scandinavia

Scandinavia vs norden
- earliest conceptualizations constructed in the form of gothism during the kalmar union, which united the nordic countries from 1397 to 1523. To justify the supremacy of scandinaviaans among the european powers, it was claimed that the goths originated from scandinavia.
- swiss historian paul henri mallet stated that the most distinctive feature of nordic peolles was their militancy
- from days of pan-scandinavianism in 1830s onwards, there was a tension between the terms scandinavia and norden

• Scandinavia meant unification without finland (integral part of sweden since middle ages, became a russian grand duchy in 1809
• Norden meant unification with finland

- a more moderate and pragmatic form of romantic scandinavianism was promoted by n.f.s. grundtvig. He placed special emphasis on a shared, ancient nordic cultural heritage and protestant spirituality, suggesting the creation of a nordic union, stretching from iceland and british isles to finland, with swedish gothenburg in the geometric center as its capital
- ethnolinguistic nationalist theories generated the idea that scandinavia constituted on nation (folk) united by a common language, values, and destiny.  The concurrent Italian and German national unification movements were taken as examples for scandinavia, where the medieval kalmar union also contributed to the feasibility of a new nordic political union, a gothicist united states (gotiska forenade staterna).  This intellectual scandinavianism was vaguer about finland.  Finns did not see a new unification with sweden as being in their interest.
- political pan-scandinavianism suffered a severe blow during the crimean war (1853-56). Sweden saw it as an opportunity to reconquer finland with the help of britain and france against russia.  He thereby played on the "finland dream" latent in the swedish debate since 1809.  But leading members of educated finnish society, such as jv snellman and z topelius, publicly opposed any reunion with sweden.
- in denmark, the pan-scandinavianism movement perished as a political force in 1864, when sweden-norway refursed to give denmark the military aid that she expected after being attacked by prussia and austria.
- rise of German reich --> swedish conservative establishment began a cultural and political orientation toward germany, reinforced in 1880s through trade political protectionism initiated in europe by bismarck. The norwegian political elite, less aristocratic than in sweden, preferred an orientation toward britain based on free trade.
- tension acquired geopolitical implications in 1890s during the naval arms race in baltic sea region between russian and german empires, which coincided with politics of russification in finland

- resistence against norden and the argument for scandinavia was particularly strong in denmark; sweden was split; in norway, skeptism not only toward nordism but also toward scandinavianism was to be expected.
- scandinavianism was seen as a potential instrument for sweden's expansive ambitions in the hands of the bernadotte dynasty
- norwegian break from the union with sweden in 1905 downgraded the discourses of scandinavian or nordic unification
- in the interwar agarian populist visions of east central europe and balkans, scandinavia in general was depicted as a third way that offered an alternative to both western liberal laissez-faire capitalism and socialist collectivism.
- scandinavian cooperativism was used to opose the political pressure of germany and soviet russia.
- the language dispute between the finnish speaking majority and the swedish speaking majority harmed nordic cooperation until the mid 1930s.
- baltoscandia was introduced by swedish geographer sten de geer in 1928 as an expanded version of fennoscandia.  In addition to finland and scandinavia, it also included estonia and latvia. The concept was further elaborated by estonian geographer edgar kant who promoted the idea baltoscandia as a natural geographical and cultural unit, based on race, the lutheran religion, and a common cultural heritage. The lithuanians were not happy about their exclusion, and lithuanian geographer kazys pakstas soon included lithuania in baltoscandia in his arguments. His objective was to create one political unit around the baltic sea, a large baltoscandian confederation.  The obvious driving force behind these conceptualisations was the threat posed by soviet union and germany.
- in terms of political cooperation, norden replaced scandinavia after 1945

south scandinavia
- tribes

• https://www.quora.com/How-was-a-small-area-of-southern-Scandinavia-able-to-produce-so-many-tribes-that-overran-parts-of-the-Roman-Empire

runestone
- Visäte (Old Norse: Víseti, Véseti) was a runemaster who was active during the last half of the eleventh century in southern Uppland, Sweden. Most early medieval Scandinavians were probably literate in runes, and most people probably carved messages on pieces of bone and wood.^[1] However, it was difficult to make runestones, and in order to master it one also needed to be a stonemason. During the 11th century, when most runestones were raised, there were a few professional runemasters.^[1] The runemaster Visäte is known for his inscriptions which are classified as being carved in runestone styles Pr3 and Pr4, which is also known as the Urnes style. Inscriptions in runestone style Pr3 and Pr4 are characterized by slim and stylized animals that are interwoven into tight patterns. The animal heads are typically seen in profile with slender almond-shaped eyes and upwardly curled appendages on the noses and the necks.

culture
- personality

• https://www.quora.com/Why-do-many-non-Scandinavians-find-Scandinavians-socially-creepy

scandinavian people
- https://www.quora.com/Are-most-Scandinavians-blonde-blue-eyed-slender-and-good-looking-or-is-it-just-a-tale