William was granted the title Baron Herbert of Raglan, having assumed an English-style surname in place of his Welsh patronymic, ap William.
The Anson family is a British aristocratic family. Over time, several members of the Anson family were made knights, baronets and peers. Hereditary titles held by the Anson family include the earldom of Lichfield (since 1831) and the Anson baronetcy (also since 1831). Over time, several members of the family have risen to prominence, including Admiral of the Fleet George Anson, 1st Baron Anson, PC, FRS (1697–1762) and the society photographer Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield (1939–2005).
to look up further info
- baron de linsing [1776 chron]
institution
- The College of Arms, or Heralds' College, is a royal corporation consisting of professional officers of arms, with jurisdiction over England, Wales, Northern Ireland and some Commonwealth realms. The heralds are appointed by the British Sovereign and are delegated authority to act on behalf of the Crown in all matters of heraldry, the granting of new coats of arms, genealogical research and the recording of pedigrees. The College is also the official body responsible for matters relating to the flying of flags on land, and it maintains the official registers of flags and other national symbols. Though a part of the Royal Household of the United Kingdom the College is self-financed, unsupported by any public funds.Founded by royal charter in 1484 by King Richard III, the College is one of the few remaining official heraldic authorities in Europe. Within the United Kingdom, there are two such authorities, the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland and the College for the rest of the United Kingdom.
- The Garter Principal King of Arms (also Garter King of Arms or simply Garter) is the senior King of Arms, and the senior Officer of Arms of the College of Arms, the heraldic authority with jurisdiction over England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The position has existed since 1415. Garter is responsible to the Earl Marshal for the running of the College. He is the principal adviser to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom with respect to ceremonial and heraldry, with specific responsibility for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and, with the exception of Canada, for Commonwealth realms of which the Queen is Sovereign. He also serves as the King of Arms of the Order of the Garter and his seal and signature appear on all grants of arms made by the College.
- 王夫前日罕有地在溫莎堡出席儀式，將肩負了近七十年的來福槍步兵團榮譽上校一職，交予兒子王儲查理斯的妻子、康沃爾公爵夫人卡米拉，進一步卸下王室職務。來福槍步兵團在一九五三年創立，二○○七年由四個步兵團組成，是英軍中最大的步兵團。菲臘親王自二○○七年出任步兵團本團榮譽上校，並自一九五○年代起，在其他步兵團出任同一職位。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200724/00180_031.html
- Lords-in-waiting (female: baronesses-in-waiting) are peers who hold office in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom.There are two kinds of lords-in-waiting: political appointees by the government of the day who serve as government whips in the House of Lords (the senior whips have the positions of Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms and Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard); and non-political appointments by the monarch, as an honour for retiring courtiers, who sit as crossbenchers.As members of the Royal Household their duties are nominal, though they are occasionally required to meet visiting political and state leaders on visits to the United Kingdom.
legal instrument
- The Act for the Naturalization of the Most Excellent Princess Sophia, Electress and Duchess Dowager of Hanover, and the Issue of her Body was an Act of the Parliament of England (4 & 5 Ann. c. 16.) in 1705. It followed the Act of Settlement 1701 whereby Dowager Electress Sophia of Hanover and her Protestant descendants were declared to be in the line of succession to the throne (her son George Ilater became king). Sophia, a granddaughter of James VI of Scotland and I of England, was not considered to be an Englishwoman as she had not been born in England. This Act naturalized her and "the issue of her body", as English subjects, providing that they were not a Catholic. Any person born to a descendant of Sophia could also claim to be the "issue of her body". This was first tested between 1955 and 1957 when Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover successfully claimed British nationality on this basis[1][2] after considerable litigation. See the thorough discussion by A. Lyon at Statute Law Review 20:2 (1999) 174-84. In 1947 Prince Frederick of Prussia also succeeded in his claim. The Act was repealed by section 34 of, and Part II of Schedule 4 to, the British Nationality Act 1948. However, any non-Catholic descendant of the Electress who had already been born when the repealing statute was enacted had already automatically acquired the status of a British subject, and so there are still people alive today who can claim British nationality under the Sophia Naturalization Act. That was the case of Ernest Augustus himself, who was only recognized by the courts as a British subject in 1957, years after the repeal of the Sophia Naturalization Act; because he was born and was a Protestant when the Act was still in force, the courts recognized that by that fact he had already acquired citizenship, so that the repeal of the statute did not affect his status. Also Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia was given British citizenship using the Sophia Naturalization Act.[3] However, in the present time, most people concerned who would claim citizenship would basically only reach the status of British Overseas citizen.
- The Royal Marriages Act 1772 was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which prescribed the conditions under which members of the British Royal Familycould contract a valid marriage, in order to guard against marriages that could diminish the status of the royal house. The right of veto vested in the sovereign by this act provoked severe adverse criticism at the time of its passage.[2][3] It was repealed as a result of the 2011 Perth Agreement, which came into force on 26 March 2015. Under current law, the first six people in the line of succession (currently Prince Charles, Prince William, Prince George, Princess Charlotte, Prince Louis and Prince Harry) need permission to marry if they and their descendants are to remain in the line of succession.
- The Regency Act 1830, which provided for a regency in the event that Queen Victoria inherited the throne before she was eighteen, made it illegal for her to marry without the regent's consent. Her spouse and anyone involved in arranging or conducting the marriage without such consent would be guilty of high treason. This was more serious than the offence created by the Act of 1772, which was equivalent to praemunire. However, the Act never came into force, as Victoria was eighteen when she became queen.
foreign/foreign born monarchs
- https://www.quora.com/Who-was-the-last-ruler-of-Britain-who-could-not-speak-English-and-how-did-the-unusual-circumstance-arise
distance relatives
- scmp rem a day 26nov1979 report - https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3039773/royal-spy-revelations-and-china-rejoins-olympics-headlines Self-confessed Soviet spy Anthony Blunt was a distant relative of the British royal family, The Sunday Times revealed in the latest twist to the espionage scandal surrounding the queen’s former art adviser. It also claimed that Blunt performed a secret mission for King George VI in 1945. According to the paper, King George sent Blunt to recover letters written by Queen Victoria from a castle near Frankfurt. It claimed that the king feared publication of the letters and others written by his mother, Queen Mary, if they fell into American hands.
service providers
- fund management
reference
- Burke's Peerage Limited is a British genealogical publisher founded in 1826, when Irish genealogist John Burke began releasing books devoted to the ancestry and heraldry of the peerage, baronetage, knightage and landed gentry of the United Kingdom. His first publication, a Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the United Kingdom, was updated sporadically until 1847, when the company began releasing new editions every year as Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage (often shortened to just Burke's Peerage). Other books followed, including Burke's Landed Gentry, Burke's Colonial Gentry, and Burke's General Armory. In addition to the peerage, Burke's published books on royal families of Europe and Latin America, ruling families of Africa and the Middle East, distinguished families of the United States and historical families of Ireland. The firm was established in 1826 by John Burke (1786–1848), progenitor of a dynasty of genealogists and heralds. His son Sir John Bernard Burke (1814–92) was Ulster King of Arms (1853–92) and his grandson, Sir Henry Farnham Burke (1859–1930), was Garter Principal King of Arms (1919–30). After his death, ownership passed through a variety of people.
- instrument of consent for harry and meghan marriage (note the symbols) https://www.royal.uk/instrument-consent
- https://www.royal.uk/royal-wedding-cakes-history
- https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-all-the-Dukes-Marquis-Earls-Viscounts-and-Barons-over-generations-from-their-family-s-title-Did-they-just-fade-into-being-normal-or-do-they-still-have-a-role-in-the-Royal-Family-monarchy
- Leofric, (died Aug. 31, 1057, Bromley, Eng.), Anglo-Saxon earl of Mercia (from 1023 or soon thereafter), one of the three great earls of 11th-century England, who took a leading part in public affairs. On the death of King Canute in 1035, Leofric supported the claim of Canute’s son Harold to the throne against that of Hardecanute; and, during the quarrel between Edward the Confessor and Earl Godwine in 1051, he played the part of a mediator. Through his efforts civil war was averted, and in accordance with his advice the settlement of the dispute was referred to the Witan. Because Chester was his principal residence and the seat of his government, he is sometimes called Earl of Chester. His wife was Godgifu, famous in legend as Lady Godiva (q.v.). Both husband and wife were noted as liberal benefactors to the church, among their foundations being the famous Benedictine monastery at Coventry.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leofric
- After the death of her husband in 1057, Godiva lived on until sometime between the Norman conquest in 1066 and 1086. Her name can be found in the Domesday Book in 1086 and she was the only woman to still own land after the conquest. Her son was a man of little political importance, but her granddaughter went on to marry Harold Godwinson and became the last queen of Anglo-Saxon England.https://www.quora.com/Was-Lady-Godiva-an-Anglo-Saxon-noblewoman-or-a-Medieval-legend
- bbc tv series on leofric https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/4cJ6TMnmV3f6bxxlPggsPTn/leofric
Earl of Leicester is a title that has been created seven times. The first title was granted during the 12th century in the Peerage of England. The current title is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom and was created in 1837.The title was first created for Robert de Beaumont (also spelled de Bellomont), but he nearly always used his French title of Count of Meulan. Three generations of his descendants, all also named Robert, called themselves Earls of Leicester. The Beaumont male line ended with the death of the 4th Earl. His property was split between his two sisters, with Simon IV de Montfort, the son of the eldest sister, acquiring Leicester and the rights to the earldom. (The husband of the younger daughter, Saer de Quincy, was created Earl of Winchester.) However, Simon IV de Montfort was never formally recognized as earl, due to the antipathy between France and England at that time. His second son, Simon V de Montfort, did succeed in taking possession of the earldom and its associated properties. He is the Simon de Montfort who became so prominent during the reign of Henry III. He was killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and his lands and titles were forfeited. In 1267 the title was created a second time and granted to the king's youngest son, Edmund Crouchback. In 1276 he also became Earl of Lancaster, and the titles became united. Crouchback's son Thomas lost the earldom when he was executed for treason in 1322, but a few years later, it was restored to his younger brother Henry. Henry's son Henry of Grosmont left only two daughters, and his estate was divided between them, the eldest daughter Matilda receiving the earldom, which was held by her husband William V of Holland. (The two passages of the earldom via females illustrate the medieval practice by which such inheritance was allowed in the absence of male heirs.) Matilda, however, soon died, and the title passed to John of Gaunt, husband of her younger sister, Blanche, who was later created Duke of Lancaster. Both the dukedom and the earldom were inherited by John of Gaunt's son, Henry Bolingbroke, and both titles ceased to exist when Henry usurped the throne, as the titles "merged into the crown". (The peers are vassals to the Sovereign, and no one can be a vassal to himself.) The properties associated with the earldom became part of what was later called the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1564 the earldom was again created for Queen Elizabeth I's favourite, Robert Dudley. Since Dudley died without heirs, the title became extinct at his death. The title was again created in 1618 for Robert Sidney (Baron Sydney), his nephew. Prior to being granted the earldom Robert Sidney was granted the subsidiary title of Viscount Lisle on 4 May 1605. The Sidneys retained the titles until the death of the seventh Earl in 1743, when the titles again became extinct. The title of earl was then recreated for Thomas Coke (pronounced "Cook"[2]), but it became extinct when he, too, died without heirs.
- Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (c. 1208 – 4 August 1265), sometimes referred to as Simon V[A] de Montfort to distinguish him from his namesake relatives, was a nobleman of French origin and a member of the English peerage, who led the baronial opposition to the rule of King Henry III of England, culminating in the Second Barons' War. Following his initial victories over royal forces, he became de facto ruler of the country, and played a major role in the constitutional development of England. During his rule, Montfort called two famous parliaments. The first stripped the King of unlimited authority, while the second included ordinary citizens from the towns. For this reason, Montfort is regarded today as one of the progenitors of modern parliamentary democracy. As Earl of Leicester he expelled Jews from that city; as he became ruler of England he also cancelled debts owed to Jews through violent seizures of records. Events in London and Worcester, for instance, led to massacres. After a rule of just over a year, Montfort was killed by forces loyal to the King in the Battle of Evesham.
- [handout from uk parliament] the westminister hall was the site of simon de montfort's parliament of 1265
Earl of Essex is a title in the Peerage of England which was first created in the 12th century by King Stephen of England. The title has been recreated eight times from its original inception, beginning with a new first Earl upon each new creation. Possibly the most well-known Earls of Essex were Thomas Cromwell (c. 1485 – 1540) (sixth creation), chief minister to King Henry VIII, and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1565–1601) (eighth creation), a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I who led the Earl of Essex Rebellion in 1601. The current holder of the earldom is Paul Capell, 11th Earl of Essex (born 1944), a retired school teacher from Caton, Lancashire.[2] The family seat was Cassiobury House, near Watford, Hertfordshire.
- Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex KG PC (/ˈkrɒmwəl,
Earl of Portland is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of England, first in 1633 and again in 1689. The title Duke of Portland was created in 1716 but became extinct in 1990 upon the death of the ninth Duke, when the Earldom was inherited by a distant cousin.The title of Earl of Portland was first created for the politician Richard Weston, 1st Baron Weston, in 1633. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1621 to 1628 and Lord High Treasurer from 1628 to 1635, and had already been created Baron Weston of Nayland in the County of Suffolk in 1628. This title was also in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He served as Joint Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire. His son, the third Earl, was killed at the Battle of Lowestoft in 1665. He was unmarried and was succeeded by his uncle, the fourth Earl. He was childless and on his death in 1688 the titles became extinct.The title was created for a second time in 1689 in favour of William Bentinck, the Dutch favourite and close advisor of King William III. He was made Baron Cirencester and Viscount Woodstock at the same time he was given the earldom, also in the Peerage of England.
- Great Portland Estates plc is a British property development and investment company. The Company was founded by Basil Samuel in 1959 to invest in properties originally developed by the Dukes of Portland. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange later that year.[3] It acquired the Ilex Estate in 1997. In 2007 the Company converted into a real estate investment trust. In April 2018 it was announced that KKR would be taking up 57,000 square feet of space in the company's new office development in Hanover Square.
- 100 Bishopsgate is a development of two mixed-use buildings under construction on Bishopsgate in London. The buildings will be situated on the eastern edge of the City of London financial district.In May 2015, it was reported that building company T Clarke had agreed a revised contract for 100 Bishopsgate, with on-site activities scheduled to start in April 2016. Ground engineering work began on the foundations to prepare the project for construction.The developer is The 100 Bishopsgate Partnership, a joint-venture between Brookfield Office Properties (87.5%) and Great Portland Estates (12.5%). In April 2010 Brookfield paid £43m for a 50% stake in the project.[3] In October 2012 Great Portland Estates sold 37.5% of its 50% interest to Brookfield for £47.2 million leaving it with a 12.5% interest. In November 2015 Brookfield announced that they had let the first seven floors (250,000 sq. ft.) to the Royal Bank of Canada. Office space has also been pre-leased to Freshfields and Jefferies.
Earl of Orford is a title that has been created three times. The first creation came in the Peerage of England in 1697 in when the naval commander Admiral of the Fleet Edward Russell was made Earl of Orford, in the County of Suffolk. He was created Baron of Shingay, in the County of Cambridge, and Viscount Barfleur at the same time, also in the Peerage of England. A member of the influential Russell family, he was the son of the Honourable Edward Russell, a younger son of Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford and younger brother of William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford (see Duke of Bedford for earlier history of the Russell family). Lord Orford had no children and the titles became extinct on his death in 1727.
-Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 – 18 March 1745), known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain. Although the exact dates of his dominance, the "Robinocracy", are a matter of scholarly debate, the period of 1721–42 is often used. He dominated the Walpole–Townshend ministry and the subsequent Walpole ministry, and holds the record as the longest-serving British prime minister in history. He was a Whig from the gentry class, who was first elected to Parliament in 1701, and held many senior positions. He was a country squire and looked to country gentlemen for his political base. Historian Frank O'Gorman says his leadership in Parliament reflected his "reasonable and persuasive oratory, his ability to move both the emotions as well as the minds of men, and, above all, his extraordinary self-confidence." Hoppit says Walpole's policies sought moderation: he worked for peace, lower taxes, and growing exports, and allowed a little more tolerance for Protestant Dissenters. He avoided controversy and high-intensity disputes, as his middle way attracted moderates from both the Whig and Tory camps.Walpole was born in Houghton, Norfolk, in 1676. One of 19 children, he was the third son and fifth child of Robert Walpole, a member of the local gentry and a Whig politician who represented the borough of Castle Rising in the House of Commons, and his wife Mary Walpole, the daughter and heiress of Sir Geoffrey Burwell of Rougham, Suffolk. Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole was his younger brother.
- Walpole, a polarising figure, had many opponents, the most important of whom were in the Country Party, such as Lord Bolingbroke (who had been his political enemy since the days of Queen Anne)[37] and William Pulteney (a capable Whig statesman who felt snubbed when Walpole failed to include him in the Cabinet).[38] Bolingbroke and Pulteney ran a periodical called The Craftsman in which they incessantly denounced the Prime Minister's policies.[39] Walpole was also satirised and parodied extensively; he was often compared to the criminal Jonathan Wild as, for example, John Gay did in his farcical Beggar's Opera. Walpole's other enemies included Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Henry Fielding, and Samuel Johnson.
- Walpole secured the support of the people and of the House of Commons with a policy of avoiding war. He used his influence to prevent George II from entering the War of the Polish Succession in 1733, because it was a dispute between the Bourbons and the Habsburgs. He boasted, "There are 50,000 men slain in Europe this year, and not one Englishman." By avoiding wars, Walpole could lower taxes. He reduced the national debt with a sinking fund, and by negotiating lower interest rates. He reduced the land tax from four shillings in 1721, to 3s in 1728, 2s in 1731 and finally to only 1s in 1732. His long-term goal, was to replace the land tax, which was paid by the local gentry, with excise and customs taxes, which were paid by merchants and ultimately by consumers. Walpole joked that the landed gentry resembled hogs, which squealed loudly whenever anyone laid hands on him. By contrast, he said, merchants were like sheep, and yielded their wool without complaint. The joke backfired in 1733 when he was defeated in a major battle to impose excise taxes on wine and tobacco. To reduce the threat of smuggling, the tax was to be collected not at ports but at warehouses. This new proposal, however, was extremely unpopular and aroused the opposition of the nation's merchants. Walpole agreed to withdraw the bill before Parliament voted on it, but he dismissed the politicians who had dared to oppose it in the first place. Thus, Walpole lost a considerable element of his Whig Party to the Opposition.
- Walpole's domination over the House of Commons was highlighted by the ease with which he secured the rejection of Sir John Barnard's plan to reduce the interest on the national debt. Walpole was also able to persuade Parliament to pass the Licensing Act of 1737 under which London theatres were regulated. The Act revealed a disdain for Swift, Pope, Fielding, and other literary figures who had attacked his government in their works.[citation needed] While the "country party" attacked Walpole relentlessly, he subsidised writers and lesser-known journalists such as William Arnall and Bishop Benjamin Hoadly as well as two men he named to the role of poet laureate, Laurence Eusden and Colley Cibber. They defended Walpole from the charge of evil political corruption by arguing that corruption is the universal human condition.
Earl of Carnarvon is a title that has been created three times in British history. The current holder is George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon. The town and county in Wales to which the title refers are now usually spelled Caernarfon.
- note the crescent in its coat of arms
- ********The only serious contender to Prince Philip was Henry Herbert (later 7th Earl of Caernarvon). His Family own the Highclere Estate (better known as Downton Abbey). Despite his suitability as a potential match for the Princess, he wasn't really in the running. Once she met Prince Phillip she was completely smitten. The then Princess Elizabeth and Lord Porchester remained lifelong friends. She called him "Porchie" (an affectionate nickname in reference to his then title) and he became her horse racing Manager until his death.https://www.quora.com/Did-the-then-Princess-Elizabeth-have-any-other-serious-suitors-for-her-hand-before-she-became-engaged-to-Prince-Philip
Earl of Mexborough, of Lifford in the County of Donegal, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 11 February 1766 for John Savile, 1st Baron Pollington, Member of Parliament for Hedon and New Shoreham.
- owls in coat of arms
The Beecham Baronetcy, of Ewanville in the Parish of Huyton in the County Palatine of Lancaster, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 17 July 1914 for the Lancashire pill manufacturer Joseph Beecham. Joseph was succeeded by his eldest son, Thomas, the second Baronet. Thomas was an influential conductor and notably founded the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1932. As of 2011 the title is believed to be held by Thomas' grandson, the presumed fifth Baronet. However, the latter has not successfully proven his succession and is therefore not on the Official Roll of the Baronetage, with the baronetcy considered dormant.
The House of Herbert is a British Noble House founded by William Herbert, known as "Black William", the son of William ap Thomas, founder of Raglan Castle, a follower of Edward IV of England in the Wars of the Roses. The name Herbert originated in 1461 when William was granted the title Baron Herbert of Raglan, having assumed an English-style surname in place of his Welsh patronymic, ap William.
The Anson family is a British aristocratic family. Over time, several members of the Anson family were made knights, baronets and peers. Hereditary titles held by the Anson family include the earldom of Lichfield (since 1831) and the Anson baronetcy (also since 1831). Over time, several members of the family have risen to prominence, including Admiral of the Fleet George Anson, 1st Baron Anson, PC, FRS (1697–1762) and the society photographer Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield (1939–2005).
to look up further info
- baron de linsing [1776 chron]
institution
- The College of Arms, or Heralds' College, is a royal corporation consisting of professional officers of arms, with jurisdiction over England, Wales, Northern Ireland and some Commonwealth realms. The heralds are appointed by the British Sovereign and are delegated authority to act on behalf of the Crown in all matters of heraldry, the granting of new coats of arms, genealogical research and the recording of pedigrees. The College is also the official body responsible for matters relating to the flying of flags on land, and it maintains the official registers of flags and other national symbols. Though a part of the Royal Household of the United Kingdom the College is self-financed, unsupported by any public funds.Founded by royal charter in 1484 by King Richard III, the College is one of the few remaining official heraldic authorities in Europe. Within the United Kingdom, there are two such authorities, the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland and the College for the rest of the United Kingdom.
- The Garter Principal King of Arms (also Garter King of Arms or simply Garter) is the senior King of Arms, and the senior Officer of Arms of the College of Arms, the heraldic authority with jurisdiction over England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The position has existed since 1415. Garter is responsible to the Earl Marshal for the running of the College. He is the principal adviser to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom with respect to ceremonial and heraldry, with specific responsibility for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and, with the exception of Canada, for Commonwealth realms of which the Queen is Sovereign. He also serves as the King of Arms of the Order of the Garter and his seal and signature appear on all grants of arms made by the College.
- 王夫前日罕有地在溫莎堡出席儀式，將肩負了近七十年的來福槍步兵團榮譽上校一職，交予兒子王儲查理斯的妻子、康沃爾公爵夫人卡米拉，進一步卸下王室職務。來福槍步兵團在一九五三年創立，二○○七年由四個步兵團組成，是英軍中最大的步兵團。菲臘親王自二○○七年出任步兵團本團榮譽上校，並自一九五○年代起，在其他步兵團出任同一職位。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200724/00180_031.html
- Lords-in-waiting (female: baronesses-in-waiting) are peers who hold office in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom.There are two kinds of lords-in-waiting: political appointees by the government of the day who serve as government whips in the House of Lords (the senior whips have the positions of Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms and Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard); and non-political appointments by the monarch, as an honour for retiring courtiers, who sit as crossbenchers.As members of the Royal Household their duties are nominal, though they are occasionally required to meet visiting political and state leaders on visits to the United Kingdom.
- Jean Alys Barker, Baroness Trumpington, DCVO, PC (née Campbell-Harris; 23 October 1922 – 26 November 2018) was an English Conservative politician and member of the House of Lords.[2] From an upper-class background, she was a socialite for years before entering politics.Trumpington was born to Major Arthur Campbell-Harris and his American wife, Doris (née Robson), an heiress to a Chicago paint manufacturer. Trumpington's father was an officer in the 7th Hariana Lancers, part of the Bengal Lancers, who became aide-de-camp to the Viceroy of India and knew David Lloyd George. Trumpington took dancing lessons at Madame Vacani's school in Knightsbridge. After two years she moved to the Ballet Rambert to learn under Pearl Argyle. Her mother had lost most of her inheritance in the Wall Street Crash of 1929, including selling their home at 55, Great Cumberland Place. On the family's return from India, they lived in their house Rowling, Goodnestone, near Sandwich, Kent, where Doris specialised in interior decorating.[2] When war broke out, the house, which was owned by the Lunacy Commissioners, was needed for Army billets. Spring Grove was a Queen Anne-style ten-bedroom mansion at Wye, near Ashford in south Kent.
Landed gentry or gentry is a largely historical British social class consisting in theory of landowners who could live entirely from rental income, or at least had a country estate. It was distinct from, and socially "below", the aristocracy or peerage, although in fact some of the landed gentry were wealthier than some peers, and many gentry were related to peers. They often worked as administrators of their own lands, while others became public, political and armed forces figures. The decline of this privileged class largely stemmed from the 1870s agricultural depression. The designation "landed gentry" originally referred exclusively to members of the upper class who were landlords and also commoners in the British sense, that is, they did not hold peerages, but usage became more fluid over time. Similar or analogous social systems of landed gentry also sprang up in countries that maintained a colonial system; the term is employed in many British colonies such as the Colony of Virginia and some parts of India. By the late 19th century, the term was also applied to peers such as the Duke of Westminster who lived on landed estates. The book series Burke's Landed Gentry recorded the members of this class. Successful burghers often used their accumulated wealth to buy country estates, with the aim of establishing themselves as landed gentry.
- Baronets: a hereditary title, originally created in the 14th century and revived by King James in 1611, giving the holder the right to be addressed as Sir.
- Knights: originally a military rank, this status was increasingly awarded to civilians as a reward for service to the Crown. Holders have the right to be addressed as Sir, as are baronets, but unlike baronet, the title of knight is not hereditary.
- Esquires: originally men aspiring to knighthood, were the principal attendants on a knight. After the Middle Ages the title of Esquire (Esq.) became an honour that could be conferred by the Crown, and by custom the holders of certain offices (such as barristers, lord mayor/mayor, justices of the peace, and higher officer ranks in the armed services) were deemed to be Esquires. (see Squire)[2]
- Gentlemen: possessors of a social status recognised as a separate title by the Statute of Additions of 1413. Generally men of high birth or rank, good social standing, and wealth, who did not need to work for a living, were considered gentlemen.
All of the first group, and very many of the last three, were "armigerous", having obtained the right to carry a coats of arms. In many Continental societies, this was exclusively the right of the nobility, and at least the upper clergy. In France this was originally true but many of the landed gentry, burghers and wealthy merchants were allowed to register coats of arms and become "armigerous".
legal instrument
- The Act for the Naturalization of the Most Excellent Princess Sophia, Electress and Duchess Dowager of Hanover, and the Issue of her Body was an Act of the Parliament of England (4 & 5 Ann. c. 16.) in 1705. It followed the Act of Settlement 1701 whereby Dowager Electress Sophia of Hanover and her Protestant descendants were declared to be in the line of succession to the throne (her son George Ilater became king). Sophia, a granddaughter of James VI of Scotland and I of England, was not considered to be an Englishwoman as she had not been born in England. This Act naturalized her and "the issue of her body", as English subjects, providing that they were not a Catholic. Any person born to a descendant of Sophia could also claim to be the "issue of her body". This was first tested between 1955 and 1957 when Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover successfully claimed British nationality on this basis[1][2] after considerable litigation. See the thorough discussion by A. Lyon at Statute Law Review 20:2 (1999) 174-84. In 1947 Prince Frederick of Prussia also succeeded in his claim. The Act was repealed by section 34 of, and Part II of Schedule 4 to, the British Nationality Act 1948. However, any non-Catholic descendant of the Electress who had already been born when the repealing statute was enacted had already automatically acquired the status of a British subject, and so there are still people alive today who can claim British nationality under the Sophia Naturalization Act. That was the case of Ernest Augustus himself, who was only recognized by the courts as a British subject in 1957, years after the repeal of the Sophia Naturalization Act; because he was born and was a Protestant when the Act was still in force, the courts recognized that by that fact he had already acquired citizenship, so that the repeal of the statute did not affect his status. Also Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia was given British citizenship using the Sophia Naturalization Act.[3] However, in the present time, most people concerned who would claim citizenship would basically only reach the status of British Overseas citizen.
- The Royal Marriages Act 1772 was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which prescribed the conditions under which members of the British Royal Familycould contract a valid marriage, in order to guard against marriages that could diminish the status of the royal house. The right of veto vested in the sovereign by this act provoked severe adverse criticism at the time of its passage.[2][3] It was repealed as a result of the 2011 Perth Agreement, which came into force on 26 March 2015. Under current law, the first six people in the line of succession (currently Prince Charles, Prince William, Prince George, Princess Charlotte, Prince Louis and Prince Harry) need permission to marry if they and their descendants are to remain in the line of succession.
- The Regency Act 1830, which provided for a regency in the event that Queen Victoria inherited the throne before she was eighteen, made it illegal for her to marry without the regent's consent. Her spouse and anyone involved in arranging or conducting the marriage without such consent would be guilty of high treason. This was more serious than the offence created by the Act of 1772, which was equivalent to praemunire. However, the Act never came into force, as Victoria was eighteen when she became queen.
foreign/foreign born monarchs
- https://www.quora.com/Who-was-the-last-ruler-of-Britain-who-could-not-speak-English-and-how-did-the-unusual-circumstance-arise
distance relatives
- scmp rem a day 26nov1979 report - https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3039773/royal-spy-revelations-and-china-rejoins-olympics-headlines Self-confessed Soviet spy Anthony Blunt was a distant relative of the British royal family, The Sunday Times revealed in the latest twist to the espionage scandal surrounding the queen’s former art adviser. It also claimed that Blunt performed a secret mission for King George VI in 1945. According to the paper, King George sent Blunt to recover letters written by Queen Victoria from a castle near Frankfurt. It claimed that the king feared publication of the letters and others written by his mother, Queen Mary, if they fell into American hands.
service providers
- fund management
- [frisch] british magician drummond money-coutts (DMC), heir apparent to baron latimer (a british bloodline that stretches back to 1492), is from the coutts banking dynasty whic manages british royal family's money.
reference
- Burke's Peerage Limited is a British genealogical publisher founded in 1826, when Irish genealogist John Burke began releasing books devoted to the ancestry and heraldry of the peerage, baronetage, knightage and landed gentry of the United Kingdom. His first publication, a Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the United Kingdom, was updated sporadically until 1847, when the company began releasing new editions every year as Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage (often shortened to just Burke's Peerage). Other books followed, including Burke's Landed Gentry, Burke's Colonial Gentry, and Burke's General Armory. In addition to the peerage, Burke's published books on royal families of Europe and Latin America, ruling families of Africa and the Middle East, distinguished families of the United States and historical families of Ireland. The firm was established in 1826 by John Burke (1786–1848), progenitor of a dynasty of genealogists and heralds. His son Sir John Bernard Burke (1814–92) was Ulster King of Arms (1853–92) and his grandson, Sir Henry Farnham Burke (1859–1930), was Garter Principal King of Arms (1919–30). After his death, ownership passed through a variety of people.
- instrument of consent for harry and meghan marriage (note the symbols) https://www.royal.uk/instrument-consent
- https://www.royal.uk/royal-wedding-cakes-history
- https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-all-the-Dukes-Marquis-Earls-Viscounts-and-Barons-over-generations-from-their-family-s-title-Did-they-just-fade-into-being-normal-or-do-they-still-have-a-role-in-the-Royal-Family-monarchy
- https://www.royal.uk/coronation
hk
- 《每日郵報》上周五（5日）獨家報道指，涉事的皇室成員包括安德魯王子前妻莎拉、安妮公主兒子彼得‧菲利普斯及女兒扎拉。據報，菲利普斯和扎拉直至去年為止，均為高寶集團的非執行董事；莎拉與韓世灝同是傳媒投資公司Gate Ventures的董事，該公司在截至二○一八年六月的過去一年虧損近一千萬英鎊（約一億港元），幾近破產。韓世灝於二○一七年十二月離職。報道又提及，菲利普斯上月來港在高寶集團總部與韓世灝會面，商討賽馬俱樂部的合作計劃，菲利普斯將推出賽馬投資組合供投資者購買。而韓世灝上月亦稱與菲利普斯的妻子奧特姆（Autumn）合作，為高寶集團生活及運動俱樂部搞活動，可讓付錢加入的會員參加「憑請柬入場的聚會」，如菲臘親王在白金漢宮舉行的聖誕晚宴。菲利普斯承認有關合作，稱將適時公布。但奧特姆回應稱她與韓世灝見面，是因為對方付一萬英鎊（約十萬港元）由她組織的超級房車活動。白金漢宮發言人亦稱，對韓世灝所指的皇室聖誕晚宴不知情，強調已退休的菲臘親王不會再參加公開活動。據悉，現年四十七歲的韓世灝是息影邵氏女星汪玲的長子，早年在英國獲得精神病學博士學位，有「休斯頓男爵」等榮譽頭銜；他曾任樂善堂主席，今年一月獲委任為香港政黨新民黨副主席。他回應上述報道時表示，其俱樂部是VIP制的社交聚會管理俱樂部，計劃包括向潛在捐款者推廣愛丁堡公爵獎學金的慈善活動，強調一直按最高的道德標準投資和開展業務。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190407/00176_020.html
islam
- the Queen of England is descendant of the Prophet Mohamad! True or false? Well, it is true! Fact is, since genealogical trees are not so hard to make for royal families, someone found that in the ascendance of Elizabeth there is a certain bride from the Arabic period of Spain, who did indeed have proved ascendance from the prophet, who converted to Christianity, I think it was in the 12th century, married a Spanish … and is ascendant of Queen Elisabeth.
hk
- 《每日郵報》上周五（5日）獨家報道指，涉事的皇室成員包括安德魯王子前妻莎拉、安妮公主兒子彼得‧菲利普斯及女兒扎拉。據報，菲利普斯和扎拉直至去年為止，均為高寶集團的非執行董事；莎拉與韓世灝同是傳媒投資公司Gate Ventures的董事，該公司在截至二○一八年六月的過去一年虧損近一千萬英鎊（約一億港元），幾近破產。韓世灝於二○一七年十二月離職。報道又提及，菲利普斯上月來港在高寶集團總部與韓世灝會面，商討賽馬俱樂部的合作計劃，菲利普斯將推出賽馬投資組合供投資者購買。而韓世灝上月亦稱與菲利普斯的妻子奧特姆（Autumn）合作，為高寶集團生活及運動俱樂部搞活動，可讓付錢加入的會員參加「憑請柬入場的聚會」，如菲臘親王在白金漢宮舉行的聖誕晚宴。菲利普斯承認有關合作，稱將適時公布。但奧特姆回應稱她與韓世灝見面，是因為對方付一萬英鎊（約十萬港元）由她組織的超級房車活動。白金漢宮發言人亦稱，對韓世灝所指的皇室聖誕晚宴不知情，強調已退休的菲臘親王不會再參加公開活動。據悉，現年四十七歲的韓世灝是息影邵氏女星汪玲的長子，早年在英國獲得精神病學博士學位，有「休斯頓男爵」等榮譽頭銜；他曾任樂善堂主席，今年一月獲委任為香港政黨新民黨副主席。他回應上述報道時表示，其俱樂部是VIP制的社交聚會管理俱樂部，計劃包括向潛在捐款者推廣愛丁堡公爵獎學金的慈善活動，強調一直按最高的道德標準投資和開展業務。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190407/00176_020.html
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