North America

oil

- economisrt 29feb2020 "of tar sands and shale beds" canadian and american oil industries are becoming more alike

ancient civilisations

- along mississsippi river  https://www.quora.com/Why-did-no-ancient-civilization-come-up-the-Mississippi-river-valley-even-though-it-had-similar-conditions-to-other-river-valley-civilizations

Native
- Six Nations (or Six Nations of the Grand River, French: Réserve des Six Nations) is the largest First Nations reserve in Canada. As of the end of 2017, it has a total of 27,276 members, 12,848 of whom live on the reserve.^[2] It is the only reserve in North America that has representatives of all six Iroquois nations living together.^{[citation needed]} These nations are the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca and Tuscarora. Some Lenape (formerly known as Delaware) also live in the territory.

• mohawk

• people

• john hill (native name: oteroughyanento), captain david hill (brothers) [1776 chron] sat for portrait by alice richardson, crayon painter
• guy johnson, peter johnson 

• chief joseph brant  

• [1776 chronicle] Met anna porter (daughter of james porter, former ambassador to constantinople). According to july issue of london magazine, his last name is thayendaneken(pronounced theandenaigen) the g being sounded hard as in get. He speaks english very well, was engaged in a translation of new testament into the mohock tongue.

• uk

• Many of the Iroquois people allied with the British during the American Revolutionary War, particularly warriors from the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga and Seneca nations. Some warriors of the Oneida and Tuscarora also allied with them, as warfare was highly decentralized. These nations had longstanding trade relations with the British and hoped they might stop European-American encroachment on their territories. These allies were from the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois Confederacy. After the colonists' victory, the British government ceded all of its territory in the colonies to their new government under a peace treaty, including that belonging to the Six Nations: without consulting them or making them party to treaty negotiations. The Crown worked to resettle native Loyalists in Canada and provide some compensation for lands lost in the new United States. The Crown also hoped to use these new settlers, both Native Americans and European Americans, to develop agriculture and towns in areas west of Quebec, the territory later known as Upper Canada. The new lands granted to Six Nations reserves were all near important Canadian military targets and placed along the border to prevent any American invasion.^{[citation needed]} The growth of the Six Nations community was also hampered. Land, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, granted a certain measure of power to their owners. Influential leaders such as Joseph Brantand Deseronto were prevented from granting land to business owners who could have brought industry and agriculture to their lands. Rules and laws were created to prevent the growth of political support for these men by banning all non natives from living and owning any business on reserves^{[citation needed]}. Many complained that much of lands granted were clay and rock ridden, making the land untenable^{[citation needed]}. After the war, Mohawk leaders John Deseronto and Joseph Brant met with the British officer Frederick Haldimand to discuss the loss of their lands in New York. Haldimand promised to resettle the Mohawk near the Bay of Quinte, on the northeast shore of Lake Ontario, in present-day Ontario, Canada. Haldimand purchased from other First Nations a tract 12 by 13 miles (21 km) on the Bay of Quinte, which he granted to the Mohawk. (There are of course questions about First Nations understanding of such purchase). About 200 Mohawk settled with Deseronto at what is now called the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, Ontario. The group of Mohawk originally led by John Deseronto, who died in the town named after him, settled on the Bay of Quinte known as Tyendinaga. These were primarily Mohawk of the Lower Castle (of New York).
• [1776 chron] daniel claus was an indian department official  

- The Navajo (Navajo: Diné or Naabeehó) are a Native American people of theSouthwestern United States. They are the second largest federally recognized tribe in the United States with 300,460 enrolled tribal members as of 2015. The Navajo Nation constitutes an independent governmental body that manages the Navajo reservation in the Four Cornersarea, including over 27,000 square miles of land in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. The Navajo language is spoken throughout the region with most Navajo speakingEnglish as well. The states with the largest Navajo populations are Arizona (140,263) andNew Mexico (108,306). Over three-quarters of the Navajo population reside in these two states.

• Note navajo language references in denver airport conspiracy 
• https://www.ft.com/content/f0e1ba96-4076-11e7-82b6-896b95f30f58  the remote villages of the Hopi and Navajo tribes offer a glimpse of an ancient way of life
• In the Navajo language, Diné bizaad, the name for Germany is Béésh Bichʼahii bikéyah. That means “iron hat country”. France is Dáághahii Dineʼé bikéyah. That means thin mustache people country. Japan is Binááʼádaałtsʼózí bikéyah. That means “Narrow eyes people country”. The phrase bikéyah is the possessive of “country”—kéyah-. “His/her/its’ country”https://www.quora.com/How-do-Native-Americans-say-the-names-of-other-countries-in-their-native-languages/answer/Erik-Painter
• 納瓦霍毛氈是十九世紀中期，美國西南部納瓦霍印地安人盛行的一種毛氈製品。納瓦霍人在十七世紀中葉，從西班牙人學會紡毛及手工編織，他們將這種技術延續，製作出納瓦霍毛氈。由於這種毛氈在當時是比較貴重的物品，每張要一百至一百五十美元，相當於一個藍領工人兩年工資，故此只有酋長或富人才穿得起。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180102/00180_033.html
• Antelope Canyon is a slot canyon in the American Southwest. It is on Navajo land east of Page, Arizona.The Navajo name for Upper Antelope Canyon is Tsé bighánílíní, which means 'the place where water runs through rocks'. Lower Antelope Canyon is Hazdistazí(called "Hasdestwazi" by the Navajo Parks and Recreation Department), or 'spiral rock arches'. Both are in the LeChee Chapter of the Navajo Nation.
• https://navajotimes.com/reznews/clothing-retailer-apologizes-for-design-resembling-navajo-seal/ After hearing from at least a dozen Navajos who felt the new logo for its Aspen, Colorado, store appropriated the Navajo Nation seal, clothing retailer Madhappy has apologized and offered to donate all proceeds from clothing bearing the design to the tribe.The Navajo Nation Seal, which was designed by the late Navajo Nation Council Delegate Amos Singer from Kaibeto, who served from 1946-1970, and John Claw Jr., a student at Ganado Mission, was adopted on Jan. 18, 1952, to become the tribe’s official seal. The Navajo Nation Flag was designed by Mariano Lake, New Mexico resident Jay R. Degroat. His design was adopted by the tribal council on May 21, 1968.Singer’s and Claw’s design has four mountains in the middle, with three lines — red, yellow, and blue — encircling two cornstalks, a horse, a cow and a sheep. A depiction of the sun and its rays is situated above. Outside of the three lines, that represent a rainbow, are 50 arrowheads, representing the 50 U.S. states. The four mountains within the tribal seal represent the four Diné sacred mountains: Sis Naajiní, Tsoodził, Dook’o’oosłííd, and Dibé Nitsaa.

- The Hopi are a Native American tribe, who primarily live on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona. According to the 2010 census, there were 19,327 Hopi in the United States. The Hopi language is one of 30 in the Uto-Aztecan language family. The majority of Hopi people are enrolled in the Hopi Tribe of Arizona but some are enrolled in the Colorado River Indian Tribes. The Hopi Reservation covers a land area of 2,531.773 sq mi (6,557.26 km²) . When first encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, the Hopi and the surrounding cultures were referred to as Pueblo people, because they lived in villages (pueblos in the Spanish language). The Hopi are descended from the Ancient Pueblo Peoples (Hopi: Hisatsinom or Navajo: Anasazi) who constructed large apartment-house complexes in northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. They lived along the Mogollon Rim, especially from the 12th–14th century, when they abandoned their large villages. The name Hopi is a shortened form of their autonym, Hopituh Shi-nu-mu ("The Peaceful People" or "Peaceful Little Ones"). The Hopi Dictionary gives the primary meaning of the word "Hopi" as: "behaving one, one who is mannered, civilized, peaceable, polite, who adheres to the Hopi way." In the past, Hopi sometimes used the term "Hopi" and its cognates to refer to the Pueblo peoples in general, in contrast to other, more warlike tribes. The Hopi are one of many Native American cultures in the Southwestern United States. When first encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, these cultures were referred to as Pueblo people because they lived in villages (pueblos in the Spanish language). The Hopi are descended from the Ancient Pueblo Peoples (Hopi: Hisatsinom or Navajo: Anasazi) who constructed large apartment-house complexes in northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. They lived along the Mogollon Rim, especially from the 12th–14th century, when they abandoned their large villages.

• note the hopi girl hairdo - quite like that of princess leah
• https://www.ft.com/content/f0e1ba96-4076-11e7-82b6-896b95f30f58  the remote villages of the Hopi and Navajo tribes offer a glimpse of an ancient way of life
• Mentioned in 古今天外 re tortuguero archaeological site (mayan civilisation), chinese translated as 霍皮族
• Les Hopis sont très prolifiques en symboles. Ils utilisaient notamment la swatiska pour représenter les pérégrinations des clans. Au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les Hopis renoncèrent officiellement à son usage sur leurs objets usuels et créations artistiques.
• https://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-civilization-that-picked-up-and-move-to-a-new-place There is a civilization that picked up and moved to a new place not once but twice.

  This civilization occupied the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. I was introduced to the (then) mystery of their disappearance in the 1950s. I watched as archeology slowly unraveled their first and then second abandonment of the great and small structures they left scattered across the landscape. These people were called the Anasazi.  which means "ancient enemies" by other residents of the area whom they in turn called “head pounders”.

- The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds of thousands. Today, thousands of individuals identify with various Algonquian peoples. Historically, the peoples were prominent along the Atlantic Coast and into the interior along the St. Lawrence River and around theGreat Lakes. This grouping consists of peoples who speak Algonquian languages.

• The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan) are a Native American people in Virginia. It may also refer to the leader of those tribes, commonly referred to as Powtitianna. It is estimated that there were about 14,000–21,000 Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settledJamestown in 1607.^[2] They were also known as Virginia Algonquians, as they spoke an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan or Virginia Algonquian. In the 21st century, eight Indian tribes are officially recognized by Virginia as having ancestral ties to the Powhatan confederation. The Pamunkey and Mattaponi are the only two peoples who have retained reservation lands from the 17th century. The Powhatan Renape Nation has been recognized by the state of New Jersey. The competing cultures of the Powhatan and English settlers were united through unions and marriages of members, of which the most well known was that of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. Their son Thomas Rolfe was the ancestor of many Virginians; many of the First Families of Virginia have both English and Virginia Indian ancestry.
• Nantucket /ˌnænˈtʌkᵻt/ is an island about 14 miles (20 km) south of Cape Cod, in theAmerican state of Massachusetts. The name "Nantucket" is adapted from similar Algonquian names for the island, perhaps meaning "faraway land or island".Nantucket probably takes its name from aWampanoag word, transliterated variously as natocke,nantaticu, nantican, nautica or natockete, which is part of Wampanoag lore about the creation of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. The meaning of the term is uncertain, although it may have meant "in the midst of waters," or "far away island." Wampanoag is anEastern Algonquian language of southern New England.^[6] The Nehantucket (known to Europeans as the Niantic) were an Algonquin-speaking culture of the area.^[7] Nantucket's nickname, "The Little Grey Lady of the Sea", refers to the island as it appears from the ocean when it is fog-bound.
• algonquian language

• https://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-native-American-language-family-that-is-comparable-in-size-to-Indo-European
• [richard panchyk] the name massachusetts comes from this tribe, meaning great hills place or at or near the great hills  

- The Sioux /ˈsuː/ are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America. The term can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation's many language dialects. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on language divisions: the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota. The Santee Dakota (Isáŋyathi; "Knife") reside in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota and northern Iowa. The Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna; "Village-at-the-end" and "Little village-at-the-end"), collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena, reside in the Minnesota River area. They are considered to be the middle Sioux, and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota.^[2] The actual Nakota are the Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana. The Lakota, also called Teton (Thítȟuŋwaŋ; possibly "Dwellers on the prairie"), are the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture. Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities, and reserves in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Montana in the United States; and Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan in Canada.

• The name "Sioux" was adopted in English by the 1760s from French. It is abbreviated from Nadouessioux, first attested by Jean Nicolet in 1640.^[3] The name is sometimes said to be derived from an Ojibwe exonym for the Sioux meaning "little snakes" (compare nadowe "big snakes", used for the Iroquois).^[4] The spelling in -x is due to the French plural marker.^[5] The Proto-Algonquian form *na·towe·wa, meaning "Northern Iroquoian", has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake (massasauga, Sistrurus).^[6] An alternative explanation is derivation from an (Algonquian) exonym na·towe·ssiw (plural na·towe·ssiwak), from a verb *-a·towe· meaning "to speak a foreign language".^[5] The current Ojibwe term for the Sioux and related groups is Bwaanag (singular Bwaan), meaning "roasters".^[7][8] Presumably, this refers to the style of cooking the Sioux used in the past.

- beringians

• https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jan/03/ancient-dna-reveals-previously-unknown-group-of-native-americans-ancient-beringians

- The Wyandot people or Wendat, also called the Huron Nation and Huron people,^[1][a] in most historic references are believed to have been the most populous confederacy of Iroquoian cultured indigenous peoples of North America. They traditionally spoke the Wyandot language, a Northern Iroquoian language and were believed to number over 30,000^[1] at the time the first European trader-explorers made contact with them in the second decade of the 17th century. By the 15th century, the pre-contact Wyandots settled in the large area from the north shores of most of present-day Lake Ontario, northwards up to Georgian Bay. From this homeland, these more numerous cousins of the League of the Iroquois first encountered the French explorer Samuel de Champlain in 1615;^{[citation needed]} The historical Wyandot emerged in the late 17th century from the remnants of two earlier groups: the Wyandot (Huron) Confederacy and the Tionontate (Petun, or the Tabacco people). They were located in the southern part of what is now the Canadian province of Ontario around Georgian Bay. Drastically reduced in number by epidemic diseases after 1634, they were dispersed by war in 1649 from the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), then based in New York. Today the Wyandot have a First Nations reserve in Quebec, Canada. They also have three major settlements in the United States, two of which have independently governed, federally recognized tribes. Due to differing development of the groups, they speak distinct forms of Wendat and Wyandot languages.

• On September 5, 1760, just preceding the capitulation of Montreal to British forces, Brigadier General James Murray signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the chiefs of the Wendat then residing at Lorette, present day Wendake.The treaty recognized the Huron-Wendat as a distinct nation and guaranteed that the British would not interfere with the Huron-Wendat's internal affairs. In 1990, in R. v. Sioui, the Huron-British Treaty of 1760 was found by the Supreme Court of Canada to continue to be valid and binding on the Crown. Accordingly, the exercise of Huron-Wendat religion, customs, and trade benefit from continuing Canadian constitutional protection throughout the territory frequented by the Huron-Wendat at the time the treaty was concluded.

- 塞內卡人 The Seneca (/ˈsɛnɪkə/) are a group of indigenous Iroquoian-speaking people native to North America who historically lived south of Lake Ontario. They were the nation located farthest to the west within the Six Nations or Iroquois League (Haudenosaunee) in New York before the American Revolution. In the 21st century, more than 10,000 Seneca live in the United States, which has three federally recognized Seneca tribes. Two are in New York: the Seneca Nation of New York, with two reservations in western New York near Buffalo; and the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Native Americans. 塞內卡人最初自稱Onöndowága，意為「大山地」。和奧農達加人同名。在伊洛魁聯盟時期，塞內卡人生活在聯盟的最西部，所以也被視為西部門戶的守護者。於是其他人們開始以他們生活重心的村莊Osininka稱呼他們，此一名字意思為「生活在石堆中的人」。但又因為意義相近，常被伊洛魁聯盟之外的人搞混為奧奈達人。而最後Osininka的意義簡化為「石地」，讀法也漸漸轉換成Seneca。
- 雅克瑪人The Yakama is a Native American tribe with nearly 10,851 members, based primarily in eastern Washington state. Yakama people today are enrolled in the federally recognized tribe, the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation. Their Yakama Indian Reservation, along the Yakima River, covers an area of approximately 1.2 million acres (5,260 km²). Today the nation is governed by the Yakama Tribal Council, which consists of representatives of 14 tribes. Many Yakama people engage in ceremonial, subsistence, and commercial fishing for salmon, steelhead, and sturgeon in the Columbia River and its tributaries, including within land ceded by the tribe to the United States. Their right to fish in their former territory is protected by treaties and was re-affirmed in late 20th-century court cases such as United States v. Washington (known as the Boldt Decision, 1974) and United States v. Oregon (Sohappy v. Smith, 1969).

- miami?

• https://www.quora.com/Other-than-Hebrew-has-any-other-language-ever-been-revived-after-ceasing-to-be-spoken

- myth, legend, symbol

• The thunderbird is a legendary creature in certain North American indigenous peoples' history and culture. It is considered a supernatural being of power and strength. It is especially important, and frequently depicted, in the art, songs and oral histories of many Pacific Northwest Coast cultures, but is also found in various forms among some peoples of theAmerican Southwest, East Coast of the United States, Great Lakes, and Great Plains. 

Petroglyphs are images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading, as a form of rock art. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found worldwide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek prefix petro-, from πέτρα petra meaning "stone", and γλύφω glýphō meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe.
- could be found at columbia hills state park near dallesport, washington

• one of the most famous petroglyphs along columbia river is the face called tsagaglalal (suh-GOG-la-lal).  A yakama myth explains that she was a great chief who was turned to stone by coyote so she could watch over her people forever.   

vikings
- https://www.quora.com/If-the-Vikings-were-the-first-Europeans-on-North-American-soil-centuries-before-Columbus-why-didnt-the-rest-of-Europe-find-out
- The colony Leif Ericson established on the Canadian coast actually had a somewhat cordial trade relationship with local Native Americans, who they referred to as skraelings. ‘Skraeling’ loosely translated means ‘people who scream,’ since that's what the Native Americans’ speech sounded like to Norse ears.Their trade relationship came to a rather abrupt end when the Native Americans attacked the colonists, seemingly without provocation. There's no real historical consensus on what provoked the attack, but the most popular theory is that the Vikings gave the Native Americans fermented dairy products (cheese, yogurt, and the like). The Native Americans had nothing comparable in their diet, so it's possible that they attacked because they thought the Vikings were trying to poison them.https://www.quora.com/Did-the-vikings-meet-native-Americans
- https://www.quora.com/Why-was-there-no-transmission-between-the-Vikings-and-the-Native-Americans-or-the-Inuit-Tribes-in-Greenland-Shouldnt-Viking-colonization-have-caused-similar-epidemics-as-when-the-Spanish-first-came

francophones
- in usa and canada https://www.quora.com/Why-is-French-still-an-official-language-in-Canada-despite-only-being-spoken-primarily-in-Quebec

france
- http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/fr/article-474/Colline_du_Calvaire_d%E2%80%99Oka_.html#.WYLOi-yqqkoLa colline du Calvaire d’Oka est un site patrimonial important, mais quelque peu oublié aujourd’hui. Il est situé au cœur du parc national d’Oka, à l’ouest de l’île de Montréal. La construction de ce chemin de croix remonte aux années 1740, au moment où la Nouvelle-France atteint son apogée. Il prend la forme d’un sentier forestier conduisant à trois chapelles juchées au sommet et le long duquel s’échelonnent quatre oratoires. Au départ, les missionnaires s’en servent pour enseigner aux néophytes amérindiens les moments forts de la Passion du Christ. Puis, au XIXe siècle, le calvaire d’Oka devient l’un des plus importants lieux de pèlerinage du Québec. Depuis 1974, les autorités du parc d’Oka cherchent à protéger le caractère unique de ce site et à mettre en valeur ce joyau d’architecture religieuse datant de la Nouvelle-France.

• Histoire des pèlerinages d’Oka - 
   En 1676, située sur la rive sud de l’île de Montréal, la mission de Kentaké concentre les différentes nations amérindiennes converties à la religion catholique de la région : Hurons, Agniers, Onneiouts, Algonquins et Nipissingues (NOTE 1). C'est de ce noyau initial que proviennent les Amérindiens des missions fondées par la suite autour de Ville-Marie, dont celle du Lac-des-Deux-Montagnes, que les Sulpiciens établissent en 1721 au confluent du lac du même nom et de la rivière des Outaouais. Selon ces derniers, l’endroit, facile à défendre et situé sur la route de la traite des fourrures, attirera davantage d'Amérindiens. Les Sulpiciens y construisent des habitations, une église, deux écoles et un fort. 
   
  Vers 1750, cette mission compte une population de 750 âmes formée principalement d'Amérindiens. À l’ouest du fort, les Agniers et les Hurons, nations d’agriculteurs sédentaires de la famille linguistique iroquoienne, vivent ensemble. À l’est du fort, les Nipissingues et les Algonquins, nations de chasseurs nomades de la famille linguistique algonquienne, ont chacun leur propre cantonnement. Les missionnaires et la garnison occupent le fortin situé au centre de la mission. Quelques religieuses, des notables et des colons d’origine européenne habitent aussi la mission.

- The Acadians (French: Acadiens, IPA: [akadjɛ̃]) are the descendants of French colonists who settled in Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries, some of whom are also descended from the Indigenous peoples of the region. The colony was located in what is now Eastern Canada's Maritime provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island), as well as part of Quebec, and present-day Maine to the Kennebec River. Although today most of the Acadians and Québécois are French-speaking (francophone) Canadians, Acadia was a distinctly separate colony of New France. It was geographically and administratively separate from the French colony of Canada (modern-day Quebec). As a result, the Acadians and Québécois developed two distinct histories and cultures.^[5] They also developed a slightly different French language. France has one official language and to accomplish this they have an administration in charge of the language. Since the Acadians were separated from this council, their French language evolved independently, and Acadians retain several elements of 17th-century French that have been lost in France. The settlers whose descendants became Acadians came from many areas in France, but especially regions such as Île-de-France, Normandy, Brittany, Poitou and Aquitaine. Acadian family names have come from many areas in France. For example, the Maillets are from Paris; the LeBlancs of Normandy; the surname Melanson is from Brittany, and those with the surnames Bastarache and Basque came from Aquitaine.Most Acadians were deported to various American colonies, where many were forced into servitude, or marginal lifestyles. Some Acadians were deported to England, sent to the Caribbean, and some were deported to France. After being expelled to France, many Acadians were eventually recruited by the Spanish government to migrate to present day Louisiana state (known then as Spanish colonial Luisiana), where they developed what became known as Cajun culture.^[8] In time, some Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada, mainly to New Brunswick because they were barred by the British from resettling their lands and villages in what became Nova Scotia. Before the US Revolutionary War, the Crown settled New England Planters in former Acadian communities and farmland as well as Loyalists after the war (including nearly 3,000 Black Loyalists, who were freed slaves). British policy was to assimilate Acadians with the local populations where they resettled. Acadians speak a dialect of French called Acadian French. Many of those in the Monctonarea speak Chiac and English. The Louisiana Cajun descendants speak a dialect of American English called Cajun English, with many also speaking Cajun French, a close relative of the original dialect from Canada influenced by Spanish and West African languages.

• note the yellow star in french flag
• https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-origin-of-the-word-Cajun Corruption of Acadian. The French-speaking Cajuns in Louisiana came from French Acadia in eastern Canada after the English took over and expelled them. I learned about it when we read Longfellow's tragic poem Evangeline in high school 55 years ago. It was about two lovers separated in that expulsion who spent the rest of their lives searching for each other.

South China
- air cargo activity

• shippers today Mar-Apr 2015 issue page 9