- Federal Ministry of Finance and Economic Development www.fmf.gov.ng
- Federal Ministry of Power and Steel
- Federal Ministry of Petroleum Resources www.dprnigeria.com
- Federal Ministry of Justice
- Federal Ministry of Science and Technology www.fmst.gov.ng
- Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs www.mfa.gov.ng
- Federal Ministry of Commerce and Tourism
- Federal Ministry of Transport
- Federal Ministry of Communications
- Federal Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development
- Federal Ministry of Defence
- Federal Ministry of Solid Minerals Development
- federal Ministry of Industry, Trade & Investment http://www.fmti.gov.ng/
- National Planning Commission
- Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources
- Federal Ministry of Works and Housing
- Federal Ministry of Aviation www.aviation.gov.ng
- Federal Ministry of Federal Capital Territory www.fct.gov.ng
- Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
- Federal Ministry of Education and Youth Development
- Federal Ministry of Environment
- Federal Ministry of Health and Social Services
- Federal Ministry of Information and Culture
- Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs
- Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity
- Federal Ministry of Special Duties
- Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development
- Federal Ministry of Works and Housing
- Federal Ministry of Youth and Sport
- nigerian investment promotion commission http://www.nipc.gov.ng/
- NIPC newsletter http://www.nipc.gov.ng/nipcnews/NIPC%20NEWSLETTER%20OCT.2013.pdf
- One stop investment centre (with government agencies participating at the centre)
- Nigeria Customs Service https://www.customs.gov.ng/
- nigerian port authority http://www.nigerianports.org/
- Nigerian Export Processing Zones Authority http://www.nepza.gov.ng/
貝努埃州 Benue State is one of the central area states in Nigeria with a population of about 4,253,641 in 2006 census. It is inhabited predominantly by the Tiv, Idoma and Igede peoples, who speak Tiv, Idoma, and Igede languages respectively. Its capital is Makurdi.[4] Benue is a rich agricultural region; popularly grown crops includes; oranges, mangoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, soya bean, guinea corn, flax, yams, sesame, rice, groundnuts, and Palm Tree.
- https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Benue_state_contingent_1.jpg
Délégation de l'État de Benue lors d'un festival culturel - note the hat
卡拉巴爾 Calabar (also referred to as Callabar, Calabari, Calbari, Kalabari and Kalabar)[2] is the capital of Cross River State, Nigeria. It was originally named Akwa Akpa, in Efik language.[3][4] The city is adjacent to the Calabar and Great Kwa rivers and creeks of the Cross River (from its inland delta).On 10 September, 1884, Queen Victoria signed a Treaty of Protection with the King and Chiefs of Akwa Akpa, known to Europeans as Old Calabar. This enabled the United Kingdom to exercise control over the entire territory around Calabar, including Bakassi.Since the 16th century, Calabar had been a recognized international seaport, shipping out goods such as palm oil.[8] During the era of the Atlantic slave trade, it became a major port in the transportation of African slaves and was named Calabar by the Spanish. By the 18th century, most slave ships that transported slaves from Calabar were English, with around 85% of these ships being owned by Bristol and Liverpool merchants.[9] Old Calabar (Duke Town) and Creek Town, 16 kilometres (10 mi) northeast, were crucial towns in the trade of slaves in that era.[2] The first British warship to sail as far as Duke Town, where she captured seven Spanish and Portuguese slavers, may have been HMS Comus in 1815.The main ethnic group taken out of Calabar as slaves were the Igbos, from the neighboring Igbo land.[11] African-American writer and slave John Jea was from the area. A small mulatto community of merchants was located there that had links to missionary and other merchant colonies in Igboland, Lagos, and across the Atlantic.
Delta State is ethnically diverse, with various linguistic stocks.
The first region is made up of three linguistic groupings, collectively referred to as Anioma. They are of Igboid stock and composed of three main groups namely Enuani, who inhabit the Aniocha and Oshimili Local Government Areas; Ika; and Ndokwa/Ukwuani. All three inhabit the Delta North senatorial district. The second region consists of the other three main linguistic groups: Edoid, comprising the Isoko and Urhobo; Yoruboid, Itsekiri; and Ijoid, Izon. The Urhobo cultural extraction is the largest in the state with over 2 million native speakers. The Itsekiri speak a language very closely related to Yoruba but have been culturally influenced by the Edo ethnic group from neighbouring Edo state, as well as the Urhobo, Ijaw and Portuguese. The Izon are a branch of their kith and kin, in neighbouring Bayelsa State.The vast majority of inhabitants are Christian, with very few practicing Traditional Religion.
Edo is a state in Nigeria. With Benin City as capital, the population of the entire state is approximately 8 million people. It is made up of four major ethnic groups; namely Edo (Binis), Esan, Owan, and Etsako. However the State has a high presence of residents from across the country and the world because of its cosmopolitan tendencies. Benin City the capital has a history of being one of the foremost destinations of Europeans during their exploration of the African continent many centuries ago. The Mid-Western Region was a division of Nigeria from 1963 to 1991, formally known as Bendel state from 1976. It was formed in June 1963 from Benin and Delta provinces of the Western Region, and its capital was Benin City. It was renamed a province in 1966, and in 1967 when the other provinces were split up into several states, it remained territorially intact, becoming a state. During the Nigerian Civil War, the Biafran forces invaded the new Mid-Western state, en route to Lagos, in an attempt to force a quick end to the war. While under Biafran occupation, the state was declared as the “Republic of Benin” as Nigerian forces were to retake the region. The republic collapsed a day after the declaration as Nigerian troops overtook Benin City. Edo State was formed on August 27, 1991 when Bendel State was split into Edo and Delta States.
埃努古州Enugu,[5] usually referred to as Enugu State[6] to distinguish it from the city of Enugu, is a state in southeastern Nigeria, created in 1991[7] from part of the old Anambra State. Its capital[8] and largest city is Enugu, from which the state derives its name. The word "Enugu" (from Enu Ugwu) means "the top of the hill". The first European settlers arrived in the area in 1909, led by a British mining engineer named Albert Kitson. In his quest for silver, he discovered coal in the Udi Ridge which is why the state is regarded as coal city state. The Colonial Governor of Nigeria Frederick Lugard took a keen interest in the discovery, and by 1914 the first shipment of coal was made to Britain. As mining activities increased in the area, a permanent cosmopolitan settlement emerged, supported by a railway system. Enugu acquired township status in 1917 and became strategic to British interests. Foreign businesses began to move into Enugu, the most notable of which were John Holt, Kingsway Stores, the British Bank of West Africa and the United Africa Company.
- Nsukka is a town and a Local Government Area in southeast Nigeria in Enugu State. Towns that share a common border with Nsukka, are Edem, Opi (archaeological site), Ede-Oballa, and Obimo. Nsukka people are also found in Kogi state. As of 2006, Nsukka had a population of 309,633. Nsukka Town is known as the site of the University of Nigeria, the first indigenous Nigerian university, founded by Late Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, first President of Nigeria. Nsukka is home to members of the Igbo ethnic group. Little is known about the history of Nsukka town except that the Kingdom of Nri had contact with Nsukka in earlier periods. However, in the book 'Igbo/Igala Borderland' the ancient American writer traced the origin of Nsukka town to the earlier traders from Arochukwu in the present Abia State, who initially rested and later settled there.
Ibadan came into existence in 1829, during a period of turmoil that characterized Yorubaland at the time. It was in this period that many old Yoruba cities such as old Oyo (Oyo ile), Ijaye and Owu disappeared, and newer ones such as Abeokuta, new Oyo (Oyo atiba) and Ibadan sprang up to replace them. According to local historians, Lagelu founded the city, and was initially intended to be a war camp for warriors coming from Oyo, Ife and Ijebu. As a forest site containing several ranges of hills, varying in elevation from 160 to 275 metres, the location of the camp offered strategic defence opportunities. Moreover, its location at the fringe of the forest (from which the city got its name) promoted its emergence as a marketing centre for traders and goods from both the forest and grassland areas. Ibadan thus had initially began as a military state and remained so until the last decade of the 19th century. The city-state also succeeded in building a large empire from the 1860s to the 1890s which extended over much of northern and eastern Yorubaland. It was appropriately nicknamed idi Ibon or “gun base”, because of its unique military character. Unlike other Yoruba cities with traditional kingship institutions however, In Ibadan, the warrior class became the rulers of the city as well as the most important economic group. According to HRH Sir Isaac Babalola Akinyele, the late Olubadan (king) of Ibadan (Olu Ibadan means 'Lord of Ibadan'), in his authoritative book on the history of Ibadan, Iwe Itan Ibadan (1911), the first city was destroyed due to an incident at an Egungun (masquerade) festival when an Egungun was accidentally disrobed and derisively mocked by women and children in an open marketplace full of people. The then Alaafin of Oyo had ordered the old city destroyed for the act. Lagelu was by now an old, frail man; he could not stop the destruction of his city, but he and some of his people survived the attack and fled to a nearby hill for sanctuary. On the hill they survived by eating oro fruit and snails; later, they cultivated the land and made corn and millets into pap meals known as oori or eko, which they ate with roasted snails. They improvised a bit by using the snail shells to drink the liquefied eko. Ultimately, Lagelu and his people came down from the hill and founded another city, called Eba'dan. The new city instantly grew prosperous and became a commercial nerve centre. Shortly afterwards, Lagelu died, leaving behind a politically savvy people and a very stable community. The newly enthroned Olubadan made a friendly gesture to the Olowu of Owu by allowing Olowu to marry his only daughter, Nkan. A part of Ibadan was historically an Egba town. The Egba occupants were forced to leave the town and moved to present-day Abeokuta under the leadership of Sodeke as result of their disloyalty. Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban center so much that by the end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yorùbá region militarily, politically and economically.
喬斯Jos Popularly called "J-Town", it is the administrative capital and largest city of Plateau State.The city is located on the Jos Plateau at about 1,238 metres or 4,062 feet above sea level. During British colonial rule, Jos was an important centre for tin mining and is the trading hub of the state as commercial activities are steadily increasing.The earliest known settlers of the land that would come to be known as Nigeria were the Nok people (circa 1000 BC), skilled artisans from around the Jos area who mysteriously vanished in the late first millennium.According to the historian Sen Luka Gwom Zangabadt,[3] the area known as Jos today was inhabited by indigenous ethnic groups who were mostly farmers. According to Billy J. Dudley,[4] the British colonialists used direct rule for the indigenous ethnic groups on the Jos Plateau since they were not under the Fulani emirates where indirect rule was used. According to the historian Samuel N Nwabara,[5] the Fulani empire controlled most of northern Nigeria, except the Plateau province and the Berom, Mwaghavul, Ngas, Tiv, Jukun and Idoma ethnic groups. It was the discovery of tin by the British that led to the influx of other ethnic groups such as the Igbo, Yoruba, thus making Jos a cosmopolitan city.According to the white paper of the commission of inquiry into the 1894 crisis, Ames, a British colonial administrator, said that the original name for Jos was Gwosh in Afizere (the first settlers in the area) language which was a village situated at the current site of the city; according to Ames, the Hausa,who arrived there after, wrongly pronounced Gwosh as Jos and it stuck.[6] Another version was that "Jos" came from the word "Jasad" meaning body. To distinguish it from the hill tops, it was called "Jas", which was mis-pronounced by the British as "Jos". It grew rapidly after the British discovered vast tin deposits in the vicinity. Both tin and columbite were extensively mined in the area up until the 1960s. They were transported by railway to both Port Harcourt and Lagos on the coast, then exported from those ports. Jos is still often referred to as "Tin City". It was made capital of Benue-Plateau State in 1967, and became the capital of the new Plateau State in 1975.Jos has become an important national administrative, commercial, and tourist centre. Tin mining has led to the influx of migrants (mostly Igbos, Yorubas and Europeans) who constitute more than half of the population of Jos. This "melting pot" of race, ethnicity and religion makes Jos one of the most cosmopolitan cities in Nigeria. For this reason, Plateau State is known in Nigeria as the "home of peace and tourism".
- The Jos Ceremony. Horsemen with spears and sticks, 1970–1973.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_032_The_Jos_Ceremony._Horsemen_with_spears_and_sticks_-_Jos.jpg
卡齊納州Katsina State was brought out of old Kaduna State in 1987.The Hausa people (sometimes grouped with the Fulani as Hausa-Fulani) are the largest ethnic group.The state is predominantly Muslim, and Gobarau Minaret is an important building. Sharia is valid in the entire state. The Church of Nigeria has a Diocese of Katsina.[5] The Redeemed Christian Church of God and the Roman Catholic Church are fairly present in the state.
-Former Nigerian President Umaru Yar'Adua was a nobleman of Katsina.
Ibadan came into existence in 1829, during a period of turmoil that characterized Yorubaland at the time. It was in this period that many old Yoruba cities such as old Oyo (Oyo ile), Ijaye and Owu disappeared, and newer ones such as Abeokuta, new Oyo (Oyo atiba) and Ibadan sprang up to replace them. According to local historians, Lagelu founded the city, and was initially intended to be a war camp for warriors coming from Oyo, Ife and Ijebu. As a forest site containing several ranges of hills, varying in elevation from 160 to 275 metres, the location of the camp offered strategic defence opportunities. Moreover, its location at the fringe of the forest (from which the city got its name) promoted its emergence as a marketing centre for traders and goods from both the forest and grassland areas. Ibadan thus had initially began as a military state and remained so until the last decade of the 19th century. The city-state also succeeded in building a large empire from the 1860s to the 1890s which extended over much of northern and eastern Yorubaland. It was appropriately nicknamed idi Ibon or “gun base”, because of its unique military character. Unlike other Yoruba cities with traditional kingship institutions however, In Ibadan, the warrior class became the rulers of the city as well as the most important economic group. According to HRH Sir Isaac Babalola Akinyele, the late Olubadan (king) of Ibadan (Olu Ibadan means 'Lord of Ibadan'), in his authoritative book on the history of Ibadan, Iwe Itan Ibadan (1911), the first city was destroyed due to an incident at an Egungun (masquerade) festival when an Egungun was accidentally disrobed and derisively mocked by women and children in an open marketplace full of people. The then Alaafin of Oyo had ordered the old city destroyed for the act. Lagelu was by now an old, frail man; he could not stop the destruction of his city, but he and some of his people survived the attack and fled to a nearby hill for sanctuary. On the hill they survived by eating oro fruit and snails; later, they cultivated the land and made corn and millets into pap meals known as oori or eko, which they ate with roasted snails. They improvised a bit by using the snail shells to drink the liquefied eko. Ultimately, Lagelu and his people came down from the hill and founded another city, called Eba'dan. The new city instantly grew prosperous and became a commercial nerve centre. Shortly afterwards, Lagelu died, leaving behind a politically savvy people and a very stable community. The newly enthroned Olubadan made a friendly gesture to the Olowu of Owu by allowing Olowu to marry his only daughter, Nkan. A part of Ibadan was historically an Egba town. The Egba occupants were forced to leave the town and moved to present-day Abeokuta under the leadership of Sodeke as result of their disloyalty. Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban center so much that by the end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yorùbá region militarily, politically and economically.
喬斯Jos Popularly called "J-Town", it is the administrative capital and largest city of Plateau State.The city is located on the Jos Plateau at about 1,238 metres or 4,062 feet above sea level. During British colonial rule, Jos was an important centre for tin mining and is the trading hub of the state as commercial activities are steadily increasing.The earliest known settlers of the land that would come to be known as Nigeria were the Nok people (circa 1000 BC), skilled artisans from around the Jos area who mysteriously vanished in the late first millennium.According to the historian Sen Luka Gwom Zangabadt,[3] the area known as Jos today was inhabited by indigenous ethnic groups who were mostly farmers. According to Billy J. Dudley,[4] the British colonialists used direct rule for the indigenous ethnic groups on the Jos Plateau since they were not under the Fulani emirates where indirect rule was used. According to the historian Samuel N Nwabara,[5] the Fulani empire controlled most of northern Nigeria, except the Plateau province and the Berom, Mwaghavul, Ngas, Tiv, Jukun and Idoma ethnic groups. It was the discovery of tin by the British that led to the influx of other ethnic groups such as the Igbo, Yoruba, thus making Jos a cosmopolitan city.According to the white paper of the commission of inquiry into the 1894 crisis, Ames, a British colonial administrator, said that the original name for Jos was Gwosh in Afizere (the first settlers in the area) language which was a village situated at the current site of the city; according to Ames, the Hausa,who arrived there after, wrongly pronounced Gwosh as Jos and it stuck.[6] Another version was that "Jos" came from the word "Jasad" meaning body. To distinguish it from the hill tops, it was called "Jas", which was mis-pronounced by the British as "Jos". It grew rapidly after the British discovered vast tin deposits in the vicinity. Both tin and columbite were extensively mined in the area up until the 1960s. They were transported by railway to both Port Harcourt and Lagos on the coast, then exported from those ports. Jos is still often referred to as "Tin City". It was made capital of Benue-Plateau State in 1967, and became the capital of the new Plateau State in 1975.Jos has become an important national administrative, commercial, and tourist centre. Tin mining has led to the influx of migrants (mostly Igbos, Yorubas and Europeans) who constitute more than half of the population of Jos. This "melting pot" of race, ethnicity and religion makes Jos one of the most cosmopolitan cities in Nigeria. For this reason, Plateau State is known in Nigeria as the "home of peace and tourism".
- The Jos Ceremony. Horsemen with spears and sticks, 1970–1973.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_032_The_Jos_Ceremony._Horsemen_with_spears_and_sticks_-_Jos.jpg
卡齊納州Katsina State was brought out of old Kaduna State in 1987.The Hausa people (sometimes grouped with the Fulani as Hausa-Fulani) are the largest ethnic group.The state is predominantly Muslim, and Gobarau Minaret is an important building. Sharia is valid in the entire state. The Church of Nigeria has a Diocese of Katsina.[5] The Redeemed Christian Church of God and the Roman Catholic Church are fairly present in the state.
-Former Nigerian President Umaru Yar'Adua was a nobleman of Katsina.
- Surrounded by city walls 21 kilometres (13 mi) in length, Katsina is believed to have been founded circa 1100.[1] In pre-Islamic times, Katsina's semi-divine ruler was known as the Sarki, who faced a summary death-sentence if found to be ruling incompetently. From the 17th to the 18th century, Katsina was the commercial heart of Hausaland and became the largest of the seven Hausacity-states. Katsina was conquered by the Fulani during the Fulani War in 1807. In 1903, the Emir, Abubakar dan Ibrahim, accepted British rule, which continued until Nigerian independence from Britain in 1960.During sub-Saharan trade, the city of Katsina was known to be one of the most vibrant and strong commercial centres, and was believed to be the strongest with the Hausa kingdoms in terms of commerce, trade and craft. The German explorer Friedrich Hornemann reached Katsina, the first Westerner to do so, at the beginning of the 19th century.
Association
- International affairs
- literature
- film
- Muhammadu Buhari GCFR (born 17 December 1942) is the President of Nigeria, in office since 2015. He is a retired major general in the Nigerian Army and previously served as the nation's head of state from 31 December 1983 to 27 August 1985, after taking power in a military coup d'état.[6][7] The term Buharism is ascribed to the Buhari military government. He unsuccessfully ran for the office of president of Nigeria in the 2003, 2007 and 2011 general elections. In December 2014, he emerged as the presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress for the March 2015 general elections. Buhari won the election, defeating the incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan. This marked the first time in the history of Nigeria that an incumbent president lost to an opposition candidate in a general election. He was sworn in on 29 May 2015. Muhammadu Buhari was born to a Fulani family on 17 December 1942, in Daura, Katsina State, to his father Hardo Adamu, a Fulani chief, and mother Zulaihat. He is the twenty-third child of his father. Buhari was raised by his mother, after his father died when he was about four years old. He attended primary school in Daura and Mai'adua before proceeding to Katsina Model School in 1953, and to Katsina Provincial Secondary School (now Government College Katsina) from 1956 to 1961.Muhammad-Bande was born on 7 December 1957 in the town of Zagga in present-day Kebbi State, northwestern Nigeria.[4] He attended Ahmadu Bello University for undergraduate studies, where he received a Bachelor of Science in Political Science in 1979 before proceeding to Boston University, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in Political Science in 1981.Bande taught at Usman Danfodio University as a graduate assistant in the 1980s and rose to the rank of professor in 1998 at the same institution.[2]Between 2004 and 2009, he served as vice-chancellor of the university before being appointed Director-General of Nigeria's National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, a position he held from 2010 to 2016.[5] Previously, Bande served as the Director-General of the African Training and Research Centre in Administration for Development in Tangier, Morocco, from 2000 to 2004.
- diplomats
- oligarchs
- ft 7jan19 Nigerians feel economic pinch as presidential election looms
Currency devaluation
- http://www.bbc.com/news/business-36538379
2014 election
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4cc95952-b21e-11e4-80af-00144feab7de.html Elections in Africa’s most populous nation have never been for the faint-hearted. They almost always trigger violence. Pitting two strongly contrasting candidates — the incumbent, a southern Christian and former zoology lecturer from the restive, oil producing Niger delta, against Muhammadu Buhari, an ascetic former military ruler and a Muslim from the north — these are gearing up to be especially rough. Originally scheduled for Saturday but now postponed by six weeks, the campaign has played out against the backdrop of an escalating, Islamist insurgency, financial turmoil resulting from the falling price of oil — on which the state depends for around 70 per cent of revenues — and now fears of an impending constitutional crisis.
Oil
- Bonny Light Oil
- http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21635051-over-reliance-oil-spells-trouble-nigeria-well-below-par
- https://www.ft.com/content/e9eda860-1dc3-11e7-a454-ab04428977f9 The raid by investigators from the Dutch Financial Intelligence and Investigation Service and the public prosecutor’s office was the latest twist in a near two-decade saga since the rights to OPL 245 — one of Africa’s biggest undeveloped oil blocks — were awarded to a company, Malabu, allegedly controlled by Dan Etete, Nigeria’s then-petroleum minister. Shell’s subsequent investment in the asset, together with Eni of Italy, allegedly delivered a financial windfall for Mr Etete and associates, triggering bribery investigations in Nigeria and Italy as well as the Netherlands. Anti-corruption campaigners have seized on the case as an example of how Nigerian rulers have allegedly conspired with multinational companies to plunder the country’s oil riches at the expense of ordinary citizens.
- https://www.ft.com/content/61d7195e-4161-11e7-82b6-896b95f30f58 Nigeria’s senate has passed the first of a series of laws aimed at overhauling the troubled oil sector in what lawmakers say is an initial step towards unlocking billions of dollars in investment. This bill’s passage comes after 12 years of attempts by the legislature to agree a new legal framework for the industry, on which Nigeria depends for 70 per cent of its revenues and nearly all of its export earnings. The law passed on Tuesday is aimed at reforming how Nigeria’s oil and gas industry is regulated and funded. The bill creates a single industry watchdog, the National Petroleum Regulator, to oversee the functions of a number of state-owned industry bodies. It is the first of five laws included in a broader set of legislation known as the Petroleum Industry Governance Bill.
Film
epidemic
- 尼日利亞爆發不明疫症，在不足一周內已造成過百人感染，至少十五人死亡。首宗病例出現於首都阿布賈東南方的貝努埃州，患者均出現嘔吐、浮腫及腹瀉等徵狀，並在感染的四十八小時內身亡。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200211/00180_004.html
christianity
- pentecost church
islam
- The leader of Nigeria’s Shi‘ite Muslim sect, rumored to have died in detention, made his first public appearance in two years on Saturday, after police arrested dozens of members of the group during protests calling for his release this week. Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky, the leader of the Islamic Movement of Nigeria (IMN), has been imprisoned at an unknown location without charge since December 2015 after his followers clashed with the army in the northern city of Zaria. A judicial inquiry the following year said 347 IMN members were killed by the military and buried in mass graves.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-security/nigerian-shiite-leader-rumored-dead-makes-first-public-appearance-in-two-years-idUSKBN1F20QV
National anthem
- "Arise, O Compatriots" is the national anthem of Nigeria. It was adopted in 1978 and replaced the previous anthem, Nigeria, We Hail Thee (used from independence in 1960 until 1978,The anthem's lyrics were written by Lillian Jean Williams, a British expatriatewho lived in Nigeria when it achieved independence.[2] Frances Berda composed the music for "Nigeria, We Hail Thee."). The lyrics are a combination of words and phrases taken from five of the best entries in a national contest. The words were put to music by the Nigerian Police Band under the directorship of Benedict E. Odiase.
ethnic group
- The Edo or Bini (from the word "Benin") people are an ethnic group primarily found in Edo State, and spread across the Delta, Ondo, and Rivers states of Nigeria. They speak the Edo language and are the descendants of the founders of the Benin Empire. They are closely related to other ethnic groups that speak Edoid languages, such as the Esan, the Afemai and the Owan.The name "Benin" (and "Bini") is a Portuguese corruption, ultimately from the word "Ubinu", which came into use during the reign of Oba Ewuare the Great, c. 1440. "Ubinu" was used to describe the royal administrative centre or city or capital proper of the kingdom, Edo. Ubinu was later corrupted to Bini by the mixed ethnicities living together at the centre; and further corrupted to Benin around 1485 when the Portuguese began trade relations with Oba Ewuare. Benin people have one of the richest dress cultures on the African continent. Their fashion accessories holds royalty and typically includes beads, body marks, bangles, anklets, raffia work and so on.
- The Igbo people (English: /ˈɪɡboʊ/; Igbo or Ibo. In some historical books and past literatures they have also been referred to as Iboe, Ebo, Eboe, Eboans, and Heebo. Natively Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò [ìɡ͡bò][citation needed]) are an ethnic group native to the present-day south-central and southeastern Nigeria. Geographically, the Igbo homeland is divided into two unequal sections by the Niger River – an eastern (which is the larger of the two) and a western section. The Igbo people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. The Igbo language is divided into numerous regional dialects, and somewhat mutually intelligible with the larger "Igboid" cluster. The Igbo homeland straddles the lower Niger River, east and south of the Edoid and Idomoid groups, and west of the Ibibioid (Cross River) cluster. In rural Nigeria, Igbo people work mostly as craftsmen, farmers and traders. The most important crop is the yam.[12] Other staple crops include cassava and taro.[13] The Igbos are also highly urbanized, with some of the largest metropolitan areas, cities and towns in Igboland being Onitsha, Enugu, Aba, Owerri, Orlu, Okigwe, Asaba, Awka, Nsukka, Nnewi, Umuahia, Abakaliki, Afikpo, Agbor and Arochukwu. Before British colonial rule in the 20th century, the Igbo were a politically fragmented group, with a number of centralized chiefdoms such as Nri, Arochukwu, Agbor and Onitsha.[14] Frederick Lugard introduced the Eze system of "Warrant Chiefs".[15] Unaffected by the Islamic jihad sweeping Nigeria in the 19th century, they became overwhelmingly Christian under colonization. In the wake of decolonisation, the Igbo developed a strong sense of ethnic identity.[13] During the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–1970 the Igbo territories seceded as the short-lived Republic of Biafra.[16] MASSOB, a sectarian organization formed in 1999, continues a non-violent struggle for an independent Igbo state. Small ethnic Igbo populations are found in Cameroon[18] and Equatorial Guinea, as well as outside Africa.
History
- The Hausa Kingdom of Kano was based on an ancient settlement of Dala Hill. While small chiefdoms were previously present in the area, according to the Kano Chronicle, Bagauda, a grandson of the mythical hero Bayajidda, became the first king of Kano in 999, reigning until 1063. Muhammad Rumfa ascended to the throne in 1463 and reigned until 1499. During his reign he reformed the city, expanded the Sahelian Gidan Rumfa (Emir's Palace), and played a role in the further Islamization of the city as he urged prominent residents to convert. The Hausa state remained independent until the Fulani conquest of 1805.
- The Kingdom of Bonny is a traditional state based on the town of Bonny in Rivers State, Nigeria. Founded before or about 1,000AD. The Kingdom became an important slave trading port, later trading palm oil products. During the 19th century the British became increasingly involved in the internal affairs of the kingdom, in 1886 assuming control under a protectorate treaty. Today the King of Bonny has a largely ceremonial role.The Ibani kingdom was a sovereign state in the South Atlantic Coast. The Kingdom, comprising virgin lands and territorial areas, was founded before or about 1,000 AD. The modern name "Bonny" is a distortion of the original name. According to tradition the island on which the town of Bonny is sited was full of curlews, and the leaders of the founding group of the kingdom therefore called it Okoloma, meaning curlew town. This name is still used locally. The founding group of the Kingdom, from the Ebeni-toru area, precisely from Isedani Lineage of Kolokuma, in the present-day Kolokuma/Opokuma Local Government Area of Bayelsa State (in Ancestral Ijawland in the Central Niger Delta), was led by three direct blood descendants of Ebeni. These are Opuamakuba, Alagbariye and Asimini. From these leaders and the entire founding generation of the Kingdom evolved the lineage/ward/house system of governance, as a result of which the welfarist institution of traditional rulership of the Kingdom came into place, with the exalted position of “Amanyanabo”, Monarch/King, meaning “owner of the land”; and the position of “Amadapu”, meaning component/subordinate traditional rulers of the Kingdom. The High-Priest of the Kingdom ruled the Kingdom with the “Amanyanabo”, and “Amadapu”. The first four Monarchs of the Kingdom were Founding Fathers of the Kingdom. These are namely Kings Ndoli, Opuamakuba, Alagbariya (Founder of Bonny: 'Okoloamakoromabo') and Asimini. After these initial Four Kings, their direct-blood descendants ruled the Kingdom as Kings until the era of King Awusa (Halliday). It was after King Halliday-Awusa, the Twelfth King of Bonny Kingdom, that King Perekule succeeded King Halliday-Awusa. Hence, King Perekule's descendants on the exalted throne of Kingship of the Kingdom are successors of the throne of Kingship established by the founding generation of Ancient Grand Bonny Kingdom. The continuing hereditary position, King/Monarch, who bears the title “Amanyanabo”, originated from the Founding Fathers and Premier Kings of the Ancient Kingdom. Bonny kingdom became important in the 15th century with the arrival of the Portuguese and the growth of the Atlantic slave trade. At its height of power, Bonny was one of the main entrepôts on the Slave Coast. Later the Dutch and then the British took control of the slave trade in the region, with the British renaming the port "Bonny". When the British passed an act to abolish the slave trade in 1807, the port turned to export of palm oil products, ivory and Guinea pepper.
united nations
- economist 22dec18 "general panic" nigeria and the UN
Usa
- investors from usa
- Brazilians in Nigeria consist mostly of descendants of freed Afro-Brazilian slaves who left Brazil and settled in Nigeria as well as expatriates from Brazil. Starting from the 1830s, many emancipated Africans who had been through forced labour and discrimination in Brazil began moving back to Lagos bringing along with them some cultural and social sensibilities adapted from their sojourn in Latin America. These emancipated Africans were often called 'Aguda' or 'Maro' and also included returnees from Cuba.The first recorded repatriation of African people from Brazil to what is now Nigeria was a government-lead deportation in 1835 in the aftermath of a Yoruba and Hausa led rebellion in the city of Salvador known as the Malê Revolt.[2] After the rebellion, the Brazilian government fearful of further insurrection allowed freed or manumitted Africans the option to return home or keep paying an exorbitant tax to the government.[3] A few Africans who were free and had saved some money were able to return to Africa as a result of the tough conditions, taxation, racism and homesickness. In 1851, 60 Mina Africans to put together $4,000 to charter a vehicle for Badagry. After slavery was abolished in Cuba and Brazil in 1886 and 1888 respectively, further migration to Lagos continued. Many of the returnees chose to return to Nigeria for cultural, missionary and economic reasons. Many of them descended from the Yoruba. In Lagos, they were given the watery terrains of Popo Aguda as their settlement. By the 1880s, they comprised about 9% of the population of Lagos. Towards the end of 1920, the migration stopped.
uk
- 英國外交部周一證實，四名上月在尼日利亞的尼日爾河三角洲被綁架的英國公民當中，其中一人遇害，另外三人獲釋。有報道指他們是傳教士，到當地村落提供義務醫療服務，遭武裝綁走。尼日爾河三角洲石油含量豐富，武裝衝突不斷，綁架很常見。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171107/00180_021.html
Netherlands
- https://www.ft.com/content/5408af2a-9618-11e7-b83c-9588e51488a0 Royal Dutch Shell is joining forces with a Nigerian company to develop gas pipeline infrastructure in the country in a deal that highlights the push by the world’s biggest energy groups to entrench demand for gas in growing economies of Africa. Shell’s Nigerian business has signed a $300m agreement with Shoreline Energy to develop, market and distribute natural gas around Lagos, the commercial capital of Africa’s largest economy.
african union
- https://www.ft.com/content/b1d880a2-723b-11e9-bf5c-6eeb837566c5 The African Union has urged Nigeria, the continent’s biggest economy, to join a new pan-African trade zone before the agreement comes into effect at the of the month. The African Continental Free Trade Area will cut tariffs to zero on 90 per cent of goods for member states in an effort to bolster intra-African trade and growth. So far, 52 African countries have signed up, with only Eritrea, Benin and Nigeria still holding out. “We are encouraging [Nigeria] to be among the founding parties and sign the agreement before May 30,” Albert Muchanga, the AU trade commissioner, said in an interview with the Financial Times at the regional body’s headquarters in Addis Ababa.
south africa
- 南非首都比勒陀利亞和約翰內斯堡自月初爆發仇外示威，抗議外國人搶奪資源及工作機會。總統拉馬福薩周四表示，騷亂至今造成至少十死，其中兩人是外國人。當局承諾會採取行動阻止暴力。尼日利亞爆發針對南非企業的報復性襲擊，南非外交部基於安全，將暫時關閉所有派駐尼日利亞的外交機構。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190907/00180_019.html
-The Katsina Royal Palace 'Gidan Korau' is a huge complex located in the centre of the ancient city. It is a symbol of culture, history and traditions of 'Katsinawa'. According to historical account, it was built in 1348 AD by Muhammadu Korau, who is believed to have been the first Muslim King of Katsina. This explains why it is traditionally known as 'Gidan Korau' (House of Korau). It is one of the oldest and among the first generation palaces in Hausaland, along with Daura, Kano and Zazzau. The palace was encircled with a rampart, 'Ganuwar Gidan Sarki' (which is now gone). The main gate which leads to the palace is known as 'Kofar Soro', while the gate at the backyard is called 'Kofar Bai' (now gone). The Emir's residential quarters at the epicenter of the Palace is a large compound built in the typical Hausa traditional architectural style.
Lagos
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656701-nigerias-commercial-capital-crowded-noisy-violentand-model-rest Nigeria’s commercial capital is crowded, noisy, violent—and a model for the rest of the country
- http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/10/africa/eko-atlantic-gbenga-oduntan-conversation/index.html?sr=cnnifbThe government of the state of Lagos -- Nigeria's former capital -- has proudly proclaimed it is building a new city that will become the new financial center of Nigeria, and perhaps West Africa. The scale of the Eko Atlantic project is immense and progress is being achieved through a team effort between investors, planners, engineers and contractors. Pitched as Africa's answer to Dubai, Eko Atlantic is a multibillion dollar residential and business development that is located as an appendage to Victoria Island, and along the renowned Bar Beach shoreline in Lagos. The plan is that it will:
奧尼查 オニチャ（イボ語: Ọ̀nị̀chà Mmílí, 英語: Onitsha）は、ナイジェリア南部にあるアナンブラ州の都市である。ニジェール川の東岸に位置する。オニチャ都市圏は河川港で知られており、商業、産業、教育の経済的中心地である。オニチャはベニン王国からの移民により16世紀にアド・ンイドゥ (Ado N'Idu) として建設されたと考えられている[3]。しばらくしてオニチャのオビ（王）の治めるイボ人の王国になった。1857年にはイギリスの商人がパーム油の交易拠点を築き、キリスト教の宣教者がこれに続いた。1884年には保護領に組み込まれた。イギリス当局とキリスト教宣教者たちはニジェール川左岸の支配や宣教のために河港であるオニチャを大いに利用した。イギリス領とされてからニジェール川左岸南部は東部ナイジェリアと呼ばれるようになったが、歴史的にイボは北部のハウサ族のカノやザリア、西部のヨルバ族のイバダンのような都市文明は形成しなかった。オニチャは1850年代には王立ニジェール会社の重要な港となった。奴隷貿易の禁止後、パームヤシやその他の換金作物が近郊で栽培されるようになった。イギリスの入植と入れ換えに内陸の住民がオニチャに集まるようになった。The indigenous people of Onitsha are Igbo and speak the Igbo language. The Onitsha people are referred to as Ndi Onicha.Onitsha Mmili was known as Ado N'Idu by migrants who departed from the vicinity of the Kingdom of Benin near the far western portion of Igboland (near what is now Agbor), after a violent dispute with the Oba of Benin that can be tentatively dated to the early 1500s.[5] These migrants traveled eastward through what is now Western Igboland and various towns also called "Onitsha", for example Onicha-Ugbo, "farmland-Onitsha". Folklore has it that, Onitsha was founded by one of the sons of Chima, the founder of Issele-Uku kingdom in western Igboland. Chima, a prince who emigrated, settled and founded what is now known as Issele-Uku in Aniocha North Local Government Area. The eldest son of Chima eventually emigrated across the Niger River to establish the Onitsha community.Onitsha slowly grew to become an important trading port for the Royal Niger Company in the mid-1850s following the abolition of slavery and with the development of the steam engine when Europeans were able to move into the hinterland.Trade in palm kernels, palm oil, and other cash crops on the coast of Bight of Biafra increased around this river port in the 19th century.In 1857 British palm oil traders established a permanent station in the city with Christian missionaries joining them, headed by the liberated African bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther (a Yoruba recaptive) and Reverend John Taylor (an Igbo Recaptive).In 1900 Onitsha became part of a British protectorate.[11] The British colonial government and Christian missionaries penetrated most of Igboland to set up their administration, schools and churches through the river port at Onitsha.In 1965, the Niger River Bridge was built across the Niger River to replace the ferry crossing. This has helped to grow trade routes with western Nigeria and created significant economic linkages between Onitsha and Benin City and Lagos particularly.The Nigerian-Biafran war brought devastation to Onitsha as the city was a major theatre of war for forces entering Biafra from the western front. The subsequent oil boom years of the 1970s and early 1980s witnessed a huge influx of immigrants into the city. The result has been hastily constructed and haphazard building which has created a huge number of slums.
- people
Lagos
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656701-nigerias-commercial-capital-crowded-noisy-violentand-model-rest Nigeria’s commercial capital is crowded, noisy, violent—and a model for the rest of the country
- http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/10/africa/eko-atlantic-gbenga-oduntan-conversation/index.html?sr=cnnifbThe government of the state of Lagos -- Nigeria's former capital -- has proudly proclaimed it is building a new city that will become the new financial center of Nigeria, and perhaps West Africa. The scale of the Eko Atlantic project is immense and progress is being achieved through a team effort between investors, planners, engineers and contractors. Pitched as Africa's answer to Dubai, Eko Atlantic is a multibillion dollar residential and business development that is located as an appendage to Victoria Island, and along the renowned Bar Beach shoreline in Lagos. The plan is that it will:
- Consist of ten square kilometers (3.86 square miles) of land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean
- Be home to quarter of a million people and employ a further 150,000 people who will commute on daily basis
- Be billed as a 24-hour, green-conscious, world-class city; and
- Attract and retain top multinational corporations
奧尼查 オニチャ（イボ語: Ọ̀nị̀chà Mmílí, 英語: Onitsha）は、ナイジェリア南部にあるアナンブラ州の都市である。ニジェール川の東岸に位置する。オニチャ都市圏は河川港で知られており、商業、産業、教育の経済的中心地である。オニチャはベニン王国からの移民により16世紀にアド・ンイドゥ (Ado N'Idu) として建設されたと考えられている[3]。しばらくしてオニチャのオビ（王）の治めるイボ人の王国になった。1857年にはイギリスの商人がパーム油の交易拠点を築き、キリスト教の宣教者がこれに続いた。1884年には保護領に組み込まれた。イギリス当局とキリスト教宣教者たちはニジェール川左岸の支配や宣教のために河港であるオニチャを大いに利用した。イギリス領とされてからニジェール川左岸南部は東部ナイジェリアと呼ばれるようになったが、歴史的にイボは北部のハウサ族のカノやザリア、西部のヨルバ族のイバダンのような都市文明は形成しなかった。オニチャは1850年代には王立ニジェール会社の重要な港となった。奴隷貿易の禁止後、パームヤシやその他の換金作物が近郊で栽培されるようになった。イギリスの入植と入れ換えに内陸の住民がオニチャに集まるようになった。The indigenous people of Onitsha are Igbo and speak the Igbo language. The Onitsha people are referred to as Ndi Onicha.Onitsha Mmili was known as Ado N'Idu by migrants who departed from the vicinity of the Kingdom of Benin near the far western portion of Igboland (near what is now Agbor), after a violent dispute with the Oba of Benin that can be tentatively dated to the early 1500s.[5] These migrants traveled eastward through what is now Western Igboland and various towns also called "Onitsha", for example Onicha-Ugbo, "farmland-Onitsha". Folklore has it that, Onitsha was founded by one of the sons of Chima, the founder of Issele-Uku kingdom in western Igboland. Chima, a prince who emigrated, settled and founded what is now known as Issele-Uku in Aniocha North Local Government Area. The eldest son of Chima eventually emigrated across the Niger River to establish the Onitsha community.Onitsha slowly grew to become an important trading port for the Royal Niger Company in the mid-1850s following the abolition of slavery and with the development of the steam engine when Europeans were able to move into the hinterland.Trade in palm kernels, palm oil, and other cash crops on the coast of Bight of Biafra increased around this river port in the 19th century.In 1857 British palm oil traders established a permanent station in the city with Christian missionaries joining them, headed by the liberated African bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther (a Yoruba recaptive) and Reverend John Taylor (an Igbo Recaptive).In 1900 Onitsha became part of a British protectorate.[11] The British colonial government and Christian missionaries penetrated most of Igboland to set up their administration, schools and churches through the river port at Onitsha.In 1965, the Niger River Bridge was built across the Niger River to replace the ferry crossing. This has helped to grow trade routes with western Nigeria and created significant economic linkages between Onitsha and Benin City and Lagos particularly.The Nigerian-Biafran war brought devastation to Onitsha as the city was a major theatre of war for forces entering Biafra from the western front. The subsequent oil boom years of the 1970s and early 1980s witnessed a huge influx of immigrants into the city. The result has been hastily constructed and haphazard building which has created a huge number of slums.
- people
- Odinigwe Benedict Chukwukadibia Enwonwu MBE (14 July 1917 – 5 February 1994), better known as Ben Enwonwu, was a Nigerian painter and sculptor.Ben Enwonwu was born a twin on 14 July 1917 into the noble family of Umueze-Aroli in Onitsha, Nigeria. His father, Omenka Odigwe Emeka Enwonwu, was a technician who worked with the Royal Niger Company. He was also a member of the Onitsha Council of Chiefs and a traditional sculptor of repute, who created staffs of office, stools, decorative doors and religious images.[4] His mother, Chinyelugo Iyom Nweze was a successful cloth merchant.
-The major sub-ethnic groups in Ọsun State are Ife, Ijesha, Oyo, Ibolo and Igbomina of the Yoruba people, although there are also people from other parts of Nigeria. Yorubaand English are the official languages. People of Osun State practice Islam, Christianity and their ancient religion, the traditionThe major sub-ethnic groups in Ọsun State are Ife, Ijesha, Oyo, Ibolo and Igbomina of the Yoruba people, although there are also people from other parts of Nigeria. Yoruba and English are the official languages. People of Osun State practice Islam, Christianity and their ancient religion, the traditional faith.Osun State was created from the old Oyo State in August 1991, has a large population of both Muslims and Christians.[10] Among the famous religious leaders from Osun State is the London-based Muslim cleric Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adelabu, who hails from the state's capital city, Osogbo and Pastor (Dr.) Johnson Ade Odewale of Christ Apostolic church, Calvary Assembly from Odeomu, who is based in Boston, USA. The popular pastor E.A Adeboye hails from Ifewara in Osun state. Also Pastor David Oyedepo among others. The Osun State government claims to offer services to both Muslims and Christians in the state, especially through Pilgrims Welfare Boards.[11]The major traditional rulers in Osun State acclaim either the Faith of Islam or Christianity. While, for instance, Ooni of Ife Oba Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi (Ojaja II) and Owa Obokun Adimula of Ijesaland Oba Gabriel Adekunle (Aromolaran II), Oba Moses Oyediran Ogunsua Of Modakeke, Oba Samuel Oyebode Oluronke II (Olokuku of Okuku), Oba Sunday Olatokun (Olotan of Otan-Ile) ascribe to Christianity, Orangun of (Ile) Ila-Orangun Oba Wahab Kayode Adedeji Oyedotun (Arutu-Oluokun Bibiire I), Ataoja of Osogbo Oba Jimoh Olaonipekun Oyetunji (Larooye II), Timi of Ede Oba Munirudeen Adesola Lawal (Laminisa I), Aragbiji of iragbiji (Oba Abdulrasheed Ayotunde Olabomi)[6] and Oluwo of Iwo Oba Abdul Rasheed Adewale Akanbi (Ilufemiloye Telu I) practice Islam.
Niger or Niger State is a state in Central Nigeria and the largest state in the country. The state capital is Minna, and other major cities are Bida, Kontagora, and Suleja. It was formed in 1976 when the then North-Western State was bifurcated into Niger State and Sokoto State. It is home to Ibrahim Babangida[3] and Abdulsalami Alhaji Abubakar, two of Nigeria's former military rulers. The Nupe, Gbagyi, Kamuku, Kambari, Dukawa, Hausa and Koro form the majority of numerous indigenous tribes of Niger State.
- 明納出產農產品如棉花、高粱和薑，居民也從事釀酒、牛油果加工和黃金開採，傳統產業包括皮革業、金屬加工和織布 。 Minna is a city (estimated population 304,113 in 2007) in Middle Belt Nigeria. It is the capital of Niger State, one of Nigeria's 36 federal states. It consists of 2 major ethnic groups: the Nupe and the Gwari.Archaeological evidence suggests settlement in the area dates back to about 47,000–37,000 years ago. Muslim culture filtered into Minna by way of the ancient Saharan trade routes and the city contains many mosques including Minna Central Mosque and Muslim organizations like the Islamic Education Trust, Minna, Muslim Students' Society of Nigeria - Minna Area Council (MSSN-MNAC), Da'watu-Ilallahi-Wa-Rasulihi Association (DAWRA), e.t.c. Christianity is the second major population in Niger State, where Sharia is valid.
Niger or Niger State is a state in Central Nigeria and the largest state in the country. The state capital is Minna, and other major cities are Bida, Kontagora, and Suleja. It was formed in 1976 when the then North-Western State was bifurcated into Niger State and Sokoto State. It is home to Ibrahim Babangida[3] and Abdulsalami Alhaji Abubakar, two of Nigeria's former military rulers. The Nupe, Gbagyi, Kamuku, Kambari, Dukawa, Hausa and Koro form the majority of numerous indigenous tribes of Niger State.
- 明納出產農產品如棉花、高粱和薑，居民也從事釀酒、牛油果加工和黃金開採，傳統產業包括皮革業、金屬加工和織布 。 Minna is a city (estimated population 304,113 in 2007) in Middle Belt Nigeria. It is the capital of Niger State, one of Nigeria's 36 federal states. It consists of 2 major ethnic groups: the Nupe and the Gwari.Archaeological evidence suggests settlement in the area dates back to about 47,000–37,000 years ago. Muslim culture filtered into Minna by way of the ancient Saharan trade routes and the city contains many mosques including Minna Central Mosque and Muslim organizations like the Islamic Education Trust, Minna, Muslim Students' Society of Nigeria - Minna Area Council (MSSN-MNAC), Da'watu-Ilallahi-Wa-Rasulihi Association (DAWRA), e.t.c. Christianity is the second major population in Niger State, where Sharia is valid.
扎姆法拉州或贊法拉州Zamfara is populated with the Hausa and Fulani peoples. Major groups of people are the Zamfarawa mainly in Anka, Gummi, Bukkuyum and Talata Mafara Local Governments areas. Gobirawa populated Shinkafi Local Government. Gobirawa actually migrated from the Gobir Kingdom. Burmawa are found in Bakura and Fulani peopled Bungudu, Maradun, Gusau and are scattered all over the State. In Tsafe, Bungudu and Maru Local Governments are mainly Katsinawa, Garewatawa and Hadejawa. While Alibawa peopled Kaura Namoda and Zurmi.The people of Zamfara have over the years struggled for autonomy, it was not until 1996 that the then military administration of the Late General Sani Abacha detached the Zamfara State from Sokoto State. The earliest inhabitants of Zamfara were said to have been hunters and giants. They established their first settlement at Dutsi which was the first capital of Zamfara. It extends up to the bend of River Rima to the north west and River Ka in the south west. Zamfara Kingdom was established in the 11th century and flourished up to 16th century as a city-state. Its capital has shifted with the fortunes of the kingdom from place to place like Dutsi and Birnin Zamfara. In the first half of the 18th century, its then capital Birnin Zamfara, was destroyed by the Gobir Kingdom and a new capital was established in Anka by the second half of the 19th century. Zamfara had many centers of commerce and scholarship that attracted many scholars like the Yandoto city. It became part of the Sokoto Caliphate after the 1804 jihad by Usman dan Fodio. In fact, Usman Danfodiyo settled in Sabon Gari where Sarkin Zamfara Abarshi had already established a garrison headquarters during the early days of his Jihad as a base from where fought Gobir and Kabi.At the wake of British colonialism, the emerging town of Gusau became an important commercial and administrative center with road and rail networks passing through it. With the creation of states during the Gowon Administration, Zamfara Kingdom became part of the then North West state and later the Sokoto State.
-古紹Gusau est la capitale de l'État de Zamfara, au Nigeria.La ville est peuplé majoritairement de Haoussasmais on y trouve aussi des Peuls, des Yoruba et des Igbos.
- Tony Chike Iwobi (born 26 April 1955),[1][2] better known as Toni Iwobi, is an Italian politician for Lega Nord who was elected to the Italian Senate in the 2018 general election.Born in the city of Gusau in northern Nigeria, he is of Igbo descent.
- jangebe
More than 300 schoolgirls have been kidnapped by unidentified gunmen from a school in north-western Nigeria.Police say they believe the girls were taken to a forest after being abducted from their boarding school in Jangebe, Zamfara state, on Friday morning.It is the latest mass kidnapping from schools in recent weeks. Armed gangs often seize schoolchildren for ransom.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56188727
Association
- International affairs
- nigerian institute of international affairs http://niianet.org/
- The Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority is a Nigerian establishment which manages the Nigeria sovereign wealth fund, into which the surplus income produced from Nigeria's excess oil reserves is deposited. This sovereign wealth fund was founded for the purpose of managing and investing these funds on behalf of the government of Nigeria. The fund was established by the Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority Act, signed in May 2011, and commenced operations in October 2018 . It is intended to invest the savings gained on the difference between the budgeted and actual market prices for oil to earn returns that would benefit future generations of Nigerians.
- africa
- Africa Finance Corporation (AFC) is a pan-African multilateral development finance institution established in 2007 to bridge Africa’s infrastructure investment gap through the provision of debt and equity finance, project development, technical and financial advisory services. AFC finances infrastructure projects in Africa, focusing in particular on power, transportation, telecommunications, heavy industry and natural resources (oil, gas and mining). AFC is majority-owned by private investors, the bulk of which are African financial institutions, which own 47.6% of the corporation. A further 42.5% is owned by the Central Bank of Nigeria. AFC’s fourteen members, in order of accession, are Nigeria, Guinea Bissau, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Liberia, Guinea, Chad, Cape Verde, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Rwanda, Uganda, Djibouti and Kenya.
- Nigeria British Chamber of Commerce www.nbccng.net
- Nigeria USA Chamber of Commerce www.nusacc.us
- Nigerian-German Business Association and the Delegation of German Industry and Commerce in Nigeria www.ngba-africa.org
- International Chamber of Commerce Nigeria www.iccng.org
Company
- The Nigerian Stock Exchange was founded in 1960 as the Lagos Stock Exchange,[1] on September 15, 1960, the stock exchange council was inaugurated. Operations began officially on August 25, 1961 with 19 securities listed for trading but informal operations had commenced earlier in June, 1961. Operations were initially conducted inside the Central Bank building with the exchange having four firms as market dealers: Inlaks, John Holt, C.T. Bowring and ICON (Investment Company of Nigeria]].In December 1977 it became known as The Nigerian Stock Exchange, with branches established in some of the major commercial cities of the country.
- The Nigerian Stock Exchange was founded in 1960 as the Lagos Stock Exchange,[1] on September 15, 1960, the stock exchange council was inaugurated. Operations began officially on August 25, 1961 with 19 securities listed for trading but informal operations had commenced earlier in June, 1961. Operations were initially conducted inside the Central Bank building with the exchange having four firms as market dealers: Inlaks, John Holt, C.T. Bowring and ICON (Investment Company of Nigeria]].In December 1977 it became known as The Nigerian Stock Exchange, with branches established in some of the major commercial cities of the country.
- Infrastructure Corporation of Nigeria Limited (InfraCorp) is a State Owned Enterprise https://www.swfinstitute.org/profile/603a87201d80af7d32db3ca6
- The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) is the oil corporation through which the federal government of Nigeria regulates and participates in the country's petroleum industry. NNPC was established on 1 April 1977 as a merger of the Nigerian National Oil Corporation and the Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel. NNPC by law manages the joint venture between the Nigerian federal government and a number of foreign multinational corporations, which include Royal Dutch Shell, Agip, ExxonMobil, Total S.A, Chevron, and Texaco (now merged with Chevron). Through collaboration with these companies, the Nigerian government conducts petroleum exploration and production. In 2007, the head of the Nigerian wing of Transparency International said salaries for NNPC workers were too low to prevent graft. The NNPC Towers in Abuja is the headquarters of NNPC. Consisting of four identical towers, the complex is located on Herbert Macaulay Way, Central Business District Abuja. NNPC also has zonal offices in Lagos, Kaduna, Port Harcourt and Warri. It has an international office located in London, United Kingdom.
- e-commerce
Trade
- Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) http://www.ecowas.int/, a regional group of fifteen countries, founded in 1975
- Common external tariff https://www.customs.gov.ng/Tariff/
- apapa port affected by import curbs ft 27apr16
- oil
Government finance
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21685506-how-toxic-blend-identity-politics-and-cheap-oil-hurts-nigerias-states-house NIGERIA’S 37 governors cannot have expected cheers when they declared late in 2015 that they could no longer pay a minimum wage of just $3 per day to their employees. Politicians are seldom brave enough to cut civil servants’ pay but Nigeria’s governors are desperate. Low oil prices have slashed government revenues. Nigeria, which nowadays is comprised of 36 states and Abuja, the capital territory, operates as a federation in which most decisions over spending take place in the various state capitals. Every month the central government collects money from oil sales (which still account for more than 50% of its total revenues) and hands over just under half to the states. But that sum has plummeted since the price of crude declined. BudgIT, a Lagos-based analysis group, reckons that the states got a bit less than $7 billion between January and September 2015 compared with almost $14 billion over the same period in 2013. That led to a crisis in June when, having not paid their workers for months, 27 state governments begged President Muhammadu Buhari for a bail-out.
monetary policy
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21716097-despite-float-naira-it-hard-change-money-nigerias-foreign-currency
Investment environment
- https://www.ft.com/content/12698e60-fdb4-11e6-8d8e-a5e3738f9ae4 Nigeria’s economy suffered its first annual contraction in 25 years as growth in Africa’s top oil producer shrank for the fourth consecutive quarter of 2016. The west Africa nation fell into a technical recession in the first half of the year as its finances were hit by low oil prices and declining crude output following militant attacks on pipelines in the Niger delta region.
- nigerian investment promotion commission act
- foreign exchange (monitoring and miscellaneous provisions) act
- The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) is the oil corporation through which the federal government of Nigeria regulates and participates in the country's petroleum industry. NNPC was established on 1 April 1977 as a merger of the Nigerian National Oil Corporation and the Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel. NNPC by law manages the joint venture between the Nigerian federal government and a number of foreign multinational corporations, which include Royal Dutch Shell, Agip, ExxonMobil, Total S.A, Chevron, and Texaco (now merged with Chevron). Through collaboration with these companies, the Nigerian government conducts petroleum exploration and production. In 2007, the head of the Nigerian wing of Transparency International said salaries for NNPC workers were too low to prevent graft. The NNPC Towers in Abuja is the headquarters of NNPC. Consisting of four identical towers, the complex is located on Herbert Macaulay Way, Central Business District Abuja. NNPC also has zonal offices in Lagos, Kaduna, Port Harcourt and Warri. It has an international office located in London, United Kingdom.
- hkej 10jan18 shum article
- https://www.ft.com/content/cdd989fe-3955-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4 Inside a glass-and-marble office close to London’s Victoria station sits the headquarters of a small west African oil producer embroiled in one of the most bizarre scandals to hit the lightly regulated Aim market in more than a decade. Lekoil was plunged into crisis last week after a $184m loan deal from Qatar’s sovereign wealth fund to develop its main asset — an oil field off Nigeria’s coast — turned out to be fake. The company, which listed on Aim in 2013 but whose shares have languished in recent years, has launched its own investigation. But a picture is emerging of how Lekoil was scammed by people pretending to be from the Qatar Investment Authority, according to people familiar with the matter. At its centre is a Bahamas-based consultancy called Seawave Invest, which Lekoil says it promised to pay $600,000 to broker the deal with the QIA. Lekoil, whose share price quickly doubled after the loan deal was announced to great fanfare on January 2, was introduced to Seawave last June by another industry “player” in Lagos, the people said. Later that summer, Bismarck Abrafi, a managing partner of Seawave, then connected Lekoil to people claiming to be from the QIA, the people said. Lekoil and those masquerading as QIA representatives met regularly in the second half of 2019 in locations across west Africa, the Middle East and Europe, the people added. The bogus QIA representatives went to considerable lengths to appear authentic, including producing fake business cards and letterheads. Lekan Akinyanmi, the Lekoil chief executive who has previously worked as a portfolio manager and analyst at AllianceBernstein and UBS, led the negotiations for the company, the people said. They added that a formal agreement was reached by November when Lekoil’s advisers began inspecting the paperwork for the loan facility, which dwarfed the company’s market capitalisation.
- There are investigations concerning alleged bribes of $180 million paid by the TSKJ consortium of engineering companies to Nigerian government officials[16] (not Nigeria LNG staff) in the period 1994–2004 to obtain contracts worth more than $6 billion to win the contract to build Nigeria LNG facilities.[2] KBR pleaded guilty, in February 2009, to paying bribes to Nigerian government officials to secure four contracts to build and expand the Nigeria LNG terminal.[17] In Italy, Milan's prosecutors office has begun legal proceedings to bar Eni and Saipem, owners of Snamprogetti, from doing business with NNPC because of these alleged bribes paid by the TSKJ consortium to Nigerian government officials.[2]Snamprogetti will pay $240 million in fines to avoid prosecution by the United States Department of Justice for violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. In addition, Eni and Snamprogetti will pay $125 million to settle a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commissioncase.
- ft 27feb2020 ad on the company - said that it was est in 1960s
- e-commerce
- Konga
- Jumia
- telecom
- africa internet group (france) is the company behind
- IHS Towers is the largest mobile telecommunications infrastructure provider in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Founded by Issam Darwish in Lagos, Nigeria, in 2001, IHS is a company specializing in building towers and managing sites for mobile network operators (MNOs). It is one of the world’s fastest growing tower operators and maintains operations in Nigeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Zambia and Rwanda.[2] Following the recent acquisitions of the tower portfolios of MTN and Etisalat in Nigeria, IHS owns and manages over 23,000 towers in Africa.[3][4] IHS operates three business models: building its own tower sites and leasing them to operators; acquiring existing MNO sites and leasing tower space back; taking over the management of operators networks with an agreement to lease the sites to other operators.[5] Some of the MNOs that IHS works with include: MTN, Orange , Airtel , Etisalat and Millicom.[6][7] IHS is heavily involved in bringing broadband internet to the whole of Africa.[8] IHS partners with startup telecom companies such as Spectranet and Smile to help finance the deployment of their network into urban areas. Aside from its founding partners, UBC, IHS is supported by a group of international shareholders including Emerging Capital Partners, the International Finance Corporation, Wendel,Goldman Sachs, African Infrastructure Investment Managers, Investec, the IFC’s Global Infrastructure Fund, the Dutch development finance institution (FMO) and the Singapore sovereign wealth fund, GIC. IHS has also launched a variety of green energy projects in the five countries in which it operates. It currently employs approximately 2,000 people; two thirds of whom are from Africa and 80% of whom are trained engineers.
- arik air
- Chi Farms, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ddd4c8f0-64e9-11e4-ab2d-00144feabdc0.html
The family behind Chi Farms, which markets juice and dairy products in Nigeria, has put the company up for sale, attracting tentative interest from multinationals such as Nestlé and Kraft and private equity groups including KKR, Blackstone and Carlyle, according to people familiar with the talks.
Trade
- Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) http://www.ecowas.int/, a regional group of fifteen countries, founded in 1975
- members: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, former member: Mauritania
- An official with West Africa’s regional bloc says leaders of the 15-nation group have agreed “in principle” on Morocco’s membership application for membership, though more assessments will be made. The official said Monday the ECOWAS commission will do its own study on Morocco’s possible membership and report back to heads of state, who instructed them to “examine the implications” of allowing Morocco to join. Morocco, Tunisia and Mauritania will be invited to the next ECOWAS meeting in Togo in December. Tunisia is seeking observer status and Mauritania wishes to rejoin. The consideration comes after Morocco’s King Mohammed VI canceled attendance to the Sunday ECOWAS gathering because Israel’s Prime Minister was attending. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/west-africa-bloc-agrees-in-principle-on-morocco-membership/2017/06/05/8dcc93dc-49f8-11e7-987c-42ab5745db2e_story.html
- mali
The 15-nation West Africa bloc ECOWAS shuttered Mali’s borders and imposed trade restrictions after Malian military officers deposed Keita on August 18. Last week, the trade bloc also insisted that it would maintain the measures unless Mali’s ruling officers appoint civilian leaders swiftly.https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/9/22/mali-military-leader-asks-for-end-to-ecowas-economic-sanctions
- Common external tariff https://www.customs.gov.ng/Tariff/
- harmonises tariffs with Nigeria's West African neighbours under the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) CET. The CET has five tariff bands and import duties were reduced on several items. The five are: zero duty on capital goods, machinery, and essential drugs not produced locally; five percent on imported raw materials; 10 percent on intermediate goods; 20 percent on finished goods; and 35 percent on luxury goods.
- http://www.nepza.gov.ng/freezones.asp
- apapa port affected by import curbs ft 27apr16
- oil
- https://www.ft.com/content/8094bfd4-ca29-11e8-9fe5-24ad351828ab Rising crude oil prices are set to send Nigeria’s bill for fuel subsidies rocketing, threatening to exacerbate the already precarious economic situation of Africa’s largest oil producer as it heads into election season. Although Nigeria produces 1.7m barrels of crude per day, it has very little refining capacity and imports roughly 90 per cent of its fuel, negating much of the benefits oil-producing nations accrue from high crude prices. When crude prices plunged to about $30 a barrel in 2016, it sent Nigeria’s oil-dependent economy reeling into a recession from which it has barely recovered. While a rally has since pushed the oil price past $85, Africa’s most populous country is not set to reap the benefits. This is because its subsidy bill is likely to surge beyond the $3.85bn annual tally the oil minister estimated earlier this year when prices were 20 per cent lower, said Tunde Ajileye, a partner at SBM Intel, a political and economic risk consultancy.
Government finance
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21685506-how-toxic-blend-identity-politics-and-cheap-oil-hurts-nigerias-states-house NIGERIA’S 37 governors cannot have expected cheers when they declared late in 2015 that they could no longer pay a minimum wage of just $3 per day to their employees. Politicians are seldom brave enough to cut civil servants’ pay but Nigeria’s governors are desperate. Low oil prices have slashed government revenues. Nigeria, which nowadays is comprised of 36 states and Abuja, the capital territory, operates as a federation in which most decisions over spending take place in the various state capitals. Every month the central government collects money from oil sales (which still account for more than 50% of its total revenues) and hands over just under half to the states. But that sum has plummeted since the price of crude declined. BudgIT, a Lagos-based analysis group, reckons that the states got a bit less than $7 billion between January and September 2015 compared with almost $14 billion over the same period in 2013. That led to a crisis in June when, having not paid their workers for months, 27 state governments begged President Muhammadu Buhari for a bail-out.
monetary policy
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21716097-despite-float-naira-it-hard-change-money-nigerias-foreign-currency
Investment environment
- https://www.ft.com/content/12698e60-fdb4-11e6-8d8e-a5e3738f9ae4 Nigeria’s economy suffered its first annual contraction in 25 years as growth in Africa’s top oil producer shrank for the fourth consecutive quarter of 2016. The west Africa nation fell into a technical recession in the first half of the year as its finances were hit by low oil prices and declining crude output following militant attacks on pipelines in the Niger delta region.
- nigerian investment promotion commission act
- foreign exchange (monitoring and miscellaneous provisions) act
- companies and allied matters decree of 1990 prohibits the nationalisation or expropriation of foreign enterprises, except in case of national interest. The government has not expropriated or nationalised foreign assets since the late 1970s.
- http://www.babalakinandco.com/resources/lawsnigeria/LAWS/cama339-435.htm
- companies and allied matters act
- http://www.nigeria-law.org/CompaniesAndAlliedMattersAct.htm
- http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=222458
- investment incentives
- dispute with energy companies
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-02/nigeria-deals-seen-by-year-end-as-equity-valuations-slide-on-oil Nigerian companies are turning into foreign acquisition targets as valuations slide with the price of oil, according to a law firm that advised on one of the country’s biggest Eurobond sales last year. Investors from China to South Africa are interested in Nigerian industries including agriculture and mining because “prices are favorable” in Africa’s largest crude producer and the government will probably seek to diversify away from oil, Baker & McKenzie analysts led by Chris Hogan said in a Jan. 29 interview in Lagos, Nigeria’s commercial capital.
- subsidy
- smuggling
Industry
- made in nigeria site https://min.ng/
- oil
- aviation
- 5 years corporate holiday
- Capital allowances - r&d, infrastructure investment, minimum local raw materials utlization, 5% vat regime
- Export expansion grant scheme
- dispute with energy companies
- https://www.ft.com/content/24d02f5a-a4e5-11e6-8b69-02899e8bd9d1 Nigeria has reached an outline settlement to resolve a protracted dispute with western energy companies, under which the groups will be paid $5bn to cover exploration and production costs in Africa’s biggest oil-producing nation. Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil, Eni, Chevronand Total have signed deals relating to this settlement of costs incurred between 2010 and 2015, as they also seek to forge new financing arrangements for their joint ventures in Nigeria.
- https://www.ft.com/content/b5a0e05c-7ca5-11e9-81d2-f785092ab560 Nigeria has begun renegotiating oil contracts with Royal Dutch Shell that could lead to major energy companies generating billions of dollars less in revenues from lucrative offshore blocks in Africa’s largest producer. “We’ll be looking to better terms than the previous [production-sharing contracts],” Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu, minister of state for petroleum, said. “We would like to get better packages.” Nigeria has several types of contracts with energy majors including joint ventures for onshore blocks, in which the government has an equity stake, and production-sharing agreements for the deepwater ones. The state signed production sharing contracts in the early 1990s with companies including Shell, France’s Total, Norway’s Equinor, Italy’s Eni and ExxonMobil of the US. Nigeria produces 1.8m barrels a day of oil. Mr Kachikwu said the old agreements favoured the foreign companies, giving them as much as 80 per cent of the oil that was produced after costs — known as profit oil — against the 20 per cent for the state. “That is a non-starter,” Mr Kachikwu said. “It’s got to be better.” He said the new contracts should start at 60 per cent or lower in the company’s favour. Under these types of contracts, the companies take the greater share in the initial stages of operation, before gradually shifting in favour of the state as the companies recover their investments.
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-02/nigeria-deals-seen-by-year-end-as-equity-valuations-slide-on-oil Nigerian companies are turning into foreign acquisition targets as valuations slide with the price of oil, according to a law firm that advised on one of the country’s biggest Eurobond sales last year. Investors from China to South Africa are interested in Nigerian industries including agriculture and mining because “prices are favorable” in Africa’s largest crude producer and the government will probably seek to diversify away from oil, Baker & McKenzie analysts led by Chris Hogan said in a Jan. 29 interview in Lagos, Nigeria’s commercial capital.
- https://www.ft.com/content/560a4d76-4b1e-11e9-8b7f-d49067e0f50d Nigeria wants to sell part of its share in oil ventures with international companies as President Muhammadu Buhari advances his post-election plans to boost state finances and accelerate energy reforms. Udoma Udo Udoma, budget minister, said Nigeria was seeking to improve government revenues with the “immediate commencement of the restructuring of the joint venture oil assets”, according to Reuters. He said the government wanted to reduce its ownership of joint ventures to 40 per cent and expected the restructuring programme to be completed this year.
- subsidy
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21699171-petrol-prices-are-now-bit-more-realistic-will-naira-be-next-fuel-and
- smuggling
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21697847-governments-protectionist-policies-are-keeping-bootleggers
Industry
- made in nigeria site https://min.ng/
- oil
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/b1d519c2-b240-11e4-b380-00144feab7de.html Oil should have made the country rich. Instead, it has distorted its economy, corrupted its political class, paved the way for Boko Haram — and killed off a thriving textile industry
- Nigeria oil groups find ways to sidestep saboteurs ft 20apr17 With vital facilities unusable, onshore producers are trying out new ways to transfer crude.
- aviation
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-01/23/content_28029982.htm
Nigeria may consider itself a regional aviation hub but years of mismanagement and now recession have blighted domestic airline operations, making delays and cancellations the norm.
Industry experts say the sector needs a fundamental overhaul, pointing to opaque management practices, rampant corruption and risks for passengers from security and dilapidated infrastructure. Arik Air, which has a 60 percent share of domestic flights and is the country's biggest private carrier, has found itself increasingly in the firing line of disgruntled passengers.
http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21653616-what-milk-trade-reveals-about-country-uncowed Agricultural reforms have begun in the past four years, including the introduction of new subsidies for smallholders. The arrival in Nigeria of foreign supermarkets such as Shoprite and Spar provides a guaranteed market for some growers. Domestic production appears to be rising, though Nigeria still has hardly any companies that add value to basic crops, for example by turning fruit into juice. And larger problems such as lousy roads, a shortage of finance and the insecurity of land tenure remain unchanged. Until the 1960s, Nigeria was a net exporter of food. Now it imports $3 billion a year more than it exports. Agriculture contributes almost nothing to government coffers. As oil revenues plummet and foreign reserves dry up, this matters. Mr Abubakar remains one of a depressingly small group of commercial farmers in Nigeria. Most of his dairy competitors, he says, are politicians who “can afford to sink money into it”. Yet for all the difficulties he faces, he is struggling to meet demand. “We are making a very good profit,” he says. “If you can do that with milk, you can do it with anything.”- rice farming is now enjoying a boom — a rare bright spot in a country enduring its worst economic crisis in a quarter of a century. https://www.ft.com/content/79bea9fa-0279-11e7-aa5b-6bb07f5c8e12
- https://www.ft.com/content/124aa0c0-0aec-11ea-bb52-34c8d9dc6d84
Investors have poured almost $400m into payments companies based in Nigeria in the past week, in a sign of how seriously venture capital firms are taking the opportunity to build financial networks across the continent. OPay, the Africa-focused, Chinese-backed payments company founded by Opera, on Monday announced it had raised $120m from a group of investors including Sequoia Capital China and SoftBank Ventures Asia, following a $50m fundraising in June. The news came just days after Visa announced a $200m investment in Lagos-based Interswitch and another local fintech company, PalmPay, said it had raised $40m in a round led by China’s Transsion.
- economist 14mar2020 "two wheels bad, four wheels better" a ban on motorcycle taxis in lagos is causing chaos
- literature
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21708268-northern-nigerias-subversive-love-literature-fifty-shades-sahel-style
- film
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21633910-internet-streaming-threat-many-film-makers-may-save-nollywood-selling
- Muhammadu Buhari GCFR (born 17 December 1942) is the President of Nigeria, in office since 2015. He is a retired major general in the Nigerian Army and previously served as the nation's head of state from 31 December 1983 to 27 August 1985, after taking power in a military coup d'état.[6][7] The term Buharism is ascribed to the Buhari military government. He unsuccessfully ran for the office of president of Nigeria in the 2003, 2007 and 2011 general elections. In December 2014, he emerged as the presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress for the March 2015 general elections. Buhari won the election, defeating the incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan. This marked the first time in the history of Nigeria that an incumbent president lost to an opposition candidate in a general election. He was sworn in on 29 May 2015. Muhammadu Buhari was born to a Fulani family on 17 December 1942, in Daura, Katsina State, to his father Hardo Adamu, a Fulani chief, and mother Zulaihat. He is the twenty-third child of his father. Buhari was raised by his mother, after his father died when he was about four years old. He attended primary school in Daura and Mai'adua before proceeding to Katsina Model School in 1953, and to Katsina Provincial Secondary School (now Government College Katsina) from 1956 to 1961.Muhammad-Bande was born on 7 December 1957 in the town of Zagga in present-day Kebbi State, northwestern Nigeria.[4] He attended Ahmadu Bello University for undergraduate studies, where he received a Bachelor of Science in Political Science in 1979 before proceeding to Boston University, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in Political Science in 1981.Bande taught at Usman Danfodio University as a graduate assistant in the 1980s and rose to the rank of professor in 1998 at the same institution.[2]Between 2004 and 2009, he served as vice-chancellor of the university before being appointed Director-General of Nigeria's National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, a position he held from 2010 to 2016.[5] Previously, Bande served as the Director-General of the African Training and Research Centre in Administration for Development in Tangier, Morocco, from 2000 to 2004.
- diplomats
- Tijjani Muhammad-Bande (OFR) (born December 7, 1957) is a Nigerian political scientist, administrator and career diplomat.[2] He was the permanent representative of Nigeria to the United Nations and served as the Vice-President of the General Assembly during its 71st session in September 2016. On June 4, 2019 he was elected the President of the upcoming 74th session of the Assembly to succeed María Fernanda Espinosa, whose term ends in September 2019.
- oligarchs
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/18238aae-be69-11e4-a341-00144feab7de.html Aliko Dangote, Africa’s richest man whose cement, sugar and flour milling companies make up a quarter of market capitalisation on the Lagos stock market, has been the biggest loser, with $5.4bn wiped off his estimated $21bn personal fortune in the past year, according to Bloomberg data. Around the corner in the same upmarket neighbourhood of Ikoyi, Tony Elumelu, chairman and former chief executive of UBA bank, says he converted a $230m loan towards the acquisition of a power plant into naira last month for just that reason. Mr Dangote, who has survived many ups and downs in his 35-year journey from cement haulier to industrial mogul, concedes that he has been losing some sleep. He has $11bn — in bank loans and personal investments — riding on a planned refinery, petrochemicals and fertiliser plant outside Lagos, which could transform Nigeria’s downstream petroleum sector and slash national fuel import bills. Among other big paper losers is Jim Ovia, chairman and former chief executive of Zenith bank — which wrestles with Mr Elumelu’s UBA for ascendancy. His 9 per cent stake in Zenith has lost more than $100m since January. Kola Karim’s Shoreline Energy bought a block with Heritage Oil of the UK. He says he is confronting not only the falling oil price but a battle with oil thieves, who steal 20 per cent of production.
- Folorunso Alakija is a Nigerian businesswoman, one of the richest African women and also one of the richest black women in the world. In 2014 she unseated Oprah Winfrey as the richest woman of African descent in the world.[2] She is a business tycoon involved in the fashion,[3] oil and printing industries.[4] She is the group managing director of The Rose of Sharon Group which consists of The Rose of Sharon Prints & Promotions Limited and Digital Reality Prints Limited and the executive vice-chairman of Famfa Oil Limited.Folorunsho was born in 1951 to the family of Chief L. A. Ogbara in Ikorodu, Lagos State. At age seven, she travelled to the United Kingdom to begin a four-year primary education at Dinorben School for Girls in Hafodunos Hall in Llangernyw, Wales. After returning to Nigeria, she attended Muslim High School Sagamu Ogun State, Nigeria. Afterwards, she returned abroad for her secretarial studies at Pitman's Central College, London. She also studied fashion design at the American College, London and the Central School of Fashion. Folorunsho started her career in 1974 as an executive secretary at Sijuade Enterprises, Lagos, Nigeria. She moved on to the former First National Bank of Chicago, now FinBank now acquired by FCMB (First City Monument Bank)[8] where she worked for some years before establishing a tailoring company called Supreme Stitches. It rose to prominence and fame within a few years, and as Rose of Sharon House of Fashion, became a household name.[4][9] As national president and lifelong trustee of the Fashion Designers Association of Nigeria (FADAN), she left an indelible mark, promoting Nigerian culture through fashion and style. In May 1993, Folorunsho applied for the allocation of an oil prospecting license (OPL). The license to explore for oil on a 617,000-acre block—now referred to as OPL 216—was granted to Alakija's company, Famfa Limited. The block is located approximately 220 miles south east of Lagos and 70 miles offshore of Nigeria in the Agbami Field of the central Niger Delta. In September 1996, she entered into a joint venture agreement with Star Deep Water Petroleum Limited (a wholly owned subsidiary of Texaco) and appointed the company as a technical adviser for the exploration of the license, transferring 40 percent of her 100 percent stake to Star Deep.[12][13] Subsequently, Star Deep sold off 8 percent of its stake in OPL 216 to Petrobras, a Brazilian company. On 9 March 2016 she became the first female Chancellor (Osun State University) in Nigeria.
- Odinigwe Benedict Chukwukadibia Enwonwu MBE (14 July 1917 – 5 February 1994),[1] better known as Ben Enwonwu, was a Nigerian painter and sculptor. He is one of the pioneers whose career opened the way for the postcolonial proliferation and increased visibility of modern African art, and was the first Nigerian contemporary artist to win international acclaim.[2] His work has been exhibited around the world. The Enwonwu crater on the planet Mercury is named in his honour.Ben Enwonwu was born a twin on 14 July 1921 into the noble family of Umueze-Aroli in Onitsha, Nigeria. His father, Omenka Odigwe Emeka Enwonwu, was a technician who worked with the Royal Niger Company; he was also a member of the Onitsha Council of Chiefs and a traditional sculptor of repute. He was a reputable traditional sculptor who created office stools and decorated doors with religious images.[4] His mother, Ilom was a successful cloth merchant. In 1934, Enwonwu studied Fine Arts under Kenneth C. Murray at Government Colleges, Ibadan and Umuahia, 1934–37. Murray was an education officer in charge of art education in the colonial civil service and later director of antiquities.[5] Enwonwu attended Goldsmith College, London, in 1944, then continued his studies at Ruskin College, Oxford, England, from 1944 to 1946,[6] at Ashmolean College and Slade School of Fine Arts, Oxford, 1946–48, graduating with first-class honours. During their time together, Enwonwu became Murray’s assistant and was recognized as one of the most gifted and technically proficient student of the “Murray Group”. In 1937, Murray exhibited Enwonwu’s work at the Zwemmer Gallery in London. The period of study under Murray marked the beginning of Enwonwu’s formal education in art. He took postgraduate courses in anthropology and ethnography at the University of California and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. Enwonwu graduated from the Slade Art School with a diploma in Fine Art and earned honors in Sculpture. One year later, he received his Master’s of Art degree in Social Anthropology at the University College in London.
- http://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/03/thelma-west-nigerian-lady-in-male-dominated-diamond-trade/ Nigerian Thelma West is a rare gem in the diamond world as a woman in a male-dominated sector with few Africans, despite the continent being the main source of the precious rocks. The first in her family to work in diamonds, West is used to being an outsider, having been raised in a Jewish family in a country where Jews number fewer than 50,000 out of a population of around 180 million. “I’m the only Nigerian Jewish woman in the trade, and I don’t know of other African women in the business,” the 32-year-old told AFP at her London-based business as she greeted customers with a broad smile and sparkling diamonds on her hands and wrists.
- ft 7jan19 Nigerians feel economic pinch as presidential election looms
Currency devaluation
- http://www.bbc.com/news/business-36538379
2014 election
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4cc95952-b21e-11e4-80af-00144feab7de.html Elections in Africa’s most populous nation have never been for the faint-hearted. They almost always trigger violence. Pitting two strongly contrasting candidates — the incumbent, a southern Christian and former zoology lecturer from the restive, oil producing Niger delta, against Muhammadu Buhari, an ascetic former military ruler and a Muslim from the north — these are gearing up to be especially rough. Originally scheduled for Saturday but now postponed by six weeks, the campaign has played out against the backdrop of an escalating, Islamist insurgency, financial turmoil resulting from the falling price of oil — on which the state depends for around 70 per cent of revenues — and now fears of an impending constitutional crisis.
Oil
- Bonny Light Oil
- http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21635051-over-reliance-oil-spells-trouble-nigeria-well-below-par
- https://www.ft.com/content/e9eda860-1dc3-11e7-a454-ab04428977f9 The raid by investigators from the Dutch Financial Intelligence and Investigation Service and the public prosecutor’s office was the latest twist in a near two-decade saga since the rights to OPL 245 — one of Africa’s biggest undeveloped oil blocks — were awarded to a company, Malabu, allegedly controlled by Dan Etete, Nigeria’s then-petroleum minister. Shell’s subsequent investment in the asset, together with Eni of Italy, allegedly delivered a financial windfall for Mr Etete and associates, triggering bribery investigations in Nigeria and Italy as well as the Netherlands. Anti-corruption campaigners have seized on the case as an example of how Nigerian rulers have allegedly conspired with multinational companies to plunder the country’s oil riches at the expense of ordinary citizens.
- https://www.ft.com/content/61d7195e-4161-11e7-82b6-896b95f30f58 Nigeria’s senate has passed the first of a series of laws aimed at overhauling the troubled oil sector in what lawmakers say is an initial step towards unlocking billions of dollars in investment. This bill’s passage comes after 12 years of attempts by the legislature to agree a new legal framework for the industry, on which Nigeria depends for 70 per cent of its revenues and nearly all of its export earnings. The law passed on Tuesday is aimed at reforming how Nigeria’s oil and gas industry is regulated and funded. The bill creates a single industry watchdog, the National Petroleum Regulator, to oversee the functions of a number of state-owned industry bodies. It is the first of five laws included in a broader set of legislation known as the Petroleum Industry Governance Bill.
Film
-尼日利亞現時每年的電影出產量已經超越美國，成為僅次於印度的全球第二大電影出產國。尼日利亞有集中拍攝電影的地區被稱為「羅里活」（Nollywood），那裏的製作可以媲美從前香港電影業的「七日鮮」，只需要幾日便能完成一部電影。有關題材包羅萬有，不論英雄怪俠、男歡女愛，總之一應俱全。據說最受觀眾歡迎的是非洲傳統民間故事，講述原始部落的歷史，探求非洲土著的根源。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237141/2020/1222/534227.html
banditry
- https://www.ft.com/content/4f98f926-e8d3-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55 Roughly 40,000 people have been forced north into neighbouring Niger amid escalating violence this year, according to the UN High Commission on Refugees. Tens of thousands more have been internally displaced across a region that is home to more than 30m people. “Whereas historically it was more in the Niger Delta, now it’s spread north, it’s spread west — now it’s permeating throughout the whole country,” said a senior corporate security official. “It’s a bit like a cancer moving through a country — people realised this is a way to make money when you’ve got nothing to do.” Heavily armed groups have rendered large parts of the country insecure, even as Nigeria has deployed the military and police against the bandits. Now in a new and controversial strategy — echoing a similar and fairly successful programme in the Niger Delta — three states have announced an amnesty with some bandit groups, exchanging jailed bandits for hostages. “Going to the forest [to negotiate] has been very fruitful, even though we took a lot of risk,” said Katsina governor Aminu Bello Masari in an interview at his office in a complex named after President Muhammadu Buhari. The president is from Katsina, and has backed the plan. “People were being killed on a daily basis, children, women were being abducted, so I think it was worth it. For the last four weeks we haven’t had any massive attacks.” Mr Masari has tried this tactic before with mixed results. In 2015 he negotiated a peace with cattle rustlers that largely held through 2018, although the rustlers moved into neighbouring states. Eventually the rustlers turned to people, the governor said. “According to them they learned how to kidnap from security agencies”, who arbitrarily arrested herdsmen and released them only after being bribed, he said. There are few signs that the northwestern strategy will garner the resources the Niger Delta did when it sought to reduce militant attacks on pipelines. The amnesty programme there began in 2009 with an annual budget of N20bn. In this year’s budget, N65bn ($213m) was allocated for the programme, which involves paying former militants N65,000 per month plus job training.
Tourist spots
banditry
- https://www.ft.com/content/4f98f926-e8d3-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55 Roughly 40,000 people have been forced north into neighbouring Niger amid escalating violence this year, according to the UN High Commission on Refugees. Tens of thousands more have been internally displaced across a region that is home to more than 30m people. “Whereas historically it was more in the Niger Delta, now it’s spread north, it’s spread west — now it’s permeating throughout the whole country,” said a senior corporate security official. “It’s a bit like a cancer moving through a country — people realised this is a way to make money when you’ve got nothing to do.” Heavily armed groups have rendered large parts of the country insecure, even as Nigeria has deployed the military and police against the bandits. Now in a new and controversial strategy — echoing a similar and fairly successful programme in the Niger Delta — three states have announced an amnesty with some bandit groups, exchanging jailed bandits for hostages. “Going to the forest [to negotiate] has been very fruitful, even though we took a lot of risk,” said Katsina governor Aminu Bello Masari in an interview at his office in a complex named after President Muhammadu Buhari. The president is from Katsina, and has backed the plan. “People were being killed on a daily basis, children, women were being abducted, so I think it was worth it. For the last four weeks we haven’t had any massive attacks.” Mr Masari has tried this tactic before with mixed results. In 2015 he negotiated a peace with cattle rustlers that largely held through 2018, although the rustlers moved into neighbouring states. Eventually the rustlers turned to people, the governor said. “According to them they learned how to kidnap from security agencies”, who arbitrarily arrested herdsmen and released them only after being bribed, he said. There are few signs that the northwestern strategy will garner the resources the Niger Delta did when it sought to reduce militant attacks on pipelines. The amnesty programme there began in 2009 with an annual budget of N20bn. In this year’s budget, N65bn ($213m) was allocated for the programme, which involves paying former militants N65,000 per month plus job training.
Tourist spots
- Obudu Mountain resort
- Yankari Game Reserve
- Cross River National Park
- Lake Kainji National Park
- Ikogosi Warm Springs
- Coconut Beach, Tarkwa Bay and Calabar Beach
epidemic
- 尼日利亞爆發不明疫症，在不足一周內已造成過百人感染，至少十五人死亡。首宗病例出現於首都阿布賈東南方的貝努埃州，患者均出現嘔吐、浮腫及腹瀉等徵狀，並在感染的四十八小時內身亡。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200211/00180_004.html
christianity
- pentecost church
- economist 20oct18 "the anti-lagos" what happens when pentecostal churches become urban planners
islam
- The leader of Nigeria’s Shi‘ite Muslim sect, rumored to have died in detention, made his first public appearance in two years on Saturday, after police arrested dozens of members of the group during protests calling for his release this week. Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky, the leader of the Islamic Movement of Nigeria (IMN), has been imprisoned at an unknown location without charge since December 2015 after his followers clashed with the army in the northern city of Zaria. A judicial inquiry the following year said 347 IMN members were killed by the military and buried in mass graves.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-security/nigerian-shiite-leader-rumored-dead-makes-first-public-appearance-in-two-years-idUSKBN1F20QV
National anthem
- "Arise, O Compatriots" is the national anthem of Nigeria. It was adopted in 1978 and replaced the previous anthem, Nigeria, We Hail Thee (used from independence in 1960 until 1978,The anthem's lyrics were written by Lillian Jean Williams, a British expatriatewho lived in Nigeria when it achieved independence.[2] Frances Berda composed the music for "Nigeria, We Hail Thee."). The lyrics are a combination of words and phrases taken from five of the best entries in a national contest. The words were put to music by the Nigerian Police Band under the directorship of Benedict E. Odiase.
ethnic group
- The Edo or Bini (from the word "Benin") people are an ethnic group primarily found in Edo State, and spread across the Delta, Ondo, and Rivers states of Nigeria. They speak the Edo language and are the descendants of the founders of the Benin Empire. They are closely related to other ethnic groups that speak Edoid languages, such as the Esan, the Afemai and the Owan.The name "Benin" (and "Bini") is a Portuguese corruption, ultimately from the word "Ubinu", which came into use during the reign of Oba Ewuare the Great, c. 1440. "Ubinu" was used to describe the royal administrative centre or city or capital proper of the kingdom, Edo. Ubinu was later corrupted to Bini by the mixed ethnicities living together at the centre; and further corrupted to Benin around 1485 when the Portuguese began trade relations with Oba Ewuare. Benin people have one of the richest dress cultures on the African continent. Their fashion accessories holds royalty and typically includes beads, body marks, bangles, anklets, raffia work and so on.
- The Igbo people (English: /ˈɪɡboʊ/; Igbo or Ibo. In some historical books and past literatures they have also been referred to as Iboe, Ebo, Eboe, Eboans, and Heebo. Natively Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò [ìɡ͡bò][citation needed]) are an ethnic group native to the present-day south-central and southeastern Nigeria. Geographically, the Igbo homeland is divided into two unequal sections by the Niger River – an eastern (which is the larger of the two) and a western section. The Igbo people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. The Igbo language is divided into numerous regional dialects, and somewhat mutually intelligible with the larger "Igboid" cluster. The Igbo homeland straddles the lower Niger River, east and south of the Edoid and Idomoid groups, and west of the Ibibioid (Cross River) cluster. In rural Nigeria, Igbo people work mostly as craftsmen, farmers and traders. The most important crop is the yam.[12] Other staple crops include cassava and taro.[13] The Igbos are also highly urbanized, with some of the largest metropolitan areas, cities and towns in Igboland being Onitsha, Enugu, Aba, Owerri, Orlu, Okigwe, Asaba, Awka, Nsukka, Nnewi, Umuahia, Abakaliki, Afikpo, Agbor and Arochukwu. Before British colonial rule in the 20th century, the Igbo were a politically fragmented group, with a number of centralized chiefdoms such as Nri, Arochukwu, Agbor and Onitsha.[14] Frederick Lugard introduced the Eze system of "Warrant Chiefs".[15] Unaffected by the Islamic jihad sweeping Nigeria in the 19th century, they became overwhelmingly Christian under colonization. In the wake of decolonisation, the Igbo developed a strong sense of ethnic identity.[13] During the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–1970 the Igbo territories seceded as the short-lived Republic of Biafra.[16] MASSOB, a sectarian organization formed in 1999, continues a non-violent struggle for an independent Igbo state. Small ethnic Igbo populations are found in Cameroon[18] and Equatorial Guinea, as well as outside Africa.
- hkej 10jan18 shum article
- hkej 9jul18 mosinning article
- people
- Chuka Harrison Umunna (/ˈtʃʊkə əˈmuːnə/; born 17 October 1978)[2] is a British Liberal Democrat politician serving as Member of Parliament (MP) for Streatham since 2010, elected as the Labour Party candidate. As a former member of the Opposition Shadow Cabinet, he was Shadow Business Secretary from 2011 to 2015. He was a member of the Labour Party until February 2019, when he resigned to form The Independent Group (later renamed Change UK) along with six other MPs. He left Change UK in June 2019 and, after a short time as an independent MP, joined the Liberal Democrats.Umunna was born in London, England. His father, Bennett, of the Nigerian Igbo ethnic group and owner of an import-export business,[8] died in a road accident in Nigeria in 1992.[9] Umunna's mother, Patricia Milmo, a solicitor, is of English-Irish background.[8][10] Umunna's maternal grandparents were Joan Frances (Morley) and Sir Helenus Milmo QC, a High Court judge.
- https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191123/mobile/odn-20191123-1123_00176_010.html英國政界多次要求約翰遜內閣對英國國民（海外）護照（BNO）持有人授予居英權，國會第四大黨自由民主黨（下稱自民黨）周三公布大選政綱，承諾重啟BNO申請，並授予所有BNO持有人居英權。自民黨參選議員烏穆納（Chuka Umunna）指該黨將向北京發出清晰的訊息。
- language
- The Yoruba people (Yoruba: Ìran Yorùbá, lit. 'Yoruba lineage'; also known as Àwon omo Yorùbá, lit. 'Children of Yoruba', or simply as the Yoruba) are an ethnic group of southwestern and north-central Nigeria, as well as southern and central Benin. Together, these regions are known as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute over 40 million people in total. The majority of this population is from Nigeria, and the Yoruba make up 21% of the country's population, according to the CIA World Factbook,[1] making them one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. The majority of the Yoruba speak the Yoruba language, which is tonal, and is the Niger-Congo language with the largest number of native speakers. The Yoruba share borders with the Bariba to the northwest in Benin, the Nupe to the north and the Ebira to the northeast in central Nigeria. To the east are the Edo, Ẹsan and the Afemai groups in mid-western Nigeria. Adjacent to the Ebira and Edo groups are the related Igala people found in the northeast, on the left bank of the Niger River. To the southwest are the Gbe speaking Mahi, Egun, Fon and Ewe who border Yoruba communities in Benin and Togo. To the southeast are Itsekiri who live in the north-west end of the Niger delta. They are ancestrally related to the Yoruba but chose to maintain a distinct cultural identity. Significant Yoruba populations in other West African countries can be found in Ghana, Ivory Coast,[13] Liberia and Sierra Leone. The Yoruba diaspora consists of two main groupings; one of them includes relatively recent migrants, the majority of which moved to the United Kingdom and the United States after major economic and political changes in the 1960s to 1980s; the other is a much older population dating back to the Atlantic slave trade. This older group has communities in such countries as Cuba, Dominican Republic, Saint Lucia, Jamaica, Brazil, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, among others.
- names
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Europeans-tend-to-choose-names-which-are-unintelligible-with-their-contemporary-languages
- hkej 10jan18 shum article
- ft 2feb19 on people in peckham, london
- language
- names
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Europeans-tend-to-choose-names-which-are-unintelligible-with-their-contemporary-languages
History
- The Hausa Kingdom of Kano was based on an ancient settlement of Dala Hill. While small chiefdoms were previously present in the area, according to the Kano Chronicle, Bagauda, a grandson of the mythical hero Bayajidda, became the first king of Kano in 999, reigning until 1063. Muhammad Rumfa ascended to the throne in 1463 and reigned until 1499. During his reign he reformed the city, expanded the Sahelian Gidan Rumfa (Emir's Palace), and played a role in the further Islamization of the city as he urged prominent residents to convert. The Hausa state remained independent until the Fulani conquest of 1805.
- The Kingdom of Bonny is a traditional state based on the town of Bonny in Rivers State, Nigeria. Founded before or about 1,000AD. The Kingdom became an important slave trading port, later trading palm oil products. During the 19th century the British became increasingly involved in the internal affairs of the kingdom, in 1886 assuming control under a protectorate treaty. Today the King of Bonny has a largely ceremonial role.The Ibani kingdom was a sovereign state in the South Atlantic Coast. The Kingdom, comprising virgin lands and territorial areas, was founded before or about 1,000 AD. The modern name "Bonny" is a distortion of the original name. According to tradition the island on which the town of Bonny is sited was full of curlews, and the leaders of the founding group of the kingdom therefore called it Okoloma, meaning curlew town. This name is still used locally. The founding group of the Kingdom, from the Ebeni-toru area, precisely from Isedani Lineage of Kolokuma, in the present-day Kolokuma/Opokuma Local Government Area of Bayelsa State (in Ancestral Ijawland in the Central Niger Delta), was led by three direct blood descendants of Ebeni. These are Opuamakuba, Alagbariye and Asimini. From these leaders and the entire founding generation of the Kingdom evolved the lineage/ward/house system of governance, as a result of which the welfarist institution of traditional rulership of the Kingdom came into place, with the exalted position of “Amanyanabo”, Monarch/King, meaning “owner of the land”; and the position of “Amadapu”, meaning component/subordinate traditional rulers of the Kingdom. The High-Priest of the Kingdom ruled the Kingdom with the “Amanyanabo”, and “Amadapu”. The first four Monarchs of the Kingdom were Founding Fathers of the Kingdom. These are namely Kings Ndoli, Opuamakuba, Alagbariya (Founder of Bonny: 'Okoloamakoromabo') and Asimini. After these initial Four Kings, their direct-blood descendants ruled the Kingdom as Kings until the era of King Awusa (Halliday). It was after King Halliday-Awusa, the Twelfth King of Bonny Kingdom, that King Perekule succeeded King Halliday-Awusa. Hence, King Perekule's descendants on the exalted throne of Kingship of the Kingdom are successors of the throne of Kingship established by the founding generation of Ancient Grand Bonny Kingdom. The continuing hereditary position, King/Monarch, who bears the title “Amanyanabo”, originated from the Founding Fathers and Premier Kings of the Ancient Kingdom. Bonny kingdom became important in the 15th century with the arrival of the Portuguese and the growth of the Atlantic slave trade. At its height of power, Bonny was one of the main entrepôts on the Slave Coast. Later the Dutch and then the British took control of the slave trade in the region, with the British renaming the port "Bonny". When the British passed an act to abolish the slave trade in 1807, the port turned to export of palm oil products, ivory and Guinea pepper.
- The Nembe Kingdom is a traditional state in Niger Delta. It includes the Nembe and Brass Local Government Areas of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The traditional rulers take the title "Amanyanabo". Today, leadership is split between the Amanyanabos of Ogbolomabiri, Bassambiri, Okpoama, Odioama and Twon Brass.The Nembe are an Ijaw people of the Niger Delta region, settled in the region that now includes the Edumanom Forest Reserve. The date of foundation of the old Nembe kingdom is unknown. Tradition says that the tenth king was called Ogio, ruling around 1639, the ancestor of all subsequent kings. A civil war later split the city into two factions. At the start of the 19th century, king Ogbodo and his followers moved to a new settlement at Bassimibiri, while king Mingi remained at Nembe city.With the arrival of Europeans on the coast, the Nembe kingdom became a trading state, but was relatively poor compared to Bonny and Calabar.The Nembe slave trade picked up in the second quarter of the 19th century when the British attempted to suppress slavery by blockading the ports of Bonny and Calabar. The position of Nembe town 30 miles up the Brass River became an advantage in these circumstances. However, with dwindling demand for slaves, by 1856 the palm-oil trade had become more important and trade had moved to Twon/Brass on the coast.[4] In the later 19th century, Christian missionaries contributed to the existing factional tensions among the Nembe. Ogbolomabiri acquired a mission in 1867, while Bassambiri remained "heathen".After 1884, the Nembe kingdom was included in the area over which the British claimed sovereignty as the Oil Rivers Protectorate. The Nembe, who by now controlled the palm oil trade, at first refused to sign a treaty, and fought to prevent the Royal Niger Company obtaining a trade monopoly.[2] In January 1895 the Nembe King William Koko led a dawn attack of more than a thousand warriors on the company's headquarters at Akassa. This triggered a retaliatory raid in which the British destroyed the town of Brass and hundreds of Nembe were killed while many more Nembe died from an outbreak of smallpox.[2] The British later established a consulate in Twon-Brass, from where they administered the area. Traditional rulers were reinstalled in the 1920s, but with an essentially symbolic role which they retain today.
King Frederick William Koko, Mingi VIII of Nembe (1853–1898), known as King Koko and King William Koko, was an African ruler of the Nembe Kingdom (also known as Nembe-Brass) in the Niger Delta, now part of southern Nigeria. A Christian when chosen as king of Nembe in 1889, Koko's attack on a Royal Niger Company trading post in January 1895 led to reprisals by the British in which his capital was sacked. Following a report on the Nembe uprising by Sir John Kirk which was published in March 1896, finding that forty-three of Koko's hostages had been murdered and ceremoniously eaten, Koko was offered a settlement of his grievances but found the terms unacceptable, so was deposed by the British. He died in exile in 1898. King Koko of Fantippo, a character in the Doctor Dolittle books of Hugh Lofting (1886–1947), appears to be based on the real King Koko.
- In 1960, Nigeria became independent of the United Kingdom. As with many other new African states, the borders of the country did not reflect earlier ethnic, cultural, religious, or political boundaries. Thus, the northern region of the country has a Muslim majority, being primarily made up of territory of the indigenous Sokoto Caliphate. The southern population is predominantly Christian, being primarily made up of territory of the indigenous Yoruba and Biafra kingdoms in the West and East respectively. Following independence, Nigeria was demarcated primarily along ethnic lines: Hausa and Fulani majority in the north, Yorubamajority in the West and Igbo majority in the East.
- ******* "Land of the Rising Sun" was the proclaimed national anthem of the secessionist Africanstate of Biafra, in south-eastern Nigeria. The tune was adopted from Jean Sibelius' "Finlandia".
- The Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) emerged in 1999 as a nonviolent and Biafran nationalist group, associated with Igbo nationalism. The group enacted a "re-launch" of Biafra in Aba, the commercial centre of Abia State and a major commercial centre on Igbo land.[48] MASSOB says it is a peaceful group and advertises a 25-stage plan to achieve its goal peacefully.[49] It has two arms of government, the Biafra Government in Exile and the Biafra Shadow Government.[50] MASSOB accuses Nigeria of marginalising Biafran people.[51] Since August 1999, protests have erupted in cities across Nigeria's south-east. Though peaceful, the protesters have been routinely attacked by the Nigerian police and army, with large numbers of people reportedly killed. Many others have been injured and/or arrested. On 29 May 2000, the Lagos Guardian newspaper reported that the now ex-president Olusegun Obasanjo commuted to retirement of the dismissal of all military persons, soldiers and officers, who fought for the breakaway Republic of Biafra during Nigeria's 1967–1970 civil war. In a national broadcast, he said the decision was based on the belief that "justice must at all times be tempered with mercy". In July 2006 the Center for World Indigenous Studies reported that government sanctioned killings were taking place in the southeastern city of Onitsha, because of a shoot-to-kill policy directed toward Biafrans, particularly members of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB). The Nigerian federal government accuses MASSOB of violence; MASSOB's leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, was arrested in 2005 and was detained on treason charges. He has since been released and has been rearrested and released more than five times. In 2009, MASSOB leader Chief Uwazuruike launched an unrecognized "Biafran International Passport" and also launched a Biafra Plate Number in 2016 in response to persistent demand by some Biafran sympathizers in the diaspora and at home.[56] On 16 June 2012, a Supreme Council of Elders of the Indigenous People of Biafra, another pro-Biafra organization was formed, the body is made up of some prominent persons in the Biafra region, they sued the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the right to self-determination, Debe Odumegwu Ojukwu, the eldest son of ex-President / General Ojukwu and a Lagos State-based Lawyer was the lead counsel that championed the case. MASSOB leader Chief Ralph Uwazuruike established Radio Biafra in the United Kingdom in 2009, with Nnamdi Kanu as his radio director; later Kanu was said to have been dismissed from MASSOB because of accusations of supporting violence.[58][59] The Nigerian Government, through its broadcasting regulators, the Broadcasting Organisation of Nigerian (BON) and Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), has sought to clamp down on Radio Biafra with limited success. On 17 November 2015, the Abia state police command seized an Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) radio transmitter in Umuahia. On 23 December 2015, Kanu was detained and charged with charges that amounting to treason against the Nigerian state. He released on bail on 24 April 2017 after spending more than 19 months without trial of his treason charges.[62][63] Self determination is not a crime in Nigerian law[64]. According to the South-East Based Coalition of Human Rights Organizations (SBCHROs), security forces under the directive of the federal government have killed 80 members of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) and their supporters between 30 August 2015 and 9 February 2016 in a renewed clampdown on the campaign.
- https://www.facebook.com/theblanks.hk/posts/919353318439019?__tn__=K-R 一批「AsiaGlobal Fellows」演講介紹全球定位下的香港，其中一位是來自尼日利亞埃多州（Edo）政府的Charity Amayaenvbo 。他現在主要負責稅務，從前當過州長的行政總裁，也曾在銀行工作，此刻在香港考察.尼日利亞是一個聯邦國家，也是宗教、民族的大雜燴，東部、西部、北部形同國中之國，東部的伊博族（Ibor）大多信仰基督教，控制了產油區，英國殖民時代屬於精英階層，教育文化程度相對最高，對尼日利亞獨立後由北部掌權的新政府心生不滿，在1967年宣佈獨立，建立「比亞法拉共和國」。悲劇在於比亞法拉人以為前宗主國英國會支持他們，因為他們比當權派更認同英國核心價值，文化差異較少，但最終在冷戰格局下，英國居然和蘇聯一起支持政府軍，最終比亞法拉支持了三年，彈盡糧絕投降，導致二百萬人餓死，國際政治的現實主義，也發揮得淋漓盡致，堪稱「攬炒」。但原來「攬炒」的背後，還有後續：「這場內戰對我們國家而言，始終是永恆的傷痛。我不是伊博人，自然主張國家應該統一，否則尼日利亞就會四分五裂，我想北京對香港、西藏的考慮也是一樣的。但話說回來，比亞法拉覆亡後，伊博人確實受到不公平待遇，自此再沒有能擔任中央核心領導，就業也存在歧視，大量伊博人精英出走到西方，但伊博人的身份認同反而越來越強。剩下來的伊博人其實也有自己的民意代表，只是反抗領袖也不爭氣，都是一些貪污腐化、以權謀私的投機份子，每每說是代表人民，其實卻是拿到領袖地位後就中飽私囊，中央政府有了他們維穩，才能控制局面。」
- https://simonshen.blog/2018/01/10/還記得「比亞法拉共和國」嗎？/
united nations
- economist 22dec18 "general panic" nigeria and the UN
Usa
- investors from usa
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/5437ef98-603b-11e5-9846-de406ccb37f.html
- https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/2182064/us-and-china-collaborated-move-nuclear-material The United States and China reportedly collaborated to remove nuclear material from Nigeria last year – even at a time of growing military rivalry between the two countries – to minimise the risk of having the material fall into the hands of terrorists. Nuclear experts from the US, China, Britain and Norway, as well as Czech and Russian contractors, worked together to remove highly enriched uranium from a research reactor in Kaduna region of Nigeria that was increasingly believed to be vulnerable to a terrorist attack, the US-based Defence News website reported this month. China played a crucial role by transporting and storing the uranium. The operation took place in October, just hours after US President Donald Trump made an explicit threat to China about expanding the US nuclear arsenal.
- Brazilians in Nigeria consist mostly of descendants of freed Afro-Brazilian slaves who left Brazil and settled in Nigeria as well as expatriates from Brazil. Starting from the 1830s, many emancipated Africans who had been through forced labour and discrimination in Brazil began moving back to Lagos bringing along with them some cultural and social sensibilities adapted from their sojourn in Latin America. These emancipated Africans were often called 'Aguda' or 'Maro' and also included returnees from Cuba.The first recorded repatriation of African people from Brazil to what is now Nigeria was a government-lead deportation in 1835 in the aftermath of a Yoruba and Hausa led rebellion in the city of Salvador known as the Malê Revolt.[2] After the rebellion, the Brazilian government fearful of further insurrection allowed freed or manumitted Africans the option to return home or keep paying an exorbitant tax to the government.[3] A few Africans who were free and had saved some money were able to return to Africa as a result of the tough conditions, taxation, racism and homesickness. In 1851, 60 Mina Africans to put together $4,000 to charter a vehicle for Badagry. After slavery was abolished in Cuba and Brazil in 1886 and 1888 respectively, further migration to Lagos continued. Many of the returnees chose to return to Nigeria for cultural, missionary and economic reasons. Many of them descended from the Yoruba. In Lagos, they were given the watery terrains of Popo Aguda as their settlement. By the 1880s, they comprised about 9% of the population of Lagos. Towards the end of 1920, the migration stopped.
uk
- 英國外交部周一證實，四名上月在尼日利亞的尼日爾河三角洲被綁架的英國公民當中，其中一人遇害，另外三人獲釋。有報道指他們是傳教士，到當地村落提供義務醫療服務，遭武裝綁走。尼日爾河三角洲石油含量豐富，武裝衝突不斷，綁架很常見。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171107/00180_021.html
Netherlands
- https://www.ft.com/content/5408af2a-9618-11e7-b83c-9588e51488a0 Royal Dutch Shell is joining forces with a Nigerian company to develop gas pipeline infrastructure in the country in a deal that highlights the push by the world’s biggest energy groups to entrench demand for gas in growing economies of Africa. Shell’s Nigerian business has signed a $300m agreement with Shoreline Energy to develop, market and distribute natural gas around Lagos, the commercial capital of Africa’s largest economy.
african union
- https://www.ft.com/content/b1d880a2-723b-11e9-bf5c-6eeb837566c5 The African Union has urged Nigeria, the continent’s biggest economy, to join a new pan-African trade zone before the agreement comes into effect at the of the month. The African Continental Free Trade Area will cut tariffs to zero on 90 per cent of goods for member states in an effort to bolster intra-African trade and growth. So far, 52 African countries have signed up, with only Eritrea, Benin and Nigeria still holding out. “We are encouraging [Nigeria] to be among the founding parties and sign the agreement before May 30,” Albert Muchanga, the AU trade commissioner, said in an interview with the Financial Times at the regional body’s headquarters in Addis Ababa.
south africa
- 南非首都比勒陀利亞和約翰內斯堡自月初爆發仇外示威，抗議外國人搶奪資源及工作機會。總統拉馬福薩周四表示，騷亂至今造成至少十死，其中兩人是外國人。當局承諾會採取行動阻止暴力。尼日利亞爆發針對南非企業的報復性襲擊，南非外交部基於安全，將暫時關閉所有派駐尼日利亞的外交機構。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190907/00180_019.html
- https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/09/africa/nigeria-to-evacuate-citizens-from-south-africa-intl/index.html Nigeria will evacuate hundreds of its citizens from South Africa following a string of xenophobic attacks, a government official told CNN on Monday. Flights carrying the returnees will start leaving Johannesburg by Wednesday, said Abike Dabiri-Erewa, chairwoman of the Nigerians in the Diaspora Commission. "We have 640 Nigerians that want to come back from South Africa, and that will require two planes. There may be more people who want to leave, but we will know when we get to South Africa on Wednesday," Dabiri-Erewa told CNN.
chinese
- chinese in nigeria
China
- leaders visit
- ogftz
- Lekki free zone
- electricity
- oil
- railway
chinese
- chinese in nigeria
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2179286/burnt-bodies-three-chinese-factory-workers-found-nigeria Police in Nigeria are investigating the murder of three Chinese people whose burnt bodies were found in Lagos over a week ago.According to the official radio station of Zhejiang province, the three Chinese victims were employees at a furniture factory in Nigeria’s largest city owned by a businessman from Ruian city and they were killed “in a cruel manner” on December 15.
- 新冠肺炎疫情下，身處廣州的尼日利亞公民傳出受到不公平對待及歧視。尼日利亞傳媒前日報道指，該國眾議院通過決議，要求官方審查在尼中國公民是否合法居留。中國駐尼日利亞大使館其後發表聲明，指報道錯誤解讀，嚴重歪曲事實，引發不良反響，極其不負責任。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200430/00178_024.html
China
- leaders visit
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-04/13/content_24486392.htm China vowed on Tuesday to help Nigeria end three bottlenecks containing the biggest African economy's industrialization and agricultural modernization. President Xi Jinping made the remarks when meeting with his Nigerian counterpart Muhammadu Buhari, who is leading a delegation of 12 ministers, six governors, 35 high-ranking officials and 160 entrepreneurs on his first visit to China since taking office last year. Buhari is trying to diversify his country's economy, which faces new challenges arising from the fall in oil prices. Nigeria is Africa's biggest oil and natural gas producer. Xi said during the meeting at the Great Hall of the People: "The development strategies of our two countries fit each other, and our economies are highly complementary. We have huge potential for cooperation." He proposed helping Nigeria to end bottlenecks affecting infrastructure construction as well as a lack of talent and capital. The two presidents agreed to deepen cooperation in areas including oil refining, mineral exploration and agriculture. At a signing ceremony held after the meeting, China's ICBC and Nigeria's Central Bank signed a mandate letter regarding Chinese cooperation and renminbi transactions. Nigeria was the first African country to include the Chinese currency in its foreign exchange reserves.
- 中國國務委員兼外交部長王毅，周一起一連5日展開訪非洲行程，他周三在尼日利亞首都阿布賈先後會見該國總統布哈里及外長奧尼亞馬。兩國外長在會談後，簽署了關於建立中尼政府間委員會的諒解備忘錄；王毅又指，雙方共達成7點重要共識，當中包括將開展軍事安全合作，提高尼日利亞維護國家的安全能力。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210107/00180_006.html
- ogftz
- Late last year, Nigeria’s China-backed Ogun-Guangdong Free Trade Zone (OGFTZ) celebrated 10 years of continuous operation and growth. Set about 50 kilometres from Lagos, Nigeria’s commercial capital, it was one of the country’s initial tranche of eight special economic zones to secure funding from Beijing and a project that has since been integrated within the wider framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. The zone is now said to generate more than US$234 million in revenue a year, while having attracted in excess of US$2 billion in total investment and provided about 6,000 jobs for local workers. https://hkmb.hktdc.com/en/1X0AJSPZ/inside-china/Nigerian-Free-Trade-Zone-set-to-grow-after-decade
- Lekki free zone
- http://www.reuters.com/article/nigeria-china-idUSLDE67U24K20100901 Nigeria is building a multi-billion dollar free trade zone with Chinese investors on the edge of its commercial capital Lagos to try to develop a local manufacturing base and help reduce its import dependence.
The $5 billion first phase of the Lekki Free Zone, a 3,000 hectare site on the eastern fringe of the city, is 60 percent held by Chinese investors and 40 percent by the Lagos state government, the deputy head of the project told Reuters.
-military
- 尼日利亞軍方1月3日發動代號為「TURA TAKAIBANGO」的軍事行動，重點進攻盤踞在該國東北部的「博科聖地」恐怖組織。尼日利亞從中國進口的突擊炮、VT-4主戰坦克和車載火炮悉數亮相並投入到了實戰當中。這是VT-4坦克自2017年出口以來首次參與實戰。 VT-4坦克是中國北方工業（NORINCO）公司推出的，專供外貿出口的第三代主戰坦克。該型坦克配備125毫米高膛壓滑膛炮火力系統，裝有先進穩像火控系統，擁有獵─殲能力，可實現全天候打擊。VT-4坦克在動力和傳動方面採用了CH1000B液力機械傳動系統和1300馬力發動機，擁有實現無極轉向，快速倒車等能力，具備良好的戰場機動性。 VT-4型坦克機動性能強，防護性能好，火力強，可以實現晝夜精準打擊，此前已經出口到泰國，獲得泰國王家陸軍讚譽。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232108/2021/0112/541085.html
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171001/PDF/a4_screen.pdf三家中国企业组成的联营体近日收到尼日利亚蒙贝拉水电站中标通知，项目合同总价57.92亿美元（约为452亿港元），据悉这是非洲已建在建水电站中最大的一座。据来自葛洲坝集团的消息，由葛洲坝、中国水电建设集团国际工程有限公司、中地海外集团3家企业组成联营体中标尼日利亚蒙贝拉水电站，三家企业所佔股比为45%、35%、20%，葛洲坝为联营体牵头方。
- water
- 中国葛洲坝集团公司14日公布，由该公司牵头的中资企业联营体日前在尼日利亚首都阿布贾与尼日利亚联邦电力、工程和住建部签署蒙贝拉水电站项目总承包合同，合同总额57.92亿美元，折合人民币383亿元。继阿根廷基塞水电站工程后，该公司再次刷新中资企业在海外承建最大规模水电站的签约纪录。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171115/PDF/a5_screen.pdf
- 在非洲國家尼日利亞，獲得安全飲用水是一項重大挑戰，約6900萬人無法獲得安全用水，約1900萬人需長途跋涉才能獲得。該國政府希望到2030年每位國民都能獲得安全用水和衛生設施，而中國企業在為這個目標貢獻一分力。自2013年起，中昊海外建設工程有限公司與札姆法拉州政府合作，在全州興建太陽能供水系統。完工後，該州將成為尼日利亞首個實現清潔飲用水全覆蓋的州，320多萬居民將告別「苦水」，開啟新生活。州政府官員說，綿延的輸水管道成為連接尼中人民友誼的紐帶。當地酋長說，中國朋友做了一件大好事，他們的努力將改變我們的生活。https://www.facebook.com/MFAofficeHK/photos/pcb.609241026117376/609240902784055/
- oil
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c8130652-3ec8-11e6-9f2c-36b487ebd80a.html Nigeria says it has signed provisional agreements worth $80bn with Chinese companies to upgrade its oil and gas infrastructure, in a sign of Beijing’s willingness to bolster Africa’s largest economy as it grapples with its worst economic crisis in decades. The memorandums of understanding cover all aspects of Nigeria’s energy sector, from rehabilitating decaying refineries and building new pipelines to developing the neglected gas and power sectors, the country’s state oil company NNPC said in a statement.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201902/25/WS5c73498fa3106c65c34eb26e.html The international airport terminal project was executed by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation which is involved in many ongoing infrastructural projects, including rail and road construction in Nigeria. Construction of the new $600-million airport terminal in Port Harcourt, the country's oil hub and capital of the southern state of Rivers, is expected to open more convenient air routes as well as contribute immensely to the economic and infrastructure development of Nigeria. The project was done in partnership with the Chinese government, involving a loan of $500 million from the Export-Import Bank of China and $100 million in counterpart funding from the Nigerian government. The facility is one of four new international airport terminals built in the country's major airports to modernize operation and passenger facilitation. It is to enable the Nigerian government to realize its set objective to elevate the aviation industry to meet international standards and for the sector to be one of the first 20 by 2020.
- railway
- https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E4%B8%AD%E9%90%B5%E5%BB%BA%E5%B0%BC%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE-%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E9%A1%8D%E7%B8%AE%E6%B0%B48-8-194600788.html 中國鐵路「走出去」近期屢遭挫折，中國鐵建（01186）繼早前遭墨西哥撤銷高鐵中標結果，該公司昨天公布，正式與尼日利亞政府簽訂沿海鐵路合同，然而涉及金額由早前公布的131.22億美元，縮減8.8%，至119.7億美元（約735億元人民幣）。 http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2014/11/21/a20-1121.pdf, http://www.scmp.com/article/1644534/china-signs-its-biggest-overseas-contract-us12bln-nigeria-railway-deal, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2014-11/21/content_18954341.htm, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/259e9c42-7098-11e4-8113-00144feabdc0.html#ixzz4DDF1doLm A Chinese state-owned rail company has signed the country’s largest overseas contract valued at almost $12bn, the official Xinhua news agency reported on Wednesday. Xinhua quoted Meng Fengchao, chairman of China Railway Construction Corporation, as saying that the company had formally signed a deal to build a 1,400km railway along the coast of Nigeria.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160702/00178_006.html非洲尼日利亞交通部部長上月二十九日接受訪問時透露，中國央企中國土木工程集團將負責建設當地總值一百九十四億美元（逾一千五百億港元）的鐵路項目。惟有內地傳媒引述知情人士指，尼日利亞並無資金承擔此大規模項目，主要是依靠中國進出口銀行提供貸款，但雙方至今仍未就貸款條件達成共識。
- 日前，在尼日利亚最大城市拉各斯，由中国铁建中土尼日利亚公司承建的拉各斯至伊巴丹段铁路（拉伊铁路）正式开工。作为尼日利亚西南部的未来交通动脉，拉伊铁路全长156.08公里，全线採用中国标准，双线标准轨距，设计最大行车时速150公里，项目合同总额15.81亿美元（约为123亿港元）。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170314/PDF/a21_screen.pdf
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170527/00178_010.html 中國鐵建前日公布，已與尼日利亞簽訂價值十四億七千三百萬美元（約一百一十五億港元）的阿布賈城鐵二期工程合同。雙方又簽訂阿布賈(abuja) 城鐵一期動車組和車輛段設備採購合同，以及阿布賈城鐵一期運營管理合同。上述3份合同的總值約十七億九千三百萬美元（約一百四十億港元）。
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180717/PDF/a14_screen.pdf西非地區首條城市輕軌——尼日利亞阿布賈城鐵一期近日正式通車運營，由中車大連機車研製的首批出口尼日利亞城鐵車輛，正式在阿布賈伊都車站投入運行。尼日利亞總統布哈里為輕軌開通剪綵。據悉，阿布賈城鐵項目共分兩期，均採用中國鐵路技術標準。
- 非洲首條中國標準鐵路鋪通 http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2014/12/03/a21-1203.pdf
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160709/00178_021.html 大連機車公司製造、首列出口尼日利亞的輕軌列車前日正式完成廠內調試工作，開始打包發運，意味着由中國生產的城鐵列車將首次出口非洲。輕軌是在原有天津地鐵二號線列車基礎上設計優化，最高時速為一百公里。截至目前，大連機車已成功出口尼日利亞、埃塞俄比亞等近十個非洲國家。
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/08/31/b02-0831.pdf 中國鐵建(1186)發公告稱，旗下中鐵十八局與中國鐵建電氣化局組成的聯合體，近日中標尼日利亞一輕軌建設項目，項目合同額約18.51億美元，約佔公司2015年營收的2%。
- The Nigerian government has concluded plans to borrow $6.1 billion from Chinese Exim Bank to complete all rail projects in the country by 2019. http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2017-03/29/content_28727031.htm
- automobile
- mining
- investors from china
- nigerians in china
- mandarin
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170113/00178_013.html 非洲國家尼日利亞近日要求台灣駐該國代表處更名、遷出首都阿布賈等，到訪尼日利亞的中國外交部長王毅，於當地時間周三與尼國外長奧尼亞馬會談，高度讚賞尼國堅持「一個中國」的做法。
- taiwanese in nigeria
- 在遙遠的非洲尼日利亞，8台傳祺GS4完成散件組裝及檢測，標誌着廣汽傳祺尼日利亞SKD項目成功登陸非洲大陸，這也是廣汽傳祺向祖國母親獻上的一份生日賀禮。廣汽傳祺與當地經銷商CIG共同努力成功實施的SKD項目，對於推動尼日利亞製造業的發展起到了促進作用，同時還可以降低尼日利亞人民的購買負擔。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/10/18/b03-1018.pdf
- 藉助中國西部國際採購展覽會在線展會平台，中國（陝西）-尼日利亞汽配企業在線對接會近日在中異步開啟。尼日利亞買家與陝西賣家通過在線交流和商務溝通，加深了業務聯繫，促成了多項合作。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202009/0901/HZ12901CHAA_HKCD.pdf
- mining
- 西非國家尼日利亞有中國開發商被指勾結不法分子進行非法開採活動。尼國礦業與鋼鐵發展部長前日表示，在打擊非法採礦的行動中，有十八名中國人和卅六名尼國人被捕。他又指，在尼國塔拉巴州地區，有中國開發商勾結尼國人非法開採鉛鋅資源。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180203/00178_024.html
- Kpaduma, an underdeveloped rural community at the edge of Abuja, Nigeria's capital, came alive on Jan 21 as its people turned out en masse in jubilation to welcome Chinese technicians and their local partners to launch a digital satellite television project. The rustic community is one of the 1,000 villages carefully selected to benefit from a China-aid program that works on providing 1,000 Nigerian villages with access to digital television. The program was launched on Jan 21 in Abuja. StarTimes, a Chinese firm which offers direct-to-home or DTH pay TV services, introduced its digital television or DTV service to Kpaduma, to flag off the enormous project across Nigeria.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2019-02/25/content_37440503.htm
- 尼日利亞軍方昨日表示，四名中國公民上周五由拉各斯前往翁多州途中被綁架，軍方與一群海盜經過槍戰後，從海盜手上救出四名人質。截至昨晚，中國駐尼日利亞大使館尚未回應事件。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171217/00178_003.html
- investors from china
- http://af.reuters.com/article/nigeriaNews/idAFL4N1A53TE Sinoma International Engineering Co Ltd Says it signs cement production construction contracts worth a combined $370.5 million with Nigeria's Okpella Cement, Dangote Cement
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161018/PDF/b6_screen.pdf8台傳祺GS4完成散件組裝及檢測，標誌着廣汽傳祺尼日利亞SKD項目成功登陸非洲大陸
- some young people in Nigeria were about to complete their mandatory one-year National Youth Service Corps program after graduation from local universities when a Chinese firm held a job fair inside their camp. The job fair, which has now provided 50 of the fresh graduates with their first jobs, was organized on April 12 by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation Nigeria Limited. It had established itself as a top international brand in Nigeria after more than 30 years of localization. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201805/07/WS5aefc2e6a3105cdcf651c602.html
- 在新冠肺炎疫情下，西非尼日利亞早前爆發針對華商的騷亂。非洲開發銀行集團（AfDB）前日宣布，一間在尼日利亞註冊、名為中國中昊尼日利亞的土木工程公司因涉及欺詐行為，由四月十四日起，被禁參與旗下資助項目十八個月。AfDB經旗下誠信及反貪腐辦公室調查後發現，中國中昊尼日利亞是與Oceanic Construction and Engineering Nigeria合資的公司成員之一，而中國中昊尼日利亞的合資夥伴，向由AfDB資助當地的城市供水及衞生改善項目提交兩份標書時，對其成立年份、參考合約價格及關鍵人員經驗作虛假陳述，需負責任。有關禁令生效後，中國中昊尼日利亞及其附屬公司除不能參與AfDB資助項目外，也不能參與亞洲開發銀行、歐洲復興開發銀行、美洲開發銀行及世界銀行集團資助項目。外間估計中國中昊尼日利亞在限期屆滿後，需實施與AfDB規例一致的合規措施，才有資格參與項目。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200422/00180_009.html
- 從2010年赴尼日利亞工作 至今，來自河南的80後小伙孔 濤已在非洲工作9年。孔濤和 同事們一起，在為尼日利亞修 建鐵路、城鐵、學校的同時，也將中國人 民的友誼播撒在非洲大地。當地時間4月21 日下午，尼日利亞首都阿布賈吉瓦地區土 皇，授予了孔濤「WAKILIN AYYUKA」 酋長封號，意為工程領袖。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190507/PDF/a16_screen.pdf
- nigerians in china
- http://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/1979230/more-nigerians-are-learning-chinese-political-and-economic-ties
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/74a878fc-3b68-11e6-93e1-426e2e7bb8ad.html nigerian traders in guangzhou suffering
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/weekend/2016-09/24/content_26883332.htm Chigozie Obioma is one of few African writers known in China, and his first novel is a difficult read,even if he writes in beautiful English and the translation is readable. The story is clear, butthere is something hidden beneath the surface that is hard to grasp for anyone with noknowledge of Nigerian history, its politics in the 1990s when the story happened and the verydifferent African culture.
- https://www.asiaglobalonline.hku.hk/nigerian-traders-china-business/
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-07/02/content_25940134.htm Mandarin entering Nigerian schools
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170113/00178_013.html 非洲國家尼日利亞近日要求台灣駐該國代表處更名、遷出首都阿布賈等，到訪尼日利亞的中國外交部長王毅，於當地時間周三與尼國外長奧尼亞馬會談，高度讚賞尼國堅持「一個中國」的做法。
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170114/00178_022.html大陸官媒前日引述外長王毅表示，尼日利亞要求台灣駐該國代表處摘牌更名、遷出首都，並承諾不會與台灣有任何官方往來，中方對此高度讚賞。尼日利亞總統府昨發聲明，指有關尼日利亞與台灣斷絕來往的報道並不正確且具誤導性，雙方關係是「貿易代表處層級」。
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170702/00178_013.html台灣外交持續受挫，早前五個駐外代表處被指遭陸方向當地政府施壓，被迫「更名拆牌」。其中駐尼日利亞的代表因安全為由撤離返台後，尼日利亞官方日前出動軍警，將當地的台代表處人員驅離。台灣的外交部為此提出抗議，呼籲尼日利亞停止極端做法，改用理性對話處理，更指會採取相應動作，要求尼日利亞駐台商務辦事處遷離台北。
- 台灣的外交部亞非司司長陳俊賢昨日表示，台灣駐尼日利亞代表處已於上月八日搬遷至拉哥斯後，台方以正式信函外交「照會」對方，通知尼日利亞駐台代表處搬離台北市。尼日利亞駐台代表處回應，正式等待上級通知，尚無通知。另外，台灣駐尼日利亞代表處預計本月五日對外運作。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180103/00178_009.html
- hantec branch launch ad hkej 5feb18 a8
- taiwanese in nigeria
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20170113/19895235 台灣前行政院長孫運璿（圖中）卻被視為尼國的「電力之父」。1964年，時任台電總經理孫運璿受世界銀行派遣，出任尼國國家電力公司執行長，任職三年率國際團隊構建了尼國電力體系，尼國發電量大增88%。
Hong kong
- association
- association
- 數年前，Camy成立了「橫台山Akunne非洲人協會」，Akunne是伊博語（Igbo），有「富足」之意。協會曾與元朗警區合作搞廣東話班、慶祝豐收的「芋頭節」，也向香港電台申請了社區參與廣播服務，開咪製作《我是非洲人》的電台節目。最近舉行的足球賽「非洲團結杯」，有來自不同國家的「朱古力街坊」參加，當中有不少本地甲組足球隊非裔成員。
- applied to town planning board re yuen long 石湖school as the association's office hkej 4oct17
- maritime
- scmp national day supplement
- 一批海盜周二在尼日利亞海岸附近，登上一艘懸掛香港區旗的滿載油輪，綁架其中十九名主要為印度籍的船員。印度外交部周四證實事件，其駐尼日利亞使團正就事件與當局聯絡。報道指，事發於距離尼日利亞主要原油裝載點伯尼島（Bonny Island）約一百三十公里的海域，油輪所有者納維奧斯公司（Navios）發言人表示，十九名船員仍不知所終，沒有被綁架的船員已成功把油輪駛至安全的地點。據報，其中十九名失蹤船員為印度人，另有一名土耳其人。納維奧斯發言人表示，目前最擔心船員的安全及何時歸來，香港特區政府等有關當局已收到警報，並正在應對事件。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191206/00180_016.html
- scmp national day supplement
- 1oct15, 1oct16, 1oct17, 1oct18
- investors from hk
- ********appledaily 4may2021 from 1960s to present - the big four - cha, tung, li, chan. Cha is 查濟民
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20170113/19895235 香港移民朱南揚是尼日利亞的首名華裔酋長，他旗下營運的企業在尼國工業中扮演重要的角色；另一名港人沈文伯則在尼國引進並經營搪瓷廠，使搪瓷工業成為當地其中一門基礎工業。
- Francis當年大學畢業曾經喺一間貿易公司做過嘢，當時公司就派咗佢去西非尼日利亞出差，期間有一日佢喺當地一間中餐廳食食吓嘢時，就突然聽到一聲超大聲嘅爆炸聲https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20201201/00176_066.html
- appledaily 4may2021 hker steve
- nigerians in hk
- 橫台山 - 在西鐵站外的巴士站，坐上54號巴士，看到吳家村、彭家村、羅屋村、楊屋村、吉慶圍，由站牌上的名字可以知道，已經來到了新界原居民的地盤。沒想到，這些圍村原來都聚居了不少南亞及非洲人，其中以來自尼日利亞的非洲人最多，在傳統的新界圍村中，竟有一個「小聯合國」。https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20160529/s00005/1464458117456
- 香港有1,000名非洲尼日利亞裔居民，當中有300人與港人結婚，不少聚居元朗橫台山一帶，因此當地稱為小尼日利亞。http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20130521/18266877
country info
- ft special report (very detailed) 21nov18
- ft investing in nigeria supp 22nov19
- ft special report (very detailed) 21nov18
- ft investing in nigeria supp 22nov19
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