Monday, December 24, 2018

Sudan

association
- religious


company
- tannery

  • modrn rubatan tannery
  • exhibited at 2018 aplf
trade and investment environment
- prices

  • https://www.ft.com/content/231e45dc-0692-11e9-9fe8-acdb36967cfc Anti-government demonstrations in Sudan over rising food prices have led to deadly clashes between state security forces and protesters in what may be the biggest popular challenge yet to the 29-year rule of Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir. The protests, which started in the eastern city of Atbara on Wednesday over a government decision to raise the price of bread, have spread to at least three other cities, including the capital Khartoum. 


industry
- military
  • 蘇丹空軍參謀長賽義德上周二宣布成功研發戰機用的數據共享系統，可用作中、美、俄軍機聯合作戰及指揮系統上。賽義德指蘇丹受美國制裁，無法與歐洲企業合作。此情況將促使蘇丹自行研發軍用系統，鞏固軍事實力。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181125/00180_018.html


politics
-https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-meeting/sudans-transitional-military-council-delays-meeting-with-political-parties-and-forces-idUSKCN1RO276 Sudan’s transitional military council will delay meeting with political parties and forces until a later unspecified date, state news agency SUNA said on Friday. They must first name two representatives and submit them on Saturday, it said. The head of the military council’s political committee, Omar Zain al-Abideen, said earlier on Friday the council will hold a dialogue with political entities to prepare a climate for dialogue.
  • The head of Sudan's ruling military council has resigned in a speech broadcast live on state television, naming Lieutenant General Abdel Fattah Burhan as his successor. The announcement by General Awad Ibn Auf came late on Friday as tens of thousands of protesters rallied in Sudan's capital, Khartoum, demanding a civilian-led transition after the military overthrow of the country's longtime ruler, Omar al-Bashir. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/sudan-military-council-ruler-ibn-auf-steps-190412194737727.html
  • https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47918736 The leader of Sudan's interim military council has vowed to "uproot the regime" two days after a military coup. Speaking on TV, Lt-Gen Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan announced the restructuring of state institutions, the end of a night curfew and the release of political prisoners. Protests continue despite the ousting of long-time leader Omar al-Bashir. Demonstrators have demanded an immediate move to civilian rule and vow to stay in the streets. Gen Burhan, who replaced the coup leader after he resigned on Friday, also dissolved all provincial governments and pledged respect for human rights. The army would maintain "peace, order and security" across Sudan during an already announced transition period that would last at most two years until elections could be and civilian rule introduced, he added. Using a more conciliatory tone, Gen Burhan also called on the opposition to "help us restore normal life", promised to try those who killed demonstrators and vowed a war on corruption.
  • 蘇丹反對派號召全國大罷工，在周日首天罷工，商店、辦公室關門和街道空蕩蕩，要求執政軍事委員會辭職。示威者稱，自本月三日軍方鎮壓示威者起，已有逾一百人被殺，包括周日最少有四人被保安部隊殺害。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190611/00180_013.html


people
- arab


- beduoin

  • Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: عمر حسن أحمد البشير‎, pronounced [ba'ʃiːr];[1] born 1 January 1944) is a Sudanese politician who served as the seventh President of Sudan from 1989 to 2019 and was the head of the National Congress Party. He came to power in 1989 when, as a brigadier in the Sudanese Army, he led a group of officers in a military coup that ousted the democratically elected government of prime minister Sadiq al-Mahdi after it began negotiations with rebels in the south.[2] Since then, he has been elected three times as President in elections that have been under scrutiny for electoral fraud.[3] In March 2009, al-Bashir became the first sitting president to be indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC), for allegedly directing a campaign of mass killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in Darfur.Al-Bashir was born in Hosh Bannaga, just north of the capital, Khartoum, to a family of African-Arab descent. He belongs to Al-Bedairyya Al-Dahmashyya, a Bedouin tribe belonging to the larger Ja'alin coalition,[25] an Arab tribe in middle north of Sudan (once a part of the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan). He received his primary education there, and his family later moved to Khartoum where he completed his secondary education. Al-Bashir is married to his cousin Fatima Khalid. He also has a second wife named Widad Babiker Omer, who had a number of children with her first husband Ibrahim Shamsaddin, a member of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvationwho had died in a helicopter crash. Al-Bashir does not have any children of his own.


http://www.scmp.com/comment/article/1577602/china-must-stop-its-arms-sales-war-torn-south-sudan

oil industry
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6ba9f528-869c-11e4-8a51-00144feabdc0.html War-torn South Sudan is receiving what traders say is arguably the lowest oil price in the world, $20-$25 a barrel, because of falling prices and unfavourable pipeline contracts.  Poverty-stricken South Sudan , which became independent in 2011 and is battling a year-long civil war, could become one of the biggest victims of the oil crunch after the Opec cartel decided to battle the US shale oil boom by maintaining production levels, driving down prices. Brent crude, the North Sea benchmark, closed at $61.38 on Friday.  Traders said none were making as little as South Sudan. The extremely low realised price is partly due to the low quality of South Sudanese crude, which is sold at a discount to Brent.
- https://www.ft.com/content/7aa3c190-e27c-11e8-a6e5-792428919cee Sudan is launching a bid to entice US and European companies back to its struggling oil industry as once hostile relations between the former pariah state and western governments thaw, according to the country’s oil minister. “We are open, without any discrimination at all,” said Azhari Abdalla, minister of petroleum and minerals, in an interview in the capital Khartoum. “Whoever wants to come we will receive them with open minds, with open arms and with policies that will facilitate their investments.”  Activity in Sudan’s oil sector ground to a near halt in the past seven years after the secession of the southern half of the country reduced Sudan’s proven reserves by about 3.5bn barrels, or about 75 per cent.

people
- Salva Kiir Mayardit (born 13 September 1951) is a Dinka South Sudanese politician who has been President of South Sudan since its independence in 2011. Prior to independence, he was President of the Government of Southern Sudan, as well as First Vice President of Sudan, from 2005 to 2011. Salva Kiir Mayardit (born 13 September 1951) is a Dinka South Sudanese politician who has been President of South Sudan since its independence in 2011. Prior to independence, he was President of the Government of Southern Sudan, as well as First Vice President of Sudan, from 2005 to 2011.
  •  Kiir is reported to be the owner or part-owner of ABMC Thai-South Sudan Construction Company Limited. According to a report by Radio Tamazuj, however, Kiir's shares are not held directly but may be concealed in the name of a close associate. Ties between Kiir and the company were denied by Kiir's spokesman Ateny Wek. The company was awarded at least $161 million in government roads contracts. The president's wife previously held shares in Yanyyom Mineral Water and Beverage Factory located in Juba. The factory took its name from Lake Yanyyom, located near the president's hometown Akon in Warrap State. Another owner of the factory was Garang Deng Aguer, a business magnate and former Governor of Northern Bahr al Ghazal State.
  • hkej 30jan18 shum article
language
- arabic

  •  I could only see the Sudanese Arabic being closer to Chadian Arabic. As both Sudan and Chad had not much foreign contacts but greater African contacts, there is more similarity between Sudanese and Chadian. A Chadian will get easier to understand Sudanese.https://www.quora.com/Which-Arabic-dialects-are-fully-or-partially-intelligible-with-Sudanese-Arabic



Indigenous people
- The Daju people are a group of seven distinct ethnicities speaking related languages (see Daju languages) living on both sides of the Chad-Sudan border and in the Nuba Mountains. Separated by distance and speaking different languages, at present, they generally have little cultural affinity to each other. The traditional area identified with the Daju are the Daju Hills in the southern portion of the Marrah Mountains located in the Darfur province of Sudan. As the Marrah Mountains are the only area in Darfur that has a temperate climate and thus could support large populations, a Daju state arose perhaps as early as the 12th century. Very little is known of this kingdom except for a list of kings and several mentions in Egyptian texts. The Daju appear to be the dominant group in Darfur from earliest times vying for control with their northern Marrah Mountain rivals, the agricultural Fur people.

  • The Daju, who known to Henri Barth as "Pharaoh's Folk", had migrated originally from the Nile valley in the aftermath of the invasion of Kingdom of Meroe by Izana, king of Axum about the midth of fourth century A.D. Accounts refer their origins to Shendi, which means in their own language "ewe." First they settled in Wadi al-Malik (Wadi Howar) and Jebel Midob in B.C. 3000 then invaded the Nile valley and Egypt where they ruled under the name of Libyan Pharaohs. An Egyptian Pharaoh expelled them southwards where they established Nepta. Then they have been driven southwards again to Meroe until Izana drove them westwards to Wadi Howar and Kordofan in western Sudan and there they re-established their kingdom around Jebel Qadir in the Nuba Mountains. After several generations, they annexed the land now called Dar Fur and beyond. Historians attribute this later expansion to the war between the Daju kingdom and the Kingdom of Dongola in 1100 AD which led King Ahmed al-Daj to relocate his headquarters to Meri in Jebel Marra massif. Meanwhile, Semia, one of Daju capitals, was completely destroyed by the Amir from Dongola.
  • People
  • Josephine Margaret Bakhita, F.D.C.C., (ca. 1869 – 8 February 1947) was a Sudanese-born former slave who became a Canossian Religious Sister in Italy, living and working there for 45 years. In 2000 she was declared a saint by the Catholic Church.She was born around the year 1869 in Darfur (now in western Sudan) in the village of Olgossa, west of Nyala and close to Mount Agilerei. She belonged to the prestigious Daju people;[2][3] her respected and reasonably prosperous father was brother of the village chief. Sometime between the age of seven to nine, probably in February 1877, she was kidnapped by Arab slave traders, who already had abducted her elder sister two years earlier. She was forced to walk barefoot about 960 kilometres (600 mi) to El Obeid and was sold and bought twice before she arrived there. Over the course of twelve years (1877–1889) she was resold again three more times and then given away. It is said that the trauma of her abduction caused her to forget her own name; she took one given to her by the slavers, bakhita, Arabic for lucky.[5][6] She was also forcibly converted to Islam.Her fourth owner was a Turkish general and she had to serve his mother-in-law and his wife who were cruel to their slaves. By the end of 1882, El Obeid came under the threat of an attack of Mahdist revolutionaries.[13]The Turkish general began making preparations to return to his homeland and sold his slaves. In 1883 Bakhita was bought in Khartoum by the Italian Vice Consul Callisto Legnani, who did not use the lash when giving orders and treated her in a cordial way.[14] Two years later, when Legnani himself had to return to Italy, Bakhita begged to go with him. By the end of 1884 they escaped from besieged Khartoum with a friend, Augusto Michieli. They travelled a risky 650-kilometre (400 mi) trip on camel back to Suakin, which was the largest port of Sudan. In March 1885 they left Suakin for Italy and arrived at the port of Genoa in April. They were met there by Augusto Michieli's wife Signora Maria Turina Michieli. Callisto Legnani gave ownership of Bakhita to Turina Michieli. Bakhita's new slave-owners took her to their family villa at Zianigo, near Mirano, Veneto, about 25 km (16 mi) west of Venice.[9] She lived there for three years and became nanny to the Michieli's daughter Alice, known as Mimmina, born in February 1886. The Michielis brought Bakhita with them to the Sudan for nine months before returning to Italy.Suakin on the Red Sea was besieged but remained in Anglo-Egyptian hands. Augusto Michieli acquired a large hotel there and decided to sell his property in Italy and to move his family to the Sudan permanently. Selling his house and lands took longer than expected. By the end of 1888, Signora Turina Michieli wanted to see her husband in the Sudan even though land transactions were not finished. Since the villa in Zianigo was already sold, Bakhita and Mimmina needed a temporary place to stay while Turina went to the Sudan without them. On the advice of their business agent Illuminato Cecchini, on 29 November 1888, Turina Michieli left them in the care of the Canossian Sisters in Venice. When she returned to take them both to Suakin, though, Bakhita firmly refused to leave. For three days Mrs Michieli tried to force the issue. So, the superior of the institute for baptismal candidates (catechumenate) that Bakhita attended, complained to the Italian authorities. On 29 November 1889 an Italian court ruled that, because the British had induced Sudan to outlaw slavery before Bakhita's birth and because Italian law did not recognise slavery, Bakhita had never legally been a slave. For the first time in her life Bakhita found herself in control of her own destiny. She chose to remain with the Canossians.[16] On 9 January 1890 Bakhita was baptised with the names of Josephine Margaret and Fortunata (which is the Latin translation for the Arabic Bakhita). On the same day she was also confirmed and received Holy Communion from Archbishop Giuseppe Sarto, the Cardinal Patriarch of Venice, the future Pope Pius X.


history
- Le royaume de Koush Das Reich von Kusch  库施（Kush）又譯為古實（Cush）El Reino de Kush (Kuš o Cush)   The Kingdom of Kush or Kush (/kʊʃ, kʌʃ/) was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, located at the Sudanese and southern Egyptian Nile Valley. The Kushite era of rule in Nubia was established after the Late Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt. Kush was centered at Napata (now modern Karima, Sudan) during its early phase. After Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the 8th century BC, the monarchs of Kush were also the pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, until they were expelled by the Neo-Assyrian Empire under the rule of Esarhaddon a century later. During classical antiquity, the Kushite imperial capital was located at Meroë. In early Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as Aethiopia. The Kingdom of Kush with its capital at Meroe persisted until the 4th century AD, when it weakened and disintegrated due to internal rebellion. The seat was eventually captured and burnt to the ground by the Kingdom of Aksum. Afterwards the Nubians established the three, eventually Christianized, kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria and Alodia.  The native name of the Kingdom was recorded in Egyptian as k3š, likely pronounced /kuɫuʃ/ or /kuʔuʃ/ in Middle Egyptian when the term is first used for Nubia, based on the New Kingdom-era Akkadian transliteration as the genitive kūsi. It is also an ethnic term for the native population who initiated the kingdom of Kush. The term is also displayed in the names of Kushite persons,[7] such as King Kashta (a transcription of k3š-t3 "(one from) the land of Kush"). Geographically, Kush referred to the region south of the first cataract in general. Kush also was the home of the rulers of the 25th dynasty. The name Kush, since at least the time of Josephus, has been connected with the biblical character Cush, in the Hebrew Bible (Hebrew: כוש), son of Ham (Genesis 10:6). Ham had four sons named: Cush, Put, Canaan and Mizraim (Hebrew name for Egypt). According to the Bible, Nimrod, a son of Cush, was the founder and king of Babylon, Erech, Akkad and Calneh, in Shinar (Gen 10:10).[9] The Bible also makes reference to someone named Cush who is a Benjamite (Psalms 7:1, KJV). Some modern scholars, such as Friedrich Delitzsch,[11] have suggested that the biblical Cush might be linked to the Kassites of the Zagros Mountains (modern Iran). 早在古埃及第一王朝出现之前，库施已经有了成熟的社会形态。前25世纪开始，古埃及人开始沿着尼罗河向南扩张，遇到了库施，今天我们所能得到的关于库施的信息，多半来自古埃及人的记述。在埃及中王国覆灭后，古埃及人的扩张停顿了一个时期，当他们重新开始南侵时，意外地遭到了有组织的抵抗。历史学家们并不清楚这种抵抗是由一个统一的国家还是一个城市联盟进行的，也不清楚这种国家或者联盟的形态是否受到了古埃及文明的影响。不论如何，到图特摩斯一世时，古埃及征服了库施，将其变成了属地。

  • any relation?
  • kushan empire in central asia

- independence
  • hkej 30jan18 shum article on aftermath
- https://www.quora.com/Were-the-ancient-Kushites-the-same-people-as-the-ancient-Egyptians The Egyptians never thought that the Kushites were fellow Egyptians. Furthermore, the Egyptians and Kushites spoke completely different languages. The Kushite homeland was located in the land south of Egypt in what is now southern Egypt and northern Sudan.


jews
- http://www.timesofisrael.com/sudanese-jews-recall-long-lost-world-with-nostalgia/ Sudan’s Jews once made up the smallest Jewish community in the Middle East, a close-knit group of 1,000 people who enjoyed warm relations with their Muslim neighbors. But the establishment of Israel in 1948, followed by a series of Arab-Israeli wars, forced them to flee in the 1960s. Although Israel and Sudan are now bitter enemies, the remnants of that community retain fond memories of the northeast African country.

Christians
- Josephine Bakhita, Sudanese-born slave who became a nun in the Order of the Cannossian Sisters and was canonized by Saint John Paul II.
- http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2017/03/sudan-announced-as-a-new-province-within-the-anglican-communion.aspx The Anglican Communion has announced that Sudan will, in a few months from now, become a separate Province is its own right. Currently, Sudan is an internal province within the Anglican Church of South Sudan and Sudan. The Secretary General of the Anglican Communion, Archbishop Josiah Idowu-Fearon, described it as a “welcome development” that will help connect Christians there with Anglicans in the worldwide Communion. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, will travel to Sudan for the inauguration of the new Province on July 30th. The Chair of the Anglican Consultative Council, the Archbishop and Primate of Hong Kong, Paul Kwong, expressed joy at the announcement: "I send my warmest and heartiest congratulations to the Church of Sudan on your inauguration as the 39th Province of the Anglican Communion. The birth of a new member province brings not only joy and excitement to the global Anglican family but also richness, encouragement and hope. We look forward to walking together closely with you to serve as light to the world that leads many into the Kingdom of God and to enable the Word of our Lord to be proclaimed to set many free." South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in 2011, which left the Primate of Sudan and South Sudan, Archbishop Daniel Deng, with the challenge of overseeing two countries. The four and a half million members of the Episcopal Church are based mainly in South Sudan. In 2016 a formal application was made by the Primate to the Anglican Consultative Council (ACC), for the internal province of Sudan to be granted autonomy; in July 2016 a team led by the Secretary General visited the country on a fact-finding trip. Subjects that were reviewed included staff numbers, financial viability and mission focus, as well as the numbers of lay workers. A report on the visit - recommending that the proposed Province be approved - was sent to the ACC which gave its backing.

  • http://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/2104746/archbishop-canterbury-declares-sudan-new-anglican-province Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby on Sunday declared Sudan the 39th province of the worldwide Anglican Communion, six years after the predominantly Christian south gained independence from the north. The Anglican church in Sudan, a majority Muslim country, has been administered from South Sudan since the 2011 split which followed a civil war that left more than 2 million people dead. Sunday’s ceremony in Khartoum added Sudan to the 85 million-strong worldwide Anglican communion’s 38 member churches – known as provinces – and six other branches known as extra provincials. Welby said that creating a 39th Anglican province with its own Khartoum-based archbishop was a “new beginning” for Christians in Sudan. He installed Ezekiel Kondo Kumir Kuku as the country’s first archbishop and primate at a ceremony in the capital’s All Saints Cathedral attended by American, European and African diplomats as well as hundreds of worshippers.
Usa
- Sudan has appointed its first ambassador to the United States for almost a quarter of a century, its foreign ministry said on Monday, in a move to normalize relations after decades of antagonism.Both countries had for almost a quarter of century appointed only charge d’affaires, a diplomatic rank under an ambassador, to run their embassies in Washington and Khartoum.https://www.chinadailyhk.com/article/129471#Sudan-appoints-first-ambassador-to-US-for-decades
- https://www.ft.com/content/6ea90510-a8fa-11e7-ab55-27219df83c97
US president Donald Trump is expected to revoke longstanding sanctions on Sudan ahead of an October 12 deadline after the north African country ended ties with North Korea, according to people briefed on the matter. The Trump administration had delayed a decision in July over whether to lift sanctions permanently on Sudan amid a dearth of Africa appointments in key US departments and fears of a public backlash over going soft on the country, whose president is accused of genocide.  But senior officials from Sudan and the US have ironed out their differences in a series of bilateral meetings, including over cutting support for North Korea, according to three people briefed on the matter.
- sanction

  • https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20191107_33.aspx The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) today announced a $210,600 settlement with Apollo Aviation Group, LLC (“Apollo,” now d/b/a Carlyle Aviation Partners Ltd.).  Apollo, a U.S. company organized and headquartered in Florida, has agreed to settle its potential civil liability for 12 apparent violations of the Sudanese Sanctions Regulations, 31 C.F.R. part 538.  Specifically, Apollo appears to have violated §§ 538.201 and 538.205 when it leased three aircraft engines to an entity incorporated in the United Arab Emirates, which then subleased the engines to a Ukrainian airline, which then installed the engines on an aircraft wet leased to Sudan Airways (“Sudan Air”).  At the time of the transactions, Sudan Air was identified on OFAC’s List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons as meeting the definition of “Government of Sudan."


canada
- https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-canadian-lobbying-firm-hired-for-us6-million-to-polish-image-of-sudan/ A Canadian lobbying firm has signed a US$6-million deal to seek government funds and diplomatic recognition for a notorious Sudanese military leader whose forces have been accused of massacring protesters in Khartoum, U.S. documents show. Dickens & Madson (Canada) Inc., a firm based in Montreal, is promising to polish the image of Sudan’s military council, which seized power in a coup in April, The Globe and Mail has learned. “We shall use our best efforts to ensure favourable international as well as Sudanese media coverage for you,” the lobbying contract says. The Sudanese regime is also paying the company to find equipment for its security forces, search for oil investors, seek a meeting with U.S. President Donald Trump and improve relations with Russia and Saudi Arabia, the documents show. Dickens & Madson is headed by Ari Ben-Menashe, a former Israeli intelligence officer whose firm has previously served as a paid lobbyist for ousted Zimbabwean dictator Robert Mugabe and powerful Libyan militia commander Khalifa Haftar. The firm’s contract with Sudan was signed by Mr. Ben-Menashe and General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemedti, the deputy leader of Sudan’s military council. He is the commander of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), a paramilitary group formerly known as the Janjaweed when it allegedly committed atrocities and massacres against rebels in the Darfur region.

uk
- https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/jul/23/serious-office-investigates-de-la-rue-over-south-sudan-operations The Serious Fraud Office is investigating the world’s biggest printer of banknotes over suspected corruption in South Sudan. The SFO said it was examining how the UK company De La Rue, which produces notes for the Bank of England, and associated individuals conducted business in the African country. De La Rue said it was cooperating with the SFO, which investigates serious fraud, bribery and corruption. The Basingstoke-based company and the SFO declined to give further details about the investigation. “Given the early stage of these matters, it is not possible to predict reliably what effect their outcome may have on De La Rue,” the company said. De La Rue has done business with South Sudan since the country was established in 2011, designing and printing the country’s banknotes. The company produces notes for countries worldwide and is also the biggest commercial printer of passports. The SFO’s attention adds to problems for De La Rue, which is looking for a new chief executive after Martin Sutherland agreed to leave following two profit warnings and the loss of a £490m contract to print the UK’s post-Brexit blue passport.

sweden
- https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/CivPen/Documents/20180606_ericsson_settlement.pdf The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) today announced a $145,893 settlement agreement with Ericsson, Inc. (“EUS”) of Plano, Texas and Ericsson, AB (“EAB”) of Stockholm, Sweden.  EUS and EAB agreed to settle their potential civil liability for an apparent violation of the Sudanese Sanctions Regulations, 31 C.F.R. part 538 (SSR).  - https://www.thelocal.se/20181019/swedish-oil-executives-chargescomplicity-in-war-crimes Sweden on Thursday gave its green light for the indictment of the chief executive and chairman of Swedish group Lundin Oil, accused of being complicit in war crimes in the 2000s. The Swedish government authorized the prosecution authority to proceed with an indictment against Alex Schneiter, a Swiss national currently serving as chief executive of Lundin Oil (now known as Lundin Petroleum), and Ian Lundin, the company's Swedish chairman of the board.

uganda
- In Africa’s biggest human exodus since the Rwandan genocide of 1994, 1m people have fled war in South Sudan, most of them since last July, for the lush tranquility of northern Uganda. There, they have been welcomed by what has been called the most generous refugee policy in the world, given supplies and a plot of land and encouraged to integrate as quickly as possible into Ugandan society. In the process, Bidi Bidi, the world’s largest refugee settlement — the word “camp” is frowned upon and, besides, there are no fences — has sprung up in just eight months. Where last September there were just a few scattered huts belonging to local farmers, today there are an estimated quarter of a million South Sudanese who have fled what amounts to ethnic cleansing in their country’s once-peaceful Equatoria region.https://www.ft.com/content/fe291f16-4aa6-11e7-a3f4-c742b9791d43?mhq5j=e1

kenya
- Kenya's special envoy to South Sudan Kalonzo Musyoka is in the east-central African country to follow up on implementation of the September 2018 peace agreement.Musyoka held a discussion with South Sudan's President Salva Kiir and other senior government officials on Thursday upon arrival to the country's capital Juba, on the progress of implementation of the peace deal. South Sudan's presidency said in a statement that the consultative meeting between Musyoka and the stakeholders as well as signatories to the revitalized peace agreement is meant to ensure the formation of a transitional government of national unity by Nov 12. Musyoka's visit to South Sudan comes three days after the body monitoring South Sudan's ceasefire, the Ceasefire and Transitional Security Arrangements Monitoring Mechanism, expressed fears over the slow implementation of the peace deal.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2019-08/10/content_37500661.htm
Japan
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-security-southsudan-idUSKBN13A091 Japan on Tuesday approved a plan for its troops in South Sudan on U.N. peacekeeping operations to conduct rescue missions, amid critics' concerns the move risks embroiling Japanese soldiers in their first overseas fighting since World War Two. The new mandate, which will apply to troops to be dispatched to South Sudan from Nov. 20, is in line with security legislation enacted last year to expand the overseas role of Japan's Self-Defense Forces (SDF), as the military is known.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170320/00180_009.html  在南蘇丹參與聯合國維和行動的五名日本自衞隊員，前日在該國首都朱巴一度被政府軍繳械及帶走，被扣押大約一小時後獲釋。日方解釋，當時自衞隊員持槍外出買衣服而引起誤會。
- Earlier this month, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe abruptly announced that Japan will end its peacekeeping mission in South Sudan in May and withdraw the Ground Self-Defense Force’s engineering troops there. The troops have been deployed to the northeast African country for the last five years as part of the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS).http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/03/20/reference/japans-peacekeeping-role-review-amid-withdrawal-south-sudan/

north korea
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180608/00180_004.html 蘇丹周三宣布終止所有與北韓的軍備合約，成立委員會履行聯合國的對朝制裁措施。蘇丹被指從北韓輸入導彈等軍火，惟蘇丹一直否認，今次突然中斷與北韓的合作，等於承認外界指控。


China
- established diplomatic relations in feb 1959
- trade ties
  •  Through fruitful and mutually beneficial cooperation with Sudan, China is turning the African nation's two major resources in black and white, namely oil and cotton, into gold. 
    The China-Sudan cooperation now shines as a model for developing Sino-African relations, showcasing China's contribution to Africa's development. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-09/18/content_32140388.htm
- nuclear

  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-05/25/content_25451417.htm Two framework deals have been signed by China National Nuclear Corp with Sudan on nuclear power development, including building a 600-megawatt atomic reactor, the first such project in the African country. The agreements may involve a blueprint for nuclear power development in the next decade for Sudan and building the first nuclear power station in the country, according to a statement issued by the State-owned nuclear giant on Tuesday. The agreements were signed on Monday during a three-day visit to Sudan by a Chinese delegation. It was led by Nur Bekri, head of the National Energy Administration and deputy director of the National Development and Reform Commission. Sun Qin, chairman of CNNC, said the company will cooperate with Sudan's Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity through the agreements.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170318/00178_018.html南蘇丹局勢動盪，邊境城鎮耶伊於當地時間周日爆發激烈武裝衝突，七名聯合國民事人員被圍困在交火區域。在當地的中國維和部隊奉命於夜間展開救援行動，成功救回被困人員。準備撤離時，位於旅館附近的武裝分子包圍車隊，並要求他們在交火期間待在原地，又把槍指向救援人員。救援分隊指揮員依據《聯合國交戰規則》向對方據理力爭，最終安全通過。及至晚上十一時許，聯合國人員被安全轉移至維和部隊基地。
- China backs economic power with political muscle in Africa ft 12jul17
- cotton

  • 在非洲東北部的蘇丹傑濟拉灌區布拉 卡特地區，又一個棉花種植季即將到來。 農民Yousef ismaeel elameen去年種植的棉花 獲得大豐收，他種植的8費丹（1費丹=6.3 畝）棉花，畝產200公斤，總收入約6100美 元，相當於蘇丹鎊29萬鎊。扣除9萬蘇丹鎊 的成本，純收入約4100美元。他說，這在 以前是無法想像的，同樣的8費丹棉花之前 的純收入不會超過500美元。他把這一切都 歸功於 「中國一號」。 山東專家赴蘇試種三年 「中國一號」其實是山東省農業科學 院棉花研究中心育成的 「魯棉研28」。山 東省農業科學院作物研究所研究員、中國 援蘇丹農業示範中心原主任尹慶良告訴記 者， 「中國一號」（Seeni1）是蘇丹國家品 種審定委員會的專家們給起的名字。憑藉 高產出、低病蟲害等特點， 「中國一號」 成為蘇丹棉花生產主推品種。 經過山東專家在蘇丹國內三年的區域 試驗示範， 「魯棉研28」在2012年3月正式 通過蘇丹國家審定。同年12月， 「中國一 號」畝產實收達到了399公斤，創了蘇丹棉 花單產紀錄，是蘇丹當地棉花品種產量的 7.4倍。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190423/PDF/a16_screen.pdf

- medical

  • South Sudan draws strength from collaboration with Chinese doctorshttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-09/29/content_32630656.htm
- publishing
  • As the new school semester approaches, more than 1.3 million copies of textbooks and teacher's guidebooks written by Chinese experts have arrived in South Sudan. With South Sudan's national flag being printed on the upper left of the book covers and the China Aid label on the lower right, these teaching materials are part of the Technical Cooperation Project of Education in South Sudan. The project is organized by China's Ministry of Commerce and contracted to China South Publishing & Media Group Co Ltd, a major book publisher in China. The publisher put together a Chinese team that developed a curriculum framework as well as compiled and printed Grade 1 student textbooks and teacher's books for English, science and mathematics with experts from South Sudan. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/03/WS5b8c8138a310add14f389245.html
- investors from china
  • 南蘇丹反政府武裝與政府軍在上尼羅州發生激烈衝突，對中方油田項目造成威脅。為確保中方人員安全，中石油集團已將404名中方員工撤至安全地帶，僅在項目現場保留少量值守人員。沈丹陽指出，事發後，中國駐南蘇丹使館會同有關部門開展了大量工作，包括指導有關企業開展應急處置及人員撤離工作；商請南蘇丹政府有關部門、駐南蘇丹維和部隊加強對中國企業人員的安全保護；提醒在南蘇丹中資企業避免前往交火區域並加強安全防範等。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150603/PDF/a12_screen.pdf
  • http://news.yahoo.com/un-china-arms-firm-sold-20m-weapons-south-171143225.html The experts' first-ever report, made public Tuesday, says China North Industries Corp., or Norinco, sold South Sudan's government 100 anti-tank guided missile launchers, 1,200 missiles, about 2,400 grenade launchers, nearly 10,000 automatic rifles and 24 million rounds of various types of ammunition.
  • http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/12/08/b05-1208.pdf  petrochina
  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/qingdao/2016-12/12/content_27641142.htmA total of 800 wheat combine harvesters rolled off Lovol Heavy Industry Co Ltd's production line in Shandong province on Wednesday, ready to be exported to Sudan in North Africa. The overseas government procurement order is reportedly the largest single export delivery of grain harvester machines since 1949. Lovol forged a strategic partnership with the Sudanese government in 2006. The company has since provided 629 harvesters and 300 high-powered tractors to the African country. The exports were worth $30 million in total.
- acrobat
  • More than four decades ago, a group of Sudanese acrobats were sent to the Wuhan Acrobatic Troupe and underwent three years of professional acrobatic training from 1971 to 1974, as part of the Agreement on Sino-Sudanese Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation signed by the Chinese and Sudanese governments in August 1970. Four decades later, nine of the Sudanese acrobats have returned to China and once again met their beloved instructors in Wuhan, capital of Central China's Hubei province, between Nov 18 and 20.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/20/WS5a8b8541a3106e7dcc13d18b.html
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