- The Ministry of Awqaf of Egypt (Arabic: وزارة الأوقاف المصرية) is one of thirty-six ministries in the Egyptian government and is in charge of religious endowments. Religious endowments,awqaf, are similar to common law trusts where the trustee is the mosque or individual in charge of the waqf and the beneficiary is usually the community as a whole. Examples of waqfs are of a plot of land, a market, a hospital, or any other building that would aid the community.
- The Ministry of Trade and Industry
- Export Development Authority- egypt expo and convention authority http://www.eeca.gov.eg/
- general authority for investment & free zone http://www.gafi.gov.eg/en/
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-privatisation-funds/egypts-parliament-passes-11-billion-sovereign-wealth-fund-idUSKBN1K7190 Egypt is setting up a sovereign wealth fund with a capital of 200 billion Egyptian pounds ($11 billion), the state news agency said on Tuesday. Former Public Enterprise Minister Khaled Badawi said in March that Egypt was discussing setting up a sovereign wealth fund to manage state companies it plans to list on the stock exchange.
- trivial
- The Mogamma (Arabic: مجمع التحرير, also spelledMugamma, roughly translated as 'the complex') is a government building in Cairo, Egypt. The Mogamma was the result of a series of master plans for the Qasr el Nil area (now Tahrir Square), which used to be occupied by the British barracks. In 1945 when King Farouk ordered the demolition of the barracks upon the departure of British troops from the area, a series of urban planning proposals ensued. The idea for a centralised, all-in-one administrative building emerged from the 1945 plans. Construction began in 1946, and ended in 1949. The building's style reflects typical 1940s modernism, and government buildings in the same style can be found in Buffalo, New York (Buffalo City Hall), and Paris. Contrary to popular belief, there is no Soviet association or inspiration, and the building was not constructed by the government of Egypt's second President, Gamal Abdel Nasser. Indeed, Nasser did not become the leader of Egypt until November 1954, several years after the building was completed.
***********Elephantine (/ˌɛlɪfænˈtaɪniː,
Nag Hammadi (/ˌnɑːɡ
Menia (o Minia) (árabe: Al Minya o El Minya محافظة المنيا ) Minya 明亚 The name of the city is derived from its Ancient Egyptian name Men'at Khufu, meaning the nursing city of Khufu, linking it to the Pharaoh Khufu or Cheops, builder of the Great Pyramid at Giza.
- The name Minya may also have originated from the city's name in Sahidic Coptic Tmoone and in Bohairic Thmonē, meaning "the residence", in reference to an early monastery formerly in the area. It is the city where the Codex Tchacos was discovered. Minya is dubbed by the locals "Bride of Upper Egypt", in reference to its strategic location in Middle Egypt as a vital link between the north and the south of Egypt. Minya has one of the highest concentration of Coptic Christians in Egypt (approximately 50% of total population).[1] It is the home city of the Minia University, Suzanne Mubarak Center for Arts, the new Minya Museum, and the regional North of Upper Egypt Radio and Television.
俄克喜林庫斯 Oxyrhynchus (/ɒksɪˈrɪŋkəs/; Greek: Ὀξύρρυγχος, translit. Oxýrrhynchos, lit. 'sharp-nosed'; ancient Egyptian Pr-Medjed; Coptic Pemdje; modern Egyptian Arabic el Bahnasa) is a city in Middle Egypt located about 160 km south-southwest of Cairo in Minya Governorate. It is also an archaeological site, considered one of the most important ever discovered. For the past century, the area around Oxyrhynchus has been continually excavated, yielding an enormous collection of papyrus texts dating from the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt. Among the texts discovered at Oxyrhynchus are plays of Menander, fragments from the Gospel of Thomas, and fragments from Euclid's Elements. They also include a few vellum manuscripts, and more recent Arabic manuscripts on paper (for example, the medieval P. Oxy. VI 1006).Oxyrhynchus lies west of the main course of the Nile on the Bahr Yussef, a branch that terminates in Lake Moeris and the Faiyum oasis. In ancient Egyptian times, there was a city on the site called Per-Medjed, named after the medjed, a species of elephantfish of the Nile worshipped there as the fish that ate the penis of Osiris. It was the capital of the 19th Upper Egyptian Nome. After the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, the city was reestablished as a Hellenistic town called Oxyrrhynchoupolis (Koine Greek: Ὀξυρρύγχου Πόλις, lit. 'town of the sharp-snouted fish'). In the Hellenistic period, Oxyrhynchus was a prosperous regional capital, the third-largest city in Egypt. After Egypt was Christianized, it became famous for its many churches and monasteries. Oxyrhynchus remained a prominent, though gradually declining, town in the Roman and Byzantine periods. From 619 to 629, during the brief period of Sasanian Egypt, three Greek papyri from Oxyrhynchus include references to large sums of gold that were to be sent to the emperor. After the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 641, the canal system on which the town depended fell into disrepair, and Oxyrhynchus was abandoned. Today the town of el Bahnasa occupies part of the ancient site.
- Haus des Treffens mentioned in german version
Association
- The Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU) was founded by Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Syria, United Arab Emirates and Yemen on May 30, 1964, following an agreement in 1957 by the Economic Council of the Arab League.
- in February 1997, the Arab Economic Union (a body established in 1957 in the framework of the Arab League) decided to create an « Arab Free Trade Area » (AFTA) by the year 2008. For this purpose, 18 of the 22 members of the Arab League (*) signed a treaty aiming at the elimination of all trade barriers between them by gradually lowering by 10% each year the customs duties on their trade and in gradually removing trade barriers in a process which started in February 1998. At the Arab Summit held in Amman in March 2001 (Arab summits, the heads of states stresses the need to move forward towards the long-term objective of creating a strong Arab economic bloc. In September 2001, the Arab League’s Economic and Social Council which monitors the progress made, met in Riyadh and noted some advancement and decided to move the deadline for the end of the transition period forward to early 2005. The 17 states that are members of GAFTA are: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Others are in the process of joining.
Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
- Member states of Africa's largest trading bloc, have finalized development of joint policies and regulations to revitalize growth of the seed industry, officials said on Monday. Speaking at a regional workshop in Nairobi, policymakers, experts and industry executives from the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) said that a new policy and regulatory framework was an imperative to enhance development and deployment of high yielding seeds to farmers. Kenya's Cabinet Secretary for Agriculture, Richard Lesiyampe in his opening remarks said that a robust seed industry in the east and southern African region is key to achieve food security and sustainable revenue streams for rural farmers. "A vibrant, modern and competitive seed industry is essential to improve agricultural productivity in this region. Governments and industry have a role to ensure that farmers have access to quality and affordable seeds," Lesiyampe said. The 19-COMESA member states have realigned their policy and regulatory frameworks to enhance development and cross-border trade in high yielding seeds. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-06/05/c_136341903.htm
- The Egyptian Geographic Society (Arabic: الجمعية الجغرافية المصرية; French: Société de géographie d'Egypte) was established by a decree of Khedive Isma'il Pasha on 19 May 1875. Its first president was the German botanist, traveller and ethnologist Georg August Schweinfurth. Originally founded as the Khedivial Society of Geography, its name was modified several times in order to reflect Egypt's changing political status. It acquired its current name following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.
- http://www.euromesco.net Egyptian Council for Foreign Affairs (ECFA)
- conveying islamic message society http://www.islamic-message.net
- Distributed promotional materials in causeway bay july 17, poor quality printing, distorted view of women's status in western societies
Company
- Orasom Construction Industries (Egyptian Conglomerate)
- http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/16/oci-nv-restructuring-idUSL5N0VQ3OF20150216 OCI plans to spin off its engineering and building business from its fertilisers and chemicals' unit next month, the Amsterdam-listed firm said on Monday. The demerger will take place on March 7, the company said in a statement. OCI N.V will remain listed on the Euronext Amsterdam exchange, while Orascom Construction, which also includes the engineering operations, will feature on the thinly traded Nasdaq Dubai and the EGX, Cairo's main bourse. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/16/oci-nv-restructuring-idUSL5N0VQ1Y520150216 OCI eyes dual listing for construction arm split
- Banque Misr (Arabic: بنك مصر) (Translated: The Bank of Egypt) is an Egyptian bank founded by industrialist Talaat Pasha Harb in 1920. The government of the United Arab Republic nationalized the bank in 1960. The bank has branch offices in all of Egypt's governorates, and currency exchange and work permit offices for foreign workers in Egypt.
- Talaat Pasha Harb founded Banque Misr in 1920. He had published books in 1907 and 1911 calling for the founding of a national bank with Egyptian financing. (The National Bank of Egypt was British-owned, and all the other banks in Egypt were owned by foreigners.) Harb modeled Bank Misr’s operations on those of Deutsche Orientbank with which he was familiar due to his friendship with the owner of a Sephardi Jewish bank, Banque Suarès. Harb established Banque Misr and its companies on the basis of certain concepts: all its dealings were in Arabic, Egyptians operated the bank, and the bank restricted share ownership to Egyptian citizens. Misr’s Board of Directors included a number of Sephardic Jews and a Coptic Christian. In 1926 Bank Misr established its first foreign subsidiary, Banque Misr-La France, to serve Egyptian tourists to France. Four years later, Bank Misr joined with Banque Essadine, in Lebanon, to form the joint-venture Banque Misr-Syrie-Liban. This bank then absorbed Banque Ezzeddine & Adib (Izz al-Din) in Tripoli. Banque Misr failed in 1939, but was reorganized.In 1960 Gamal Nasser nationalised all banks in Egypt, foreign and domestic, including the four largest domestic banks — National Bank of Egypt, Banque Misr, Bank of Alexandria and Banque du Caire. The next year, Syria nationalized all banks operating in the country, including Banque Misr's operations there.
- rep office in guangzhou china daily 3sep18
- Banque du Caire, or "Bank of Cairo", is a full-service bank headquartered in Cairo. The bank operates over 150 branches in Egypt. It has branches in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras al Khaima in the United Arab Emirates and Manama in Bahrain, representative offices in Kiev, Ukraine and Harare, Zimbabwe, as well as affiliates or subsidiaries in Saudi Arabia, and Uganda. Among the bank's significant subsidiaries are: Suez Steel, in which the bank owns 78% of the shares. The bank has a 20% shareholding in Air Cairo, and owns 21.8% of the United Bank of Egypt. In Uganda, Banque du Caire owns 44.4% of the shares in Cairo International Bank, Uganda's 17th largest commercial bank based on assets. The government of Egypt owns Banque du Caire; however, it is considering privatizing the bank. It is Egypt's third-largest state-owned bank.
- private equity
- 1952 Several wealthy families, chief among them, the Egyptian Jewish Cattaui dynasty, and the wealthy Jewish banking Sassoon family from Aleppo established Banque du Caire (BC) as a private bank.
- 1954 BC established a branch in Jeddah.
- 1957 BC took over the Egyptian operations of Crédit Lyonnais and the Comptoir National d’Escompte de Paris (CNEP). which later became BNP Paribas, after the Egyptian government nationalized all French and English banks (and later all foreign banks) in the wake of the Suez crisis. The bank viewed this step as a major milestone in its growth.
- Prior to 1959 BC established a branch each in Damascus, Syria, and Amman, Jordan, and later branches in Aleppo and Latakia, both in Syria.
- 1960 BC’s branch in Amman, Jordan became the Cairo Amman Bank with BC retaining a minority position in the bank (12% in 1999.)
- 1961 The Egyptian government nationalized BC.
- 1962 Banque Misr Liban absorbed BC’s branches in Lebanon.
- 1963 The Syrian government nationalized BC’s branches there, incorporating them into Banque de l’Unité Arabe (Bank of Arab Unity; est. 1961).
- 1964 BC absorbed Banque de l’Union Commerciale (ex Credit Orient).
- 1975 BC contributed its five branches in Saudi Arabia to Saudi Cairo Bank for a 40% share, pursuant to Saudi Arabia’s nostrification program. That same year, BC (51%) joined with Barclays Bank (49%) to form Cairo Barclays International Bank.
- 1977 BC joined with Banque Nationale de Paris (a successor to CNEP) to form Banque du Caire et de Paris.
- 1978 BC joined with several Korean banks and other investors to found Cairo Far East Bank. Korean Exchange Bank was the largest shareholder with 32% and other Korean banks held 17%. BC owns 19%.
- In the 1970s, BC opened a branch at Manama in Bahrain and four in the UAE, at Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, and Ras-al-Khaimah.
- 1983 Cairo Barclays International Bank changed its name to Banque du Caire Barclays International.
- 1988 Saudi Cairo Bank required recapitalization following difficulties, including earlier unauthorized speculation in precious metals by senior management. BC’s share position fell to 20%.
- 1995 BC joined with Bank of Alexandria, National Bank of Egypt, Banque Misr and Kato Aromatics to found Cairo International Bank in Uganda.
- 1997 Saudi Cairo Bank merged with United Saudi Commercial Bank to form United Saudi Bank. BC’s share position fell to 9.8%.
- 1999 Ownership of Banque du Caire et de Paris became BNP 76% and BC 22%. United Saudi Bank merged into Saudi American Bank. BC established representative offices at Kiev in the Ukraine and Harare in Zimbabwe. Barclays increased its stake in Banque du Caire Barclays International to 60% by buying an additional 11% from Banque du Caire.
- 2000: Barclays bought out Banque du Caire’s stake in Banque du Caire Barclays International.
- 2007: BC essentially withdrew from its ownership of (Cairo Amman Bank) in Jordan, with Banque Misr taking over its shares.
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-20/qalaa-invests-in-east-africa-freight-as-china-develops-rail-link.html Egyptian private-equity company Qalaa Holdings SAE is investing $70 million to accelerate the movement of rail cargo carried from East Africa’s busiest port, as it faces competition from a new Chinese-backed link. Qalaa controls Rift Valley Railways Ltd., the operator of a railway built almost a century ago running from Kenya’s Mombasa port to neighboring Uganda. It covers a portion of the same route as a new rail line under construction from Mombasa, designed to speed up freight-transit times, cut transport costs and boost mining and agricultural exports. It isn’t yet clear who will operate the second railway. Qalaa “is investing heavily in a new subsidiary, which will complement RVR by handling cargo at the port of Mombasa in Kenya,” Karim Sadek, managing director of the company’s transportation division, said in an interview from Nairobi.
- agricultural produce
- http://www.wadigroup.com/, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c41b0648-3a61-11e4-bd08-00144feabdc0.html
- el montaza tannery
- exhibited at 2019 fashion access
- sarg tannery www.sargtannery.com
- exhibited at 2019 fashion access
- mice
- The Egyptian General Company for Tourism & Hotels owns and operates hotels and cruisers in Egypt. It also holds resorts, and projects and lands, as well as provides assets management programs and investments. The company was founded in 1976 and is based in Cairo, Egypt. The Egyptian General Company for Tourism & Hotels operates as a subsidiary of Holding Company For Tourism, Hotels & Cinema.
- press
- The Mena House Hotel is a hotel located just outside Cairo, Egypt, owned by the Egyptian General Company For Tourism & Hotels (EGOTH). The Mena House was initially a hunting lodge; it was a two-story hut nicknamed the "Mud Hut". It was built in 1869 for the Egyptian King Isma'il Pasha. Due to political matters in 1883, Isma'il sold the lodge to couple Frederick and Jessie Head as a private residence. The couple came across the building while on their honeymoon and once it was purchased they expanded it. In 1885, it was then sold to an English couple, Ethel and Hugh F. Locke King.They immediately began construction on the hotel and opened it to the public in 1886 as The Mena House. The hotel is named after the founding father of the first Egyptian dynasty, Mena or King Menes. In 1890, the hotel opened Egypt’s first swimming pool and in that same year it was announced that the hotel would remain open year round. During World War I the hotel was requisitioned by Australian troops and occupied again by the Australians in 1939. Toward the end of the war it was then converted to a hospital for wounded Australian troops. Oberoi Hotels took over management of the hotel in 1972. In December 1977 Egypt and Israel sat down together at Mena House in a quest for a peace settlement (also attending were American and United Nations representatives). The results of this Mena House Conference were to lead to the Camp David Agreement, which restored Egypt's sovereignty over the Sinai peninsula.
- Al-Ahram (Egyptian Arabic: الأهرام; The Pyramids), founded on 5 August 1875, is the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspaper, and the second oldest after al-Waqa'i`al-Masriya(The Egyptian Events, founded 1828). It is majority owned by the Egyptian government. Al-Ahram was founded in Alexandria in 1875 by two Lebanese brothers, Beshara Takla and Saleem Takla. It began as a weekly newspaper published every Saturday. Its first issue appeared on 5 August 1876. The paper was relaunched as a daily newspaper in January 1881. Its headquarters was in Alexandria until November 1899 when it was moved to Cairo. The newspaper was distributed in Egypt and the Levant. The religious innovators Muhammad Abduh and Jamal al-Din al-Afghani were early writers of the newspaper. Upon the death of Beshara Takla, Daud Barakat, a Lebanese journalist, was named editor of the daily in 1901. On 24 May 1960, the paper was nationalized when President Gamal Abdel Nasser passed a law eliminating the ownership of private newspapers.
Currency
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-14/egypt-s-central-bank-said-to-devalue-pound-by-almost-13 Egypt allowed the pound to weaken the most in 13 years as the North African nation becomes the latest emerging market to ease defense of its currency to conserve reserves and boost competitiveness. The Central Bank of Egypt devalued the pound by almost 13 percent on Monday to 8.95 per dollar and said in a statement it would adopt a "more flexible exchange-rate" policy. The authority, which currently controls the currency at regular dollar sales, didn’t give details on what mechanism would be adopted. Egyptian stocks jumped the most since 2013 and Eurobonds rallied. The move brought back memories of January 2003, when Egypt let the pound tumble by 14 percent in a single day before allowing a further 13 percent depreciation through the end of the year. The currency will probably trade between 9 and 9.5 per dollar this year as the central bank closely manages its fluctuations, according to Hany Genena, the head of equities strategy at Cairo-based investment bank Beltone Financial.
- https://www.ft.com/content/f68ddbcc-7146-11e7-aca6-c6bd07df1a3c the country’s banks are flush with greenbacks and the black market for dollars has been wiped out — the result of Cairo’s decision to float the pound eight months ago to clinch a $12bn International Monetary Fund loan. The devaluation was one of several politically sensitive measures the government took that has earned it plaudits from the IMF and helped lure foreign investors back to the local debt market. Yet for Egyptian businessmen, the resolution of one problem has triggered a new set of challenges: soaring inflation and rising borrowing costs. The issues are causing some companies to put their expansion plans on hold, including Mr Soudan’s cheese manufacturer, Riyada.
privatisation
- https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21729025-privatisation-has-bad-reputation-country-government-giving-it
Cotton
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cadf8480-9fbb-11e4-aa89-00144feab7de.html a decision by the Egyptian government to end a subsidy to cotton growers introduced only last year has angered farmers and prompted warnings they may stop growing the crop. “After the statement by the minister [last month], farmers will choose to plant anything else,” said Mohamed Farag, who heads the Independent Farmers Union. “I think there will be less cotton planted and the price will go up next season.” The subsidy was worth about $200 per feddan, an area slightly above an acre, and the government hopes its abolition will encourage farmers not to grow the crop unless they have a contract for it. But for Egypt’s poorly organised farmers, who have little negotiating power, the subsidy was a valuable incentive to grow the much sought-after crop. Egyptian cotton is rivalled only by American Pima. It is marked by its long and extra-long staples or fibres that can be spun into fine yarns and used to weave luxury fabrics. The US and Egypt dominate the niche market for superior cottons, each with a market share of 40 per cent. Superior varieties account for 90 per cent of the cotton grown in Egypt. The remaining 10 per cent is medium staple.
Wheat
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/781f945e-9560-11e2-a4fa-00144feabdc0.html
Egypt is demanding a better deal from its wheat suppliers as the Islamist government struggles to replenish falling stocks of its key food source. The country, the world’s biggest wheat importer, is suffering from a severe foreign currency crunch that has forced the state to slash its international purchases and risk running down its strategic wheat reserves in anticipation of a good domestic harvest.
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/1961f124-c923-11e5-be0b-b7ece4e953a0.html Egypt has cancelled its tender for wheat in a move that has caught international grain traders unprepared. The world’s largest importer of wheat received no offers for its latest tender after its agricultural authorities formerly rejected a cargo of wheat from Bunge, the international grain trader, on the grounds of grain fungus levels.
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/848ae290-ca71-11e5-a8ef-ea66e967dd44.html
sugar
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-24/egypt-raids-sugar-sellers-as-shortage-doubles-prices-in-weeks
Transport and logistics
- http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1567283/egypt-plans-build-new-suez-canal
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/2c18da3a-3aa8-11e5-bbd1-b37bc06f590c.html [Global] trade is increasing and sizes of ships are increasing, if I can’t handle this and turn it into revenue for the Egyptian treasury, alternative routes will emerge to benefit from this growth,” Mohab Mamish, head of the Suez Canal Authority, said in a recent television interview. The figures involved in the expansion are certainly big: some $8.6bn in investment certificates were sold to the public in only eight days last year to fund it. Completed in just 12 months, the project involved hiring 80 per cent of the world’s dredging capacity to dig a new, parallel 34-kilometre canal, and to deepen and widen parts of the old channel. This should, officials argue, attract more shipping by enabling vessels travelling in both directions to sail through at all times. It will also reduce waiting time from the current 11 hours to just three hours. The outcome, they say, will be a doubling of the number of ships using the canal to a daily average of 97 by 2023 and a 250 per cent increase in its annual revenue to more than $13bn. The expansion is also conceived as the first step towards attracting billions in investment in a grand plan to convert the region surrounding the waterway into a transport and industrial hub with the aim of creating millions of jobs.
Media
-http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21657399-egyptian-regime-tightens-its-grip-press-editor-sisi
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-escalates-crackdown-on-media-ahead-of-election/2018/03/13/08b996ba-26a5-11e8-a227-fd2b009466bc_story.html Escalating a pre-election crackdown on independent or critical reporting, Egyptian authorities have published a list of telephone numbers for citizens to alert them to reports they view as undermining security or spreading false news. President Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi, who led the 2013 overthrow of an elected Islamist president, has waged a massive crackdown on dissent in recent years, and authorities have ratcheted up pressure ahead of the March 26-28 election, in which he faces no real challenge.
NGO
- Egypt on Monday issued a new law that regulates the work of non-governmental organisations, a measure seen by rights groups as the latest sign of a growing crackdown on dissent against President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi.
Human rights groups and activists say the law in effect bans their work and makes it harder for charities to operate. The measure restricts NGO activity to developmental and social work and introduces jail terms of up to five years for non-compliance. http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN18Q0L9-OZATP
Naukratis
- http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/26/ancient-egypts-version-of-hong-kong-is-unearthed-by-british-team
costume
- calantica
- [manuscript hunter] latin word for female headdress of egyptians
Al-Bagawat, also spelt as El-Bagawat, is an ancient Christian cemetery, one of the oldest in the world, which functioned at the Kharga Oasis in southern-central Egypt from the 3rd to the 7th century AD. It is one of the earliest and best preserved Christian cemeteries from the ancient world.
ancient culture
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-interesting-or-surprising-facts-about-the-ancient-Egyptians
contemporary culture
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-unspoken-rules-in-Egypt
People
- Hatshepsut (/hætˈʃɛpsʊt/; also Hatchepsut; meaning Foremost of Noble Ladies; 1507–1458 BCE) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, the first being Sobekneferu.[6] (Various other women may have also ruled as pharaohs regnant or at least regents before Hatshepsut, as early as Neithhotep around 1600 years prior.) Hatshepsut came to the throne of Egypt in 1478 BCE. Officially, she ruled jointly with Thutmose III, who had ascended to the throne the previous year as a child of about two years old. Hatshepsut was the chief wife of Thutmose II, Thutmose III’s father. She is generally regarded by Egyptologists as one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty. According to Egyptologist James Henry Breasted she is also known as "the first great woman in history of whom we are informed."
- Shajar al-Durr (Arabic: شجر الدر, "Tree of Pearls") (Royal name: al-Malika `Aṣmat ad-Dīn Umm-Khalīl Shajar ad-Durr (Arabic: الملكة عصمة الدين أم خليل شجر الدر) (nicknamed: أم خليل, Umm Khalil; mother of Khalil)) (? – 28 April 1257, Cairo) was the first Muslim woman to become a monarch in Egyptian and Islamic history. She was the wife of As-Salih Ayyub, Egypt Sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty and later Izz al-Din Aybak, Egypt Sultan of the Bahri dynasty. In politic affair, Shajar al-Durr played a crucial role after the death of her first husband during the Seventh Crusadeagainst Egypt (1249–1250). She became the Sultana of Egypt on May 2, 1250, marking the end of the Ayyubid reign and the start of the Mamluk era.[4][5][6][7] There are several theories about the ethnic roots of Shajar al-Durr. Many Muslim historians believed that she was of Turkic origin and some believed that she was of Armenianorigin.
- Ahmed Mohamed Shafik Zaki (Arabic: أحمد محمد شفيق زكى, IPA: [ˈæħmæd mæˈħæmmæd ʃæˈfiːʔ ˈzæki]; born 25 November 1941) is an Egyptian politician and a former candidate for the presidency of Egypt. He was a senior commander in the Egyptian Air Force and later served as Prime Minister of Egypt from 29 January 2011 to 3 March 2011. After a career as a fighter pilot, and squadron, wing and group commander, Shafik was the Commander of the Egyptian Air Force from 1996 to 2002, reaching the rank of air marshal. Thereafter he served in the government as Minister of Civil Aviation from 2002 to 2011.He was appointed as prime minister by President Hosni Mubarak on 29 January 2011 in response to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, making him the last prime minister to serve as part of Mubarak's administration. He remained in office for only one month, resigning on 3 March 2011, one day after a contentious talk show confrontation in which Alaa Al Aswany, a prominent Egyptian novelist, accused him of being a Mubarak regime holdover.Shafik was born in the Heliopolis district of Cairo on 25 November 1941. His parents were prominent members of Egyptian society, with his father, Mohamed Shafiq Zaki, serving as undersecretary at the ministry of irrigation and his mother, Naja Alwi, being the daughter of a noted ophthalmologist. After completing his schooling at the Heliopolis Secondary School, he attended the Egyptian Air Academy from where he graduated in 1962 at the age of 21 and became a member of the Egyptian Air Force (EAF).
- Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر حسين, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn]; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.
Nasser's popularity in Egypt and the Arab world skyrocketed after his nationalization of the Suez Canal and his political victory in the subsequent Suez Crisis. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958–1961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries, but he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world.
- The official name of “United Arab Republic” was instituted under President Gamal Abdel Nasser from 1958–1971 as an expression of his Pan-Arabism. Nasser believed that all Arabs should be ruled under one government. To that end Nasser tried to instigate rebellions in various Arab countries, most notably the Mosul Uprising of 1959 in Iraq, and create agreements with Arab Nationalists in other countries, most notably with the Syrians from 1958–1961, to unify the Arab World into one state.https://www.quora.com/Is-Northern-Africa-Arab-or-African-Why-is-Egypt-which-is-in-Africa-referred-to-as-the-United-Arab-Republic
- Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi (Arabic: عبد الفتاح سعيد حسين خليل السيسي 'Abde'l-Fattāḥ Sa'īd Ḥesayn Khalīl es-Sīsī, IPA: [ʕæbdəl.fətˈtæːħ sæˈʕiːd ħeˈseːn xæˈliːl əsˈsiːsi]; born 19 November 1954) is the sixth and incumbent President of Egypt, in office since 2014.
Field Marshal Sisi was born in Cairo and after joining the military, held a post in Saudi Arabia before enrolling in the Egyptian Army's Command and Staff College. In 1992, Sisi trained at the Joint Services Command and Staff College at Watchfield, Oxfordshire, in the United Kingdom, and then in 2006 trained at the United States Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Sisi served as a mechanized infantry commander and then as director of military intelligence. After the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and election of Mohamed Morsi to the Egyptian presidency, Sisi was appointed Minister of Defence by Morsi on 12 August 2012, replacing the Mubarak-era Hussein Tantawi.
- hkej 6mar18 shum article
(from the country’s minority Coptic Christian community)
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d5aa3aac-c70e-11e4-9e34-00144feab7de.html Naguib Sawiris, the outspoken billionaire who built a telecoms empire extending from Algeria to Pakistan, before selling it to Vimplecom of Russia in 2011, has a history of making waves. A man who does not shy away from risk — he invested hugely in Algeria and Iraq when both countries had barely emerged from war and he still operates a telecoms network in North Korea — he took what must have been the biggest gamble in his life when he vociferously opposed the rule of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt two years ago and played an active role in its downfall. In his elegant Art Deco offices overlooking the Nile in Cairo, he says he entered politics after the 2011 revolution because he “saw that the Brotherhood were going to be undemocratic, and they will mix religion with politics and we will end up with a big mess”. His television channel, ONTV, and the political party he founded and still bankrolls, the Free Egyptians, were at the forefront of efforts to mobilise against the elected Islamist president, Mohamed Morsi, who was removed by the military in July 2013 on the back of huge protests against his rule. ONTV was “the dagger, the sword” against the Islamists, he says. Now that the Brotherhood has been ousted and the country is being led by Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, the former army chief, Mr Sawiris remains in politics because he wants to “make sure the Egyptian economy will be built in the right way”.
- ahmed haggagovic, globetrotter https://www.facebook.com/ahmed.haggagovic
- entertainment
- Adel Imam (sometimes credited as: Adel Emam), (Egyptian Arabic: عادل إمام), born May 17, 1940, in Shaha (شها) near El Mansoura (المنصورة), is an Egyptian movie and stage actor.[1][2] He is primarily a comedian, but he has starred in more serious works and, especially in his earlier films, has combined comedy with romance.Emam earned a bachelor's degree in Agriculture from Cairo University. Since then he has appeared in over 100 movies and 10 plays. He is one of the most famous actors in Egypt, and has received critical and popular praise throughout his career. Emam's roles have displayed a wide range of humour including slapstick, farce, and even the occasional double entendre. His character archetype is an individual down on his luck who rises above powerful outside pressures. In January 2000, the United Nations appointed Emam as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNHCR.
- In 2005, he starred in The Embassy in the Building, playing a Cairene everyman inconvenienced when the Embassy of Israel moves into his apartment building.
economy
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Egypt-not-a-superpower
civil service
- economist 30mar19 "twilight of the bureaucrats" millions of retiring arab civil servants need not be replaced
university
- Helwan University is a public university based in Helwan, Egypt, which is part of Greater Cairo. It comprises 21 faculties as well as 50 research centers. It is generally known for its engineering and business study courses. Especially notable are its Faculties of Engineering (there are two); the Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration, with specialized departments dealing with foreign trade, international relations, and business information systems; the Faculty of Computers & Information; and the Faculty of Science. Faculty of Medicine is the newest faculty of them all, the university hospital is at Badr city. Helwan university also has a Faculty of Nursing, and its Faculty of Pharmacy is known to be the first clinical pharmacy in Egypt.
Arts and culture
- Umm Kulthum (Egyptian Arabic: أم كلثومʾUmm Kulsūm; Arabic pronunciation: [um kulˈθuːm]), born Fātimah ʾIbrāhīm as-Sayyid al-Biltāǧī (فاطمة إبراهيم السيد البلتاجي [ˈfɑtˤmɑ (ʔe)bɾɑˈhiːm esˈsæjjed elbelˈtæːɡi]; seeKunya) on an uncertain date (December 31, 1898, or May 4, 1904) and who died February 3, 1975, was an internationally famous Egyptian singer, songwriter, and film actress active from the 1920s to the 1970s. She was given the honorific titleKawkab al-Sharq كوكب الشرق ("The Planet of the East") in Arabic. Known for her extraordinary vocal ability and style, Umm Kulthum was one of the greatest and most influential Arab singers of the 20th century.
- Naguib Mahfouz (Arabic: نجيب محفوظ Nagīb Maḥfūẓ, IPA: [næˈɡiːb mɑħˈfuːzˤ]; December 11, 1911 – August 30, 2006) was anEgyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature. He is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers of Arabic literature, along with Tawfiq el-Hakim, to explore themes of existentialism. He published 34 novels, over 350 short stories, dozens of movie scripts, and five plays over a 70-year career. Many of his works have been made into Egyptian and foreign films.
Faience or faïence (/faɪˈɑːns/ or /feɪ-/; French: [fajɑ̃s]) is the conventional name in English for fine tin-glazed pottery on a delicate pale buff earthenware body. It is originally associated by French speakers with wares exported from Faenza in northern Italy.[1] The invention of a white pottery glaze suitable for painted decoration, by the addition of an oxide of tin to the slip of a lead glaze, was a major advance in the history of pottery. The invention seems to have been made in Iran or the Middle East before the ninth century. A kiln capable of producing temperatures exceeding 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) was required to achieve this result, the result of millennia of refined pottery-making traditions. The term is now used for a wide variety of pottery from several parts of the world, including many types of European painted wares, often produced as cheaper versions of porcelain styles.
Literature
- The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor is a Middle Kingdom story of an Ancient Egyptian voyage to "the King's mines" .
- The Great Hymn to the Aten is the longest of one of a number of hymn-poems written to the sun-disk deity Aten. Composed in the middle of the 14th century BC, it is attributed to the 18th dynasty Pharaoh Akhenaten, who radically changed traditional forms of Egyptian religion by replacing them with Atenism. The hymn-poem provides a glimpse of the religious artistry of the Amarna period expressed in multiple forms encompassing literature, new temples, and in the building of a whole new city at the site of present day Amarna as the capital of Egypt. Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson said that "It has been called 'one of the most significant and splendid pieces of poetry to survive from the pre-Homeric world.'" Egyptologist John Darnell asserts that the hymn was sung.
- Inscribed at the entrance to the tomb of an important official in the new capital city of el-amarna
- Lands of khor and khor - syria and sudan
language
- arabic
- https://www.quora.com/Which-Arabic-dialects-are-fully-or-partially-intelligible-with-Egyptian-Arabic The closest dialects to Egyptian are the Levantine/Sham dialects of Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan. Egyptian is so close to Levantine.
- Egyptian Arabic descends from classical Arabic, but it is generally considered to be quite distinct as a dialect and is not really “standard” except in the sense that Egypt is sort of the center of the universe when it comes to Arabic culture. All Arabs tend to understand Egyptian dialect because Egypt produces tons of movies, TV shows, books, magazines, and other cultural artifacts that are in Egyptian dialect. However, Egyptian Arabic is different from other forms in pronunciation and some vocabulary.https://www.quora.com/Does-learning-Quranic-Arabic-grammar-help-in-learning-standard-Arabic-I-asked-a-Masri-he-says-Egyptian-Arabic-is-the-same-as-Fusha
- coptic
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-last-letter-in-the-Coptic-alphabet
Lost city of al-qatq'i`
- bab al-siba`a (triumphal arch)
pharaonism
- Before Gamal Abdeel Nasser, the vast majority of Egyptians never identified as Arab, even though they speak Arabic. When Egypt was under Ottoman/Turkish and British Rule, Egyptians (Both Muslim and Christian, and even Jews) united to protest their foreign occupiers under a movement called Pharaonism. Pharaonism was the most common form of Egyptian Nationalism that emphasized Egypt’s Pre Islamic past and argued that Egyptians culturally closer to the Mediterranean region and emphasized the importance of Nile River. Both Muslims and Christians, and even Egyptian Jews were united by a common Egyptian identity and shared a common goal of driving out both the Turks and British.Pharaonism continued being strong even after Egypt was granted nominal independence by Britain in 1919. This movement though, began to decline when King Farouk founded the Arab League, but it came to complete end in 1953 when the Monarchy was overthrown by Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdeel Nasser, and established the “Arab Republic of Egypt. https://www.quora.com/Is-Egypt-an-Arab-state-Also-why-do-some-Egyptians-say-that-it-isnt-when-there-is-Arab-in-its-official-name
- The flag of Egyptian nationalist revolutionaries during the Egyptian Revolution of 1919. - displays both the Islamic Crescent representing Muslim Egyptians and the Christian cross representing Christian Egyptians.
- https://www.quora.com/Is-the-worlds-inability-to-say-that-ancient-Egypt-was-a-black-civilization-the-greatest-example-of-cultural-theft-in-worlds-history
- https://www.quora.com/Are-Egyptians-really-Arabs No. We are not Arabs. Although Egyptians have been brainwashed by multiple governments into thinking this way, with Sadat’s government going so far as renaming the country the Arab Republic of Egypt, this is simply not true. Egyptian culture is more influenced by Turkish culture than it is by Arab culture. Have you ever studied Arab culture? Compare the Gulf to the Egyptians. The culture is so different. From music, to dress codes. The way people talk, the social norms. Egyptians are nothing like the Arabs. However our culture was heavily influenced by Islam, although it wasn’t until I started learning about Turkey that I realized that our culture takes from the Turks, not the Arabs. And it makes sense. Egypt’s ruling family, the Muhammad Ali dynasty, they were Ottomans. And they founded Egypt’s modern state. The Ottomans/Turks made up, for a long time, Egypt’s ruling class. Movies, music, culture. It was influenced by them. The Arab were soldiers.
History
- Nabta Playa was once a large internally drained basin in theNubian Desert, located approximately 800 kilometers south of modern-day Cairo or about 100 kilometers west of Abu Simbel in southern Egypt. Today the region is characterized by numerousarchaeological sites.[2]By the 5th millennium BC these peoples had fashioned what may be among the world's earliest knownarcheoastronomical devices (roughly contemporary to theGoseck circle in Germany and the Mnajdra megalithic temple complex in Malta). These include alignments of stones that may have indicated the rising of certain stars and a "calendarcircle" that indicates the approximate direction of summersolstice sunrise.[5] "Calendar circle" may be a misnomer as the spaces between the pairs of stones in the gates are a bit too wide, and the distances between the gates are too short for accurate calendar measurements."[4] An inventory of Egyptian archaeoastronomical sites for the UNESCO World Heritage Convention evaluated Nabta Playa as having "hypothetical solar and stellar alignments."
- name
- The English name Egypt is derived from the Ancient Greek Aígyptos (Αἴγυπτος), via Middle French Egypte and Latin Aegyptus. It is reflected in early Greek Linear B tablets as a-ku-pi-ti-yo. The adjective aigýpti-, aigýptios was borrowed into Coptic as gyptios, and from there into Arabic as qubṭī, back formed into قبط qubṭ, whence English Copt. The Greek forms were borrowed from Late Egyptian (Amarna) Hikuptah "Memphis", a corruption of the earlier Egyptian name
- km.t, which means black land, likely referring to the fertile black soils of the Nile flood plains, distinct from the deshret (⟨dšṛt⟩), or "red land" of the desert. It has been also speculated by some historians, such as the controversial Pan-Africanist Cheikh Anta Diop, that the name might refer to the skin tone of the Nilo-Saharan people.[24] This name is commonly vocalised as Kemet, but was probably pronounced [kuːmat] in ancient Egyptian.[25] The name is realised as kēme and kēmə in the Coptic stage of the Egyptian language, and appeared in early Greek as Χημία (Khēmía). Another name was ⟨tꜣ-mry⟩ "land of the riverbank". The names of Upper and Lower Egypt were Ta-Sheme'aw (⟨tꜣ-šmꜥw⟩) "sedgeland" and Ta-Mehew (⟨tꜣ mḥw⟩) "northland", respectively.
- Based on my own superficial readings, the original and ancient name of Egypt has always been Misr, which is derived from the Hebrew/Aramaic name Mizraim who was the second son of Ham, who was the son of Noah, in the Bible.The Book of Genesis describes Egypt as “the land of Ham” since he decided to settle there with his second son Mizraim and his people.Now, history books say the word Egypt was coined by the Greeks who once ruled over the land. The name Egypt was derived from the Greek word “Aegyptos”, which was a contraction of the Greek term “Hi-Gi-Ptos”, which was a transliteration of the ancient term “Het-Ka-Ptah” that means “temple of the soul of Ptah”, a tribal god in ancient city of Memphis of Egypt. It is said the Greeks called Memphis Het-Ka-Ptah, not the whole land (civilization) of Egypt. (Read: Stephen S) Anyway, the Greek word Aegyptos caught on by native English speakers and the word evolved into its Anglicized form, Egypt. Eventually, the name Egypt has stucked, or rather, was adapted in the English vocabulary. With English as the universal language, the name Egypt has become popular in the international community rather than the Arabic name of Misr. However, the name Misr is still widely accepted and known in the Arabic-speaking countries. After all, Egypt has been using its complete official Arabic name “Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʿArabīyah” (Arab Republic of Egypt).https://www.quora.com/Why-do-we-call-it-Egypt-in-English-Misr-in-Arabic-Why-are-they-not-the-same
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- https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-Egyptian-pharaoh-s-name-during-Noah-s-time note the name of country is mesraim and there is a kingdom "chus" beneath it
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-%E2%80%9CEgypt%E2%80%9D-spelled-with-a-Y
- https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Egypt-have-3-names-Egypt-Kemet-and-Misr
- The New Kingdom of Egypt, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. Radiocarbon dating places the exact beginning of the New Kingdom between 1570 BC and 1544 BC. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power. The later part of this period, under the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties (1292–1069 BC), is also known as the Ramesside period. It is named after the eleven Pharaohs that took the name of Ramesses I, the founder of the Nineteenth Dynasty. Possibly as a result of the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom saw Egypt attempt to create a buffer between the Levant and Egypt, and attained its greatest territorial extent. Similarly, in response to very successful 17th century attacks by the powerful Kingdom of Kush, the New Kingdom felt compelled to expand far south into Nubia and hold wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.
- note the flower crafted in the faience pottery - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg/220px-Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg
- https://www.quora.com/Why-dont-the-Egyptians-have-any-record-of-Passover ca. 1550 BCE, the ethnic Egyptians to the south managed to overcome the Canaanite kingdom to the north, laid siege to their capital, and gave them an ultimatum: either leave en masse and return to Canaan, or stay and we’ll overrun and kill you all. The Canaanites, wisely, opted to leave—hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children, with all their belongings—returning to original ancestral lands throughout Canaan and further north. The victorious ethnic Egyptians established the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the beginning of the ‘New Kingdom’ era of Egyptian history. This story is well documented in the Egyptian annals, as well as in the history by Egyptian historian Manetho in the 3rd c. BCE, as quoted by Flavius Josephus
- Neferneferuaten Nefertiti (/ˌnɛfərˈtiːti/[3]) (c. 1370 – c. 1330 BC) was an Egyptian queen and the Great Royal Wife (chief consort) of Akhenaten, an Egyptian Pharaoh. Nefertiti and her husband were known for a religious revolution, in which they worshiped one god only, Aten, or the sun disc. With her husband, she reigned at what was arguably the wealthiest period of Ancient Egyptian history.[4] Some scholars believe that Nefertiti ruled briefly as Neferneferuaten after her husband's death and before the accession of Tutankhamun, although this identification is a matter of ongoing debate.[5][6] If Nefertiti did rule as Pharaoh, her reign was marked by the fall of Amarna and relocation of the capital back to the traditional city of Thebes.Nefertiti had many titles including Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t); Great of Praises (wrt-hzwt); Lady of Grace (nbt-im3t), Sweet of Love (bnrt-mrwt); Lady of The Two Lands (nbt-t3wy); Main King's Wife, his beloved (hmt-niswt-‘3t meryt.f); Great King's Wife, his beloved (hmt-niswt-wrt meryt.f), Lady of all Women (hnwt-hmwt-nbwt); and Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt (hnwt-Shm’w-mhw).She was made famous by her bust, now in Berlin's Neues Museum. The bust is one of the most copied works of ancient Egypt. It was attributed to the sculptor Thutmose, and it was found in his workshop. The bust is notable for exemplifying the understanding Ancient Egyptians had regarding realistic facial proportions.
- Amarna (Arabic: العمارنة al-‘amārnah) is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city newly established and built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty, and abandoned shortly after his death (1332 BC). The name for the city employed by the ancient Egyptians is written as Akhetaten (or Akhetaton—transliterations vary) in English transliteration. Akhetaten means "Horizon of the Aten".
- reported to be a model for china's xiong an district scmp 7may17
- see also https://www.quora.com/How-do-we-know-the-pronunciation-of-ancient-names-such-as-Tutankhamun-or-Gilgamesh
- see also https://www.quora.com/How-do-we-know-the-pronunciation-of-ancient-names-such-as-Tutankhamun-or-Gilgamesh
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170312/00180_038.html 執政時期為埃及新王國最後的強盛年代，曾展開一系列的遠征，以恢復埃及對巴勒斯坦的統治。
- Merneptah or Merenptah (reigned July or August 1213 BC – May 2, 1203 BC) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He ruled Egypt for almost ten years from late July or early August 1213 BC until his death on May 2, 1203 BC, according to contemporary historical records.[2] He was the thirteenth son of Ramesses II and only came to power because all his older brothers, including his full brother Khaemwaset or Khaemwase, had died. By the time he ascended to the throne, he was probably around seventy years old. His throne name was Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru, which means "The Soul of Ra, Beloved of the Gods". Merneptah had to carry out several military campaigns during his reign. In year 5 he fought against the Libyans, who— with the assistance of the Sea Peoples— were threatening Egypt from the West. Merneptah led a victorious six-hour battle against a combined Libyan and Sea People force at the city of Perire, probably located on the western edge of the Delta.
- The Merneptah Stele—also known as the Israel Stele or the Victory Stele of Merneptah—is an inscription by the ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (reign: 1213 to 1203 BC) discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1896 at Thebes, and now housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The text is largely an account of Merneptah's victory over the Libyans and their allies, but the last 3 of the 28 lines deal with a separate campaign in Canaan, then part of Egypt's imperial possessions. The stele is sometimes referred to as the "Israel Stela" because a majority of scholars translate a set of hieroglyphs in line 27 as "Israel." Alternative translations have been advanced but are not widely accepted.The stela represents the earliest textual reference to Israel and the only reference from ancient Egypt.[4] It is one of four known inscriptions, from the Iron Age, that date to the time of and mention ancient Israel, under this name, the others being the Mesha Stele, the Tel Dan Stele, and the Kurkh Monolith.
- https://www.quora.com/Is-Moses-mentioned-in-hieroglyphics
- During a brief period of Canaanite rebellion, Pharaoh Merneptah attacked all the Canaanite cities around 1208 BCE and brought them into submission. As reported in the Merneptah stele, he found a rural community of Israelites, which he attacked and believed he had completely wiped out. Whether or not the Israelites fought back, they had no chance of success. There was more honour in fleeing and hiding until the army returned to Egypt. The Bible makes no mention of this catastrophic defeathttps://www.quora.com/Why-did-The-Israelites-fight-the-Canaanites-and-not-fight-the-Egyptian-Occupation-of-Canaan-3250-years-ago
- Usermaatre Ramesses III (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. He is thought to have reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. His long reign saw the decline of Egyptian political and economic power, linked to a series of invasions and internal economic problems. Ramesses III was the son of Setnakhte and Queen Tiy-Merenese. He was assassinated in the Harem conspiracy led by one of his secondary wives, Tiye, her son Pentawer, and a group of high officials.
- https://www.quora.com/Who-were-the-peoples-of-the-sea-who-attacked-ancient-Egypt-according-to-Egyptian-records
- Wahibre Psamtik I, known by the Greeks as Psammeticus or Psammetichus (Latinization of Ancient Greek: Ψαμμήτιχος, Psammḗtikhos), who ruled 664–610 BC, was the first of three kings of that name of the Saite, or Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Historical references for what the Greeks referred to as the Dodecarchy, a loose confederation of twelve Egyptian territories, based on the traditional nomes, and the rise of Psamtik I in power, establishing the Saitic Dynasty, are recorded in Herodotus's Histories, Book II: 151–157. From cuneiform texts, it was discovered that twenty local princelings were appointed by Esarhaddon and confirmed by Ashurbanipal to govern Egypt. Necho I, the father of Psamtik by his queen Istemabet, was the chief of these kinglets, but they seem to have been quite unable to lead the Egyptians under the hated Assyrians against the more sympathetic Nubians. The labyrinth built by Amenemhat III of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt is ascribed by Herodotus to the Dodecarchy, which must represent this combination of rulers. Necho I died in 664 BC when the Kushite king Tantamani tried unsuccessfully to seize control of lower Egypt from the Assyrian Empire. After his father's death, Psamtik both united all of Egypt and freed it from Assyrian control within the first ten years of his reign.
- https://www.quora.com/Who-was-the-last-ethnically-Egyptian-Pharaoh-and-what-happened-to-him-after-the-country-was-invaded-by-Alexander-the-Great When Alexander the Great invaded Egypt, the latter was a province of the Achaemenid Empire, not an independent country. The Persians had conquered it in 525 BCE, roughly 200 years before Alexander, when the young pharaoh Psamtik III was defeated at Pelusium by Cambyses II of Persia, son of Cyrus the Great, captured alive and brought to Susa, where he killed himself. I assume you can say that Psamtik was the last “ethnically Egyptian” pharaoh, although the term is inaccurate, because ancient peoples didn’t view ethnic and racial origin the way we do. Cambyses adopted the title, rituals and trappings of the pharaohs, in order to ensure that Egypt would be incorporated into his empire as smoothly as possible.Every Persian King of Kings afterwards kept the tradition and had themselves depicted and styled as pharaohs. Alexander the Great did the same and so did the Ptolemies after him and even Augustus and the Roman Emperors.
- The Ptolemaic dynasty (/ˌtɒlɪˈmeɪɪk/; Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖοι, Ptolemaioi), sometimes also known as the Lagids (/ˈlædʒɪdz/) or Lagidae (/ˈlædʒɪˌdiː/; Λαγίδαι, Lagidai, after Lagus, Ptolemy I's father), was a Macedonian Greek royal family, which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Their rule lasted for 275 years, from 305 to 30 BC.[6] They were the last dynastyof ancient Egypt. Ptolemy, one of the seven somatophylakes (bodyguards) who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself Ptolemy I, later known as Sōter "Saviour". The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens regnant, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her apparent suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt.
- according to sacred places tv documentary, marriages between brothers and sisters were accepted. e.g. cleopatra's two husbands were her brothers
- The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك Sulṭanat al-Mamālīk) was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid Dynastyuntil the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamlūk rule into two periods—one covering 1250–1382, the other, 1382–1517. Western historians call the former the "Baḥrī" period and the latter the "Burjī" due to the political dominance of the regimes known by these names during the respective eras. Contemporary Muslim historians refer to the same divisions as the "Turkish" and "Circassian" periods in order to stress the change in the ethnic origins of the majority of Mamlūks. The Mamlūk state reached its height under Turkish rule with Arabic culture and then fell into a prolonged phase of decline under the Circassians. The sultanate's ruling caste was composed of Mamluks, soldiers of predominantly Cuman-Kipchaks (from Crimea), Circassian, Abkhazian, Oghuz Turks and Georgian slave origin. While Mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. Mamluks were considered to be "true lords", with social status above citizens of Egypt. Though it declined towards the end of its existence, at its height the sultanate represented the zenith of medieval Egyptian and Levantine political, economic, and cultural glory in the Islamic era.
- Splendor of mamluk period came to an end during reign of sultan al-ghuri. The discovery of route of cape of good hope by vasco da gama, which enabled marine trade traffic to circulate around africa instead of taking land routes through palestine and bilad al- sham
- The Egyptian revolution of 1919 was a countrywide revolution against the Britishoccupation of Egypt and Sudan. It was carried out by Egyptians and Sudanesefrom different walks of life in the wake of the British-ordered exile of revolutionary leader Saad Zaghlul, and other members of the Wafd Party in 1919. The revolution led to Britain's recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922, and the implementation of a new constitution in 1923. Britain, however, refused to recognise full Egyptian sovereignty over Sudan, or to withdraw its forces from theSuez Canal Zone, factors that would continue to sour Anglo-Egyptian relations in the decades leading up to the Egyptian revolution of 1952.
- https://www.quora.com/When-did-the-Egyptian-civilization-collapse The Coptic Christians even today consider their cultural roots to be in ancient Egypt, and they name their children things like Osiris (I’ve met one). They also believe that Jesus was entirely divine and not human, another connection to older ways of thinking about gods.
archaelogical find
- http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38084391 Archaeologists in Egypt have unearthed what they describe as a city that dates back more than 5,000 years, containing houses, tools, pottery and huge graves.
Uk
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-English-barely-spoken-in-Egypt-despite-Egypt-being-colonised-by-Britain
- gezira club
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/987fa3a6-ba1f-11e5-b151-8e15c9a029fb.html the British established the Gezira Club when they occupied Egypt in 1882. The club’s membership was restricted to foreigners until the end of the first world war, when it opened its doors to some Egyptian aristocrats as an act of gratitude for their having helped the British army. An authentic British aura still lingers there 130 years on, from the vast golf course, the croquet lawns and the horseracing to the tea garden, the bridge room and the pet cemetery.
- The Description de l'Égypte (English: Description of Egypt) was a series of publications, appearing first in 1809 and continuing until the final volume appeared in 1829, which aimed to comprehensively catalog all known aspects of ancient and modern Egypt as well as its natural history. It is the collaborative work of about 160 civilian scholars and scientists, known popularly as the savants, who accompanied Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in 1798 to 1801 as part of the French Revolutionary Wars, as well as about 2000 artists and technicians, including 400engravers, who would later compile it into a full work.
- Antoine Barthelemy Clot (7 November 1793 – 28 August 1868) was a French physician known as Clot Bey while practicing in Egypt.After practicing for a time at Marseilles he was made chief surgeon to Muhammad Ali Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, at Abu Zabal, near Cairo, then in Kasr Alaini, he founded a hospital and schools for all branches of medical instruction, as well as for the study of the French language; and, notwithstanding the most serious religious difficulties, instituted the study of anatomy
- François Auguste Ferdinand Mariette (11 February 1821 – 19 January 1881) was a French scholar, archaeologist and Egyptologist, and founder of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities (later Supreme Council of Antiquities).
- Ramses II Obelisk was taken from temple of luxor and given to king louis philippe of france during the reign of muhammad ali, it stands in la place de la concorde
Switzerland
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nestle-egypt-idUSKCN0W224Q Nestle (NESN.VX) is pushing ahead with plans to invest 1 billion Egyptian pounds ($127.71 million) in Egypt in the next few years, despite a foreign exchange shortage that has made it harder to finance imports and repatriate profit.
Yasser Abdul Malak, Nestle's CEO and chairman for North East Africa, said business had grown despite the challenges as the food group makes 70 percent of its products locally and has managed to finance imports because essential foods are prioritized by banks allocating precious dollars.
saudi arabia
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-saudi-islands-idUSKCN0X82KU Egypt's announcement during a five-day visit by King Salman that it would transfer two Red Sea islands to its Saudi ally has outraged Egyptians, who took to social media to criticize the move, which now faces a legal challenge. The Egyptian government said in a statement on Saturday that the two countries had signed maritime demarcation accords that put the islands of Tiran and Sanafir in Saudi waters, a process it said had taken six years. Saudi and Egyptian officials said the islands belong to the kingdom and were only under Egyptian control because Saudi Arabia's founder, Abdulaziz Al Saud, asked Egypt in 1950 to protect them. But the accord, which still needs ratification by Egypt's parliament, caused consternation among Egyptians, many who said they were taught in school the islands were theirs. The hashtag "Awad sold his land" trended on Twitter after the announcement, referring to a song about an Egyptian who sold his land, seen as a shameful act. Egypt has struggled to restore economic growth since the 2011 uprising that ended Hosni Mubarak's 30-year-rule. Saudi Arabia, which opposes the Muslim Brotherhood, has showered Egypt with billions of dollars in aid since general-turned-President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi ousted elected President Mohammed Mursi of the Brotherhood in 2013 and banned the group. That has led many to wonder if Egypt sold the islands.
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e4a75f60-37a8-11e6-a81e-78c3917e3039.html An Egyptian court has voided a contentious border demarcation agreement that would have handed two strategic Red Sea islands to Saudi Arabia in a rare victory for activists challenging the decisions of President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi. The administrative court on Tuesday ruled to nullify the agreement signed in April, and rejected claims by government lawyers that it had no jurisdiction over the matter. The ruling is a setback for Mr Sisi, who had in one of his speeches instructed the public to stop discussing the issue.
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/16/egyptian-court-rejects-transfer-red-sea-islands-saudi-arabia-tiran-sanafir
- http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/egypt-parliament-committee-approves-saudi-islands-deal-170613165320546.html Egyptian protesters opposed to a 2016 agreement to transfer two Red Sea islands to Saudi Arabia clashed with police in downtown Cairo, just hours after a parliamentary committee approved the deal. Witnesses said plainclothes policemen moved late on Tuesday to disperse dozens of protesters soon after they emerged from inside the headquarters of the Egyptian Press Syndicate, the Journalists' Union, and gathered on the steps outside chanting anti-government slogans. Before the violence broke out, the protesters were chanting slogans against Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi, Egypt's general-turned-president. "Down with military rule," they screamed.
- https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21728590-egypts-leaders-have-increased-their-outreach-shrinking-jewish IN BUT a few years one of the world’s oldest Jewish communities will have disappeared. No more than 20 Jews are thought to remain in Egypt, compared with at least 80,000 before the second world war. Half a dozen live in Cairo—four of them in care homes. But Magda Haroun (pictured), a sprightly 65-year-old, wants to keep their memories alive. She has formed an association, Drop of Milk, dedicated to preserving Egypt’s Jewish heritage. Of its 20 active members, she is the only Jew. Some members have Jewish fathers who converted to Islam to avoid expulsion under Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egypt’s former dictator, an aggressive Arab nationalist. Others married Jews. Most simply want to preserve Egypt’s pluralist past.
- http://www.hsje.org/Egypt/TheHouse-ofYacoubCattaui.html
Ethiopia
- https://www.ft.com/content/58f66390-dfda-11e7-a8a4-0a1e63a52f9c
Cairo fears that an Ethiopian plan to build a huge hydropower dam on the Blue Nile, the source of most of the water reaching Egypt, will reduce its access to water. In recent weeks, tensions have risen between Cairo and Addis Ababa.
Nubians
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21707224-nubians-have-given-much-egypt-time-country-give-back-let-them
- https://www.quora.com/Why-arent-ancient-Egypt-emperors-black
Uyghur
- http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/fear-panic-egypt-arrests-chinese-uighur-students-170707051922204.html Egyptian police have detained scores of Chinese students from the Uighur ethnic minority on Beijing's request, forcing dozens into hiding or to flee to Turkey, activists have said. The sweep began on Tuesday when police raided two restaurants frequented by Uighur students in Cairo and detained at least 37 people, Abduweli Ayup, a Uighur activist in Turkey, told Al Jazeera on Friday. Dozens more have been arrested since, Ayup, said, including 20 from Cairo's Al-Azhar University who were stopped in the city of Alexandria on their way out of the country late on Wednesday. They were told they would be deported to China, Ayup said.
- http://english.scio.gov.cn/2017-07/07/content_41173373.htm"2017 Experience China in Egypt," an event themed on introducing China’s northwest Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, opened in Cairo on July 6.
north korea
- 掛上柬埔寨國旗的貨船捷順號，去年八月涉走私超過三萬支北韓製火箭彈，去年在蘇彝士運河遭埃及扣押，日前有美媒指，該批軍火的買家是埃及軍方。有南韓傳媒報道指，涉事貨船屬於中國籍商人姊弟孫嗣紅和孫嗣東。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171010/00180_008.html
China
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160122/PDF/a6_screen.pdf當地時間1月21日，中國國家主席習近平在開羅庫巴宮同埃及總統塞西舉行會談。兩國元首見證了《中華人民共和國和阿拉伯埃及共和國關於加強兩國全面戰略伙伴關係的五年實施綱要》、《中華人民共和國政府和阿拉伯埃及共和國政府關於共同推進絲綢之路經濟帶和21世紀海上絲綢之路建設的諒解備忘錄》以及電力、基礎設施建設、經貿、能源、金融、航空航天、文化、新聞、科技、氣候變化等領域多項雙邊合作文件的簽署，並共同為中埃蘇伊士經貿合作區二期揭牌。 習近平表示，中方願參與埃及蘇伊士運河走廊、新行政首都等大項目建設，願同埃方擴大在貿易、融資、航天、能源、人力資源開發、安全等領域合作。 雙方要加強在聯合國事務中的協調配合，在中東、氣候變化等國際和地區問題上保持溝通，維護我們兩國及廣大發展中國家共同利益。習近平邀請塞西今年9月作為嘉賓國元首出席二十國集團領導人（G20）杭州峰會。 塞西表示，埃及致力於密切同中國各領域合作，願將自身發展規劃同“一帶一路”建設對接，在亞投行框架內推進基礎設施等合作，歡迎中國企業加大對埃投資。塞西指出，感謝習主席邀請我作為嘉賓國元首出席二十國集團領導人杭州峰會。中國建築股份有限公司21日透露，該公司當天成功簽約總額約27億美元的埃及新首都建設項目，這是中國推進“一帶一路”建設的又一重要項目。 北京時間1月21日18時，在中埃兩國元首的見證下，中建股份有限公司董事長官慶與埃及住房、公共設施和城市發展部部長穆斯塔法．卡邁勒．馬德布利共同簽署了埃及新首都建設一攬子總承包合同。據介紹，此次簽約項目包括埃及國家會議中心、議會大廈、會展城和12部委辦公樓等四個項目，項目總合同金額約27億美元（約211億港元），建設工期3年。 埃及新行政首都項目是埃及政府對外宣布的一項重大政府計劃，此次簽約的項目為埃方優先開發建設一期工程。分析人士稱，新首都建成後將成為埃及新的政治中心和金融中心，有力帶動蘇伊士運河經濟帶和紅海經濟帶開發，助推埃及國家復興計劃的實現。
- http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1903826/paving-new-silk-road-china-fund-infrastructure-projects China has agreed to help fund big infrastructure projects in Egypt and assist in developing its fishing, agriculture, electronics and banking sectors. The infrastructure projects include developing an industrial area in the Suez Canal corridor and will form part of Xi’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative to expand China’s trade and economic ties in Asia and beyond. “Egypt needs Chinese companies to take part to provide investment, drive growth and create jobs,” said Li Guofu, at the China Institute of International Studies.
- 昨日舉行的十二屆全國人大常委會第九十六次委員長會議決定，十二屆全國人大常委會第二十八次會議6月22日至27日在北京舉行。本次委員長會議亦建議，在 此次人大常委會會議上，審議國務院提請審議批准的《中華人民共和國和阿根廷共和國引渡條約》議案、《中華人民共和國和埃塞俄比亞聯邦民主共和國引渡條約》 的議案。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/06/16/a17-0616.pdf
- 「運河走廊」
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20141223/PDF/a8_screen.pdf 埃及政府方面積極醞釀 「運河走廊」計劃。王洪一認為，「運河走廊」可以和中國倡導的 「一帶一路」建設完成對接，為中埃合作找到新的契合點。同時，李克強總理上周訪問東歐時着力打造中歐陸海快線，這條快線是21世紀海上絲綢之路的一部分，將從蘇伊士運河通過。中國國際問題研究院副院長郭憲綱表示，埃及缺乏資金以及技術力量，而這些正是中國所擁有的。因此，埃及總統這次訪華，中埃之間的經濟交流特別是基礎設施項目合作將成為重要看點。
- http://www.china.org.cn/business/2016-01/21/content_37627649.htm Expansion of a Sino-Egyptian joint industrial zone, one of China's premier overseas investment zones, will start soon, a Chinese company in charge of construction said Wednesday. The expansion project of the China-Egypt Suez Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone, with a total investment of US$230 million, will start soon, said Zhang Yixiang, CEO of Egypt TEDA Special Economic Zone Development Company. The expansion will cover an area of six square kilometers, with export-oriented manufacturing and modern warehouses and logistics as the focus of development, said Zhang.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2017-03/23/content_28648386.htm China has become the biggest investor in Egypt's Suez Canal Area Development Project, a mega initiative showcasing a win-win partnership between the two countries, said Ahmed Darwish, chairman of the Suez Canal Economic Zone, or SCZone, in an interview with Xinhua. The aim of the giant project, launched in 2014, is to increase the role of the Suez Canal region in international trading and to develop the three canal cities of Suez, Ismailia and Port Said. China's TEDA Group, one of the oldest industrial developers of the region, has seen a steady increase in the number of its development projects and factories since it entered Egypt and established a joint Suez Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone in the Ain Sokhna district of the Suez Canal Corridor east of capital Cairo.
- submarine
- http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/15/us-china-egypt-submarines-exclusive-idUSKCN0RF2NR20150915 China is trying to sell two submarines to Egypt that are cheaper than vessels on offer from Germany, industry sources told Reuters, as Beijing looks to expand weapons exports beyond its traditional customer base in Asia. Beijing has sought to undercut Western submarine makers on price and by offering attractive export-credit terms for sales in Asia, the sources said. It has won deals with Pakistan and Bangladesh so far. China displaced Germany as the world's third-largest arms exporter, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) said in March, though nearly 70 percent of those weapons went to Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. An Egyptian military source said China had offered to sell submarines to Cairo. "We are studying it, but it is not an easy decision," said the source, who declined to give details or be identified because he was not authorized to talk to the media. An Egyptian military spokesman said he "had no official details" on the issue. China's Defense Ministry did not respond to a request for comment. Two industry sources familiar with the matter said Cairo wanted two more submarines after ordering an initial two from ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) (TKAG.DE) of Germany in 2011 that are set to be delivered in 2017. TKMS has been in talks with Egypt for the additional two, they said.
- http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/chinese-developers-build-egypt-new-capital-city-cairo-a7355886.html Egypt's new capital city will largely be funded by Chinese state-owned developers after two companies agreed to invest. The China Fortune Land Development Company (CFLD) said it would provide $20 billion (£16 billion) for the currently unnamed city. Heads of the firm met with Egyptian president Abdel Fattah al-Sisi to agree the deal, CNN reports.
- 埃及试图在沙漠地区打造新首都的宏伟计划遭到打击。《参考消息》2月14日报道称，参与该项目的中国国有企业选择退出。 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170215/PDF/a10_screen.pdf
- nuclear
- 中国建筑股份 有限公司和埃及住房、公共工程与城市化部在开罗签署了埃及新行政首都中央商务区项目总承包合同，合同金额30亿美元（约为234亿港元）。项目共包括20 个高层建筑单体及配套市政工程，总建筑面积约170万平方米，合同工期43个月。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171013/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161128/PDF/a9_screen.pdf 據俄羅斯 衛星新聞網11月24日發布消息稱，埃及核電站 管理局和國際諮詢公司沃利帕森斯（Worley Parsons）將在地中海El-Nagila地區開展建設埃及 第二座核電站的詳細調查工作。中國將競標埃及在地中海第二座核電站建設的項目。 據了解，近年來，埃及電力不足情況日益嚴重，為克服電力短缺，埃及大力推進 各類電站建設。此次參與國際招標的除了中國公司外還有韓國和法國的企業。
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2017-05/23/content_29461176.htm China Petroleum & Chemical Corp, or Sinopec, has played down concerns about potential risks to the value of its investment in the Apache project in Egypt. The north African country has been in political turmoil of late. Sinopec's clarification came in response to concerns that the value of its 33 percent stake in Apache's Egyptian company, which it bought for $3.1 billion in 2013, may have eroded massively due to local and global factors. Apache is an independent US upstream oil and gas company with 24 contractual blocks in Egypt. Zhang Hong, head of the HSE Department of Apache Qarun Production Company, said such concerns are baseless. "The Egyptian project is more of a long-term investment and four years is too short to draw a conclusion. The prices of oil and gas are fluctuating. Now that they have hit the bottom, we're confident our investment will recover its cost within the expected 10 years," Zhang said. Sinopec's Apache investment was its first foray into Egypt. It was also an attempt to increase its production of oil equivalent during the peak season.
- financial
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-06/egypt-china-seal-2-4-billion-currency-swap-transaction
- The largest Chinese bank today announced that it had signed two agreements to provide Egyptian banks with loans for foreign enterprise and investment.The monies from the China Development Bank include a $40-million loan to Egypt’s SAIBANK and the equivalent of $40 million in the Chinese yuan currency for infrastructure construction.The deal with the second bank, Banque Misr, also revolves around a loan in the Chinese yuan. However, the amount has not yet been determined.http://thebricspost.com/china-egypt-sign-bank-loan-agreements
- railway
- http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-08/17/content_30716618.htm A unit of China Railway Group Ltd said it will began preliminary work on a $1.24 billion-worth light rail project in Egypt within two to three months, marking China's debut rail project in the country. China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co Ltd, as the prime contractor, said on Wednesday: "Upon completion, it will have the capacity to accommodate 340,000 passengers daily, and reduce traffic time between Cairo and the under-construction new administrative capital, as well as the 10th of Ramadan City, by about 30 percent."The light rail system is expected to cover a distance of 66 km with 11 stops, connecting the capital Cairo with the under-construction new administrative capital, and distant districts of Greater Cairo including Al-Salam, 10th of Ramadan, Obour, Badr and Shorouk. It has a designed maximum speed of 120 kilometers per hour.
- 埃及最大的海港城市亚歷山大与比亚迪（01211）日前签订云轨合作协议。埃及是“一带一路”沿线的重要枢纽，今次云轨项目规划总里程长达128公里。亚歷山大市交通管理局主席Khaled Eleiwa表示，非常期待云轨早日建成通车。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171024/PDF/b2_screen.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180126/PDF/b2_screen.pdf 比亚迪（01211）日前与埃及亚歷山大省客运局签署15台K9纯电动公交车的订单协议，为埃及首个电动公交订单。除在新能源车领域开展合作外，比亚迪“云轨”也赢得埃及青睐。去年10月，亚歷山大市宣布与比亚迪签署“云轨”项目合作谅解备忘录，规划总里程近130公里。
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201810/29/WS5bd66cb7a310eff3032851c6.html There has been little awareness of the value of electric cars among Egyptians, but things are changing after an Egyptian company began to make a difference. Darshal has become an agent of Chinese companies Dongfeng Liuqi Motor and Vasworld Power for collecting and selling electric commercial and passenger vehicles. Darshal will invest $53 million in the electric car program in Egypt, according to Hassan el-Desoqy, its board chairman.
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2016-04/20/content_24685296.htm The number of Chinese tourists in Egypt is growing steadily and rapidly, says Samy Mahmoud, head of Egypt's tourism authority. "In 2014 we had almost 64,000 Chinese tourists, but by the end of 2015 we had over 125,000 visitors from China." The official expects that the number will rise to 200,000 in 2016 as almost 15 regular and charter flights come to Cairo, Luxor and Hurghada every week. Mahmoud reveals that the tourism authority contacted the Chinese ambassador in Cairo and asked him to work on allowing Chinese airlines to fly to Egypt, adding "it will be a great chance for the Chinese airlines to work in the Egyptian market".
- http://www.china.org.cn/business/2016-07/20/content_38919561.htm State-run phone carriers China Telecom Corp and Saudi Telecom Co have expressed interest in acquiring 4G mobile-phone licenses offered by the Egyptian government, an Egyptian communications ministry official said on Tuesday. They joined Kuwait's Zain, which made an official request last week, the official said.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/beltandroadinitiative/2017-05/09/content_29274074.htm
China is expected to sign a memorandum of understanding with Egypt on Saturday, with the aim of developing a cooperative network for technology transfers, top scientists in China and foreign representatives said. Joint laboratories, platforms and institutions will be created to facilitate transfers that suit local needs and promote cultural understanding, they said.
- The offices of OneMena in Cairo, the capital of Egypt, look like a beehive. The Chinese mobile internet company employs dozens of Egyptian and Chinese workers. They are busy going back and forth from one room to another or sitting on their desks with their faces nailed to desktop computers and laptops. They have been working with Beijing-based OneMena for a while now. The firm has been providing smartphone internet applications targeting 490 million Arabic-speaking users in the Middle East and North Africa or MENA region. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201812/24/WS5c2041b0a3107d4c3a00267e.html
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-17/trump-trade-winds-blow-egyptian-oranges-to-shanghai-fruit-stalls Escalating global trade tensions are giving Chinese fruit stalls a little more of an international flavor. Fruit distributor Sunmoon Food Co. is shipping navel oranges from Egypt, kiwis from Italy and apples from Poland into China for the first time ever. The produce will fill the gap created when the Asian nation slapped tariffs on U.S. fruit as part of the escalating trade war between the Xi Jinping and Donald Trump administrations.
- cny celebrations
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2015-02/18/content_19617155.htm
Egypt celebrated Spring Festival before China this year when the Maadi Island Park along theRiver Nile in Cairo hosted 11,000 locals on Feb 5 for an authentic Chinese experience, startingoff with signature dragon and lion dances. The park was covered with Chinese red lanterns, and kites of all shapes were flying high. Boothsdisplayed Chinese traditional arts and crafts such as shadow playing, paper-cuts and paintingon leaves. And of course, Chinese dumplings, noodles and chicken rice were offered along withother traditional foods. This is the sixth year that people in Cairo have enjoyed a Chinese festival. Liu Shiping, executivedirector of the China Culture Center in Cairo, says the number of Egyptians taking part in theirannual Happy Spring Festival has risen from 2,000 in 2010 to 11,000 this year.
- stitching the right patterns for growth http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-09/02/content_18527833.htm
- XD Group - powerful surge for success http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-09/15/content_18597857.htm
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-02/15/content_23481956.htm
More Chinese companies are setting up shop in Egypt or expanding existing operations there totake advantage of opportunities presented by the Belt and Road Initiative, as well as the nation'sprime location and rich resources, executives said. While such a move helps Chinese firms cut costs, due in part to preferential trade policiesoffered to Egypt in Europe, the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, it also contributes toEgypt's industrialization and creates jobs. Jushi Group, a Chinese fiberglass manufacturer, set up a local subsidiary, Jushi Egypt, inJanuary 2012. Located in the China-Egypt Suez Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone, thecompany has an annual output capacity of 80,000 metric tons. The plant cost $223 million. According to Yang Jixiang, deputy general manager, the subsidiary exported 95 percent of itsproducts－valued at about $84 million－in 2015 and paid about 135 million Egyptian pounds($17.1 million) in local taxes. He said the operation has driven the development of downstream and upstream industries inEgyptian fiberglass. "Two Chinese companies have started businesses in the economic zone tosupply us with materials, while an Egyptian factory has upgraded its technology and increasedthe number of mills it operates from one to four to meet our need for kaolin powder, a rawmaterial in fiberglass." The company is building a new assembly line, also with an output capacity of 80,000 tons, whichwill go into service in June. In early 2013, Muyang Co Ltd, China's largest feed machinery manufacturer in terms of revenue,also teamed up with the China-Africa Development Fund to establish Muyang Egypt in the China-Egypt Suez Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone. Together, they made an investment of $74million. The first phase of the project went into operation in December. Annually, Muyang Egypt aims toproduce 5 million tons of silo storage units, 6,000 tons of steel structures and 50 units of feedmachines, a combined sales value of $150 million. Brilliance Auto Group, a Chinese carmaker, has announced plans to restart its assembly line inEgypt this year. The facility ran from 2006 until it was suspended in 2009.Guangzhou Dayun Motorcycle Co Ltd purchased 200,000 square meters in the Suez Economicand Trade Cooperation Zone on Dec 3, said Shao Yuebo, head of product research anddevelopment at TEDA SEZone Development Co, which runs the zone. The Chinese company will invest $78 million to build a plant that can make 500,000 bikes a year,he said. "The project will provide more than 600 jobs, stimulate development of the motorcyclesupply chain, contribute tax revenue and promote industrial technology in Egypt." China Glass Holdings Ltd is also considering investing $20 million in the zone. The project wouldcreate 400 jobs directly and 2,000 indirectly, and generate $70 million a year in foreign exchangethrough exports, Shao said. If it goes ahead, the plant "will promote upstream and downstream industries (in the glassindustry) such as mining, energy, hydroelectricity, logistics and glass processing," he said. However, Chinese companies face challenges in Egypt. Although the North African nation haspromised rebates for exporters, it is not easy to get them. Jushi Egypt, for example, has onlymanaged to get rebates on two deals, receiving about 70,000 Egyptian pounds, Yang said. - http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1947420/chinas-tcl-egypts-elaraby-set-tv-plant-middle-east-and-african Chinese TV maker TCL Multimedia has teamed up with Egyptian consumer electronics distributor and maker Elaraby Group to capitalise on growth in emerging markets amid a slowdown at home. The Chinese company, controlled by TCL Corp, which produces and distributes a wide range of products from consumer electronics to home appliances and smartphones, has set up a joint-venture company with Elaraby Group, which will have a 70 per cent stake in the venture. A TV production plant will be set up in Egypt under the partnership to tap the market potential of the Middle East and Africa, said Liang Tiemin, general manager of TCL’s strategic consumer business unit.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-06/28/content_25878714.htm The China-Egypt Suez Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone, whose construction by TEDAInvestment Holding Co Ltd began in 2008, is poised to kick off its second phase of expansion,said Zhang Bingjun, chairman of the board of TEDA Holding. Zhang was speaking on the sidelines of the Summer Davos Forum in Tianjin. The zone is located at the south end of the Suez Canal and the west coast of the Red Sea, 120km from Cairo. Both governments have also pointed out that the site is at the intersection of theBelt and Road Initiative's footprint and the New Suez Canal Economic Corridor. In January,President Xi Jinping and his Egyptian counterpart Abdel Fattah el-Sisi unveiled the nameplate ofthe second stage of the project at the zone. "After the second-phase expansion, the zone is expected to accommodate 200 enterprises,attract $3 billion in investment, and reach $10 billion in annual revenue," Zhang said.
- music
- orchestra from egypt performed in Zhuhai http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201708/0809/HZ21809CGDD.pdf
- arts
- Egyptian artists are learning China's ceramic techniques at a workshop in Cairo.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-08/14/content_30574777.htm
- historic artefacts
- 日前，埃及文物部向中国驻埃及大使馆交还了十馀件中国古票据。这些票据由埃及邮政海关查获，最早可以追溯到晚清。据悉，此番是埃及首次向中国归还流失文物，目前这批文物正在归国途中。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170912/PDF/a20_screen.pdf
- chinese culture day
hk
- delegation from hk
- egyptians in hk
- The second edition of the Chinese Culture Day held by the Confucius Institute in Suez Canal University helps the students learn more about Chinese daily life, other than focusing merely on language, Ragab said, describing it as a model of introducing Chinese tradition, heritage and art.http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201810/25/WS5bd1209ea310eff303284707.html
hk
- delegation from hk
- hkgcc delegation to egypt 31mar to 5apr2017 (cgcc vision may2017)
- egyptians in hk
- scmp 29jul18 article on coptic christians persecuted in egypt trapped in hk
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