Spanish - language and culture

Castillian
- There isn't any “Spanish" language. What the world knows as Spanish is actually the Castillian language. Castile is an old kingdom in Spain and the one that has dominated and united the other kingdoms to form what is today the Spanish state. As such, its language became dominant. The position of Castillian in the Hispanic world is pretty much that of English in the UK and its former colonies.There are other Spanish languages and many different dialects: Basque, Catalan, Galician, Astur-Leonese, and many minor variants. But none of them are spoken in Latin America. Only Castillian, the official language of the Empire.https://www.quora.com/Why-do-people-use-Castilian-in-the-sense-of-European-Spanish-when-the-term-refers-to-the-whole-language
- https://www.quora.com/Is-the-letter-s-pronounced-kind-of-sh-in-Castilian-Spanish
- something that sets Spanish apart is the amount of Arabic words that became part of modern Castilian Spanishhttps://www.quora.com/What-sets-Spanish-apart-among-Romance-languages


Mexican spanish
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Americans-pronounce-the-letter-J-silently-in-Spanish-words in most Mexican Spanish dialects <j> is [h]. In many South American and European dialects however it is a velar fricative [x]. When English speakers who speak dialects which haven’t come into extensive contact with Spanish, like Australian English, pronounce those words as they are spelt in English it sounds very funny to Americans. Pronouncing tortilla like it is spelt is even funnier. Edit:

I was reminded of the case of Juan. In many Spanish dialects that is pronounced [xwan], but again, in most Mexican Spanish it is [wan]. Mexican Spanish, like English, really does not like velar fricatives. This applies to the voiced ones too. Similarly guacamole is [wacamole] in Mexican Spanish and Guatemala is [watemala].

- [manuscript hunter] mecapal is a mexican word and become part of the lexicon of colonial language in cases there was no spanish equivalent. In english, mecapal is a tumpline; matate is from mexican word matlatl, which means net; soyacal, from mexican word zoyatl, which is a type of palm tree, and the word calli, which means house of shelter

• milpa is field, usually of corn that has been cleared or sowed

petate, from mexican word petlatl, is a mat commonly used in mexico 

curanderos or zahoris - witches, they used magnetism and ventriloquy, potions, smoke

atol, from mexican atuili, usually refers to a gruel made of corn or other starches from these regions, also spelt atole

argentinian spanish
- https://www.quora.com/Is-Argentine-writing-different-from-other-Latin-American-countries-besides-using-the-voseo

dialect

- https://www.quora.com/Which-Spanish-accents-are-the-most-common-in-Spain
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-examples-of-Spanish-dialects

*******catarata

- La catarata de Hukou (en chino tradicional, 壺口瀑布)

- La catarata    cataract 白内障

- Catarata is a moth genus of the family Depressariidae.

La chingada is a term commonly used in colloquial, even crass, Mexican Spanish that refers to various conditions or situations of, generally, negative connotations.The concept of "la chingada" has been famously analysed by Octavio Paz in his book The Labyrinth of Solitude.http://www.baja.org/la_chingada.htm


Los cristianos de Santo Tomás, también llamados Nasranis o "cristianos sirios", son una antigua comunidad cristiana de Kerala, India, que por tradición remontan sus orígenes a la actividad evangelizadora de Tomás el Apóstol en el siglo I, por lo que se consideran una de las comunidades cristianas más antiguas del mundo . Históricamente, la comunidad estuvo unida durante siglos por el liderazgo y la liturgia, pero desde el siglo XVII se ha dividido en diferentes denominaciones y tradiciones eclesiales. Históricamente la comunidad cristiana de Santo Tomás fue parte de la Iglesia de Oriente, centrada en Persia. Desde principios del siglo IV el Patriarca de la Iglesia de Oriente proporcionaba a las iglesias de la India clérigos, textos sagrados e infraestructura eclesiástica. La "Provincia Eclesiástica de la India" estaba organizada en en el siglo VIII, servida por obispos y un arcediano hereditario. En el siglo XVI las presiones del patronato portugués para llevar a los cristianos de Santo Tomás a la Iglesia Católica provocó la división de la comunidad entre los católicos y la Iglesia de Malankara. Desde entonces se han producido escisiones, y los cristianos de Santo Tomás están divididos entre las iglesia Católica Oriental, Oriental Ortodoxa, y organismos independientes, cada uno con sus propias liturgias y tradiciones.

El Jefe (f. La Jefa) is a Spanish term meaning "the chief" or "the boss" and may refer to:

• "El Jefe", a less-common nickname for former Cuban President Fidel Castro (deriving from his title as Comandante en Jefe or "Commander-in-Chief" of the Cuban Armed Forces)
• "El Jefe" (Daddy Yankee song), intro track to Daddy Yankee's 2007 album El Cartel: The Big Boss

Mestizo (/mɛˈstizoʊ/; Peninsular Spanish: [mesˈtiθo], Latin American Spanish, Philippine Spanish: [mesˈtiso]) is a term traditionally used in Spain and Latin America to mean a person of combined European and Amerindian descent, or someone who would have been deemed a Castizo (one European parent and one Mestizo parent) regardless of whether the person was born in Latin America or elsewhere. The term was used as an ethnic/racial category in the casta system that was in use during the Spanish Empire's control of their New World colonies. Today, the vast majority of Spanish speaking Latin Americans are Mestizos (part European and Amerindian) genetically and culturally. The European side being from Andalusia Spain in the Iberian Peninsula mixed with other Catholic European immigrants primarily from the southern Italian Peninsula.

- The term mestizaje – taking as its root mestizo or "mixed" – is the Spanish word for miscegenation, the general process of mixing ancestries.

- To avoid confusion with the original usage of the term mestizo, mixed people started to be referred to collectively as castas. During the colonial period, mestizos quickly became the majority group in much of the Spanish-speaking parts of Latin America, and when the colonies started achieving independence from Spain, the mestizo group often became dominant. In some Latin American countries, such as Mexico, the concept of the "mestizo" became central to the formation of a new independent identity that was neither wholly Spanish nor wholly indigenous, and the word mestizo acquired its current meaning of dual cultural heritage and descent.

- In colonial Venezuela, pardo was more commonly used instead of mestizo. Pardo means being mixed without specifying which mixture;^[2] it was used to describe anyone born in the Americas whose ancestry was a mixture of European, Amerindian, and Black African.^[3]

- In the Spanish system of racial hierarchy, the sistema de castas, mestizos/pardos, who formed the majority, had fewer rights than the minority elite European-born persons called peninsulares, and the minority white colonial-born whites criollo, but more rights than the now minority indios, negro, mulato and zambo populations.

- In colonial Brazil most of the non-slave population was mestiço (Portuguese spelling) in the original Iberian definition of the word (mixed). There was no descent-based casta system, and children of upper class white landlord males and female slaves would enjoy privileges higher than the ones given to the lower classes, such as formal education, though such cases were not so common and they tended to not inherit the property, generally given to the children of free women, who tended to be the legitimate ones in cases of concubinage (also a common practice, inherited from Amerindian and African customs).

- In the Philippines, which was a colony of Spain, the term mestizo came to refer to a Filipino with any foreign ancestry especially whites and usually shortened as Tisoy.

- In Canada, the Métis people is a community composed of those who possess combined European (usually French, sometimes Scottish or English) and North American Amerindian ancestry.

- In Saint Barthélemy, the term mestizo refers to people of mixed European (usually French) and East Asian ancestry.

- examples

• La serie ‘Los Bridgerton’ rescata la historia de la reina Carlota, esposa de Jorge III, que según algunos cuadros y documentos oficiales era mestiza https://elpais.com/gente/2021-01-07/la-abuela-negra-de-isabel-ii-de-inglaterra.html
• Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy QSC PLH^[d] (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈmi.ljo a.ɣiˈnal.do] : March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964) was a Filipinorevolutionary, politician, and a military leader who is officially recognized as the first and the youngest President of the Philippines (1899–1901) and first president of a constitutional republic in Asia. He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898), and then in the Spanish–American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1901). He was captured in Palanan, Isabela by American forces on March 23, 1901, which brought an end to his presidency. In 1935, Aguinaldo ran unsuccessfully for president of the Philippine Commonwealth against Manuel Quezon. After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941, he cooperated with the new rulers, even making a radio appeal for the surrender of the American and Filipino forces on Bataan. He was arrested as a collaborator after the Americans returned but was later freed in a general amnesty and was subsequently exonerated.Emilio Famy Aguinaldo Sr. was born on March 22, 1869 ^[c] in Cavite el Viejo (present-day Kawit), in Cavite province, to Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy-Aguinaldo,^[d] a Tagalog Chinese mestizo couple who had eight children, the seventh of whom was Emilio Sr. The Aguinaldo family was quite well-to-do, as his father, Carlos J. Aguinaldo was the community's appointed gobernadorcillo (municipal governor) in the Spanish colonial administration and his grandparents Eugenio K. Aguinaldo and Maria Jamir-Aguinaldo. He studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letran but wasn't able to finish his studies due to outbreak of cholera in 1882. Emilio became the "Cabeza de Barangay" of Binakayan, a chief barrio of Cavite el Viejo, when he was only 17 years old to avoid conscription. In 1895 the Maura Law that called for the reorganization of local governments was enacted. At the age of 25, Aguinaldo became Cavite el Viejo's first "gobernadorcillo capitan municipal" (Municipal Governor-Captain) while on a business trip in Mindoro.On January 1, 1895, Aguinaldo became a Freemason, joining Pilar Lodge No. 203, Imus, Cavite by the codename "Colon". He would later say: "The Successful Revolution of 1896 was masonically inspired, led, and executed, and I venture to say that the first Philippine Republic of which I was its humble President, was an achievement we owe largely, to Masonry and the Masons."On January 1, 1896, he married Hilaria del Rosario (1877–1921), this was his first wife. They had five children: Carmen Aguinaldo-Melencio, Emilio "Jun" R. Aguinaldo Jr., Maria Aguinaldo-Poblete, Cristina Aguinaldo-Sunday, and Miguel Aguinaldo. Hilaria died of leprosy on March 6, 1921 at the age of 44. Nine years later, on July 14, 1930, Aguinaldo married Maria Agoncillo (February 15, 1879 – May 29, 1963) at Barasoain Church. She died on May 29, 1963, a year before Aguinaldo himself.^[40] His grandsons Emilio B. Aguinaldo III and Reynaldo Aguinaldo served three-terms as mayor (2007–2016) and vice-mayor of his hometown Kawit, Cavite, respectively. One of his great-grandsons, Joseph Emilio Abaya, was a member of the Philippine House of Representatives representing Cavite's first district (which contained their hometown, Kawit) from 2004 until his appointment as Secretary of Transportation and Communications in 2012, a post he served until 2016, while another great-grandson, Emilio "Orange" M. Aguinaldo IV, married ABS-CBN news reporter Bernadette Sembrano in 2007.

• hkej 7mar18 shum article

A majordomo is a person who speaks, makes arrangements, or takes charge for another. Typically, the term refers to the highest (major) person of a household (domūs or domicile) staff, a head servant who acts on behalf of the owner of a large or significant residence. Synonyms include castellan, concierge, chamberlain, seneschal, mayor of the palace, curopalate, maître d'hôtel, head butler, and steward. The term also refers, more informally, to someone who oversees the day-to-day responsibilities of a business enterprise. Additionally, the Hispanos of New Mexico use this term to refer to the manager of an acequia system for a town or valley. The origin is from maior domūs (Latin, "principal" and "house"), and it was borrowed into English from Spanish "mayordomo" or obsolete Italian "maiordomo". Also found as French "majordome", modern Italian"maggiordomo", Portuguese and Galician "mordomo", in Romanian and Catalan "majordom".
- [manuscript hunter] church leaders in guatemala given indian title cahauixel, which is poorly translated into spanish by the term majordomo or mayordomo. Cahauixel means father, god of son is qaholaxel, qahol is son, holy spirit is uxlabixel

colector de la aduana is a customs house collector

caballeros - gentlemen

The Spanish expression la Raza (literally 'the Race') refers to the Hispanophone populations (primarily though not always exclusively in the Western Hemisphere), considered as an ethnic or racial unity historically deriving from the Spanish Empire, and the process of racial miscegenation of the Spanish colonizers with the indigenous populations of the New World (and sometimes Africans brought there by the Atlantic slave trade). The term was in wide use in Latin America in the early-to-mid 20th century, but has gradually been replaced by Hispanidad in some countries. It remains in active use specifically in Mexico and in the context of Mexican-American identity politics in the United States. The term was, in origin, short for la raza española ('the Spanish race'), introduced by Faustino Rodríguez-San Pedro y Díaz-Argüelles in 1913 with his proposal for a secular Fiesta de la raza española ('Spanish-race Festival') on October 12. Beginning in the 1920s, the term raza española was criticized, and the alternative term Hispanidad('Hispanicity') was proposed by Ramiro de Maeztu, based on a suggestion by Zacarías de Vizcarra. Alternatively Mexican writer José Vasconcelos proposed the term la raza cósmica ('the Cosmic Race'), in an essay by the same title, as describing the raza iberoamericana ('Ibero-American race') in 1925. He described this "Cosmic Race" as the end product of gradual racial mixing that was already underway in the former Spanish Empire. Vasconcelos thus replaced the designator española with cosmica in order to imply that racial miscegenation in the former Spanish Empire would lead to the emergence of a completely new "Ibero-American" race. The shortened name of Día de la Raza (now often, though not always, with a capitalized R) was used in 1939, when the feast day was celebrated in Zaragoza in combination with a special devotion to the Virgen del Pilar(Our Lady of the Pillar). Chilean foreign vice-secretary Germán Vergara Donoso commented that the "profound significance of the celebration was the intimate inter-penetration of the homage to the Race and the devotion to Our Lady of the Pillar, i.e. the symbol of the ever more extensive union between America and Spain." Francisco Franco wrote a novel under the pen name "Jaime de Andrade" which was turned into the film Raza of 1944. It celebrates idealized "Spanish national qualities", and exemplifies this usage of raza española as referring specifically to Spanish Roman Catholic heritage. In Central America and Mexico, la Raza emphasizes an Amerindian or mestizo heritage, or it may express Latino identity^{[citation needed]} (la Raza being taken as short for la raza iberoamericana, following Vasconcelos). A Monumento a la Raza ('Monument to the Race') was inaugurated in Mexico City in 1940. La Raza station station in Mexico City was inaugurated in 1978. The term Chicano (feminine Chicana, sometimes rendered Chicano/a, Chican@ or Chicanx by proponents of gender-neutral language) likewise arose in the early 20th century as a designation of Mexicans. In the 1960s to 1970s, the term became associated with a movement of Mexican-American identity politics activism. In the United States, the terms la Raza and Chicano subsequently became closely associated.^[4] Various Hispanic groups in the United States still use the term. The Raza Unida Party was active as a political party representing Mexican-American racial identity politics in the 1970s. The Hispanic advocacy organization National Council of La Raza was formed in 1968 (renamed to UnidosUS in 2017). La Raza was the name of a Chicano community newspaper edited by Eliezer Risco in 1968. Risco was one of the "LA Thirteen", a group of young Mexican-American men who were political activists identified by the government as being leaders of a Brown Power movement in Los Angeles. Raul Ruiz joined the staff of La Raza while a student at California State University Los Angeles. Other community newspapers of the time were Inside Eastside and Chicano Student Movement. Ruiz, a key journalist in the movement, eventually became the editor of La Raza.

h
- https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-story-behind-the-h-in-Spanish
- https://www.quora.com/Why-does-the-Spanish-language-use-H-when-its-silent-anyway The language doesn't have an H, the writing system does. Not counting the digraph CH, there are two kinds of words written with H:(1)Those in which the H represents a sound that was at one pronounced, derived from Latin F: hijo (< filium), hierro (< ferrum) etc.(2)Those in which the H was inserted by pedants (though it was never pronounced) to indicate the Latin etymology: hora, historia etc. French and Portuguese have it too, but not Italian.

“ll” and “y”
-  https://www.quora.com/In-which-regions-of-Spain-do-they-pronounce-y-and-ll-as-j


letter ñ
- The letter ñ arose from a ligature of the double n <nn> grapheme in Latin (as in Anno -> Año, meaning year). A ligature is a technical term in Typography to define the joining of two letters into one, like the a and e in <æ> and the e and t from the word “et” which generated the ampersand <&>. The tilde above the letter meant to prompt the reader that this was in fact a double consonant and to read/pronounce it as such.https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-letter-%C3%B1-used-in-Spanish

sh
- https://www.quora.com/Are-there-any-words-with-SH-sound-in-Spanish

z
- https://www.quora.com/Can-a-native-Spanish-speaker-say-the-letter-Z-or-will-he-have-difficulties

In most of Spain, it represents the sound [θ], like English th in ‘think’. In the rest of the Spanish-speaking world, it is usually pronounced [s], identically to the letter s, and sounds like English s in ‘simple’. If you’re talking about the sound represented by the letter z in English (namely [z] as in ‘zoo’), then this sound does not exist as a distinct phoneme in Spanish. However, [z] does occur allophonically in Spanish, as a surface realization of the phoneme /s/ when it appears next to voiced consonants (as in mismo [mizmo] ‘same’ or rasguño [razɣuɲo] ‘scratch’). Because there is no phoneme /z/ in Spanish, people who speak Spanish as a native language may have trouble distinguishing /s/ and /z/ in languages where the two are separate phonemes.

pronoun
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-vosotros-not-used-in-Latin-America

- The shift from “vosotros” to “Ustedes” seems to have happened in the 19th century, though I’m not really sure of the reason. From what I understand it could be that “vosotros” was used to boss people around (sort of like “hey, you guys!”) and was seen as harsh, so people started to use “Ustedes” to address everyone?https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Spanish-speakers-outside-of-Spain-forego-the-entire-2nd-person-plural-vosotros-as-It-seems-like-it-is-a-really-useful-important-thing-not-to-use

diacritics
- The diacritics didn’t appear until 1529 for French and 1533 for Spanish when Arabic wasn't spoken in those countries. Written mozárabe (a Romance language in Al-Andalus, the Muslim part of Spain up to the 15th century) didn't use diacritical marks.https://www.quora.com/Are-the-accents-used-in-French-or-Spanish-taken-from-Arabic-originally

inverted punctuation
- https://www.quora.com/How-and-why-did-upside-down-punctuation-develop-in-Spanish-Are-there-other-languages-that-use-this
- Catalan also uses these inverted diacritics.https://www.quora.com/Why-doesnt-exist-in-English
-  https://www.quora.com/Why-do-they-use-and-%C2%A1-in-Spanish


both

- https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-say-both-in-Spanish-He-likes-both-cats-and-dogs

"chi"- words
- chivo m (plural chivos, feminine chiva, feminine plural chivas) - goat

Food
- Aguacate organico - Organic Avocado
- Brocoli - Broccoli
- Guayaba - guava
- Ajonjoli - sesame seeds
- Eneldo - Dill
- Coco - coconut
- Agua - water
- Dulce de Leche - Milk Caramel
- Aceite de Olivo - Olive Oil
- Aceite Esencial de Naranja - Orange Essential Oil
- Mermelada - Jam
- Jalea - Jelly
- Salsa Picante - hot pepper sauce
- Ponche de Navidad - Christmas Punch
- Quesillo (Spanish pronunciation: [keˈsiʎo], meaning "little cheese") refers to different Latin American and Spanish foods or dishes depending on the country.
- A carajillo is a Spanish drink combining coffee with brandy, whisky, anisette, or rum. It is typical of Spain and according to folk etymology, its origin dates to the Spanish occupation of Cuba. The troops combined coffee with rum to give them courage (coraje in Spanish, hence "corajillo" and more recently "carajillo"). There are many different ways of making a carajillo, ranging from black coffee with the spirit simply poured in to heating the spirit with lemon, sugar and cinnamon and adding the coffee last. A similar Italian drink is known as caffè corretto ([kafˈfɛ (k) korˈrɛtto]). The American version of a Spanish coffee uses a heated sugar rimmed Spanish coffee mug with ³⁄₄ oz (21 g) rum and ¹⁄₂ oz (14 g) triple sec. The drink is then flamed to caramelize the sugar. 2 oz (57 g) coffee liqueur is then added which puts out the flame, and then it is topped off with 3–4 oz (85–113 g) of coffee, and whipped cream. In Mexico carajillos are usually made with espresso (or some other type of strong coffee) and "Licor 43" – a sweet vanilla-citrus flavored liquor– and poured over ice on a short glass. Its commonly drunk as a digestive after meals.

pronunciation

- final consonant

• https://www.quora.com/Why-don-t-Spanish-speaking-people-pronounce-s-in-the-end-of-the-words-Ive-listened-to-Ozuna-songs-for-example-and-he-doesnt-pronounce-any-s-like-antes-becomes-ante-nosotros-nosotro over half the Spanish speaking world pronounces the final S. Some don't that's true, Caribbeans for example don't and Argentinians also tend to skip many final S. But most do the S.To be fair as a Madrilenian I do soften the final consonants, but I don't drop them.For example I say Madrid with a soft D almost a TH and I do make softer S at the end if the next word starts with a consonant. Southern Castilians right down skip the D and aspire the S if the next sound is a consonant, they still say it normally with a vowel. And Andalusians drop the D, and drop the S except when the next sound is a vowel in which case the aspire it like southern Castilians with consonants. Then Caribbeans drop the D and the S always.It's a north-south gradient in Spain, or rather the historic territories of Castile in Spain. Old Castile in the north makes all final sounds markedly, Madrid in the centre softens the end consonants but we make them, New Castile in the centre-south aspires and drops some, Andalusians in the south drop most and aspire some. Caribbeans drop all. Then mainland Latin America no longer follows the trend. Argentinians drop the S unless the next one is a vowel, similar to southern Castilians and Andalusians.

study/education
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-estudiante-and-alumno-in-Spanish

https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Spanish-speakers-use-the-word-no-a-lot-especially-at-the-end-of-their-sentence-when-speaking-English

development/evolvement
- Between 1803 and 2010 it used to have 29 letters, including ch, ñ and LL, which were considered letters of the alphabet in their own right. However, in 2010, the Academy of the Spanish Language agreed that ch and LL would no longer be considered separate letters, bringing the Spanish alphabet more in line with the universal Latin alphabet. http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/spanish/guide/alphabet.shtml

- https://www.quora.com/Why-doesnt-Spanish-have-a-word-for-evening-sera-in-Italian-seara-in-Romanian
- arabic influence

• https://www.quora.com/Why-do-people-believe-Spanish-language-has-got-thousands-of-Arabic-words-in-reality-most-are-not-Arabic-if-got-them-thru-Arabic-not-from-Arabic As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, and Catalan regarding the Iberian peninsula owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as . Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid-9th to mid-10th centuries.
• https://www.quora.com/Does-non-standard-Andalusian-Spanish-have-more-Arabic-derived-words-and-expressions-than-other-dialects-of-Castillian-considering-that-the-Arabic-language-was-much-more-dominant-and-long-lasting-there-than-elsewhere
• http://anythingbutlanguage.com/en/44-spanish-words-arabic-origin/
•  https://www.spanishdict.com/guide/spanish-words-of-arabic-origin/
• Arabic is also a big contributor, with scholars estimating that 8% of all Spanish words come from it.  https://www.quora.com/Is-the-Spanish-language-a-mixture-evolution-of-Arab-Latin-and-Greek

- visigoth influence

• ****https://www.quora.com/Is-there-any-Visigoth-influence-on-the-Spanish-language there are traces of his language in the morphology and lexicology of Spanish. For example, certain words retain the Gothic suffix -ing, which would become -engo. We can see examples of that in the words "abolengo" and "realengo".The Spanish-Romans also took Gothic words for concepts they already knew and adapted them to their vernacular; For example, the word “jabon” is derived from a Gothic word: saipo → sapone → jabon. The Visigoths introduced a concept for Hispanic-Romans (in this case, the new concept of soap) and adapted the original Gothic word (from Saipo) to make it easier to pronounce and more similar to a Romance language.Other words in the Castilian language reflect Gothic words related to the military or diplomatic. The word "guerra" replaced the Latin word bellum. "Guerra" is derived from the Gothic language as follows: werra → guerre → guerra. In addition, the word "tregua" is derived from triggwa, from the Gothic language.Of particular interest is the impact of the Visigoths on anthroponymy, which is a branch of the onomastics that studies proper names. In fact, many common Spanish names have their origins in the Gothic language because of the occupation of the Visigoths in the Iberian Peninsula. For example, the name "Fernando" is derived from a combination of two Gothic words: frithu ('peace') and nanth ('daring'). Gradually the Hispanics adapted them to form a new name, Fridenandus, and eventually became "Fernando." We can also see this process in the name «Álvaro», which derives from the words all and wars, which mean respectively 'everything' and 'prevented'. «Alfonso» is composed of a combination of all and funs ('prepared'). More anthroponyms of Gothic origin are Rodrigo, Rosendo, Rodolfo, Ataulfo, Leovigildo, Argimiro, Elvira, Gonzalo and Alberto.

- italian influence

• https://www.quora.com/If-I-speak-in-Italian-to-a-Spanish-speaker-will-they-be-able-to-understand-me

- english influence

• https://www.quora.com/What-Spanish-words-have-been-adopted-in-the-English-language

comparison/links with other languages

- latin

• https://www.quora.com/How-come-the-Spanish-use-different-wording-compared-to-other-Romance-languages-E-g-Spanish-Ella-siempre-cierra-la-ventana-antes-de-comer-Italian-Lei-chiude-sempre-la-finestra-prima-di-cenare Spanish is derived from Vulgar Latin just like all other Romance languages, and some 92% of Spanish vocabulary is likewise derived from Latin. 

- italian

• https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Spanish-mutually-intelligible-with-Italian-but-asymmetrically-intelligible-with-Portuguese

- portuguese

• https://www.quora.com/Can-a-Portuguese-and-a-Spanish-talk-using-their-own-language-without-getting-misinterpreted

??!!
-  https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-Spanish-swear-words-slang-and-informal-language-i-e-oopsy-daisy

Me lleva la chingada. Uses: This is a damn incredible annoyance!

Chin… Uses: oh, no!

Chingado. Uses: Oh, Noo!

Carajo. Uses: Im starting to get annoyed.

Cabrón. Uses: when something is hard, when someone is bad intentioned, when a man is a “Don Juan”

Spanish proverbs are a subset of proverbs that are used in Western cultures in general; there are many that have essentially the same form and content as their counterparts in other Western languages. Proverbs that have their origin in Spanish have migrated to and from English, French, Flemish, German and other languages. Many Spanish proverbs have a long history of cultural diffusion; there are proverbs, for example, that have their origin traced to Babylon and that have come down to us through Greece and Rome; equivalents of the Spanish proverb “En boca cerrada no entran moscas”(Silence is golden) belong to the cultural tradition of many north-African countries as far as Ethiopia; having gone through multiple languages and millennia, this proverb can be traced back to an ancient Babylonian proverb. The written evidence of the use of Spanish proverbs goes far back in Spanish literature. El Cantar de Mio Cid, written at the end of the 11th or the beginning of the 12th century, is the first instance. Examples of other early works that use Spanish proverbs are the Libro de Buen Amor by Juan Ruiz (14th century) and El Corbacho by Alfonso Martínez de Toledo (15th century). The first anthology of Spanish proverbs, Proverbios que dicen las viejas tras el fuego, was written by Íñigo López de Mendoza, Marques of Santillana (15th century). Also in the 15th century was written the Seniloquium, an erudite and anonymous work containing a compendium of Spanish sayings and proverbs with commentaries. The language of the characters in Fernando de Rojas’ La Celestina (15th – 16th century) is enlivened with the use of proverbs. And then, of course, in the 17th century there is the incomparable Don Quijote de la Mancha by Cervantes.


arts
- Spanish Romanesque to designate the spatial division of the Romanesque art corresponding to Hispanic-Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, its stylistic features are essentially common to the European Romanesque, and in the particular differentiated between areas that usually subdivided. The southern half of the peninsula lacks of Romanesque art since remained under Muslim rule (Andalusi art). The Romanesque in the central area of the peninsula is low and late, with virtually no presence at south of the Ebro and the Tagus; It is the northern third peninsular the area where are concentrated the Romanesque buildings. In view of the fact that the Romanesque is introduced into the peninsula from east to west, for the purposes of its study, the regional delimitation is done in the same direction: in "eastern kingdoms" (the kingdoms or Pyrenean areas: Catalan Romanesque, Aragonese Romanesque and Navarrese Romanesque), and "western kingdoms" (Castilian-Leonese Romanesque, Asturian Romanesque, Galician Romanesque and Portuguese Romanesque). The First Romanesque or Lombard Romanesque has especially presence in Catalonia, while the full Romanesque spread from the foundations of the Order of Cluny along the axis of Camino de Santiago. The late-romanesque continues in the 13th century, especially in rural buildings.
- Doménikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος [ðoˈminikos θeotoˈkopulos]; 1541 – 7 April 1614), most widely known as El Greco ("The Greek"), was a painter, sculptorand architect of the Spanish Renaissance. "El Greco" was a nickname,^[a][b] a reference to his Greek origin, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (Doménikos Theotokópoulos), often adding the word Κρής (Krēs, "Cretan").

paintings
- Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez^[a] (baptized June 6, 1599 – August 6, 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV, and one of the most important painters of the Spanish Golden Age. He was an individualistic artist of the contemporary Baroque period. He began to paint in a precise tenebrist style, later developing a freer manner characterized by bold brushwork. In addition to numerous renditions of scenes of historical and cultural significance, he painted scores of portraits of the Spanish royal family and commoners, culminating in his masterpiece Las Meninas (1656).

• see also https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Baltasar_Carlos_(Museo_del_Prado,_1634-35).jpg 

Music
- José de Torres y Martínez Bravo (1670 – 1738) was a Spanish composer, organist, music theorist and music publisher.Torres was born in Madrid, where he served as organist of the capilla real from 1697. With the arrival of the Bourbons, Torres was expelled from the capilla, but avoided exile and was rehabilitated. From 1702 he established a music printing press, Imprenta de Música, the first in Iberia. With the continuing exile of Sebastián Durón, Torres served the former Duke of Anjou, now Philip V of Spain, as maestro de capilla and rector of the boys choir (Colegio de Niños Cantorcicos), replacing the interim maestros Matías Cabrera and Nicolás Humanes, in 1707. He held this post until his death. He died in Madrid. He was the author of various musical works. These include “Reglas generales para acompañar órgano, clavicordio o arpa” (Madrid, 1702) [a work covering accompaniment techniques for organ, clavichord and harp] and a book of masses dedicated to Philip V of Spain.

• Works featured in 2017 hk arts festival

- Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz y Pascual (Spanish pronunciation: [iˈsak alˈβeniθ]; 29 May 1860–18 May 1909) was a Spanish virtuosopianist, composer, and conductor. He is one of the foremost composers of the Post-Romantic era who also had a significant influence on his contemporaries and younger composers. He is best known for his piano works based on Spanish folk music idioms.Transcriptions of many of his pieces, such as Asturias (Leyenda), Granada, Sevilla, Cadiz, Córdoba, Cataluña, and the Tango in D, are important pieces for classical guitar, though he never composed for the guitar. The personal papers of Albéniz are preserved, among other institutions, in the Biblioteca de Catalunya.Born in Camprodon, province of Girona, to Ángel Albéniz (a customs official) and his wife, Dolors Pascual, Albéniz was a child prodigy who first performed at the age of four. At age seven, after apparently taking lessons from Antoine François Marmontel, he passed the entrance examination for piano at the Conservatoire de Paris, but he was refused admission because he was believed to be too young.^[1] By the time he had reached 12, he had made many attempts to run away from home. His concert career began at the age of nine when his father toured both Isaac and his sister, Clementina, throughout northern Spain. A popular myth is that at the age of twelve Albéniz stowed away in a ship bound for Buenos Aires. He then found himself in Cuba, then to the United States, giving concerts in New York and San Francisco and then travelled to Liverpool, London and Leipzig, Germany. By age 15, he had already given concerts worldwide.This story is not entirely false, Albéniz did travel the world as a performer; however, he was accompanied by his father, who as a customs agent was required to travel frequently. This can be attested by comparing Isaac's concert dates with his father's travel itinerary. In 1876, after a short stay at the Leipzig Conservatory, he went to study at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels after King Alfonso's personal secretary, Guillermo Morphy, obtained him a royal grant.^[3] Count Morphy thought highly of Albéniz, who would later dedicate Sevilla to Morphy's wife when it premiered in Paris in January 1886.

• Isaac Albéniz’s Suite española, Op. 47, is a suite for solo piano. It is mainly composed of works written in 1886 which were grouped together in 1887, in honour of the Queen of Spain. Like many of Albeniz’s works for the piano, these pieces depict different regions and musical styles in Spain.In these works the first title refers to the geographical region portrayed, and the title in parentheses is the musical form or dance from that region. From Granada in Andalusia there is a Serenata, from Catalonia a Curranda or Courante, from Sevilla a Sevillanas and from Cuba (which was still part of Spain in the 1880s) a Notturno in the style of a habanera, from Castile a seguidillas, from Aragon a Fantasia in the style of a jota, and from Cadiz a saeta. This last example, like Asturias (Leyenda), is geographically inaccurate.

- Enrique Granados Campiña (27 July 1867 – 24 March 1916) was a Spanish pianist and composer of classical music. His music is in a uniquely Spanish style and, as such, is representative of musical nationalism. Granados wrote piano music, chamber music (a piano quintet, a piano trio, music for violin and piano), songs, zarzuelas, and an orchestral tone poem based on Dante's Divine Comedy. Many of his piano compositions have been transcribed for the classical guitar: examples include Dedicatoria, Danza No. 5, Goyescas. His music can be divided into basically three styles or periods:

1. A romantic style including such pieces as Escenas Romanticas and Escenas Poeticas.
2. A more typically nationalist, Spanish style including such pieces as Danzas Españolas (Spanish Dances), 6 Piezas sobre cantos populares españoles (Six Pieces based on popular Spanish songs).
3. The Goya (Goyesca) period, which includes the piano suite Goyescas, the opera Goyescas, various Tonadillas for voice and piano, and other works. Granados was an important influence on at least two other important Spanish composers and musicians, Manuel de Falla and Pablo Casals. He was also the teacher of composer Rosa García Ascot.

literature
-Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (/sərˈvæntiːz/; US: /sərˈvɑːnteɪz/; Spanish: [miˈɣel de θeɾˈβantes saaˈβeðɾa]; 29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616 NS)^[4] was a Spanish writer who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's preeminent novelists. His novel Don Quixote has been translated into over 140 languages and dialects; it is, after the Bible, the most-translated book in the world. Don Quixote, a classic of Western literature, is sometimes considered both the first modern novel and the best work of fiction ever written.^[10] Cervantes' influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes").^[11] He has also been dubbed El príncipe de los ingenios ("The Prince of Wits").In 1569, in forced exile from Castile, Cervantes moved to Rome, where he worked as chamber assistant of a cardinal. Then he enlisted as a soldier in a Spanish Navy infantry regiment and continued his military life until 1575, when he was captured by Barbary pirates. After five years of captivity, he was released on payment of a ransom by his parents and the Trinitarians, a Catholic religious order, and he returned to his family in Madrid. In 1585, Cervantes published La Galatea, a pastoral novel. He worked as a purchasing agent for the Spanish Armada and later as a tax collector for the government. In 1597, discrepancies in his accounts for three years previous landed him in the Crown Jail of Seville.
In 1605, Cervantes was in Valladolid when the immediate success of the first part of his Don Quixote, published in Madrid, signalled his return to the literary world. In 1607, he settled in Madrid, where he lived and worked until his death. During the last nine years of his life, Cervantes solidified his reputation as a writer, publishing Novelas ejemplares (Exemplary Novels) in 1613, Viaje del Parnaso (Journey to Parnassus) in 1614, and Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses and the second part of Don Quixote in 1615. His last work, Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (The Travails of Persiles and Sigismunda), was published posthumously in 1617.

• 《堂吉诃德》，或译《吉诃德大人》   The Clever Gentleman Sir Quixote of La Mancha (Modern Spanish: El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de La Mancha, pronounced [el iŋxeˈnjoso iˈðalɣo ðoŋ kiˈxote ðe la ˈmantʃa]), or just Don Quixote (/ˌdɒn kiːˈhoʊti/, US: /-teɪ/, Spanish: [doŋ kiˈxote] ), is a Spanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, Don Quixote is the most influential work of literature from the Spanish Golden Age and the entire Spanish literary canon. A founding work of Western literature, it is often labeled "the first modern novel" and is sometimes considered the best literary work ever written. The plot revolves around the adventures of a noble (hidalgo) from La Mancha named Alonso Quixano, who reads so many chivalric romances that he loses his mind and decides to become a knight-errant (caballero andante) to revive chivalry and serve his nation, under the name Don Quixote de la Mancha. He recruits a simple farmer, Sancho Panza, as his squire, who often employs a unique, earthy wit in dealing with Don Quixote's rhetorical monologues on knighthood, already considered old-fashioned at the time.

habits
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-unusual-Spanish-habits-you-should-know-about-before-visiting-Spain

america

- https://www.quora.com/Will-Spanish-spoken-in-Latin-America-evolve-into-separate-languages-the-same-way-Latin-did-in-Europe