- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/12/16/b11-1216.pdf 格魯吉亞的猶太族是其少數民族群體之一。有人說，世界各地的猶太人，都是從黑海附近發源，然後再在世界各地開枝散葉。有的認為他們是從伊朗或高加索其他地區遷入格魯吉亞的於聖書和經文。過去，在人口普查時，他們被作為一個單獨的 道道的格魯吉亞人，講格魯吉亞語，他們所用的希伯來文只用 於聖書和經文。
Association
- http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en
- The Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) is one of the world's largest organizations of Orthodox rabbis; it is affiliated with The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, more commonly known as the Orthodox Union (OU). It is the main professional rabbinical association within Modern Orthodox in the United States. Most rabbis of the RCA belong to Modern Orthodox Judaism.
- orthodox forum
- Established by dr norman lamm, then president of yeshiva university in 1989
Judaism
- philo and hellenistic judaism
- in the second half of 4th c bce, military conquest of alexander the great brought social-historical changes to jewish people living in the hellenistic city of alexandria and the other newly developed greek colonies in palestine. Once the greek forces took control of judea, its residents became well aware of greek ideas and traditions. Influences reflected in book of proverbs and book of ecclessiastes. In the 3rd century, the hebrew bible was translated into greek and given the name the septuagint, or the seventy, since there were apparently 70 translators of the bible.
- philo of alexandria (20 bce-50 ce) was an apologist for judaism and a leader within the alexandrian jewish community. He wrote several biblical commentaries that employed various geek philosophical concepts, especially platonic ideas, in order to give a new re-interpretation of many jewish religious ideas.He introduced a new way of conceiving relationship between god and the world with placing greater emphasis upon the individual. Greek philosophical ideas such as the stoic concept of the logos and the laws of cause and effects were also introduced. The jewish phrase word of god becomes identified with the stoic concept of the logos. The real temple of god is actually the cosmos, with the logos serving as its high priest.
- Haredi Judaism (Hebrew: חֲרֵדִי Ḥaredi, IPA: [χaʁeˈdi]; also spelled Charedi, plural Charedim) is a stream of Orthodox Judaism characterized by rejection of modern secular culture. Its members are often referred to as strictly Orthodox or ultra-Orthodox in English. The term "ultra-Orthodox," however, is considered a derogatory slur by some in the community. Haredim regard themselves as the most religiously authentic group of Jews, although this claim is contested by other streams. Haredi Judaism emerged in response to the sweeping changes brought upon the Jews in the modern era: emancipation, Enlightenment and the Haskalah movement derived from it, acculturation, secularization, religious Reform in all its forms, Jewish nationalism, etc. In contrast to Modern Orthodox Judaism, which hastened to embrace modernity, the approach of the Haredim was to maintain a steadfast adherence to Jewish religious law by segregating itself from modern society. However, there are Haredi communities in which getting a professional degree and a trade is encouraged and contact exists between Haredi and non-Haredi Jews. Haredi communities are primarily found in Israel, North America and Western Europe. Their estimated global population currently numbers 1.3–1.5 million and, due to a virtual absence of interfaith marriage and a high birth rate, their numbers are growing rapidly. Their numbers have also been boosted by a substantial number of secular Jews adopting a Haredi lifestyle.
- Conservative Judaism (known as Masorti Judaism outside North America) is a majorconfessional division within Judaism, which views Jewish religious law, or Halakha, as both binding and subject to historical development. The movement considers its approach to Law as the authentic and most appropriate continuation of halakhic discourse, maintaining both fealty to received forms and flexibility in their interpretation. While regarding itself as the heir of Rabbi Zecharias Frankel's 19th-century Positive-Historical School in Europe, Conservative Judaism became a wholly independent denomination only in the United States during the mid-20th century.
- Hasidism, sometimes Hasidic Judaism, (Hebrew: חסידות, hasidut, Ashkenazi pronunciation : [χaˈsidus]; originally, "piety") is a Jewish religious sect. It arose as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine during the 18th Century and spread rapidly through Eastern Europe. Today most affiliates reside in the United States, Israel, andBritain. Israel Ben Eliezer, the "Baal Shem Tov", is regarded as its founding father, and his disciples developed and disseminated it. Current Hasidism is a sub-group within Ultra-Orthodox ("Haredi") Judaism and is noted for its religious conservatism and social seclusion. Hasidic thought draws heavily on Lurianic Kabbalah and to an extent is a popularization of it. Teachings emphasize God's immanence in the universe, the need to cleave and be one with Him at all times, the devotional aspect of religious practice, and the spiritual dimension of corporeality and mundane acts. Hasidim, the adherents of Hasidism, are organized inindependent sects known as "courts" or dynasties, each headed by its own hereditary leader, a Rebbe. Reverence and submission to the Rebbe are a key tenet, as he is considered a spiritual authority with whom the follower must bond to gain closeness to God. The various "courts" share basic convictions but operate apart and possess unique traits and customs. Affiliation is often retained in families for generations, and being Hasidic is as much a sociological factor, entailing birth into a specific community and allegiance to a dynasty ofRebbes, as it is a purely religious one. There are several "courts" with many thousands of member households each, and dozens of smaller ones.
- Mitnaggedim (Heb. מִתְנַגְּדִים; lit. "opponents"), a designation for the opponents of the Hasidim. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/mitnaggedim.html
- Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidim
- A Farbrengen (/fɑːrbrɛnɡɛn/, from the Yiddish פארברענגען, meaning "joyous gathering"; German verbringen "to spend [time/solidarity/festivity together]") is a Hasidic gathering. This term is only used by Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidim, as other Hasidim have a Tish or a botteh. It may consist of explanations of general Torah subjects, with an emphasis on Hasidic philosophy, relating of Hasidic stories, and lively Hasidic melodies, with refreshments being served. It is regarded as a time of great holiness. Farbrengens are public events open to non-Hasidim as well.The 19 Kislev (Hebrew: י"ט כסלו) refers to the 19th day of the Jewish month of Kislev.The date is significant within the Hasidic movement. Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (Hebrew: שניאור זלמן מליאדי), the first Rebbe of Chabad (also known as the "Alter Rebbe" in Yiddish) was informed upon by a certain Avigdor and arrested on trumped-up charges of supporting the Ottoman Empire. His informers pointed to the fact that he would urge his followers to send money to the Land of Israel as "evidence" of his alleged insurrectionist aspirations (in fact, the money was sent to support poor Jews). At the time, the Land of Israel was a part of the Ottoman Empire, which was at war with Russia. Rabbi Shneur Zalman was charged with treason, and released in the secular year 1798 on the Jewish date of Tuesday, 19 Kislev. The fifty-three days of Rabbi Shneur Zalman's imprisonment are said to correspond to the fifty-three chapters of the first section of the Tanya.
- Halakha (/hɑːˈlɔːxə/; Hebrew: הֲלָכָה, Sephardic: [halaˈχa]; also transliterated as halacha,halachah or halocho) (Ashkenazic: [haˈloχo]) is the collective body of Jewish religious lawsderived from the Written and Oral Torah. It includes the 613 mitzvot ("commandments"), subsequent Talmudic and rabbinic law and the customs and traditions compiled in theShulchan Aruch (literally "Prepared Table", but more commonly known as the "Code of Jewish Law"). Judaism classically draws no distinction in its laws between religious and non-religious life; Jewish religious tradition does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities. Halakha guides not only religious practices and beliefs, but numerous aspects of day-to-day life. Halakha is often translated as "Jewish Law", although a more literal translation might be "the way to behave" or "the way of walking". The word derives from the root that means "to behave" (also "to go" or "to walk"). Historically, in the diaspora, halakha served many Jewish communities as an enforceable avenue of law - both civil and religious law, since there is no differentiation in classical Judaism. Since the Age of Enlightenment, emancipation, and haskalah many have come to view the halakha as less binding in day-to-day life, as it relies on rabbinic interpretation, as opposed to the pure, written words written in the Jewish bible. Under contemporary Israeli law, however, certain areas of Israeli family and personal status law are under the authority of the rabbinic courts and are therefore treated according to halakha. Some differences in halakha itself are found among Ashkenazi, Mizrahi, Sephardi,Yemenite and other Jews who historically lived in isolated communities, such as in Ethiopia, which are reflective of the historic and geographic diversity of various Jewish communities within the Diaspora.
- 哈加达The Haggadah (Hebrew: הַגָּדָה, "telling"; plural: Haggadot) is a Jewish text that sets forth the order of the Passover Seder. Reading the Haggadah at the Seder table is a fulfillment of the mitzvah to each Jew to "tell your children" the story from the Book of Exodus about Yahweh bringing the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt, with a strong hand and an outstretched arm.The oldest surviving complete manuscript of the Haggadah dates to the 10th century. It is part of a prayer book compiled by Saadia Gaon. It is now believed that the Haggadah first became produced as an independent book in codex form around 1000 CE. Maimonides (1135–1204) included the Haggadah in his code of Jewish law, the Mishneh Torah. Existing manuscripts do not go back beyond the thirteenth century. When such a volume was compiled, it became customary to add poetical pieces.The earliest surviving Haggadot produced as works in their own right are manuscripts from the 13th and 14th centuries, such as the Golden Haggadah (probably Barcelona c. 1320, now British Library) and the Sarajevo Haggadah (late fourteenth century). It is believed that the first printed Haggadot were produced in 1482, in Guadalajara, Spain; however, this is mostly conjecture, as there is no printer's colophon. The oldest confirmed printed Haggadah was printed in Soncino, Lombardy in 1486 by the Soncino family.The earliest Ashkenazi illuminated Haggada is known as the Birds' Head Haggadah, made in Germany around the 1320s and now in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.[38] The Rylands Haggadah (Rylands Hebrew MS. 6) is one of the finest Haggadot in the world. It was written and illuminated in Spain in the 14th century and is an example of the cross-fertilisation between Jewish and non-Jewish artists within the medium of manuscript illumination.
- *******[the israel museum] Birds' head haggadah (southern germany c1300; scribe: menahem) most of the human figures are depicted as having birds' heads with pronounced beaks. Some figures also have short, pointed animal ears. All male adults in the manuscript wear the conical jew's hat, which was compulsory for jews in germany from the time of the lateran council in 1215.The practice of distoring the human face may have arisen from the growing asceticism among the ashkenazi jews of the period, and their strict observance of the biblical prohibition of creating graven images. It is the earliest ashkenazi illuminated haggadah to have survived as a separate book. It is richly illustrated in the margins with biblical, ritual and eschatological scenes. Sassoon Spanish Haggadah (spain c1320) Survived the expulsion of jews from spain in 1492, its colourful and rich decorative style points to catalan origins around the first half of 14thc. Writteen on parchment in square sephardi script, the haggadah displays a blend of local and foreign stylistic influences such as the spanish gothic grotesques framing the margins, the elongated figures betraying a french influence, and the coloring and design of the floral scrolls, recalling italian manuscripts of that period. Some motifs connected with the passover festival are quite literal. The passage "and he went down to egypt" is illustrated by a depiction of a men descending a ladder. The splendor of the sassoon haggadah evokes the flourishing spanish jewish communities of the time, who generally lived in harmony with their christian neighbors
- The Talmud (/ˈtɑːlmʊd, -məd, ˈtæl-/; Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד talmūd "instruction, learning", from a rootLMD "teach, study") is a central text of Rabbinic Judaism. It is also traditionally referred to asShas (ש״ס), a Hebrew abbreviation of shisha sedarim, the "six orders", a reference to the six orders of the Mishnah. The term "Talmud" normally refers to the collection of writings named specifically the Babylonian Talmud (Talmud Bavli), although there is also an earlier collection known as the Jerusalem Talmud, or Palestinian Talmud (Talmud Yerushalmi). When referring to post-biblical periods, namely those of the creation of the Talmud, the Talmudic academies and the Babylonian exilarchate, Jewish sources use the term "Babylonia" long after it had become obsolete in geopolitical terms. The Talmud has two components: the Mishnah (Hebrew: משנה, c. 200 CE), a written compendium of Rabbinic Judaism's Oral Torah, and the Gemara (c. 500 CE), an elucidation of the Mishnah and related Tannaitic writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Hebrew Bible. "Talmud" translates literally as "instruction" in Hebrew, and the term may refer to either the Gemara alone, or the Mishnah and Gemara together. The entire Talmud consists of 63 tractates, and in standard print is over 6,200 pages long. It is written in Tannaitic Hebrew and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and contains the teachings and opinions of thousands of rabbis (dating from before the Common Era through the fifth century CE) on a variety of subjects, including Halakha (law), Jewish ethics, philosophy, customs, history, lore and many other topics. The Talmud is the basis for all codes of Jewish law, and is widely quoted in rabbinic literature.
- beliefs
- god communicate with people by means of hierophany - e.g. burning bush; prophets
- human beings made up of flesh and soul. In hellenistic judaism, greek philosophical idesas begin to exert influence upon certain jewish religious thinkers - writings of philo of alexandria; iranian ideas associated with resurrection of body also made their way into palestinian judaism
- The Pittsburgh Platform is a pivotal 1885 document in the history of the American Reform Movement in Judaism that called for Jews to adopt a modern approach to the practice of their faith. While it was never formally adopted by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC) or the Central Conference of American Rabbis founded four years after its release, and several Rabbis who remained associated with Reform in its wake attempted to distance themselves from it, the platform exerted great influence over the movement in the next fifty years.
- A Sofer, Sopher, Sofer SeTaM, or Sofer ST"M (Heb: "scribe", סופר סת״ם) (female: soferet) is a Jewish scribe who can transcribe sifrei Torah, tefillin, and mezuzot, and other religious writings. (ST"M, סת״ם, is an abbreviation of these three terms. The plural of sofer is "soferim" סופרים.) By simple definition, a sofer is a copyist, but the religious role in Judaism is much more. Besides sifrei Torah, tefillin, and mezuzot, scribes are also necessary to write the Five Megillot(scrolls of the Song of Songs, Book of Ruth, Book of Esther, Ecclesiastes, and Book of Lamentations), Nevi'im (the books of the prophets, used for reading the haftarah), and for gittin, divorce documents. Also, many scribes function as calligraphers—writing functional documents such as ketubot "marriage contracts", or ornamental and artistic renditions of religious texts, which do not require any scribal qualifications, and to which the rules on lettering and parchment specifications do not apply. The major halakha pertaining to sofrut, the practice of scribal arts, is in the Talmud in the tractate "Maseket Sofrim". In the Torah's 613 commandments, the second to last is that every Jew should write a Sefer Torah in his lifetime (Deuteronomy 31:19).
- literature
- Ketuvim (/kətuːˈviːm, kəˈtuːvɪm/; Biblical Hebrew: כְּתוּבִים Kəṯûḇîm, "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), after Torah (instruction) and Nevi'im (prophets). In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually entitled "Writings" or "Hagiographa". The Ketuvim are believed to have been written under divine inspiration, but with one level less authority than that of prophecy. Found among the Writings within the Hebrew scriptures, I and II Chronicles form one book, along with Ezra and Nehemiah which form a single unit entitled "Ezra–Nehemiah". (In citations by chapter and verse numbers, however, the Hebrew equivalents of "Nehemiah", "I Chronicles" and "II Chronicles" are used, as the system of chapter division was imported from Christian usage.) Collectively, eleven books are included in the Ketuvim.
- http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.670717 Judaism is not the same as the fundamentalist Judaism that burned a Palestinian baby to death; the latter ignores thousands of years of development and interpretation of our Torah.
- food
Matzo, matzah, or matza (Yiddish: מצה matsoh, Hebrew: מַצָּה matsa; plural matzot; matzos of Ashkenazi Jewish dialect) is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival, during which chametz (leaven and five grains that, per Jewish Law, are self-leavening) is forbidden.As the Torah recounts, God commanded the Israelites (modernly, Jews and Samaritans) to eat only unleavened bread during the seven day Passover festival. Matzo can be either soft like a pita loaf or crispy. Only the crispy variety is produced commercially because soft matzo has a very short shelf life. Matzo meal is crispy matzo that has been ground to a flour-like consistency. Matzo meal is used to make matzo balls, the principal ingredient of matzo ball soup. Sephardic Jews typically cook with matzo itself rather than matzo meal.Matzo that is kosher for Passover is limited in Ashkenazi tradition to plain matzo made from flour and water. The flour may be whole grain or refined grain, but must be made from one of five grains: wheat, spelt, barley, rye, or oat. Some Sephardic communities allow matzo to be made with eggs and/or fruit juice to be used throughout the holiday.
Afikoman (Hebrew: אֲפִיקוֹמָן based on Greek epikomon [ἐπὶ κῶμον] or epikomion [ἐπικώμιον], meaning "that which comes after" or "dessert"),[2] a word originally having the connotation of "refreshments eaten after the meal", is now almost strictly associated with the half-piece of matzo which is broken in two during the early stages of the Passover Seder and set aside to be eaten as a dessert after the meal.Based on the Mishnah in Pesahim 119b, the afikoman is a substitute for the Passover sacrifice, which was the last thing eaten at the Passover Seder during the eras of the First and Second Temples and during the period of the Tabernacle. The Talmud states that it is forbidden to have any other food after the afikoman, so that the taste of the matzo that was eaten after the meal remains in the participants' mouths.[4] Since the destruction of the Temple and the discontinuation of the Korban Pesach, Jews eat a piece of matzo now known as afikomen to finish the Passover Seder meal.The Greek word on which afikoman is based has two meanings, according to the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud. Both Talmuds agree on the halakha (stated in the Passover Haggadah under the answer given to the Wise Son) that no other food should be eaten for the rest of the night after the afikoman is consumed. The Babylonian Talmud explains that the word "afikoman" derives from the Greek word for "dessert", the last thing eaten at a meal. The Jerusalem Talmud, however[citation needed], derives the word afikoman from epikomion, meaning "after-dinner revelry" or "entertainment". It was the custom of Romans and Greeks to move from one party or banquet to another. The halakha prohibiting anything else being eaten after the afikoman therefore enjoins Jews to distinguish their Passover Seder from the pagan rituals of other nations.
- pork ban
- https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-the-original-reason-Judaism-banned-pork-was-because-pigs-in-ancient-near-eastern-cities-used-to-eat-trash-and-werent-safe-to-eat
- people converted orthodox judaism
- http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.670584 while Ivanka Trump may have kept the Trump name, she has her own family — and her own religion. She converted to Orthodox Judaism in 2009 when she married real estate mogul Jared Kushner, with whom she now has two children.
- china
- according to 温州基督教編年史, judaism reached china in western han dynasty, jewish descendents still living in henan
Kabbalah
- kabbalah (Hebrew: קַבָּלָה, literally "receiving/tradition"or "correspondence" (not found when first visited the same page)) is an esoteric method, discipline, and school of thought that originated in Judaism. A traditional Kabbalist in Judaism is called a Mekubbal (Hebrew: מְקוּבָּל). Kabbalah's definition varies according to the tradition and aims of those following it, from its religious origin as an integral part of Judaism, to its later Christian, New Age, and Occultist syncretic adaptations. Kabbalah is a set of esoteric teachings meant to explain the relationship between an unchanging, eternal, and mysterious Ein Sof (infinity) and the mortal and finite universe (God's creation). While it is heavily used by some denominations, it is not a religious denomination in itself. It forms the foundations of mystical religious interpretation. Kabbalah seeks to define the nature of the universe and the human being, the nature and purpose of existence, and various other ontological questions. It also presents methods to aid understanding of the concepts and thereby attain spiritual realisation. Kabbalah originally developed within the realm of Jewish thought, and kabbalists often use classical Jewish sources to explain and demonstrate its esoteric teachings. These teachings are held by followers in Judaism to define the inner meaning of both the Hebrew Bible and traditional Rabbinic literature and their formerly concealed transmitted dimension, as well as to explain the significance of Jewish religious observances. Traditional practitioners believe its earliest origins pre-date world religions, forming the primordial blueprint for Creation's philosophies, religions, sciences, arts, and political systems. Historically, Kabbalah emerged, after earlier forms of Jewish mysticism, in 12th- to 13th-century Southern France and Spain, becoming reinterpreted in the Jewish mystical renaissance of 16th-century Ottoman Palestine. It was popularised in the form of Hasidic Judaism from the 18th century onwards. Twentieth-century interest in Kabbalah has inspired cross-denominational Jewish renewal and contributed to wider non-Jewish contemporary spirituality, as well as engaging its flourishing emergence and historical re-emphasis through newly established academic investigation.
Havdalah (Hebrew: הַבְדָּלָה, "separation") is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Sabbath and Jewish holidays, and ushers in the new week. The ritual involves lighting a special havdalah candle with several wicks, blessing a cup of wine and smelling sweet spices. Shabbat ends on Saturday night after the appearance of three stars in the sky. Some communities delay the Havdalah in order to prolong Shabbat.As for kiddush, havdalah is recited over a cup of kosher wine or grape juice, although other beverages may be used if wine or grape juice are not available. Spices, called besamim in Hebrew, often stored in an artistically decorative spice container in order to beautify and honor the Mitzvah, are handed around so that everyone can smell the fragrance. In many Sephardi and Mizrahi communities, branches of aromatic plants are used for this purpose, while Ashkenazim have traditionally used cloves. A special braided Havdalah candle with more than one wick is lit, and a blessing is recited. If a special havdalah candle is not available, two candles can be used, and the two flames joined when reciting the blessing.Law
- http://www.jlaw.com
- In its primary meaning, the Hebrew word mitzvah (/ˈmɪtsvə/; meaning "commandment", מִצְוָה, [mit͡sˈva], Biblical: miṣwah; plural מִצְווֹתmitzvot [mit͡sˈvot], Biblical: miṣwoth; from צִוָּה ṣiwwah "command") refers to precepts and commandments commanded by God. It is used in rabbinical Judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the Torah at biblical Mount Sinai and the seven rabbinic commandments instituted later for a total of 620. The 613 commandments are divided into two categories: 365 negative commandments and 248 positive commandments. According to the Talmud, all moral laws are, or are derived from, divine commandments.
- A legal or historical document that was not integrated into the Mishnah of Judah ha-Nasi, is called a baraita (“outside”). These pieces were written by rabbinic scholars who lived during the time of the Mishnah. The Babylonian Talmud uses the term Matnita (Aramaic for Mishnah) to designate the extra information on halakhot (laws). Mishnah scholars, known asamoraim, utilized the knowledge of baraitot for the sake of attaining additional information. The baraitot would elucidate an issue or question regarding Biblical texts. Baraitot are introduced by the phrases: “the rabbis taught” and “it was taught.”The Tosefta, meaning supplement, is a separate compilation of baraitot passages, organized in accordance with the order of the Mishnah. The Tosefta is much larger than the Mishnah, and contains interpretations of Judaic laws. These interpretations sometimes support the Mishnah, but may also contradict its teachings.
- opinions of different past scholars on biblical subjects were preserved in the document
- the talmud is a further continuation. It has two versions: the jerusalem version and the babylonian version. The entire rabbinic tradition was placed in the targums along with these collection of works, which were aramaic translations of hebrew bible, the midrashim, which is a commentary of these books
- !!!!!****halal ---> islam
jewish scripture
- The targumim (singular: "targum", Hebrew: תרגום) were spoken paraphrases, explanations and expansions of the Jewish scriptures (also called the Tanakh) that a rabbi would give in the common language of the listeners, which was then often Aramaic. That had become necessary near the end of the 1st century BCE, as the common language was in transition and Hebrew was used for little more than schooling and worship. The noun "Targum" is derived from the early semitic quadriliteral root trgm, and the Akkadian term targummanu refers to "translator, interpreter".
A siddur (Hebrew: סדור [siˈduʁ]; plural siddurim סדורים, [siduˈʁim]) is a Jewish prayer book, containing a set order of daily prayers. The word siddur comes from the Hebrew root ס־ד־ר meaning "order".The earliest parts of Jewish prayer book are the Shema Yisrael ("Hear O Israel") (Deuteronomy 6:4 et seq), and the Priestly Blessing(Numbers 6:24-26), which are in the Torah. A set of eighteen (currently nineteen) blessings called the Shemoneh Esreh or the Amidah(Hebrew, "standing [prayer]"), is traditionally ascribed to the Great Assembly in the time of Ezra, at the end of the Biblical period. The name Shemoneh Esreh, literally "eighteen", is a historical anachronism, since it now contains nineteen blessings. It was only near the end of the Second Temple period that the eighteen prayers of the weekday Amidah became standardized. Even at that time their precise wording and order was not yet fixed, and varied from locale to locale. Many modern scholars believe that parts of the Amidah came from the Hebrew apocryphal work Ben Sira. According to the Talmud, soon after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem a formal version of the Amidah was adopted at a rabbinical council in Yavne, under the leadership of Rabban Gamaliel II and his colleagues. However, the precise wording was still left open. The order, general ideas, opening and closing lines were fixed. Most of the wording was left to the individual reader. It was not until several centuries later that the prayers began to be formally fixed. By the Middle Ages the texts of the prayers were nearly fixed, and in the form in which they are still used today. The siddur was printed by Soncino in Italy as early as 1486, though a siddur was first mass-distributed only in 1865.[1] The siddur began appearing in the vernacular as early as 1538.[1] The first English translation was published in London in 1738 by an author writing under the pseudonym Gamaliel ben Pedahzur; a different translation was released in the United States in 1837.
jewishness
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israeli-blacklist-of-us-rabbis-points-to-widening-rift/2017/07/09/ad37f820-6487-11e7-94ab-5b1f0ff459df_story.html Israel’s Chief Rabbinate has compiled a list of overseas rabbis whose authority they refused to recognize when it comes to certifying the Jewishness of someone who wants to get married in Israel. The list, obtained by The Associated Press, includes a number of prominent Orthodox rabbis in North America. Among them are a New York social activist who has advocated for greater rights for women, a Canadian rabbi who is friendly with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and a colleague of the rabbi who converted Ivanka Trump. The rabbinate, which oversees religious rituals for Israeli Jews, such as weddings, births and burials, would not say why it had rejected the overseas rabbis’ credentials or provide the criteria for securing their recognition. But it insisted its decision would not prevent them from re-applying in the future. The list, which includes 160 rabbis from 24 countries, threatened to deepen a rift between overseas Jewish communities and Israeli religious authorities. One of Israel’s chief rabbis, David Lau, reacted angrily to the publication of the list, saying it had been compiled by a low-ranking bureaucrat without his knowledge.
Zionism (Hebrew: צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut [t͡sijo̞ˈnut] after Zion) is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine).[1][2][3][4] Modern Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in Central and Eastern Europe as a national revival movement, both in reaction to newer waves of antisemitism and as an imitative response to other nationalist movements.[5][6][7] Soon after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired state in Palestine, then an area controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Until 1948, the primary goals of Zionism were the re-establishment of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel, ingathering of the exiles, and liberation of Jews from the antisemitic discrimination and persecution that they experienced during their diaspora. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Zionism continues primarily to advocate on behalf of Israel and to address threats to its continued existence and security.
- https://www.quora.com/Did-Zionists-ever-consider-any-other-place-as-their-homeland-apart-from-Palestine The answer is yes, there is one place I can think of, and it isn’t mentioned in any of the other answers below (I don’t consider places “offered” to Jews for settlement to be what anyone considered our homeland). The answer is Germany.care for poor
- sabbatical year
- jubilee year
Pagan / intermarriage biblical ref
- deut 7:1-4; 23:4-7,8-9;
- 1 kgs 11:1-2
Anti semitism
- The yellow badge (or yellow patch), also referred to as a Jewish badge (German: Judenstern,lit. Jews' star), was a cloth patch that Jews were ordered to sew on their outer garments to mark them as Jews in public at certain times in certain countries, serving as a badge of shame.
Bible/myth?
- http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/the-jewish-thinker/were-jews-ever-really-slaves-in-egypt-or-is-passover-a-myth-1.420844
People
- The Sadducees (/ˈsædʒəˌsiːz, ˈsædjə-/; Hebrew: צְדוּקִים Ṣĕḏûqîm) were a sect or group of Jews that was active in Judea during the Second Temple period, starting from the second century BCE through the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. The sect was identified by Josephus with the upper social and economic echelon of Judean society. As a whole, the sect fulfilled various political, social, and religious roles, including maintaining the Temple. The Sadducees are often compared to other contemporaneous sects, including the Phariseesand the Essenes. Their sect is believed to have become extinct some time after the destruction of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, but it has been speculated that the later Karaites may have had some roots in—or connections with—Sadducaic views. According to Abraham Geiger, the Sadducaic sect of Judaism drew their name from Zadok, the first High Priest of ancient Israel to serve in the First Temple, with the leaders of the sect proposed as the Kohanim (priests, the "sons of Zadok", descendants of Eleazar, son of Aaron). In any event, the name Zadok, being related to the root צָדַק ṣāḏaq (to be right, just), could be indicative of their aristocratic status in society in the initial period of their existence.
- Kohen or cohen (or kohein; Hebrew: כֹּהֵן kohén, "priest", pl. כֹּהֲנִים kohaním, "priests") is the Hebrew word for "priest" used colloquially in reference to the Aaronic priesthood. Levitical priests or kohanim are traditionally believed and halakhically required to be of direct patrilineal descent from the biblical Aaron (also Aharon), brother of Moses. During the existence of the Temple in Jerusalem, kohanim performed the daily and holiday (Yom Tov) duties of sacrificial offerings. Today, kohanim retain a lesser though distinct status within Rabbinic and Karaite Judaism, and are bound by additional restrictions according to Orthodox Judaism. In the Samaritan community, the kohanim have remained the primary religious leaders. Ethiopian Jewish religious leaders are sometimes called kahen, a form of the same word, but the position is not hereditary and their duties are more like those of rabbis than kohanim in most Jewish communities.The noun kohen is used in the Torah to refer to priests, whether Jewish or pagan, such as the kohanim ("priests") of Baal (2 Kings 10:19) or Dagon, though Christian priests are referred to in Hebrew by the term komer (כומר). Kohanim can also refer to the Jewish nation as a whole, as in Exodus 19:6, part of the Parshath Yithro, where the whole of Israel is addressed as "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation". The word derives from a Semitic root common at least to the Central Semitic languages; the cognate Arabic word كاهن kāhin means "soothsayer, augur", or "priest". Translations in the paraphrase of the Aramaic Targumic interpretations include "friend" in Targum Yonathan to 2 Kings 10:11, "master" in Targum to Amos 7:10, and "minister" in Mechiltato Parshah Jethro (Exodus 18:1–20:23). As a starkly different translation the title "worker" (Rashi on Exodus 29:30) and "servant" (Targum to Jeremiah 48:7), have been offered as a translation as well.
- Ashkenazi, plural Ashkenazim, from Hebrew Ashkenaz (“Germany”), member of the Jews who lived in the Rhineland valley and in neighbouring France before their migration eastward to Slavic lands (e.g., Poland,Lithuania, Russia) after the Crusades (11th–13th century) and their descendants. After the 17th-century persecutions in eastern Europe, large numbers of these Jews resettled in western Europe, where they assimilated, as they had done in eastern Europe, with other Jewish communities. In time, all Jews who had adopted the “German rite” synagogueritual were referred to as Ashkenazim to distinguish them from Sephardic (Spanish rite) Jews. Ashkenazim differ from Sephardim in their pronunciation of Hebrew, in cultural traditions, insynagogue cantillation (chanting), in their widespread use of Yiddish (until the 20th century), and especially in synagogue liturgy. Today Ashkenazim constitute more than 80 percent of all the Jews in the world, vastly outnumbering Sephardic Jews. In the early 21st century, Ashkenazic Jews numbered about 11 million. In Israel the numbers of Ashkenazim and Sephardim are roughly equal, and the chief rabbinate has both an Ashkenazic and a Sephardic chief rabbi on equal footing. All Reform and Conservative Jewish congregations belong to the Ashkenazic tradition.
- *****As in most American Jewish communities, the majority of people are Ashkenazim. These are Jews of East European origin.“Ashkenaz” may have been an old Hebrew word for Germany. https://www.quora.com/Is-the-last-name-Levine-pronounced-la-veen-or-lee-vine
- More detailed description https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Ashkenazim.html
- ashkenazi jews (probably in lithuania) copied the esther megillah scroll in 1600
- language
- Yiddish [Yidish-Taitsh], (lit. Judaeo-German) is the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a High German-based vernacular fused with elements taken from Hebrew and Aramaic as well as from Slavic languages and traces of Romance languages. Yiddish is written with a fully vocalized version of the Hebrew alphabet.https://www.quora.com/Is-Yiddish-Hebrew
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Ashkenazis-pronounce-Israel-as-esh-rail
- notable people
- Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic and political activist. Sometimes described as "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. He holds a joint appointment as Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and laureate professor at the University of Arizona, and is the author of over 100 books on topics such as linguistics, war, politics, and mass media. Ideologically, he aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism. Avram Noam Chomsky was born on December 7, 1928, in the East Oak Lane neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father was William "Zev" Chomsky, an Ashkenazi Jew originally from Ukraine who had fled to the United States in 1913. Having studied at Johns Hopkins University, William went on to become school principal of the Congregation Mikveh Israel religious school, and in 1924 was appointed to the faculty at Gratz College in Philadelphia. Chomsky's mother was the Belarusian-born Elsie Simonofsky (1904–1972), a teacher and activist whom William had met while working at Mikveh Israel.
- https://www.quora.com/Is-Sacha-Baron-Cohen-an-Arab-Why-does-he-speak-Arabic-in-his-movie No, he’s not Arabic. He is an Ashkenazi Jew.Ashkenazi Jews are Middle Eastern, and certainly related to Arabs, but they’re not Arabic themselves. They’re Judean/Levantine.And the language he speaks in the movie is Hebrew, not Arabic.
- People with surname ashkenazi
- Gabriel "Gabi" Ashkenazi (Hebrew: גַבִּי אַשְׁכְּנַזִּי; born 25 February 1954)[1] is an Israeli politician and former military leader. He currently serves as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was the Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces from 2007 to 2011. He was the fourth Mizrahi Jew to become Chief of Staff of the IDF.
- !!! A hospital in Indiana named after a Jewish couple was victim to an unfortunate malfunction when some of the building’s sign lights went out, meaning the Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital instead read “Nazi Hospital”.The building had been renamed after the couple following a donation of $40 million in 2011 to build new hospital facilities. It was the largest gift ever received by the hospital. The mishap was spotted by an Indianapolis native and posted on Twitter. From the 1960s, Mr Eskenazi ran a successful property development company, whilst Mrs Eskenazi worked as a medical lab technician. In 2013, they were honoured by then-Governor Mike Pence with the Sagamore of the Wabash, one of the state’s highest individual recognitions, for their philanthropy. https://www.thejc.com/news/us-news/hospital-named-after-jewish-couple-appears-as-nazi-hospital-after-sign-malfunction-1.496562
- Sephardi Jews, also known as Sephardic Jews or simply Sephardim (Hebrew:סְפָרַדִּי, Modern Hebrew: Sfaraddi, Tiberian: Səp̄āraddî, lit. "The Jews of Spain"), are aJewish ethnic division whoseethnogenesis and emergence as a distinct community of Jews coalesced in theIberian Peninsula around the start of the 2nd millennium (i.e., about the year 1000). They established communities throughoutSpain and Portugal, where they traditionally resided, evolving what would become their distinctive characteristics and diasporic identity. Their millennial residence as an open and organised Jewish community in Iberia was brought to an end starting with the Alhambra Decreeby Spain's Catholic Monarchs in the late 15th century, which resulted in a combination of internal and external migrations, mass conversions and executions.
- *******https://www.quora.com/Is-the-last-name-Levine-pronounced-la-veen-or-lee-vine The other major group of Jews are the Sepharadim, Jews of Mediterranean and Turkish origin. “Sepharad” still means Spain in Hebrew. That is where the Sepharadim originated.
- EU
- A year before the Brexit referendum of 2016, Portugal and Spain passed laws which offered Sephardic Jews—those whose families once lived on the Iberian peninsula—a path to citizenship. Each country intended the gesture to act as recompense for the forcible exile of Jews in the 1490s, in one of the first acts of the Spanish Inquisition. But the two countries have unwittingly offered a lifeline for Remainers anxious to retain eu citizenship after Britain leaves the bloc. “I really want to be European, I want my kids to be European,” says Dr Rachamim. To guarantee her three children’s ability to live and work across the continent, she has sought Spanish passports for them, on top of her own application to Portugal. The cost will run to more than £10,000 ($12,650). https://www.economist.com/britain/2019/07/04/british-jews-trace-iberian-heritage-to-retain-eu-citizenship
Historically, the vernacular languages of Sephardim and their descendants have been:
- Judaeo-Spanish, sometimes called "Ladino Oriental" (Eastern Ladino), aRomance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from all the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew and Aramaic. Spoken by Sephardim in the Eastern Mediterranean. Taken with them in the 15th century after the expulsion from Spain in 1492, this dialect was further influenced by Ottoman Turkish, Levantine Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary in the differing lands of their exile.
- Haketia, also called "Ladino Occidental" (Western Ladino), a Judaeo-Spanish variety also derived from Old Spanish, plus Hebrew and Aramaic. Spoken by North African Sephardim. Taken with them in the 15th century after the expulsion from Spain in 1492, this dialect was heavily influenced by Maghrebi Arabic.
- Early Modern Spanish and Early Modern Portuguese, including in a mixture of the two. Traditionally spoken or used liturgically by the ex-converso Western Sephardim. Taken with them during their later migration out of Iberia in the 16th to 18th centuries as conversos, after which they reverted to Judaism.
- Modern Spanish and Modern Portuguese varieties, traditionally spoken by the Sephardic Bnei Anusim of Iberia and Ibero-America, including some recent returnees to Judaism in the late 20th and early 21st centuries (Neo-Western Sephardim). In most cases these varieties have incorporated loanwords from the indigenous languages of the Americas introduced following the Spanish conquest. More broadly, the term Sephardim has today also come to refer to traditionally Eastern Jewish communities of West Asia and beyond who, although not having genealogical roots in the Jewish communities of Iberia, have adopted a Sephardic style of liturgy and Sephardic law and customs imparted to them by the Iberian Jewish exiles over the course of the last few centuries. This article deals with Sephardim within the narrower ethnic definition.
- http://www.rhodesjewishmuseum.org/history/the-800-year-old-torah
- Mountain Jews or Caucasus Jews also known as Juhuro, Juvuro, Juhuri, Juwuri, Juhurim,Kavkazi Jews or Gorsky Jews (Azerbaijani: Dağ Yəhudiləri, Hebrew: יהודי קווקז Yehudey Kavkaz or יהודי ההרים Yehudey he-Harim, Russian: Горские евреи, romanized: Gorskie Yevrei[6]) are Jews of the eastern and northern Caucasus, mainly Azerbaijan, and various republics in the Russian Federation: Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, and Kabardino-Balkaria. They are the descendants of Persian Jews from Iran.
- omer Adam was born in North Carolina to an Israeli family.[citation needed] On his paternal side, His father, Yaniv Adam, was of Mountain Jewish (Kavkazi Jew) descent, whereas his mother is of Ashkenazi Jewishdescent.
- Arab Jews (Arabic: اليهود العرب al-Yahūd al-ʿArab; Hebrew: יהודים ערבים Yehudim `Aravim) is a term referring to Jews living in the Arab World, or Jews descended from such persons.[citation needed]The term was not commonly used until the modern era. Most of the population was forced out or voluntarily left after the founding of Israel in 1948, for the new Jewish state or toWestern Europe, and a few went to the United States and Latin America. They spoke Arabic, using one of the many Arabic dialects (see also Judeo-Arabic languages) as their primary community language, with Hebrew reserved as a liturgical language. They usually followedSephardi Jewish liturgy, making them one of the largest groups among Mizrahi Jews.
- Olim means "immigrants" on aliyah to Israel.Aliyah (US: /ˌæliˈɑː/, UK: /ˌɑː-/; Hebrew: עֲלִיָּה aliyah, "ascent") is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel (Eretz Israel in Hebrew). Also defined as "the act of going up"—that is, towards Jerusalem—"making Aliyah" by moving to the Land of Israel is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism. The opposite action, emigration from the Land of Israel, is referred to in Hebrew as yerida ("descent").[1] The State of Israel's Law of Return gives Jews and their descendants automatic rights regarding residency and Israeli citizenship. For much of Jewish history, most Jews have lived in the diaspora where aliyah was developed as a national aspiration for the Jewish people, although it was not usually fulfilled until the development of the Zionist movement in the late nineteenth century. The large-scale immigration of Jews to Palestine began in 1882.[3][not in citation given] Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, more than 3 million Jews have moved to Israel.Aliyah in Hebrew means "ascent" or "going up". Jewish tradition views traveling to the land of Israel as an ascent, both geographically and metaphysically. Anyone traveling to Eretz Israelfrom Egypt, Babylonia or the Mediterranean basin, where many Jews lived in early rabbinic times, climbed to a higher altitude. Visiting Jerusalem, situated 2,700 feet above sea level, also involved an "ascent".Aliyah is an important Jewish cultural concept and a fundamental component of Zionism. It is enshrined in Israel's Law of Return, which accords any Jew (deemed as such by halakhaand/or Israeli secular law) and eligible non-Jews (a child and a grandchild of a Jew, the spouse of a Jew, the spouse of a child of a Jew and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew), the legal right to assisted immigration and settlement in Israel, as well as Israeli citizenship. Someone who "makes aliyah" is called an oleh (m.; pl. olim) or olah (f.; pl. olot). Many religious Jews espouse aliyah as a return to the Promised land, and regard it as the fulfillment of God's biblical promise to the descendants of the Hebrew patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Nachmanides (the Ramban) includes making aliyah in his enumeration of the 613 commandments.
- oleh is a Jew immigrating to Israel (plural of oleh is olim)
- Olim L'Berlin is a snowclone of that notion, used as protest against high consumer prices in Israel.
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-ethnic-origin-of-Karaites
- Karaite Judaism (/ˈkɛərə.aɪt/) or Karaism (/ˈkɛərə.ɪzəm/; Hebrew: יהדות קראית, Modern: Yahadut Qara'it from, Tiberian: Qārāʾîm, meaning "Readers"; also spelt Qaraite Judaism or Qaraism)[a] is a Jewish religious movement characterized by the recognition of the written Torah alone as its supreme authority in halakha (Jewish religious law) and theology.[citation needed] Karaites maintain that all of the divine commandments handed down to Moses by God were recorded in the written Torah without additional Oral Law or explanation. It is distinct from mainstream Rabbinic Judaism, which considers the Oral Torah, as codified in the Talmud and subsequent works, to be authoritative interpretations of the Torah. As a result, Karaite Jews do not accept as binding the written collections of the oral tradition in the Midrash or Talmud.
- itzig family
- Daniel Itzig (also known as Daniel Yoffe 18 March 1723 in Berlin – 17 May 1799 in Potsdam) was a Court Jew of Kings Frederick II the Great and Frederick William II ofPrussia. Itzig was born in Berlin. His family was mercantile; His wife Miriam's ancestors included Rabbi Moses Isserles of Cracow and Joseph ben Mordechai Gershon.[1] Itzig was a banker in partnership with Feitel (Efraim) Heine. Together they owned factories for oil and lead. During the Seven Years' War he assisted Frederick the Great. Following the war he was appointed in 1756 Master of the Mint, and was made the Prussian court banker by Frederick's successor, Frederick William II in 1797. Itzig was one of the very few Jews in Prussia to receive full citizenship privileges, as a "Useful Jew". He became extraordinarily wealthy as a consequence.Many of Itzig's thirteen children by his wife Miriam Wulff who lived to adulthood became influential in German Jewish society. Two of his granddaughters married two of Moses Mendelssohn's sons. One of them was Lea (née Solomon), mother of Felix Mendelssohn andFanny Hensel, a pianist and composer. By her, Lea was grandmother of mathematician Kurt Hensel.
- Many of the thirteen children of Daniel Itzig and Miriam Wulff, and their descendants and spouses, had significant impact on both Jewish and German social and cultural (especially musical) history.
- Ephraim Speiser, a historian and archaeologist whose excavations in Mesopotamia and philological research did much to advance understanding of ancient Near Eastern cultures, including that of the Israelites. In 1926, with the aid of a Guggenheim Fellowship, Speiser traveled to northern Iraq to study the Mittani-Hurri tribe, whose members still spoke the ancient Hittite language. (Speiser was said to be one of only two people in the United States who knew Hittite.) While in Iraq, he began excavating as well at Tepe Gawra, a multi-layered, multi-cultural mound near Mosul in northern Mesopotamia, in what is today Iraq. Tepe Gawra (“Great Mound,” in Kurdish) was a previously unknown, 70-foot high tel with layers representing 26 different periods of occupation, ranging from about 4,500 B.C.E. to 1,500 B.C.E. (It is very near the ancient city of Nineveh, which has been destroyed by ISIS.) Speiser and his team dug there over 11 seasons, starting in 1927. Beginning in 1930, he also dug at the nearby neo-Assyrian site of Tell Billa, also known as Shibaniba, which he identified as picking up chronologically where Tepe Gawra left off. read more: http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/this-day-in-jewish-history/1.698762?utm_medium=Social&utm_campaign=Echobox&utm_source=Facebook
- WEIDENFELD, (Arthur) GEORGE, Baron (1919– ), British publisher. Weidenfeld was born in Vienna. Following the Anschluss in 1938, he immigrated to Great Britain and joined the BBC where he worked in overseas intelligence and as a commentator on European affairs. Weidenfeld was a lecturer at Chatham House and in 1945 founded Contact, a journal of contemporary affairs and the arts. In 1948, together with Nigel Nicolson, he set up Weidenfeld and Nicolson, a large British publishing house, whose program is divided equally between general literature, academic books, and art and illustrated productions, and publishes the works of many Israeli scholars. In 1969 a subsidiary company was established in Jerusalem. Weidenfeld was political adviser to President Chaim *Weizmann from 1949 to 1950, and his close association with Israel dates from that period. He was later chairman of the Board of Governors of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and a member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute of Science. In 1969 Weidenfeld was knighted and in 1976 given a life peerage. Weidenfeld was one of the best known and most successful of postwar British publishers and produced many works of Jewish interest by a range of Jewish notables, among them Moshe *Dayan, Dr. Henry *Kissinger, Golda *Meir, and Sir Martin *Gilbert. He was the author of an autobiography, Remembering My Good Friends, in 1994.https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0020_0_20686.html
- Hilary Whitehall Putnam (July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist who was a central figure inanalytic philosophy from the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind,philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science. He was known for his willingness to apply an equal degree of scrutiny to his own philosophical positions as to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposed its flaws. As a result, he acquired a reputation for frequently changing his own position. At the time of his death, Putnam was Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. In philosophy of mind, Putnam is known for his argument against the type-identity of mental and physical states based on his hypothesis of the multiple realizability of the mental, and for the concept of functionalism, an influential theory regarding the mind–body problem. In philosophy of language, along with Saul Kripke and others, he developed the causal theory of reference, and formulated an original theory of meaning, introducing the notion of semantic externalism based on a famous thought experiment called Twin Earth.[6] In philosophy of mathematics, he and his mentor W. V. Quine developed the "Quine–Putnam indispensability thesis", an argument for the reality of mathematical entities,[7] later espousing the view that mathematics is not purely logical, but "quasi-empirical".[8] In the field ofepistemology, he is known for his critique of the well known "brain in a vat" thought experiment. This thought experiment appears to provide a powerful argument for epistemological skepticism, but Putnam challenges its coherence.[9] In metaphysics, he originally espoused a position called metaphysical realism, but eventually became one of its most outspoken critics, first adopting a view he called "internal realism",[10] which he later abandoned. Despite these changes of view, throughout his career he remained committed to scientific realism, roughly the view that mature scientific theories are approximately true descriptions of ways things are. In the philosophy of perception Putnam came to endorse direct realism, according to which perceptual experiences directly present one with the external world. In the past, he further held that there are no mental representations, sense data, or other intermediaries that stand between the mind and the world. By 2012, however, he rejected this further commitment, in favor of "transactionalism", a view that accepts both that perceptual experiences are world-involving transactions, and that these transactions are functionally describable (provided that worldly items and intentional states may be referred to in the specification of the function). Such transactions can further involve qualia. In his later work, Putnam became increasingly interested in American pragmatism, Jewish philosophy, and ethics, thus engaging with a wider array of philosophical traditions. He also displayed an interest in metaphilosophy, seeking to "renew philosophy" from what he identifies as narrow and inflated concerns. Outside philosophy, Putnam contributed to mathematics and computer science. Together with Martin Davis he developed the Davis–Putnam algorithm for the Boolean satisfiability problem and he helped demonstrate the unsolvability of Hilbert's tenth problem. He was at times a politically controversial figure, especially for his involvement with theProgressive Labor Party in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
- Meshullam Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, commonly called "Reb Zalman", (28 August 1924 – 3 July 2014) was one of the founders of the Jewish Renewalmovement and an innovator in ecumenical dialogue. Born in 1924 in Żółkiew, Poland (now Ukraine), Schachter was raised in Vienna. His father was a liberal Belzer hasid and had Zalman educated at both a Zionist high school and anOrthodox yeshiva. Schachter was interned in detention camps under the Vichy French and fled the Nazi advance by coming to the United States in 1941. He was ordained as anOrthodox rabbi in 1947 within the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic community while under the leadership of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, and served Chabad congregations in Massachusetts and Connecticut. He subsequently earned an M.A. inpsychology of religion at Boston University, and a doctorate from the Reform-run Hebrew Union College. Along with Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach, Schachter was initially sent out to speak on college campuses by the Lubavitcher Rebbe. In 1958, Schachter privately published what may have been the first English book on Jewish meditation. It was later reprinted in The Jewish Catalog, and was read by a generation of Jews and as well as some Christian contemplatives. Schachter left the Lubavitcher movement after experimenting with "the sacramental value oflysergic acid", the main ingredient in LSD, from 1962. With subsequent rise of the hippie movement in the 1960s, and exposure to Christian mysticism, he moved away from the Chabad lifestyle.
Food
- The four species (Hebrew: ארבעת המינים arba'at ha-minim, also called arba'a minim) are four plants mentioned in the Torah (Leviticus 23:40) as being relevant to the Jewish holiday of Sukkot.[1] Rabbinic Jews tie together three types of branches and one type of fruit and wave them in a special ceremony each day of the Sukkot holiday, excluding Shabbat. The waving of the four plants is a mitzvah prescribed by the Torah, and contains symbolic allusions to a Jew's service of God. In Karaite Judaism, the sukkah is constructed with branches from the four specified plants.
In Leviticus 23:40 the Hebrew terms for the four plants are:
- ‘êṣ hāḏār (עֵץ הָדָר), citrus trees
- təmārîm (תְּמָרִים), palm trees
- ‘êṣ ‘āḇōṯ (עֵץ עָבֹת), thick/leafy trees
- ‘arḇê-nāḥal (עַרְבֵי נַחַל), willows of the brook/valley
In Talmudic tradition, the four plants are identified as:
- etrog (אתרוג) – the fruit of a citron tree
- lulav (לולב) – a ripe, green, closed frond from a date palm tree
- hadass (הדס) – boughs with leaves from the myrtle tree
- aravah (ערבה) – branches with leaves from the willow tree
In old Jewish Eastern European communities, the Jews lived in cities far from fields, which then required substantial travel in order to purchase the four species. Often whole towns would have had to share them. The etrog especially was rare and thus very expensive. In Northern African communities, in Morocco, Tunis and Tangier, the communities were located closer to fields, but the etrog was still fairly expensive. There, instead of one per city, there was one per family. But in both areas, the community would share their etrogs to some extent.
Several explanations are offered as to why these particular species were chosen for the mitzvah. The Midrash[8] notes that the binding of the four species symbolizes our desire to unite the four "types" of Jews in service of God. An allusion is made to whether or not the species (or their fruits) have taste and/or smell, which correspond to Torah and good deeds. The symbolism is as follows:
- The lulav has taste but no smell, symbolizing those who study Torah but do not possess good deeds.
- The hadass has a good smell but no taste, symbolizing those who possess good deeds but do not study Torah.
- The aravah has neither taste nor smell, symbolizing those who lack both Torah and good deeds.
- The etrog has both a good taste and a good smell, symbolizing those who have both Torah and good deeds.
A second explanation[9] finds the four species alluding to parts of the human body. Each of the species or its leaves is similar in shape to the following organs:
- Lulav – the spine
- Hadass – the eye
- Aravah – the mouth
- Etrog – the heart
- Though the origins of bagels are somewhat obscure, it is known that they were widely consumed in East European Jewish communities from the 17th century. The first known mention of the bagel, in 1610, was in Jewish community ordinances in Kraków, Poland. Bagels are now a popular bread product in North America, especially in cities with a large Jewish population, many with different ways of making bagels. Like other bakery products, bagels are available (either fresh or frozen, and often in many flavor varieties) in many major supermarkets in those countries. The basic roll-with-a-hole design is hundreds of years old and has other practical advantages besides providing for a more even cooking and baking of the dough: the hole could be used to thread string or dowels through groups of bagels, allowing for easier handling and transportation and more appealing seller displays.
attire, dressing style
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-rabbis-wear-a-wide-brimmed-hat-and-have-long-hanging-curls
work
- A Shabbos goy, Shabbat goy or Shabbes goy (Yiddish: שבת גוי, shabbos goy Modern Hebrew: גוי של שבת goy shel shabat) is a non-Jew who performs certain types of work (melakha) which Jewish religious law (halakha) prohibits the Jew from doing on the Sabbath. The phrase is a combination of the word "Shabbos" (שבת) meaning the Sabbath, and goy, which literally means "a nation" but colloquially means a "non-Jew" (in Biblical Hebrew "goy" means simply "a nation", but in Mishnaic Hebrew it is used in the sense of "a non-national", i.e., "a non-Jew"). Judaism prohibits Jews from doing certain types of work, known as melakha, on the Sabbath. Within certain guidelines (see Shulkhan Arukh), a non-Jew may perform certain acts which are beneficial to Jews but which may not be performed by Jews on the Sabbath. There are numerous restrictions and certain types of work are prohibited, such as contractor work. A "shabbat goy" is not needed where life is at stake (pikuach nefesh). Jewish physicians must work on the Sabbath if their work is needed to save lives.
tradition
- Some 2100 years ago the Land of Israel came under the rule of the Syrian-Greek emperor Antiochus, who issued a series of decrees designed to force his Hellenistic ideology and rituals upon the Jewish people. He outlawed the study of Torah and the observance of its commands, and defiled the Holy Temple in Jerusalem with Greek idols. A small, vastly outnumbered band of Jews waged battle against the mighty Greek armies, and drove them out of the land. When they reclaimed the Holy Temple, on the 25th of Kislev, they wished to light the Temple’s menorah (candelabrum), only to discover that the Greeks had contaminated virtually all the oil. All that remained was one cruse of pure oil, enough to last one night—and it would take eight days to procure new, pure oil. Miraculously, the one-day supply of oil lasted eight days and nights, and the holiday of Chanukah was established. To commemorate and publicize these miracles, we light the Chanukah menorah (also known as a chanukiah) on each of the eight nights of Chanukah. This year, we start lighting the menorah on Saturday night December 24, 2016.
- Bar Mitzvah (Hebrew: בַּר מִצְוָה) and Bat Mitzvah (Hebrew: בַּת מִצְוָה) (Ashkenazi pronunciation: "Bas Mitzvah") (plural: B'nai Mitzvah for boys, and B'not Mitzvah – Ashkenazi pronunciation: "B'nos Mitzvah" – for girls) are Jewish coming of age rituals. Bar (בַּר) is a Jewish Babylonian Aramaic word literally meaning "son" (בֵּן), while bat (בַּת) means "daughter" in Hebrew, and mitzvah (מִצְוָה) means "commandment" or "law" (plural: mitzvot). Thus bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah literally translate to "son of commandment" and "daughter of commandment". However, in rabbinical usage, the word bar means "under the category of" or "subject to". Bar mitzvah therefore translates to "an [agent] who is subject to the law". Although the term is commonly used to refer to the ritual itself, in fact the phrase originally refers to the person. According to Jewish law, when Jewish boys become 13 years old, they become accountable for their actions and become a bar mitzvah. A girl becomes a bat mitzvah at the age of 12 according to Orthodox and Conservative Jews, and at the age of 13 according to Reform Jews. Prior to reaching bar mitzvah age, the child's parents hold the responsibility for the child's actions. After this age, the boys and girls bear their own responsibility for Jewish ritual law, tradition, and ethics, and are able to participate in all areas of Jewish community life. Traditionally, the father of the bar mitzvah gives thanks to God that he is no longer punished for the child's sins (Genesis Rabba, Toldot 23:11). In addition to being considered accountable for their actions from a religious perspective, b'nai mitzvah may be counted towards a minyan (prayer quorum) and may lead prayer and other religious services in the family and the community.
- in pop culture
- Purim (/ˈpʊərɪm/; Hebrew: פּוּרִים Pûrîm "lots", from the word פור pur (גורל / fate), related to Akkadian: pūru; also called the Festival of Lots) is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the saving of the Jewish people from Haman, an Achaemenid Persian Empire official who was planning to kill all the Jews, as recounted in the Book of Esther(מגילת אסתר Megillat Ester in Hebrew; usually dated to the 5th century BCE).
- Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew: רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה), literally meaning the "head [of] the year", is the Jewish New Year. The biblical name for this holiday is Yom Teruah (יוֹם תְּרוּעָה), literally "day of shouting or blasting". It is the first of the Jewish High Holy Days (יָמִים נוֹרָאִים Yamim Nora'im. "Days of Awe") specified by Leviticus 23:23–32 that occur in the early autumn of the Northern Hemisphere. Rosh Hashanah is a two-day celebration that begins on the first day of Tishrei, which is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. In contrast to the Hebrew calendar, where the first month Nisan, the Passover month, marks Israel's exodus from Egypt, Rosh Hashanah marks the beginning of the civil year, according to the teachings of Judaism, and is the traditional anniversary of the creation of Adam and Eve, the first man and woman according to the Hebrew Bible, and the inauguration of humanity's role in God's world. According to one secular opinion, the holiday owes its timing to the beginning of the economic year in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa, marking the start of the agricultural cycle. Rosh Hashanah customs include sounding the shofar (a cleaned-out ram's horn), as prescribed in the Torah, following the prescription of the Hebrew Bible to "raise a noise" on Yom Teruah. Its rabbinical customs include attending synagogue services and reciting special liturgy about teshuva, as well as enjoying festive meals. Eating symbolic foods is now a tradition, such as apples dipped in honey, hoping to evoke a sweet new year."Rosh" is the Hebrew word for "head", "ha" is the definite article ("the"), and "shanah" means year. Thus "Rosh HaShanah" means 'head [of] the year', referring to the Jewish day of new year.
- seder - festive meal celebrated in home when the sotry of exodus is read by head of family to
children
- sukkot (tabernacles) - nine day festival commemorating the hebrews' dependence upon their god during their 40 years of wandering in desert
- hanukkah - post biblical festival that lasts eight days to celebrate the victory of maccabees over antiochus epiphanes who sought to destroy the jewish faith in 168 bce.
- Tisha B'Av (Hebrew: תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב[a] Tish‘āh Be'āv; IPA: [tiʃʕa bəˈʔav] , lit. "the ninth of Av") is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem. Tisha B'Av is regarded as the saddest day in the Jewish calendar and it is thus believed to be a day which is destined for tragedy. Tisha B'Av falls in July or August in the Gregorian calendar. The observance of the day includes five prohibitions, most notable of which is a 25-hour fast. The Book of Lamentations, which mourns the destruction of Jerusalem is read in the synagogue, followed by the recitation of kinnot, liturgical dirges that lament the loss of the Temples and Jerusalem. As the day has become associated with remembrance of other major calamities which have befallen the Jewish people, some kinnot also recall events such as the murder of the Ten Martyrs by the Romans, massacres in numerous medieval Jewish communities during the Crusades, and the Holocaust. 圣殿被毁日（希伯來語：תשעה באב或ט׳ באב；Tisha B'Av，意为“埃波月第九日”）
arts
- Jewish ceremonial art, also known as Judaica (/dʒuːˈdeɪ.ɪkə/), refers to an array of objects used by Jews for ritual purposes. Because enhancing a mitzvah by performing it with an especially beautiful object is considered a praiseworthy way of honoring God's commandments, Judaism has a long tradition of commissioning ritual objects from craftsmen and artists.
language
literature
- Philip Max Raskin
Statistics
- https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vitaltoc.html
diaspora
- haaretz facebook event on israel-diaspora relationship on 7jun2020 https://www.facebook.com/events/567093817553827/
Canada
- http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chanukah/ Chanukah (also Hanukkah, Chanukkah, Chanuka, and the Festival of Lights) is the Hebrew word for dedication. In Canada, Chanukah has been celebrated since 1760 when the first Jews were allowed to immigrate. Chanukah in Canada is a celebration for friends and families to gather, socialize, eat, and exchange gifts. It is arguably the first non-Christian holiday that was widely and publicly celebrated in Canada.
UK
- http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/16/british-jews-seek-german-citizenship-after-on-brexit-fears/
- http://www.timesofisrael.com/uk-jews-seek-restoration-of-german-citizenship-post-brexit/
Germany
- http://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21700613-venice-ghetto-gave-world-odious-word-its-synagogues-shouldbe
China
- according to scott carroll and todd a hillard, jewish immigrants began to filter into china (kaifeng) along the silk road nearly 2000 years ago; they brought with them the hebrew torah scroll to kaifeng (end of silk road) sometime between 100 and 900ad
- synagogue in kaifeng totally destructed in 1860s
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/10/18/b15-1018.pdf chinese surnames of jews in late tang/early song dynasty
- During the first decades of Republic of China, there were active Jewish communities in Shanghai and Harbin, and also Russian Jews in Manchuria and the Russian Far East. Film star Yul Brynner was a child of Harbin community. (source: Diana Lary Chinese Migration)
- 在猶 太民族與中國的交往過程中，上海有 着舉足輕重的地位，從20世紀初起， 上海就被譽為猶太人的「東方諾亞方 舟」。「『第二故鄉』中猶友誼國畫 展」日前在上海虹口區中猶文化科技 交流中心開幕，展覽展出了旅法畫家 潘先綱（亦飛）圍繞中猶友誼主題創 作的 30幅水墨畫，描繪了 20世紀三 四十年代猶太難民來到上海，與上海 人民比鄰而居，在艱難困苦歲月裡互 相扶持，結下深厚友誼的動人故事。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/11/12/a14-1112.pdf
work
- A Shabbos goy, Shabbat goy or Shabbes goy (Yiddish: שבת גוי, shabbos goy Modern Hebrew: גוי של שבת goy shel shabat) is a non-Jew who performs certain types of work (melakha) which Jewish religious law (halakha) prohibits the Jew from doing on the Sabbath. The phrase is a combination of the word "Shabbos" (שבת) meaning the Sabbath, and goy, which literally means "a nation" but colloquially means a "non-Jew" (in Biblical Hebrew "goy" means simply "a nation", but in Mishnaic Hebrew it is used in the sense of "a non-national", i.e., "a non-Jew"). Judaism prohibits Jews from doing certain types of work, known as melakha, on the Sabbath. Within certain guidelines (see Shulkhan Arukh), a non-Jew may perform certain acts which are beneficial to Jews but which may not be performed by Jews on the Sabbath. There are numerous restrictions and certain types of work are prohibited, such as contractor work. A "shabbat goy" is not needed where life is at stake (pikuach nefesh). Jewish physicians must work on the Sabbath if their work is needed to save lives.
tradition
- Some 2100 years ago the Land of Israel came under the rule of the Syrian-Greek emperor Antiochus, who issued a series of decrees designed to force his Hellenistic ideology and rituals upon the Jewish people. He outlawed the study of Torah and the observance of its commands, and defiled the Holy Temple in Jerusalem with Greek idols. A small, vastly outnumbered band of Jews waged battle against the mighty Greek armies, and drove them out of the land. When they reclaimed the Holy Temple, on the 25th of Kislev, they wished to light the Temple’s menorah (candelabrum), only to discover that the Greeks had contaminated virtually all the oil. All that remained was one cruse of pure oil, enough to last one night—and it would take eight days to procure new, pure oil. Miraculously, the one-day supply of oil lasted eight days and nights, and the holiday of Chanukah was established. To commemorate and publicize these miracles, we light the Chanukah menorah (also known as a chanukiah) on each of the eight nights of Chanukah. This year, we start lighting the menorah on Saturday night December 24, 2016.
- Menorah erected in chater garden (chabad of hk facebook 22dec17)
- Bar Mitzvah (Hebrew: בַּר מִצְוָה) and Bat Mitzvah (Hebrew: בַּת מִצְוָה) (Ashkenazi pronunciation: "Bas Mitzvah") (plural: B'nai Mitzvah for boys, and B'not Mitzvah – Ashkenazi pronunciation: "B'nos Mitzvah" – for girls) are Jewish coming of age rituals. Bar (בַּר) is a Jewish Babylonian Aramaic word literally meaning "son" (בֵּן), while bat (בַּת) means "daughter" in Hebrew, and mitzvah (מִצְוָה) means "commandment" or "law" (plural: mitzvot). Thus bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah literally translate to "son of commandment" and "daughter of commandment". However, in rabbinical usage, the word bar means "under the category of" or "subject to". Bar mitzvah therefore translates to "an [agent] who is subject to the law". Although the term is commonly used to refer to the ritual itself, in fact the phrase originally refers to the person. According to Jewish law, when Jewish boys become 13 years old, they become accountable for their actions and become a bar mitzvah. A girl becomes a bat mitzvah at the age of 12 according to Orthodox and Conservative Jews, and at the age of 13 according to Reform Jews. Prior to reaching bar mitzvah age, the child's parents hold the responsibility for the child's actions. After this age, the boys and girls bear their own responsibility for Jewish ritual law, tradition, and ethics, and are able to participate in all areas of Jewish community life. Traditionally, the father of the bar mitzvah gives thanks to God that he is no longer punished for the child's sins (Genesis Rabba, Toldot 23:11). In addition to being considered accountable for their actions from a religious perspective, b'nai mitzvah may be counted towards a minyan (prayer quorum) and may lead prayer and other religious services in the family and the community.
- in pop culture
- Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in 1905. It is based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman) and other tales by Sholem Aleichem. The story centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family's lives. He must cope both with the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters, who wish to marry for love – each one's choice of a husband moves further away from the customs of his faith – and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from their village.
The original Broadway production of the show, which opened in 1964, had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances.
- Purim (/ˈpʊərɪm/; Hebrew: פּוּרִים Pûrîm "lots", from the word פור pur (גורל / fate), related to Akkadian: pūru; also called the Festival of Lots) is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the saving of the Jewish people from Haman, an Achaemenid Persian Empire official who was planning to kill all the Jews, as recounted in the Book of Esther(מגילת אסתר Megillat Ester in Hebrew; usually dated to the 5th century BCE).
- Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew: רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה), literally meaning the "head [of] the year", is the Jewish New Year. The biblical name for this holiday is Yom Teruah (יוֹם תְּרוּעָה), literally "day of shouting or blasting". It is the first of the Jewish High Holy Days (יָמִים נוֹרָאִים Yamim Nora'im. "Days of Awe") specified by Leviticus 23:23–32 that occur in the early autumn of the Northern Hemisphere. Rosh Hashanah is a two-day celebration that begins on the first day of Tishrei, which is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. In contrast to the Hebrew calendar, where the first month Nisan, the Passover month, marks Israel's exodus from Egypt, Rosh Hashanah marks the beginning of the civil year, according to the teachings of Judaism, and is the traditional anniversary of the creation of Adam and Eve, the first man and woman according to the Hebrew Bible, and the inauguration of humanity's role in God's world. According to one secular opinion, the holiday owes its timing to the beginning of the economic year in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa, marking the start of the agricultural cycle. Rosh Hashanah customs include sounding the shofar (a cleaned-out ram's horn), as prescribed in the Torah, following the prescription of the Hebrew Bible to "raise a noise" on Yom Teruah. Its rabbinical customs include attending synagogue services and reciting special liturgy about teshuva, as well as enjoying festive meals. Eating symbolic foods is now a tradition, such as apples dipped in honey, hoping to evoke a sweet new year."Rosh" is the Hebrew word for "head", "ha" is the definite article ("the"), and "shanah" means year. Thus "Rosh HaShanah" means 'head [of] the year', referring to the Jewish day of new year.
- 在《舊約聖經》《利未記》中，稱為吹號角的日子或吹角节，在拉比文學和禮儀當中稱為審判日或紀念日。
- Rosh Hashanah這一詞在現今之中並沒有出現於五經（妥拉）。有關於猶太新年的記載在基督教聖經中出現於利未記23:24-25：「你曉諭以色列人說：七月初一，你們要守為聖安息日，要吹角作紀念，當有聖會。甚麼勞碌的工都不可做；要將火祭獻給耶和華。」此處所指「七月初一」也被稱為「吹角節」 (Zikhron Teru'ah，希伯來語:זִכְרוֹן תְּרוּעָה)、聖安息日、(shabbat shabbaton希伯來語:שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן)、倒數第二個安息日(penultimate Sabbath) 、默觀安息日（meditative rest day）、及主日聖日（holy day to God)。民數記29:1稱這個節日為「吹角日」（Yom Teru'ah ，希伯來語:יוֹם תְּרוּעָה） 。
- seder - festive meal celebrated in home when the sotry of exodus is read by head of family to
children
- sukkot (tabernacles) - nine day festival commemorating the hebrews' dependence upon their god during their 40 years of wandering in desert
- hanukkah - post biblical festival that lasts eight days to celebrate the victory of maccabees over antiochus epiphanes who sought to destroy the jewish faith in 168 bce.
- scmp young post 22dec19 "the miracle of hanukka"
- Tisha B'Av (Hebrew: תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב[a] Tish‘āh Be'āv; IPA: [tiʃʕa bəˈʔav] , lit. "the ninth of Av") is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem. Tisha B'Av is regarded as the saddest day in the Jewish calendar and it is thus believed to be a day which is destined for tragedy. Tisha B'Av falls in July or August in the Gregorian calendar. The observance of the day includes five prohibitions, most notable of which is a 25-hour fast. The Book of Lamentations, which mourns the destruction of Jerusalem is read in the synagogue, followed by the recitation of kinnot, liturgical dirges that lament the loss of the Temples and Jerusalem. As the day has become associated with remembrance of other major calamities which have befallen the Jewish people, some kinnot also recall events such as the murder of the Ten Martyrs by the Romans, massacres in numerous medieval Jewish communities during the Crusades, and the Holocaust. 圣殿被毁日（希伯來語：תשעה באב或ט׳ באב；Tisha B'Av，意为“埃波月第九日”）
arts
- Jewish ceremonial art, also known as Judaica (/dʒuːˈdeɪ.ɪkə/), refers to an array of objects used by Jews for ritual purposes. Because enhancing a mitzvah by performing it with an especially beautiful object is considered a praiseworthy way of honoring God's commandments, Judaism has a long tradition of commissioning ritual objects from craftsmen and artists.
- https://www.sothebys.com/en/slideshows/from-jamaica-to-china-discover-judaica-from-around-the-world
music
- Kaddish or Qaddish or Qadish (Aramaic: קדיש "holy") is a hymn of praises about God which is recited during Jewish prayer services. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of God's name. In the liturgy, different versions of the Kaddish are functionally chanted or sung as separators of the different sections of the service.The term Kaddish is often used to specifically refer to "The Mourner's Kaddish," which is chanted as part of the mourning rituals in Judaism in all prayer services, as well as at funerals (other than at the gravesite; see Kaddish acher kevurah "Qaddish after Burial") and memorials; for 11 Hebrew months after the death of a parent; and in some communities for 30 days after the death of a spouse, sibling, or child. When mention is made of "saying Kaddish", this unambiguously refers to the rituals of mourning. Mourners recite Kaddish to show that despite the loss they still praise God.Along with the Shema Yisrael and the Amidah, the Kaddish is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Kaddish is not, traditionally, recited alone. Along with some other prayers, it traditionally can only be recited with a minyan of ten Jews.
- composer maurice ravel (1835-1937) - song kaddish
- Aramaic has not held any particular interest for Jewish people in a long, long time. Christians revere it as the day-to-day language of Jesus, but Jews don't. Hebrew has been THE language of the Jewish people for thousands of years, with Yiddish a distant second and Ladino in third place. But even fluent Yiddish speakers were expected to learn Hebrew for prayer.https://www.quora.com/If-Israel-had-decided-to-adopt-Aramaic-as-its-official-language-instead-of-Hebrew-do-you-think-they-would-have-chosen-an-Aramaic-language-that-is-still-spoken-or-do-you-think-they-would-revive-an-ancient-Aramaic
- The total Jewish community in Palestine in 1800 numbered only 7000[1]—the vast majority of them Sephardi Jews, who spoke Ladino (medieval Judeo-Spanish) at home, and Arabic everywhere else. A small minority were Ashkenazi Jews living in kollelim (small Orthodox communities supported by donations from their communities of origin back in Europe), who spoke Yiddish at home. The Ashkenazi contingent grew somewhat with a series of immigrations by Hassidic or other Orthodox Jews from Europe, so that by 1878 (four years before the first wave of Zionist immigrants), the Jewish population was 25,000. Even so, to fit in with the wider community, even Ashkenazi Jews had to be at least conversant in Ladino and Arabic as well.https://www.quora.com/Before-the-revival-of-Hebrew-what-language-was-spoken
- Yiddish was just Jewish German. Because Jews were forced to live separately from gentiles, the Jews living in Germany (the land of Ashkenaz was what mediaeval Jews called the German lands) ended up speaking their own dialect of German. When Jews moved East to Poland, Lithuania, Russia etc, they took their language with them.Most Jewish communities spoke the languages of the people they lived among. French Jews spoke whichever dialect of French was spoken where they lived. Italian Jews spoke Italian, Sefardi (Spanish) Jews spoke Spanish.Languages such as Judeo-German (Yiddish) and Judeo-Spanish (Ladino/Djudezmo/Djudyo-Spanyol) mostly remained the language of communities who transplanted their language into a Foreign environment (such as when German Jews went to Poland or Spanish Jews to Turkey). It was once these languages had become totally distance from the original parent language that they really started to diverge.İn Germany, for example, the Jews did not speak Yiddish after the partial granting of Civil rights in the 19th Century. Jews spoke standard German like other German citizens, not Yiddish.https://www.quora.com/What-language-did-the-Ashkenazim-speak-before-Yiddish-came-out
name
- Ashkenazi Jews (Jews whose ancestors lived in central and eastern Europe in the diaspora at the time of slight divergences of custom) typically choose a name that honors a deceased relative; Sephardi Jews (Jews whose ancestors lived in the Iberian Peninsula — Spain or Portugal — in the diaspora at the time of slight divergences of custom) typically choose a name that honors a living relative. In both cases, though, there is much latitude to the parent in picking a name (and not everyone adheres to this custom). And, in addition to considering how to honor relatives, the name is typically considered to express a prophecy or wish for the child (e.g. some character trait that one hopes the child will exhibit). For example, my Hebrew name, מנחם (Menachem), both honors my deceased great grandfather as well as expresses the desire that I should be compassionate to others (the name means “compassionate one”) [and my middle Hebrew name, Aharon, honors Moses’s brother Aaron and also expresses a desire/prophecy that I should strive to bring about peace as that Jewish leader did].In the diaspora, it is common due to anti-Semitism to also pick a name in the local language that is common in that locale (and not just a transliteration of the Hebrew). It is for that reason that I go by “Michael” instead of “Menachem” on a daily basis and why all of my official legal documents use “Michael” instead of “Menachem”. Typically, the Hebrew name is picked first, with a local name that sounds similar or has some logical connection to go with it, though some parents do the reverse.As for someone who is converting to Judaism and needs to pick a Hebrew name for themselves, I am not certain how they pick, though I suspect the logic is similar, albeit picking for oneself instead of for a child (and, in such a case, they already have a name in the local language, and so are likely picking a Hebrew name that matches it).https://www.quora.com/How-is-a-Hebrew-name-chosen
literature
- Philip Max Raskin
Statistics
- https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vitaltoc.html
diaspora
- haaretz facebook event on israel-diaspora relationship on 7jun2020 https://www.facebook.com/events/567093817553827/
Canada
- http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chanukah/ Chanukah (also Hanukkah, Chanukkah, Chanuka, and the Festival of Lights) is the Hebrew word for dedication. In Canada, Chanukah has been celebrated since 1760 when the first Jews were allowed to immigrate. Chanukah in Canada is a celebration for friends and families to gather, socialize, eat, and exchange gifts. It is arguably the first non-Christian holiday that was widely and publicly celebrated in Canada.
UK
- http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/16/british-jews-seek-german-citizenship-after-on-brexit-fears/
- http://www.timesofisrael.com/uk-jews-seek-restoration-of-german-citizenship-post-brexit/
Germany
- http://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21700613-venice-ghetto-gave-world-odious-word-its-synagogues-shouldbe
China
- according to scott carroll and todd a hillard, jewish immigrants began to filter into china (kaifeng) along the silk road nearly 2000 years ago; they brought with them the hebrew torah scroll to kaifeng (end of silk road) sometime between 100 and 900ad
- synagogue in kaifeng totally destructed in 1860s
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/10/18/b15-1018.pdf chinese surnames of jews in late tang/early song dynasty
- During the first decades of Republic of China, there were active Jewish communities in Shanghai and Harbin, and also Russian Jews in Manchuria and the Russian Far East. Film star Yul Brynner was a child of Harbin community. (source: Diana Lary Chinese Migration)
- 在猶 太民族與中國的交往過程中，上海有 着舉足輕重的地位，從20世紀初起， 上海就被譽為猶太人的「東方諾亞方 舟」。「『第二故鄉』中猶友誼國畫 展」日前在上海虹口區中猶文化科技 交流中心開幕，展覽展出了旅法畫家 潘先綱（亦飛）圍繞中猶友誼主題創 作的 30幅水墨畫，描繪了 20世紀三 四十年代猶太難民來到上海，與上海 人民比鄰而居，在艱難困苦歲月裡互 相扶持，結下深厚友誼的動人故事。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/11/12/a14-1112.pdf
- israel epstein (1915-2005), CHINESE WRITER AND SCHOLAR OF JEWISH ORIGIN, author of "the jews in china"
Hong Kong
- synagogue
- association
- jews in hong kong
- Iraqi Jews moved to Hong Kong in advance of Shanghai falling to the Communists in 1949. (source: Diana Lary Chinese Migration)
Hong Kong
- synagogue
- The Ohel Leah Synagogue (Hebrew: בית הכנסת אהל לאהBeit Ha-Knesset Ohel Leah; 猶太教莉亞堂 jau4 taai3 gaau1 lei6 ngaa3 tong4, colloquial 猶太廟 jau4 taai3 miu6, lit. "Jewish temple") and its next-door neighbors, the Jewish Recreation Club and the Jewish Community Center, have formed the center of Jewish social and religious life in Hong Kong for over a century. Originally the community was mostly Baghdadi and the synagogue was under the superintendence of the Haham of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of London: it is now fully independent and has members from across the Jewish diaspora.The name Ohel Leah commemorates Leah Sassoon, the mother of the Sassoon brothers Jacob, Edward, and Meyer who donated the land for building the Synagogue. The Sassoons were among the earliest Sephardic merchants from India to settle in Hong Kong during the mid to late 19th century.
- The historic Synagogue was first listed as a Grade I historic building in July 1987. By December 1987, the listing was voluntarily removed as there was talk of demolishing the building. In order to provide the building with immediate protection against demolition, the Antiquities Authority of the Hong Kong Government declared it a proposed monument. Ohel Leah Synagogue was consequently saved based on a preservation arrangement agreed between Government and the owner.[4] It has been again a Grade I historic building since 1990.
- according to the central and western heritage trail map published by antiquities and monument office, it is a eastern jewish styled building.
- Ohel Leah is a Modern Orthodox congregation and received its first officially appointed rabbiin 1961. Three other Jewish congregations have also emerged more recently in Hong Kong: the Sephardic, which is dominated by Israeli expatriates; the Chabad Lubavitch; and the United Jewish Congregation, which is aligned with the more liberal Reform and Conservativemovements. Many worshippers, however, hold concurrent memberships in several congregations.
- association
- As the nerve center of Chabad in China, Chabad of Hong Kong is responsible for the development of new Chabad Houses throughout this vast country. To date, there are seven active Chabad Houses catering the varying needs of each community.http://www.chabadhongkong.org
- jewish community centre
- Jewish Historical Society of Hong Kong jhshk.org
- http://www.jewishtimesasia.org/
- the year, 1855, which is interesting given that the official Indenture for the land issued by the Government of the Crown Colony of Hong Kong, and signed by David's son, Reuben David Sassoon, is dated the 23 June 1858. It states that the ten thousand, seven hundred and fifty square feet of land should be used solely as a Burial Ground, for which the Community should pay an annual rent of four shillings and two pence Sterling for the duration of the nine hundred and ninety-nine year lease. It could be that the Sassoon family purchased the parcel of land directly from the farmers in Wong Nei Chong and it took the Government three years to get the paperwork sorted out.The cemetery is oriented east to west with most of the graves facing the entrance to the west. The earliest burial, dated 1857, is of Leon Bin Baruel, about whom nothing further is known but whose imposing granite sarcophagus bears witness to his having passed his final days in Hong Kong. The Chevra Kadisha list shows that most of those who died in the early years were single men, as it was not the custom to bring wives and families to live in Hong Kong as it was still a fledgling colony. The Community was mostly without an official functionary and witness to the fact that the population was a transient one even then, sixteen of the oldest graves bear only a small, numbered marker, with no name.It is interesting that in the original section of the cemetery, the Sephardi graves congregate at the eastern end, while the Ashkenazi ones are clustered to the west, just behind the chapel. This may have been simply because most of the Sephardim were related, either by birth or marriage, but we do know that in the nineteenth century the two Communities generally kept to themselves, not praying together or socializing. The Sephardim, were well established and highly regarded by the 1880s when an influx of their Ashkenazi co-religionists arrived in Hong Kong. Mostly indigent refugees from Eastern Europe, most of the newcomers eked out a living working in bars and boarding houses, with some of the women reputedly having to resort to the lowest end of the service industry. This was a source of acute embarrassment to the Jewish establishment, who distanced themselves as best they could.https://ohelleah.org/ols/jewish-hong-kong/cemetery/
-香港猶太教國際學校 Carmel School. 創校於1911 年
- https://www.hk01.com/即時娛樂/99663/陳豪大仔贏在起跑線-讀猶太教國際學校譽為數學天才搖籃
- Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Matthew Nathan, GCMG, PC (Ire) (3 January 1862 – 18 April 1939) was a British soldier and colonial administrator, who variously served as the Governor of Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Hong Kong, Natal and Queensland. He was Under-Secretary for Ireland from 1914 to 1916, and was responsible, with the Chief Secretary, Augustine Birrell, for the administration of Ireland in the years immediately preceding the Easter Rising. Nathan was born in Paddington, England. He was of Jewish descent and the second son of businessman Jonah Nathan and Miriam Jacob Nathan. His brothers were Colonel Sir Frederick Nathan, an officer of the Royal Artillery and sometime Superintendent of Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills, and Sir Nathaniel Nathan, a colonial judge in Trinidad and Tobago.
Nathan was educated at Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where he was the winner of the Pollock Medal (1880) before being gazetted to Royal Engineers in 1880. He continued his training at the School of Military Engineering, Chatham from 1880 to 1884. Nathan was sent to military expeditions to Sudan (1884–1885) and to Lushai, India (1889–1894). He was promoted to the position of captain in 1889 and became the secretary to the Colonial Defence Committee between 1896 and 1898. Nathan was promoted to major in 1898. In 1903, Nathan was appointed as Governor of Hong Kong, a position he would serve until 1907. During his tenure, Nathan was credited with the establishment of a central urban planning and reconstruction policy, which regulated the growth of Hong Kong and built major thoroughfares in the Kowloon Peninsula. The construction of Kowloon-Canton Railway started under this period. - in the midst of a severe water crisis in Hong Kong, Rabbi Ferdinand M. Isserman (1898-1972) become the rabbi of Ohel Leah Synagogue. The first Reform rabbi to serve in Hong Kong, Rabbi Isserman's tenure lasted for most of 1963. In a short period of time he raised the community's profile and pushed for significant ritual changes. em 13mar19
- hket 11jan17 a14
- hket 23oct18 c6 mr 温
- Iraqi Jews moved to Hong Kong in advance of Shanghai falling to the Communists in 1949. (source: Diana Lary Chinese Migration)
Web resources
-sefaria.org, the free online database of Jewish texts https://www.thejc.com/judaism/features/the-vast-jewish-library-on-your-computer-screen-1.510075
???? and to kiv
- "judeocracy"
Jewish Resistance to “Romanianization,” 1940–44
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