- https://www.quora.com/Does-the-Ancient-Greek-word-Macedonia-translate-into-English-as-the-Highlands
- https://www.quora.com/In-which-languages-is-the-name-Macedonia-pronounced-as-MaKedonia-rather-than-MaSedonia
Government
- Ministry of agriculture, forestry and water economy http://www.mzsv.gov.mk/
- Particpated in 2014 hktdc wine fair
- Invest Macedonia http://www.investinmacedonia.com/
Skopje (Macedonian: Скопје [ˈskɔpjɛ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic center. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi. The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC; remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks the modern city centre. Scupi became the capital of Dardania in the second century BC. On the eve of the 1st century AD, the settlement was seized by the Romans and became a military camp. When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople. During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire, whose capital it was between 972 and 992. From 1282, the town was part of the Serbian Empire and acted as its capital city from 1346 to 1371. In 1392, the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks who called the town Üsküp. The town stayed under Turkish control for over 500 years, serving as the capital of pashasanjak of Üsküb and later the Vilayet of Kosovo. At that time the city was famous for its oriental architecture[citation needed]. In 1912, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars[5] and after the First World War the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia). In the Second World War the city was conquered by the Bulgarian Army, which was part of the Axis powers. In 1944, it became the capital city of Democratic Macedonia (later Socialist Republic of Macedonia), which was a federal state, part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The city developed rapidly after World War II, but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake. In 1991, it became the capital city of an independent Macedonia.
- World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia started with the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia. Macedonian communist Partisans of the People's Liberation Army of Macedonia, part of the Yugoslav Partisan movement, started a political and military campaign on 11 October 1941 to resist the occupation of Vardar Macedonia by Bulgarian, German, Italian, and Albanian forces. Initially it had no real success, starting to grow only in 1943 with the capitulation of Italy and the Soviet victories over Nazi Germany.[8][9] The role of the Bulgarian communists, which avoided organizing mass armed resistance, was also a key factor.[10]Their influence over the Macedonian Party organization remained dominant until the spring of 1943 when Tito's special emissary Svetozar Vukmanović arrived in Macedonia.[11] This led to the rise of younger generation anti-Bulgarian oriented partisan leaders, who were loyal to Yugoslavia.[12] In the western part of the area, the Albanian Partisans also participated in the resistance movement. After Bulgaria have switched sides in the war in September 1944, the Bulgarian 5th. Army stationed in Macedonia, moved back to the old borders of Bulgaria. In the early October the newly formed Bulgarian People's Army together with the Red Army reentered occupied Yugoslavia to blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece. Vardar Macedonia was liberated in end of November when communist Yugoslavia was established. The operation was called the National Liberation War of Macedonia (Macedonian: Народноослободителна борба на Македонија, Narodnoosloboditelna borba na Makedonija) by the Partisans, in line with the greater Yugoslav People's Liberation War, but combatants also developed further aspirations over the geographic region of Macedonia.
Štip (Macedonian: Штип [ʃtip] (
listen)) is the largest urban agglomeration in the eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia, serving as the economic, industrial, entertainment and educational focal point for the surrounding municipalities. - It is probable that the capital of the Paeonian royal house was in the area of Astibus. The Paeonians were situated in the region west of the fertile river Axius basin, around the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The two tribes that lived along the river Astibo, an estuary to the Axius, were the Derrones, named after their god of healing, Darron, and the Laeaeans, who minted their own heavy coins as a sign of their sovereignty following the example of the Greek city-states on Chalkidiki. Although these tribes were heavily weakened by the Persian invasion of 480 BC, led by King Xerxes I, they remained a formidable power and a well-organized people, renowned for the production of their exceptionally heavy coins with emblems including domesticated specimens of the wild aurochs for which Paeonia was also famous. They were absorbed into the Macedonian empire by Alexander I before 360 BC. The area itself is first mentioned in the writings of the historian Polien from the 3rd century BC, who talks of a river named "Astibo" which is presumed to be the river Bregalnica today. Polien also states that the Paeonian emperors were crowned in Astibo. The first mention of a settlement dates to the reign of Roman emperor Tiberius (14-37 AD), when Estipeon is mentioned as an important settlement in the Roman province of Paeonia and the second stop on the Roman road from Stobi to Pautalia. In the 6th century, the Slavs raided the Balkans and destroyed the Byzantine settlement, and the Slavic tribe of Sagudats permanently settled the area. In the 9th century, Cyril and Methodius crossed this region and Christianized it, on their way to Great Moravia.
- In 1912, at the start of the Balkan Wars, Štip and the surrounding area was occupied by Bulgaria. But Bulgaria's defeat by its former allies Serbia and Greece, in 1913, resulted in annexation to the Kingdom of Serbia. Stip was re-taken by Bulgaria from 1915-18. Events concerning the Kingdom of Serbia meant that Štip then became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes together with the rest of Vardar Macedonia. From 1929 to 1941, Štip was part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. On 6 April 1941, when Yugoslavia was attacked by Nazi Germany, the city was bombed by German planes which took off from Bulgaria. During the Second World War the Axis-allied Bulgarian forces occupied the city until early September, 1944, after which it was taken by German troops. Štip was retaken by the Macedonian National Liberation Army and the newly allied Bulgarian Army, now part of the anti-Axis coalition on 8 November 1944.
- https://www.ft.com/content/4c4183fa-bce3-11e8-94b2-17176fbf93f5 In the town of Shtip, in eastern Macedonia, EU enlargement commissioner Johannes Hahn gave an impassioned speech urging residents to vote in this month’s referendum to change their country’s name to the Republic of North Macedonia.
Company
- dema-stil
- Participated in 2016 and 17 hktdc toy fair
- Antigonus I Monophthalmus (Ancient Greek: Ἀντίγονος ὁ Μονόφθαλμος, translit. Antigonos ho Monophthalmos, Antigonus the One-eyed, 382–301 BC), son of Philipfrom Elimeia, was a Macedonian nobleman, general, and satrap under Alexander the Great. During his early life he served under Philip II, and he was a major figure in the Wars of the Diadochi after Alexander's death, declaring himself king in 306 BC and establishing the Antigonid dynasty.Antigonus was appointed governor of Greater Phrygia in 333 BC. He was primarily responsible for defending Alexander's lines of supply and communication during the latter's extended campaign against the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Following Alexander's victory at Issus, the Persian mercenary commander Memnon of Rhodesordered a counter-attack into Asia Minor in an attempt to sever Alexander's lines of supply and communication; however, Antigonus defeated the Persian forces in three separate battles.The most powerful dynasts of the empire, now kings in their own right, Cassander, Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus, responded to Antigonus' successes by allying with each other, often through marriage. Antigonus soon found himself at war with all four, largely because his territory shared borders with each of them. At one point, Antigonus had Cassander in a difficult position, having gained the support of the Greeks and defeating Cassander repeatedly, Antigonus demanded from Cassander the unconditional submission of Macedonia. Seleucus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy responded by joining forces and attacking him. Lysimachus invaded Asia Minor from Thrace, crossing the Hellespont. Lysimachus had soon secured most of the Ionian cities. Meanwhile, Seleucus was marching through Mesopotamia and Cappadocia. Antigonus was obliged to recall Demetrius from Greece, where his son had recently had an indecisive encounter with Cassander in Thessaly. Antignous and Demetrius and their army then moved against Lysimachus. However, the army of Antignous and Demetrius was defeated by the united forces of Seleucus and Lysimachus at the decisive Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC. Antigonus died in the battle after being struck by a javelin, in the eighty-first year of his life. Prior to Ipsus, he had never lost a battle. With his death, any plans for reuniting Alexander's empire came to an end. Antigonus' kingdom was divided up, with most of his territories ending up in the hands of the new kingdoms ruled by Lysimachus and Seleucus. The victors largely followed Antigonus' precedent and had themselves named as kings, but they did not claim power over the erstwhile empire of Alexander nor each other. Instead, these kings established a troubled (and in the end failed) modus vivendi with each other, and accepted their kingdoms as separate realms. Meanwhile, Antigonus' surviving son Demetrius took control of Macedonia in 294 BC. Antigonus' descendants held this possession, off and on, until it was conquered by the Roman Republic at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC.
- Antigonus II Gonatas (Greek: Ἀντίγονος B΄ Γονατᾶς) (c. 319–239 BC) was a powerful ruler who solidified the position of the Antigonid dynasty in Macedon after a long period defined by anarchy and chaos and acquired fame for his victory over the Gauls who had invaded the Balkans.Antigonus Gonatas was born around 319 BC, probably in Gonnoi in Thessaly unless Gonatas is derived from an iron plate protecting the knee (Ancient Greek gonu, genitive gonatos). He was related to the most powerful of the Diadochi (the generals of Alexander who divided the empire after his death in 323 BC). Antigonus's father was Demetrius Poliorcetes, who was the son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus, who then controlled much of Asia. His mother was Phila, the daughter of Antipater. The latter controlled Macedonia and the rest of Greece and was recognized as regent of the empire, which in theory remained united. In this year, however, Antipater died, leading to further struggles for territory and dominance.
- [john stephens] was proclaimed as "the offspring of the sun and a god"; his grandson phillip V believed that his wife was a direct descendant of pereus who killed the gorgon and gave his son the name of the greek hero
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/06/north-macedonia-elects-pro-western-president
Investment Promotion
- roadshow organised by FT (including HK) http://event.ft-live.com/ehome/macedonia-series/overview/?&, IHK seems to be not involved
macedonians (people)
- https://www.quora.com/Did-Plutarch-believe-the-ancient-Macedonians-to-be-Greeks
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-intellectuals-in-North-Macedonia-FYROM-justify-logically-their-ancestral-claim-to-Alexander-the-Great-and-Macedonia North Macedonian intellectuals are fully aware that themselves and their compatriots are Slavs and hence unrelated to the ancient Macedonians, who were a Greek people. Only the North Macedonian nationalists - hilariously - claim that they are the “direct descendants of Alexander the Great”.
- The original Macedonians, that the current Slav-Macedonians say they descend from, were citizens of a Greek kingdom who’s boarders were not what they were when the Slavic people decided they were Macedonians barely 100 years ago. No Ancient Macedonian considered land north of monasiri / bitola part of their kingdom. These lands were added to the region by the Romans and ottomans, after the conquering of the Hellenic peoples. The Slavs came 1000 years after the Romans conquered the Macedonians (not the northern type)
So these Slavs migrated into a region the Romans and ottoman (not Macedonians) created and called Macedonia 1000 years after the ancient Macedonians in an area that the ancient Macedonians didn’t even consider was part of their Macedonia. These Slavs didn’t, and still don’t speak, the same language as the Macedonians. It’s a joke that they now call themselves and their language Macedonian, and erect statues of Alexander the Great, when they have absolutely nothing in common with these people. Bulgarians know better than anyone that they speak the same language, but over the last generations have forcefully changed a few words to be able to call it a new language, ie Macedonian, even though a Bulgarian can converse with a Slav-Macedonian without issue. And they don’t stop there… These Slav “Macedonians” claim that the Bulgarian language evolved from their Slavic “Macedonian” language which was an ancient language the original Hellenic Macedonians spoke…. After hearing all the wonderful stories coming out of the northern “Macedonian” propaganda machine, it seems that in this new country, children must give birth to their mothers… it’s like the twilight zone there. The new northern “Macedonians” are manufacturing an identity by, in a way, stealing a history which has nothing to do with them. This is achieved by their schools and schoolbooks teaching a version of history which is entirely false. So north “Macedonia” has been falsifying history in their school books for generations now.https://www.quora.com/Bulgaria-wants-the-Republic-of-Macedonia-to-change-its-history-books-Why-should-Macedonias-school-books-falsify-history
Official language
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/macedonians-protest-making-albanian-nations-second-language/2017/02/28/edcb5c4e-fe05-11e6-9b78-824ccab94435_story.html Thousands of Macedonians have staged peaceful protests in the capital of Skopje and other cities against calls by ethnic Albanian parties to make Albanian the country’s second official language. Ethnic Albanians comprise a quarter of Macedonia’s 2.1 million people, and Albanian is an official language in minority-dominated areas. But ethnic Albanian parties want its adoption nationwide, emboldened by their new-found political influence after December’s inconclusive parliamentary election.
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/macedonia-closer-to-making-albanian-2nd-official-language/2018/03/14/b36d8f88-27ab-11e8-a227-fd2b009466bc_story.html Macedonia’s president refused to sign legislation late Wednesday to make Albanian the country’s second official language — an action that could trigger a new political crisis in the small Balkan nation.
- Ancient Macedonians spoke a Doric Greek dialect, similar to the Greek that Spartans spoke. 99% of the 6000+ archaeological findings at the area of ancient Macedonia are written in the Greek language, using the Greek alphabethttps://www.quora.com/Is-the-Ancient-Macedonian-language-considered-part-of-the-linguistic-hellenic-branch
- https://www.quora.com/What-language-do-they-speak-in-Macedonia
- https://www.quora.com/In-what-language-were-the-Macedonian-months-according-to-Plutarch
history
- Macedonia (/ˌmæsɪˈdoʊniə/ ) or Macedon (/ˈmæsɪˌdɒn/; Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, and later the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. The kingdom was founded and initially ruled by the royal Argead dynasty, which was followed by the Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties. Home to the ancient Macedonians, the earliest kingdom was centered on the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula,[6] and bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south.Before the 4th century BC, Macedonia was a small kingdom outside of the area dominated by the great city-states of Athens, Sparta, and Thebes, and briefly subordinate to Achaemenid Persia.[3]During the reign of the Argead king Philip II(359–336 BC), Macedonia subduedmainland Greece and Thrace through conquest and diplomacy. With a reformed army containing phalanxes wielding the sarissa pike, Philip II defeated the old powers of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC. Philip II's son Alexander the Great, leading a federation of Greek states, accomplished his father's objective of commanding the whole of Greece when he destroyed Thebes after the city revolted. During Alexander's subsequent campaign of conquest, he overthrew the Achaemenid Empire and conquered territory that stretched as far as the Indus River. For a brief period, his empire was the most powerful in the world – the definitive Hellenistic state, inaugurating the transition to a new period of Ancient Greek civilization. Greek artsand literature flourished in the new conquered lands and advances in philosophy, engineering, and sciencespread throughout much of the ancient world. Of particular importance were the contributions of Aristotle, tutor to Alexander, whose writings became a keystone of Western philosophy. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the ensuing wars of the Diadochi, and the partitioning of Alexander's short-lived empire, Macedonia remained a Greek cultural and political center in the Mediterranean region along with Ptolemaic Egypt, the Seleucid Empire, and the Kingdom of Pergamon. Important cities such as Pella, Pydna, and Amphipolis were involved in power struggles for control of the territory. New cities were founded, such as Thessalonicaby the usurper Cassander (named after his wife Thessalonike of Macedon).[7]Macedonia's decline began with the Macedonian Wars and the rise of Rome as the leading Mediterranean power. At the end of the Third Macedonian War in 168 BC, the Macedonian monarchy was abolished and replaced by Roman client states. A short-lived revival of the monarchy during the Fourth Macedonian War in 150–148 BC ended with the establishment of the Roman province of Macedonia.
- The Argead dynasty (Greek: Ἀργεάδαι, Argeádai) was an ancient Macedonian royal house of Dorian Greek provenance. They were the founders and the ruling dynasty of the kingdom of Macedon from about 700 to 310 BC. Their tradition, as described in ancient Greek historiography, traced their origins to Argos, in Peloponnese, hence the name Argeads or Argives.[3][4][5] Initially the rulers of the homonymous tribe,[6] by the time of Philip II they had expanded their reign further, to include under the rule of Macedonia all Upper Macedonian states. The family's most celebrated members were Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great, under whose leadership the kingdom of Macedonia gradually gained predominance throughout Greece, defeated the Achaemenid Empire and expanded as far as Egypt and India. The mythical founder of the Argead dynasty is King Caranus. The words "Argead" and "Argive" derive (via Latin Argīvus[11]) from the Greek Ἀργεῖος (Argeios), "of or from Argos",[12] which is first attested in Homer, where it was also used as a collective designation for the Greeks ("Ἀργείων Δαναῶν", Argive Danaans).[13][14] The Argead dynasty claimed descent from the Temenids of Argos, in the Peloponnese, whose legendary ancestor was Temenus, the great-great-grandson of Heracles.
- Philip II of Macedon (Greek: Φίλιππος Β΄ ὁ Μακεδών; 382–336 BC) was the king (basileus) of the kingdom of Macedon from 359 BCuntil his assassination in 336 BC.[3] He was a member of the Argead dynasty of Macedonian kings, the third son of King Amyntas III of Macedon, and father of Alexander the Great and Philip III. The rise of Macedon, its conquest and political consolidation of most of Classical Greece during the reign of Philip II was achieved in part by his reformation of the Ancient Macedonian army, establishing the Macedonian phalanx that proved critical in securing victories on the battlefield. After defeating the Greek city-states of Athens and Thebesat the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, Philip II led the effort to establish a federation of Greek states known as the League of Corinth, with him as the elected hegemon and commander-in-chief[4] of Greece for a planned invasion of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. However, his assassination by a royal bodyguard, Pausanias of Orestis, led to the immediate succession of his son Alexander, who would go on to invade the Achaemenid Empire in his father's stead.
- Alexander III of Macedon (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Γ΄ ὁ Μακεδών; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, translit. Aléxandros ho Mégas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India.
- 在東征波斯的時候，夥伴騎兵多次發揮關鍵作用。當亞歷山大來到伊拉克，兩軍主力正面決戰。在高加米拉戰役中，波斯的軍力比馬其頓軍要多很多，一度把馬其頓軍左翼打到接近潰敗，就在此時，亞歷山大發現波斯軍出現破綻，由於抽調軍力加強對馬其頓左翼的攻擊，在馬其頓軍方向看去，對方中軍和右翼之間出現空隙，亞歷山大立即抓緊機會，率領夥伴騎兵衝入缺口，直殺到波斯國王面前，嚇得波斯國王逃離戰場，整支波斯軍隊亦因此崩潰。波斯國王當逃兵後，不斷被亞歷山大追殺，最終被自己的叛變總督插了一槍，就這樣死了。整個波斯帝國自此被消滅，被波斯統治的埃及人熱烈歡迎馬其頓軍前來解放埃及，亞歷山大此時再將目光轉向印度，並一度率軍攻入印度邊境，但軍隊不願再進攻。亞歷山大也無法繼續向前，只得回師波斯，突然就在巴比倫死了，他成立的帝國也被幾個部將瓜分，馬其頓經過兩個王朝的統治後，在羅馬興起後成為羅馬的一部分。傳說中，戈耳狄斯神廟（位於今土耳其）裡有一輛牛車，被一個不能解開的繩結所繫緊，神廟中有一個神諭：「繩結一旦被人解開，此人將成為亞細亞之王。」亞歷山大見到後，也懶得用手去解，一刀就斬開了繩結，最終統治了安那托利亞（古稱小亞細亞）http://image.wenweipo.com/pdf/2019/04/08/a27-0408.jpg
- He and his family were Greeks of the Dorian tribe, which makes them as Greek as they come.https://www.quora.com/What-was-Alexander-the-Greats-ethnicity
- https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-the-descendants-of-Alexander-the-Great Alexander had two wives when he died. Statira was one of the daughters of the defeated Persian emperor Darius, and Roxane, a Sogdian princess.
Both of them were pregnant when Alexander died in 323 BC. Alexander had not left any firm plan the his succession. When his ministers tried to get him to tell who would succeed him, he only said kratistos, “the strongest.” At the time and ever since people have wondered if he was trying to name Krateros, one of his most senior generals — but the damage was done. Things were complicated by the presence of Alexander’s mentally disabled brother Philip Arrhidaeus — most of the generals wanted a regency to hold the kingdom for a child of Alexander, but there was a faction that wanted Arrhidaeus on the throne. Roxane gave birth to a son, Alexander IV. This helped forge a compromise with the supporters of Arrhidaeus: a kind of dual regency for the “king” and the heir. But the possibility of a rival heir — potentially, one attractive to the Persians — threatened the fragile compromise. Statira was soon murdered along with Alexander’s other, unborn, child. Rumor ever since has blamed Roxane and Perdiccas, the new regent.- Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire. He fought other enemies too, but his empire was essentially the Persian Empire under new management.
Unlike the Romans, who subdued the barbarians and made them Roman, building roads and coliseums, setting up a system of taxation and government; Alexander conquered the Persians then made his Macedonians Persian.The nearest comparison, in modern times, is the German Blitzkrieg through France in 1940. Just as the Germans used French roads and ultimately left the French ruling themselves, but under German supervision, Alexander used the roads and system of government left to him by Darius.https://www.quora.com/Did-Alexander-the-Great-conquer-enemies-much-more-quickly-than-Rome-and-with-a-perfect-battle-record-because-he-was-simply-much-better-than-the-Romans-or-because-he-faced-weaker-opponents- https://www.quora.com/Did-Alexander-the-Great-know-about-the-existence-of-the-Roman-republic-in-Italy
- The League of Corinth, also referred to as the Hellenic League (from Greek Ἑλληνικός Hellenikos, "pertaining to Greece and Greeks"), was a federation of Greek states created by Philip II[4] during the winter of 338 BC/337 BC after the Battle of Chaeroneaand succeeded by Alexander the Great at 336 BC, to facilitate the use of military forces in the war of Greece against Persia[5]. The name 'League of Corinth' was invented by modern historians due to the first council of the League being in Corinth. It was the first time in history that most of the Greek states (with the notable exception of Sparta, which would only later join under Alexander's terms) managed to become part of a single political entity.[6] Earlier, in 346 BC, Isocrates urged Philip (Philppus oration) to unify Greece against the Persians.
- currency
- silver decadrachm of alexander III of macedon (336-323 BC) minted at babylon (exhibits of ancient greek coin exhibition in 2004
- In antiquity, Paeonia or Paionia (/piːˈoʊniə/; Greek: Παιονία) was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians (Παίονες). In the Iliad the Paeonians are said to have been allies of the Trojans. During the Persian invasion of Greece the conquered Paeonians as far as the Lake Prasias, including the Paeoplae and Siropaiones, were deported from Paeonia to Asia.[1] In 355–354 BC, Philip II of Macedon took advantage of the death of King Agi of Paeonia and campaigned against them in order to conquer them. So the southern part of ancient Paeonia was annexed by the ancient kingdom of Macedon and was named "Macedonian Paeonia"; this section included the cities Astraion (later Stromnitsa) Stenae (near modern Demir Kapija), Antigoneia (near modern Negotino) etc. The exact original boundaries of Paeonia, like the early history of its inhabitants, are obscure, but it is known that it was located immediately north of ancient Macedonia (which corresponded roughly to the modern Greek region of Macedonia), and to the south-east of Dardania (which was similar to modern-day Kosovo); in the east were the Thracian mountains, and in the west, the Illyrians.[2] It was separated from Dardania by the mountains through which the Vardar river passes from the field of Scupi (modern Skopje) to the valley of Bylazora (modern Veles). Paeonia roughly corresponds to the present-day Republic of Macedonia and to a narrow strip of northern Greek Macedonia, on the borders with the Republic of Macedonia, and a small part of south-western Bulgaria.
- The Seleucid Empire (/sɪˈljuːsɪd/; Ancient Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Σελευκιδῶν, Basileía tōn Seleukidōn) was a Hellenistic state ruled by the Seleucid dynasty, which existed from 312 BC to 63 BC; Seleucus I Nicator founded it following the division of the Macedonian empire vastly expanded by Alexander the Great. Seleucus received Babylonia (321 BC), and from there, expanded his dominions to include much of Alexander's near-eastern territories. At the height of its power, the Empire included central Anatolia, Persia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and what is now Kuwait, Afghanistan, and parts of Pakistan and Turkmenistan. The Seleucid Empire became a major center of Hellenistic culture – it maintained the preeminence of Greek customs where a Greek political elite dominated, mostly in the urban areas. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by immigration from Greece. Seleucid expansion into Anatolia and Greece halted abruptly in the early 2nd century BC after decisive defeats at the hands of the Roman army. Seleucid attempts to defeat their old enemy Ptolemaic Egypt were frustrated by Roman demands. Having come into conflict in the East (305 BC) with Chandragupta Maurya of the Maurya Empire, Seleucus I entered into an agreement with Chandragupta whereby he ceded vast territory west of the Indus, including the Hindu Kush, modern-day Afghanistan, and the Balochistan province of Pakistan and offered his daughter in marriage to the Maurya Emperor to formalize the alliance. Antiochus III the Great attempted to project Seleucid power and authority into Hellenistic Greece, but his attempts were thwarted by the Roman Republic and by Greek allies such as the Kingdom of Pergamon, culminating in a Seleucid defeat at the 190 BC Battle of Magnesia. In the subsequent Treaty of Apamea in 188 BC, the Seleucids were compelled to pay costly war reparations and relinquished claims to territories west of the Taurus Mountains. The Parthians under Mithridates I of Parthia conquered much of the remaining eastern part of the Seleucid Empire in the mid-2nd century BC. However, the Seleucid kings continued to rule a rump state from Syria until the invasion by Armenian king Tigranes the Great in 83 BC and their ultimate overthrow by the Roman general Pompey in 63 BC.
- [john stephens] the seleucid rulers were more interested in the unquestioned obedience of people than in claiming divinity for themselves. They would often state that they were guided by the grace of gods in all of their decrees and decisions. However, in the city of Ilium, a proclamation was issued honoring selecus I with several divine attirbutes, even though it fell short of saying he was a god.Selecus was not opposed to tracing his lineage back to apollo and on a coin issued at persepolis he is depicted wearing the bull's horns of poseidon along wiht dionysus' skin.
- currency
- silver tetradrachm of philetaerus of pergamon, in the name of seleucus I of syria, minted at pergamon (exhibit at 2004 ancient greek coin exhibition) - on the obverse is the head of horned horse bucephalus; the reverse design is an elephant
NATO
- Macedonia will consider changing its name in an effort to unlock Greek opposition to its Nato membership, the country’s foreign minister has said. Membership of the alliance would help calm the wider Balkan region after months of political tension that occasionally spilled into bloodshed, Nikola Dimitrov will tell senior Nato officials in Brussels on Monday. Mr Dimitrov said it was too soon to discuss any specific name proposals but he would meet Greek ministers on Wednesday to restore trust between the two neighbours after Athens vetoed the Balkan republic’s Nato application in 2008.
“I will ask Greece to reconsider what kind of neighbour they want — do they want a stable, friendly country that offers hope for democracy and justice?” he said in an interview. “If we are a good neighbour, then hopefully political forces in Greece will realise this is a historic opportunity.”
Macedonia, which calls itself the Republic of Macedonia, infuriates Greeks who believe the name implies a territorial claim to the northern Greek province with the same name. Nikola Gruevski, former prime minister, further antagonised Athens by renaming airports and motorways after Alexander the Great, the ancient Greek warrior reimagined by his party as its own national hero. https://www.ft.com/content/14cf0f74-4d17-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b
uk
- https://royallifemagazine.co.uk/the-earl-of-wessex-visits-slovenia-north-macedonia-and-croatia/
greece
- Hundreds of thousands of Greeks in the northern city of Thessaloniki rallied on Sunday to protest against the use of the name “Macedonia” in any solution to a row between Athens and Skopje over the name of the former Yugoslav republic.Greece says the name Macedonia implies a territorial claim over its own northern region of that name. The two countries agreed this month to renew efforts to settle the 25-year old row, which has blocked the ex-Yugloslav republic’s attempts to join NATO and the European Union. Both countries say they hope to reach an accord by June.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-macedonia-protests/greeks-rally-against-use-of-macedonia-in-name-dispute-with-skopje-idUSKBN1FA0FY
- https://www.quora.com/Has-Greece-missed-their-chance-with-Macedonia-Maybe-Greece-should-have-tried-to-convince-the-Republic-of-Macedonia-to-join-Greece-naturally-under-the-Greek-name-There-would-have-been-benefits-for-both-of-them
- ***********https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-connection-between-the-ancient-Macedonian-Empire-and-todays-country-Northern-Macedonia-Are-they-the-same-people-same-culture
hungary
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-macedonia-hungary-gruevski/ex-macedonia-pm-gruevski-applies-for-asylum-in-hungary-pms-office-idUSKCN1NJ273 Former Macedonian prime minister Nikola Gruevski has submitted an asylum request in Hungary asking for refugee status, Prime Minister Viktor Orban’s office said on Wednesday. Gruevski fled to Hungary this week six months after he was sentenced to two years in prison on corruption-related charges, Macedonia’s interior ministry has said.Macedonian police issued an arrest warrant on Monday for Gruevski, who resigned in 2016 after 10 years in power, after he failed to show up to begin his sentence following a Nov. 9 court ruling against his motion for a reprieve. “The Immigration and Asylum Office will conduct the asylum assessment procedure in accordance with both Hungarian and international law,” Orban’s office said in a statement.
albanians
- A long-running political crisis in the former Yugoslav republic turned violent on Thursday when supporters of the ruling VMRO-DPMNE party, some in balaclavas, stormed parliament after a new majority in the assembly elected an ethnic Albanian as speaker, a first step towards replacing the nationalist-led government. The events, in which one ethnic Albanian MP was brutally beaten and several other deputies left bloodied, raised fears that the political crisis was spiralling out of control and may plunge the country back into ethnic conflict 16 years after Western diplomacy averted full-blown civil war. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/29/macedonia-playing-fire-former-peace-envoy-warns/
China
- railway
- Hundreds of thousands of Greeks in the northern city of Thessaloniki rallied on Sunday to protest against the use of the name “Macedonia” in any solution to a row between Athens and Skopje over the name of the former Yugoslav republic.Greece says the name Macedonia implies a territorial claim over its own northern region of that name. The two countries agreed this month to renew efforts to settle the 25-year old row, which has blocked the ex-Yugloslav republic’s attempts to join NATO and the European Union. Both countries say they hope to reach an accord by June.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-macedonia-protests/greeks-rally-against-use-of-macedonia-in-name-dispute-with-skopje-idUSKBN1FA0FY
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44401643 Greece has reached a deal on the name of its northern neighbour, which called itself Macedonia at the break-up of the former Yugoslavia. After 27 years of talks - and many protests - they have settled on the name Republic of North Macedonia, or Severna Makedonija in Macedonian.
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46846231Macedonia's parliament has approved a constitutional amendment to change the country's name to the Republic of North Macedonia. Prime Minister Zoran Zaev narrowly secured the two-thirds majority needed in the historic vote amid a boycott by opposition nationalists. Protesters outside parliament denounced what they called an act of treason. The name change is aimed at ending a 27-year dispute with Greece, which has its own region called Macedonia. The Greek parliament must now give its approval under a deal signed by Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras and Mr Zaev in June. That will lift Athens' veto on Macedonia's bids to join Nato and the European Union.
- https://www.quora.com/Has-Greece-missed-their-chance-with-Macedonia-Maybe-Greece-should-have-tried-to-convince-the-Republic-of-Macedonia-to-join-Greece-naturally-under-the-Greek-name-There-would-have-been-benefits-for-both-of-them
- ***********https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-connection-between-the-ancient-Macedonian-Empire-and-todays-country-Northern-Macedonia-Are-they-the-same-people-same-culture
hungary
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-macedonia-hungary-gruevski/ex-macedonia-pm-gruevski-applies-for-asylum-in-hungary-pms-office-idUSKCN1NJ273 Former Macedonian prime minister Nikola Gruevski has submitted an asylum request in Hungary asking for refugee status, Prime Minister Viktor Orban’s office said on Wednesday. Gruevski fled to Hungary this week six months after he was sentenced to two years in prison on corruption-related charges, Macedonia’s interior ministry has said.Macedonian police issued an arrest warrant on Monday for Gruevski, who resigned in 2016 after 10 years in power, after he failed to show up to begin his sentence following a Nov. 9 court ruling against his motion for a reprieve. “The Immigration and Asylum Office will conduct the asylum assessment procedure in accordance with both Hungarian and international law,” Orban’s office said in a statement.
albanians
- A long-running political crisis in the former Yugoslav republic turned violent on Thursday when supporters of the ruling VMRO-DPMNE party, some in balaclavas, stormed parliament after a new majority in the assembly elected an ethnic Albanian as speaker, a first step towards replacing the nationalist-led government. The events, in which one ethnic Albanian MP was brutally beaten and several other deputies left bloodied, raised fears that the political crisis was spiralling out of control and may plunge the country back into ethnic conflict 16 years after Western diplomacy averted full-blown civil war. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/29/macedonia-playing-fire-former-peace-envoy-warns/
China
- railway
- 據中新網報道，馬其頓動車組項 目既是中國出口到歐洲的首個動車組 項目，也是中國動車組產品符合歐洲 TSI（歐洲鐵路互聯互通技術規範）要 求進入歐洲市場的第一單。在此之前 ，中國出口到歐洲的軌道交通產品一 般為電力機車、地鐵、輕軌列車，相 對於上述產品，動車組技術更加複雜 、研製難度更大。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151117/PDF/a14_screen.pdf
taiwan
- 当地时间6月12日傍晚，马其顿政府正式宣布，将与中华人民共和国恢复邦交。这意味着马其顿将自动断绝与台湾维持了2年的“外交关系”。刚刚“访问”中美洲返台的陈水扁还没有从自鸣得意中醒过神来，便重重地挨了一记耳光，台湾当局推行的“金钱外交”再度遭受重大打击。 1991年11月20日，马其顿共和国颁布新宪法，宣布马其顿为“独立的主权国家”。成为原南斯拉夫宣布独立的4个共和国中惟一用和平方式获得独立的国家，但它的独立由于希腊反对使用“马其顿”的国名而迟迟未被国际社会所承认。1992年12月10日，马其顿共和国议会经多数议员投票表决，原则同意将马其顿国家改名为“马其顿（斯科普里）共和国”。1993年4月7日，联合国大会一致通过决议，接纳前南斯拉夫马其顿共和国为联合国第181个会员国。国名暂定为“前南斯拉夫马其顿共和国”。1993年10月12日，马其顿与我国建立正式外交关系。当时的台湾领导人李登辉已经开始露出台独嘴脸，面对台湾在国际舞台上的被动局面，大搞“金钱外交”。当时，马其顿独立不久，经济面临巨大难题，特别需要大量的外资。台湾当局正是瞅准这个机会，开始用银元引诱当时的马其顿领导人。台湾当局许诺，只要马其顿与台湾“建交”，台湾会立即援助马其顿政府3亿美元现金，另外还将在马建工业园，长期投资将达到10亿美元。 马其顿政府实在太缺钱了，加上当时的领导人缺乏长远眼光，结果没有经受住“金钱外交”的诱惑，糊里糊涂地于1999年2月9日与台湾建立了所谓的“外交关系”。台湾和马其顿“建交”看起来更像一场闹剧，因为双方宣布建立“外交关系”时，当时的马其顿总统格里格罗夫全不知情，所谓的“建交”完全是当时的总理格奥尔基耶夫斯基和外交部长暗箱操作的结果。所以，格里格罗夫一直拒绝接受台湾“大使”递交的“国书”。 虽然马其顿政府并未宣布与中国断交，但中国政府不会容忍这种双重承认。在马其顿宣布与台“建交”的同一天，中国政府即断然宣布与马断交。随后不久，中国反对联合国维和部队在这个前南斯拉夫加盟共和国延长驻军6个月。 5月13日，马其顿议会特别会议表决通过了由马其顿族和阿尔巴尼亚族主要政党组成的“民族团结政府，总理仍由格奥尔基耶夫斯基担任。新任副总理、外长和国防部长等重要官员均不赞同继续保持同台湾的“外交关系”。格奥尔基耶夫斯基承认，马其顿正面临自1991年独立以来最严峻的考验。 实际上，格奥尔基耶夫斯基应该明白，马其顿面临的考验除国内民族矛盾外，还应包括马其顿越来越被动的国际地位。而马其顿要想得到联合国的支持，要想赢得国际社会的信任，首先要做的就是修正自己两年前犯下的错误，与中国建立正式的外交关系。 5月27日，马其顿新任外交部长米特雷瓦透露了一个重要信息，马其顿将与台湾断绝“外交关系”，马其顿已派出总统办公室主任约莱夫斯基前往北京磋商复交备忘录。米特雷瓦在斯科普里举行的新闻发布会上表示：“马其顿政府目前正积极与中国政府进行磋商，讨论尽快恢复与中华人民共和国的外交关系。两年前与台湾‘建交’本身就是一个错误。” 据悉，台湾当初向马其顿作出的许诺并没有兑现，迄今为止，只向马其顿直接投资了2000万美元，还有约合1.5亿美元的贷款和技术支援。而台湾许诺在首都斯科普里附近修建的“自由贸易区”，面积倒是不小，但直到今天，里面只有几座只盖了一半的大楼。马其顿政府所得到的，与台湾当局当初的10亿美元许诺相差悬殊，马其顿政府有一种上当受骗的感觉。 http://www.people.com.cn/GB/guoji/22/84/20010615/489710.html
hong kong
- in june2018, a group of 12 students from hkbu and hong kong education university travelled to macedonia to build houses alongside low-income families (habitat project) [habitat.news october 2018 habitat.org.hk/news]
hong kong
- in june2018, a group of 12 students from hkbu and hong kong education university travelled to macedonia to build houses alongside low-income families (habitat project) [habitat.news october 2018 habitat.org.hk/news]
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