name of country
- Törökország in Magyar
Government
- ministry of economy
- Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock
- The Ministry of National Education (Turkish: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı) is a government ministry of theRepublic of Turkey, responsible for the supervision of public and private educational system, agreements and authorizations under a nationalcurriculum. The ministry is headded by İsmet Yılmaz.
- The Investment Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey is the official organization for promoting Turkey's investment opportunities to the global business community and for providing assistance to investors before, during, and after their entry into Turkey. Directly reporting to the President of Turkey, the Investment Office is in charge of encouraging investments that further enhance the economic development of Turkey. https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/Pages/home-page.aspx
- Törökország in Magyar
Government
- ministry of economy
- turkish confectionery promotion group was established under the control and coodination of the ministry in apr2012 to increase awareness of confectionery products
- Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock
- Turkish Grain Board was formed as a state economic enterprise to deal with wheat affairs under Law No 3491 of 24/ 06/ 1938 published in Official Journal on 13/ 07/ 1938. This Law mandated Turkish Grain Board to prevent abnormal decrease or abnormal increase of the wheat prices against producers and consumers, respectively, to protect and regulate the wheat industry, to import or export wheat when necessary, to monitor wheat production trends and market movements in the world, to establishing milling facilities and bakeries in locations to be determined, to run and maintain state monopoly in regard to narcotics and to carry on other similar tasks. According to respective Law, the wheat buying and selling prices are determined by decision of Council of Ministers. Headquartered in Ankara, Turkish Grain Board was formerly founded under Ministry of Economy but TMO was put under the auspices of Ministry of Trade on 31/5/1939 under Law No 3614. Turkish Grain Board, founded in 1938, is a limited liability and autonomous state economic enterprise running on state capital in accordance with the provisions under Decree Law No 233 of 08/06/1984 on State Economic Enterprises.
- The Ministry of National Education (Turkish: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı) is a government ministry of theRepublic of Turkey, responsible for the supervision of public and private educational system, agreements and authorizations under a nationalcurriculum. The ministry is headded by İsmet Yılmaz.
- The Investment Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey is the official organization for promoting Turkey's investment opportunities to the global business community and for providing assistance to investors before, during, and after their entry into Turkey. Directly reporting to the President of Turkey, the Investment Office is in charge of encouraging investments that further enhance the economic development of Turkey. https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/Pages/home-page.aspx
- JLL published a smart guide to acquiring property and citizenship in turkey (for distribution at 2019 tdc smartbiz expo)
- appledaily 12oct2020 graveyard for cruise ships
安卡拉（土耳其语：Ankara），曾有媒体简称土京 , historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Ankara is a very old city with various Hittite, Phrygian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman archaeological sites. The historical center of town is a rocky hill rising 150 m (500 ft) over the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya River, the classical Sangarius. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of the old citadel. Although few of its outworks have survived, there are well-preserved examples of Roman and Ottoman architecture throughout the city, the most remarkable being the 20 bc Temple of Augustus and Rome that boasts the Monumentum Ancyranum, the inscription recording the Res Gestae Divi Augusti.
- The orthography of the name Ankara has varied over the ages. It has been identified with the Hittite cult center Ankuwaš, although this remains a matter of debate. In classical antiquity and during the medieval period, the city was known as Ánkyra (Ἄγκυρα, lit "anchor") in Greek and Ancyra in Latin; the Galatian Celtic name was probably a similar variant. Following its annexation by the Seljuk Turks in 1073, the city became known in many European languages as Angora; it was also known in Ottoman Turkish as Engürü. The form "Angora" is preserved in the names of breeds of many different kinds of animals, and in the names of several locations in the US (see Angora).
- https://www.quora.com/Historically-is-Ankara-a-city-belonging-to-Kurdistan-Armenia-or-Greece
The Hüdavendigâr Vilayet (Ottoman Turkish: ولايت خداوندگار, romanized: Vilâyet-i Hüdavendigâr, directly borrowed from Persian meaning "Dominion of the Lord"),[3] or Bursa Vilayet after its administrative centre, was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. The name Hüdavendigâr was a poetic Ottoman name for Bursa, from the Persianword خداوندگار, Khodavandegār, meaning God, Lord.As of 1920, the British had described the vilayet as being "one of the most prosperous in Anatolia." The northern and western regions were mainly occupied by Christians. Highlands were populated by Turkish immigrants from Europe. The area near the Sea of Marmara was considered the most fertile area, with a large portion of the vilayet being "marshy and fever-stricken, especially between Bursa and Panderma." The vilayet produced wheat, barley, maize, beans, and seeds in the northern and western regions. Throughout the region, opium, tobacco and cotton was also produced. The area around Lake Iznik produced rice. The Balıkhisar area produced "some of the finest fruit grown in Turkey."[5] Barley is also of large production in the highlands and is exported to England.
Elâzığ Province (Turkish: Elâzığ ili) is a province of Turkey with its seat in the city ofElâzığ. The source of the Euphrates river is located in this province.
Fethiye (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈfethije]) is a city and district of Muğla Province in the Aegean region of Turkey A Lycian legend explains the source of the name Telmessos as follows: The god Apollo falls in love with the youngest daughter of the King of Phoenicia, Agenor. He disguises himself as a small dog and thus gains the love of the shy, withdrawn daughter. After he reappears as a handsome man, they have a son, whom they name 'Telmessos' (the land of lights).[citation needed]The city became part of the Persian Empire after the invasion of the Persian general Harpagosin 547 BC, along with other Lycian and Carian cities. Telmessos then joined the Attic-Delos Union established in mid-5th century BC. and, although it later left the union and became an independent city, continued its relations with the union until the 4th century BC.Very little is known of the city during Byzantine times. Surviving buildings attest to considerable prosperity during late Antiquity, but most were abandoned in the 7th–8th centuries due to the Arab-Byzantine Wars.[citation needed] The city was fortified in the 8th century, and appears as "Telmissos or Anastasioupolis" ca. 800. By the 10th century, the ancient name was forgotten and it became known as Makre or Makri (Μάκρη, "long one"), from the name of the island at the entrance to the harbour. In the 12th–13th centuries there are signs of renewed prosperity: the city walls were enlarged, a report from 1106 names Makre a centre for perfume production, and geographical works from the 13th century describe the city as a commercial centre. The area fell to the Turks in the late 12th or early 13th century. Telmessos was ruled by the Anatolian beylik of Menteşe starting in 1284, under the name Beskaza. It became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1424. The town grew considerably in the 19th century, and had a large Greek population at this time.[3] Following the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the Greeks of Makri were sent to Greece where they founded the town of Nea Makri (New Makri) in Greece. The town was resettled with Turks from Greece. At nearby Kayaköy, formerly Levissi, the abandoned Greek Orthodoxchurch is still standing[citation needed]In 1934, the city was renamed 'Fethiye' in honor of Yüzbaşı Fethi Bey one of the first pilots of the Ottoman Air Force, killed in 1914 by Al-Samra.
安卡拉（土耳其语：Ankara），曾有媒体简称土京 , historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Ankara is a very old city with various Hittite, Phrygian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman archaeological sites. The historical center of town is a rocky hill rising 150 m (500 ft) over the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya River, the classical Sangarius. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of the old citadel. Although few of its outworks have survived, there are well-preserved examples of Roman and Ottoman architecture throughout the city, the most remarkable being the 20 bc Temple of Augustus and Rome that boasts the Monumentum Ancyranum, the inscription recording the Res Gestae Divi Augusti.
- The orthography of the name Ankara has varied over the ages. It has been identified with the Hittite cult center Ankuwaš, although this remains a matter of debate. In classical antiquity and during the medieval period, the city was known as Ánkyra (Ἄγκυρα, lit "anchor") in Greek and Ancyra in Latin; the Galatian Celtic name was probably a similar variant. Following its annexation by the Seljuk Turks in 1073, the city became known in many European languages as Angora; it was also known in Ottoman Turkish as Engürü. The form "Angora" is preserved in the names of breeds of many different kinds of animals, and in the names of several locations in the US (see Angora).
- https://www.quora.com/Historically-is-Ankara-a-city-belonging-to-Kurdistan-Armenia-or-Greece
Ankara is the capital of the Republic of Turkey since 1923. Historically speaking, the Celts were the first to make Ankara their capital.“Galatia”, the land of Gauls or Celts, correspond roughly to today’s Ankara, Çorum and Yozgat provinces.
Antalya (Turkish pronunciation: [anˈtalja]) is the eighth most populous city in Turkeyand the capital of its eponymous province. Located on Anatolia's flourishing southwest coast bordered by the Taurus Mountains, Antalya is the largest Turkish city on the Mediterranean coast with over one million people in its metropolitan area. The city that is now Antalya was first settled around 200 BC by the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon, which was soon subdued by the Romans.
亞拉臘山The mountain has been called by the name Ararat (in the West) since the Middle Ages, as it began to be identified with "mountains of Ararat" described in the Bible as the resting place of Noah's Ark, despite contention that Genesis 8:4 does not refer specifically to a Mt. Ararat. It is the principal national symbol of Armenia and has been considered a sacred mountain by Armenians. It is featured prominently in Armenian literature and art and is an icon for Armenian irredentism. It is depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia along with Noah's Ark.From the 16th century until 1828 the range was part of the Ottoman-Persian border; Great Ararat's summit and the northern slopes, along with the eastern slopes of Little Ararat were controlled by Persia. Following the 1826–28 Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Persian controlled territory was ceded to the Russian Empire. Little Ararat became the point where the Turkish, Persian, and Russian imperial frontiers converged.[7] The current international boundaries were formed throughout the 20th century. The mountain came under Turkish control during the 1920 Turkish–Armenian War.[8] It formally became part of Turkey according to the 1921 Treaty of Moscow and Treaty of Kars.[9] In the late 1920s, Turkey crossed the Iranian border and occupied the eastern flank of Lesser Ararat as part of its effort to quash the Kurdish Ararat rebellion,[10] during which the Kurdish rebels used the area as a safe haven against the Turkish state.[11] Iran eventually agreed to cede the area to Turkey in a territorial exchange.[10][12] The Iran-Turkey boundary skirts east of Lesser Ararat, the lower peak of the Ararat massif.As of 2004 the mountain is open to climbers only with "military permission". The procedure to obtain the permission involves submitting a formal request to a Turkish embassy for a special "Ararat visa", and it is mandatory to hire an official guide from the Turkish Federation for Alpinism. Access is still limited, even for climbers who obtain the necessary permission, and those who venture off the approved path may be fired upon without warning.
亞拉臘山The mountain has been called by the name Ararat (in the West) since the Middle Ages, as it began to be identified with "mountains of Ararat" described in the Bible as the resting place of Noah's Ark, despite contention that Genesis 8:4 does not refer specifically to a Mt. Ararat. It is the principal national symbol of Armenia and has been considered a sacred mountain by Armenians. It is featured prominently in Armenian literature and art and is an icon for Armenian irredentism. It is depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia along with Noah's Ark.From the 16th century until 1828 the range was part of the Ottoman-Persian border; Great Ararat's summit and the northern slopes, along with the eastern slopes of Little Ararat were controlled by Persia. Following the 1826–28 Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Persian controlled territory was ceded to the Russian Empire. Little Ararat became the point where the Turkish, Persian, and Russian imperial frontiers converged.[7] The current international boundaries were formed throughout the 20th century. The mountain came under Turkish control during the 1920 Turkish–Armenian War.[8] It formally became part of Turkey according to the 1921 Treaty of Moscow and Treaty of Kars.[9] In the late 1920s, Turkey crossed the Iranian border and occupied the eastern flank of Lesser Ararat as part of its effort to quash the Kurdish Ararat rebellion,[10] during which the Kurdish rebels used the area as a safe haven against the Turkish state.[11] Iran eventually agreed to cede the area to Turkey in a territorial exchange.[10][12] The Iran-Turkey boundary skirts east of Lesser Ararat, the lower peak of the Ararat massif.As of 2004 the mountain is open to climbers only with "military permission". The procedure to obtain the permission involves submitting a formal request to a Turkish embassy for a special "Ararat visa", and it is mandatory to hire an official guide from the Turkish Federation for Alpinism. Access is still limited, even for climbers who obtain the necessary permission, and those who venture off the approved path may be fired upon without warning.
- Ararat (Western Armenian pronunciation: Ararad) is the Greek version[14] of the Hebrew spelling (אֲרָרָט;[15] RRṬ) of the name Urartu,[16] a kingdom that existed in the Armenian Highlands in the 9th–6th centuries BC. German orientalist and Bible critic Wilhelm Gesenius speculated that the word "Ararat" came from the Sanskrit word Arjanwartah, meaning "holy ground."[17][18] Some Armenian historians, such as Ashot Melkonyan, link the origin of the word "Ararat" to the root of the endonym of the indigenous peoples of the Armenian Highland ("ar–"), including the Armenians.[19][20] The mountain is known as Ararat in European languages,[21][22] however, none of the native peoples have traditionally referred to the mountain by that name.[23] In classical antiquity, particularly in Strabo's Geographica, the peaks of Ararat were known in ancient Greek as Ἄβος (Abos) and Νίβαρος (Nibaros).[a] This mountain was not called by the name Ararat until the Middle Ages; early Armenian historians has considered Ararat to be in the area of Corduene.[28][29]The traditional Armenian name is Masis (Մասիս [maˈsis]; sometimes Massis).The Turkish name is Ağrı Dağı [aːɾɯ da.ɯ], Ottoman Turkish: اغـر طﺎﻍ Ağır Dağ), i.e. "Mountain of Ağrı". Ağrı literally translates to "pain" or "sorrow". This name has been known since the late Middle Ages.[38] Greater and Lesser Ararat are known as Büyük Ağrı and Küçük Ağrı, respectively. The Persian name is کوه نوح, [ˈkuːhe ˈnuːh], Kūh-e Nūḥ,[7] literally the "mountain of Noah".The Kurdish name of the mountain is Çiyayê Agirî[42][43] [t͡ʃɪjaːˈje aːgɪˈriː], which translates to "fiery mountain".
Bilecik ProvinceThe region was inhabited as early as 3000 BC, and was part of the territory controlled by such notable civilizations as the Hittites (1400–1200 BC), the Phrygians (1200–676 BC), Lydians (595–546 BC), Persians (546–334 BC), Romans (74–395 AD) and Byzantians (395 AD to late 13th century, with two brief occupations by Ummayads in between). The region also contains Söğüt, the small town where the Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299, and is the source of important archeological as well as cultural artifacts.
Bilecik ProvinceThe region was inhabited as early as 3000 BC, and was part of the territory controlled by such notable civilizations as the Hittites (1400–1200 BC), the Phrygians (1200–676 BC), Lydians (595–546 BC), Persians (546–334 BC), Romans (74–395 AD) and Byzantians (395 AD to late 13th century, with two brief occupations by Ummayads in between). The region also contains Söğüt, the small town where the Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299, and is the source of important archeological as well as cultural artifacts.
- people
- Tansu Çiller (Turkish: [ˈtansu tʃiˈlːæɾ]; born 24 May 1946) is a Turkish academic, economist, and politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Turkey from 1993 to 1996. She is Turkey's first and only female prime minister. 坦苏·奇莱尔1963年与奥泽尔·奇莱尔（Özer Uçuran Çiller）结婚（因她家无子，丈夫遵从她父亲的愿望随妻姓）。有两个儿子：梅尔特（Mert）和贝尔克（Berk）。坦苏精通英文和德文，外表温文尔雅，常以贤妻良母形象出现在公众面前，颇得国人的好感。但在政坛上却素有“铁娘子”之称。
The Hüdavendigâr Vilayet (Ottoman Turkish: ولايت خداوندگار, romanized: Vilâyet-i Hüdavendigâr, directly borrowed from Persian meaning "Dominion of the Lord"),[3] or Bursa Vilayet after its administrative centre, was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. The name Hüdavendigâr was a poetic Ottoman name for Bursa, from the Persianword خداوندگار, Khodavandegār, meaning God, Lord.As of 1920, the British had described the vilayet as being "one of the most prosperous in Anatolia." The northern and western regions were mainly occupied by Christians. Highlands were populated by Turkish immigrants from Europe. The area near the Sea of Marmara was considered the most fertile area, with a large portion of the vilayet being "marshy and fever-stricken, especially between Bursa and Panderma." The vilayet produced wheat, barley, maize, beans, and seeds in the northern and western regions. Throughout the region, opium, tobacco and cotton was also produced. The area around Lake Iznik produced rice. The Balıkhisar area produced "some of the finest fruit grown in Turkey."[5] Barley is also of large production in the highlands and is exported to England.
Cappadocia (/kæpəˈdoʊʃə/; also Capadocia; Turkish: Kapadokya, Greek: Καππαδοκία Kappadokía, from Ancient Greek: Καππαδοκία, from Old Persian: Katpatuka) is a historical region in Central Anatolia, largely in the Nevşehir, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Aksaray, and Niğde Provinces in Turkey. According to Herodotus, in the time of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC), the Cappadocians were reported as occupying a region from Mount Taurus to the vicinity of the Euxine (Black Sea). Cappadocia, in this sense, was bounded in the south by the chain of the Taurus Mountains that separate it from Cilicia, to the east by the upper Euphrates, to the north by Pontus, and to the west by Lycaonia and eastern Galatia. The name, traditionally used in Christian sources throughout history,[citation needed] continues in use as an international tourism concept to define a region of exceptional natural wonders, in particular characterized by fairy chimneys and a unique historical and cultural heritage.
- The earliest record of the name of Cappadocia dates from the late 6th century BC, when it appears in the trilingual inscriptions of two early Achaemenid kings, Darius I and Xerxes, as one of the countries (Old Persian dahyu-) of the Persian Empire. In these lists of countries, the Old Persian name is Haspaduya, which according to some researchers is derived from Iranian Huw-aspa-dahyu- "the land/country of beautiful horses". Others proposed that Kat-patuka came from the Luwian language, meaning "Low Country". Subsequent research suggests that the adverb katta meaning 'down, below' is exclusively Hittite, while its Luwian equivalent is zanta.Therefore the recent modification of this proposal operates with the Hittite katta peda-, literally "place below" as a starting point for the development of the toponym Cappadocia. Herodotus tells us that the name of the Cappadocians was applied to them by the Persians, while they were termed by the Greeks "Syrians" or "White Syrians" Leucosyri. One of the Cappadocian tribes he mentions is the Moschoi, associated by Flavius Josephus with the biblical figure Meshech, son of Japheth: "and the Mosocheni were founded by Mosoch; now they are Cappadocians". AotJ I:6.
- Cappadocia appears in the biblical account given in the book of Acts 2:9. The Cappadocians were named as one group hearing the Gospel account from Galileans in their own language on the day of Pentecost shortly after the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Acts 2:5 seems to suggest that the Cappadocians in this account were "God-fearing Jews". See Acts of the Apostles. The region is also mentioned in the Jewish Mishnah, in Ketubot 13:11.
- [tr berg] aristagoras of miletus called cappadocians syrians
恰納卡萊（土耳其語：Çanakkale），又稱為加歷奇 Çanakkale (pronounced [tʃaˈnakkale]) is a city and seaport in Turkey, in Çanakkale Province, on the southern coast of the Dardanelles at their narrowest point. Çanakkale is the finishing point every year for an organised swim across the Hellespont from Eceabat. This event emulates the swim in 1810 by Lord Byron, who was himself emulating the legendary swim by Leander in the story of Hero and Leander.- [tr berg] aristagoras of miletus called cappadocians syrians
The city is the nearest major town to the site of ancient Troy. The wooden horse from the 2004 movie Troy is exhibited on the seafront.Çanakkale is the name for a site earlier known as Kale-I-Sultaniye, which was adopted as the official term for the town in 1890, though current a century earlier.[4] Çanakkale was an Ottoman fortress called Kale-i Sultaniye (Ottoman Turkish: قلعة سلطانيه) or Sultaniye kalesi(Fortress of the Sultan). From the late 17th century it also became known for its fine-glazed pottery, Çanakkale ceramics, compared by one traveler to Delftware hence the later name Çanak kalesi 'pot fortress'. The Greek Byzantine name for Çanakkale چینک قله was Δαρδανέλλια, Dardanellia,[5] from which the English name Dardanelles is derived.
From around 1920, the British began to call Çanakkale Chanak and Kale Sultanie in their reporting.
- 恰納卡萊曾是希臘的領土，直至1923年土耳其獨立戰爭後才正式成為土耳其領土。
- 恰納卡萊曾是希臘的領土，直至1923年土耳其獨立戰爭後才正式成為土耳其領土。
- https://www.reuters.com/article/turkey-environment/dont-come-if-you-like-gold-turks-march-against-planned-gold-mine-idUSL4N2512CM Thousands of Turks including opposition lawmakers staged a peaceful and unusually large protest on the outskirts of a small western town on Monday against what they say will be pollution from a foreign-owned gold mine project. Public opposition to the site owned by Dogu Biga Mining, the Turkish subsidiary of Canada-based Alamos Gold Inc, mounted after the firm allegedly cut down four times the number of trees than it declared in an environmental impact report. Near the town of Kirazli in Turkey’s Canakkale province, a few dozen environmentalists have slept in tents since July 26 as part of what they call a “Watch for Water and Conscience”. Activists say cyanide will be used to extract gold in the Alamos project and will contaminate the soil and waters of a nearby dam. The Turkish government rejects charges that the mine will damage the environment and denies cyanide will be used. Turkish environmentalists were part of protests in 2013 over a project to demolish Istanbul’s Gezi Park, which grew into nationwide anti-government unrest that prompted a violent security crackdown and hundreds of arrests.
Çorum (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈtʃoɾum]; Medieval Greek: Ευχάνεια, romanized: Euchaneia) is a northern Anatolian city that is the capital of the Çorum Province of Turkey. Çorum is located inland in the central Black Sea Region of Turkey, primarily known for its Phrygian and Hittite archaeological sites, its thermal springs, and its native roasted chick-pea snacks known nationally as leblebi.
The history of the area around the present-day city is known to go as far back as the Paleolithic ages, with small settlements and tools from the era variously having been excavated over the past century.
The town also seems to have been an Assyriantrading post acting as a connection between Anatolia and Mesopotamia between 1950 and 1850 BC. The city and surrounding area rose to prominence with the emergence of the Hittite Empire between 1650-1200 BC, under the patronage of which the arts and local economy significantly developed and prospered. Hattusa, the capital of Hittite Empire, was located in the region owing to its inherent geographic protection, and the well-established local economy as supported by the regional Karumsystem.Following the collapse of the Hittites, the Phrygian Empire continued to keep stability in the region.The city officially joined the Republic of Turkey following the declaration of the Republic in 1923. In 1980, radical Sunni Muslims perpetrated the Çorum Massacre against the Alevis, killing 57 and injuring more than 200.The etymology of the city's name is uncertain.- kazakhstan
- https://www.inform.kz/en/abai-park-opens-in-turkey-s-orum_a3734253
Elâzığ Province (Turkish: Elâzığ ili) is a province of Turkey with its seat in the city ofElâzığ. The source of the Euphrates river is located in this province.
Fethiye (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈfethije]) is a city and district of Muğla Province in the Aegean region of Turkey A Lycian legend explains the source of the name Telmessos as follows: The god Apollo falls in love with the youngest daughter of the King of Phoenicia, Agenor. He disguises himself as a small dog and thus gains the love of the shy, withdrawn daughter. After he reappears as a handsome man, they have a son, whom they name 'Telmessos' (the land of lights).[citation needed]The city became part of the Persian Empire after the invasion of the Persian general Harpagosin 547 BC, along with other Lycian and Carian cities. Telmessos then joined the Attic-Delos Union established in mid-5th century BC. and, although it later left the union and became an independent city, continued its relations with the union until the 4th century BC.Very little is known of the city during Byzantine times. Surviving buildings attest to considerable prosperity during late Antiquity, but most were abandoned in the 7th–8th centuries due to the Arab-Byzantine Wars.[citation needed] The city was fortified in the 8th century, and appears as "Telmissos or Anastasioupolis" ca. 800. By the 10th century, the ancient name was forgotten and it became known as Makre or Makri (Μάκρη, "long one"), from the name of the island at the entrance to the harbour. In the 12th–13th centuries there are signs of renewed prosperity: the city walls were enlarged, a report from 1106 names Makre a centre for perfume production, and geographical works from the 13th century describe the city as a commercial centre. The area fell to the Turks in the late 12th or early 13th century. Telmessos was ruled by the Anatolian beylik of Menteşe starting in 1284, under the name Beskaza. It became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1424. The town grew considerably in the 19th century, and had a large Greek population at this time.[3] Following the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the Greeks of Makri were sent to Greece where they founded the town of Nea Makri (New Makri) in Greece. The town was resettled with Turks from Greece. At nearby Kayaköy, formerly Levissi, the abandoned Greek Orthodoxchurch is still standing[citation needed]In 1934, the city was renamed 'Fethiye' in honor of Yüzbaşı Fethi Bey one of the first pilots of the Ottoman Air Force, killed in 1914 by Al-Samra.
- 提洛同盟的名字來自舉辦同盟會議的 提洛島。在希波戰爭後，原屬希臘聯軍 的斯巴達人認為戰爭已經結束，沒有必 要再將士兵留在希臘以外的地方，很快 就將軍隊撤離，剩下的各城邦在提洛島 上舉辦會議，決定成立一個軍事同盟以 抵抗將來波斯帝國的再度侵略。各成員 國都需要提供武力或資金以支持同盟的 運作，大部分成員國都以稅金代替軍 力。 然而，波斯國力在希波戰爭後已大不 如前，根本無法再向希臘各城邦發動攻 擊，同盟的存在意義很快便受到考驗。 事實上，隨着時間過去，國力最強的雅 典在短短十年內就確立了同盟的領導地 位，同時整治了一些企圖離開同盟的城 邦國，提洛同盟至此被雅典私有化，甚 至到最後，雅典決定將原來設置於提洛 島的同盟稅金金庫搬回雅典，甚至挪用 同盟的稅金為自己的都市建設與國防無 關的廟宇。 這時代的雅典，是一個急速崛起的新 力量，時任雅典民選領袖的伯里克里斯 可以說是雅典崛起的最大功臣，甚至被 後世稱為「民主之父」。 http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/07/13/a14-0713.pdf
Hasankeyf (Kurmanji Kurdish: Heskîf, Arabic: حصن كيفا, Armenian: Հարսնքվ, Greek: Κιφας, Latin: Cepha, Syriac: ܟܐܦܐ) is an ancient town and district located along the Tigris River in the Batman Province in southeastern Turkey. It was declared a natural conservation area by Turkey in 1981.[3] Kurdish people form the majority of the city centre today. Much of the city and its archeological sites are at risk of being flooded with the completion of the Ilisu Dam.Hasankeyf is an ancient settlement that has borne many names from a variety of cultures during its history. The variety of these names is compounded by the many ways that non-Latin alphabets such as Syriac and Arabic can be transliterated. Underlying these many names is much continuity between cultures in the basic identification of the site. The city of Ilānṣurā mentioned in the Akkadian and Northwest Semitic texts of the Mari Tablets (1800–1750 BC) may possibly be Hasankeyf, although other sites have also been proposed.[4] By the Roman period, the fortified town was known in Latin as Cephe, Cepha or Ciphas, a name that appears to derive from the Syriac word ܟܐܦܐ (kefa or kifo), meaning "rock". As the eastern and western portions of the Roman Empire split around AD 330, Κιφας (Kiphas) became formalized as the Greek name for this Byzantine bishopric. Following the Arab conquest of 640, the town became known under the Arabic name حصن كيفا (Hisn Kayf). "Hisn" means "fortress" in Arabic, so the name overall means "rock fortress". Western reports about the town before the 20th century refer to it by various names that are transliterated from Arabic or Ottoman Turkish. The most popular of these were Hisn Kaifa and Hisn Kayfa, although a wide variety of others are used including Ḥiṣn Kaifā, Ḥiṣn Kayfā, Ḥiṣn Kayfâ, Ḥiṣn Kīfā, Ḥiṣn Kîfâ, Hisn Kayf, Husn Kayfa, Hassan-Keyf, Hosnkeif and Husunkeïf. Two early Armenian historians list additional names for the town: Harsenkev (Armenian: Հարսնքվ) is recorded by Matthew of Edessa (Mesrob Eretz) and Kentzy is recorded by P. Lucas Ingigian. As part of Atatürk's Reforms in the 1920s and 30s, many place names were modified to more Turkish-sounding forms and the town's official name was changed to Hasankeyf. This version appears occasionally in foreign reports in the mid 20th-century but only becomes prevalent after about 1980. In the Kurmanji Kurdish language, the town is known as Heskîf.
- 位於土耳其東南部的哈桑凱伊夫（Hasankeyf），是庫爾德族人聚居的古鎮，曾經歷多個文明。該城在七十年代起發展旅遊業，用作居住的上萬個洞穴更成為一大景區。但政府要在底格里斯河興建國內第二大的水壩，令哈桑凱伊夫難逃水淹厄運，區內約三千名居民被迫遠走他鄉。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190225/00180_022.html哈塔伊省 Hatay Province (Turkish: Hatay ili, pronounced [ˈhataj]) is a province in southern Turkey, on the eastern Mediterranean coast. The administrative capital is Antakya (Antioch), and the other major city in the province is the port city of İskenderun(Alexandretta). The province is part of Çukurova (Cilicia), a geographical, economical and cultural region that covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay. Sovereignty over the province remains disputed with neighbouring Syria, which claims that the province was separated from itself against the stipulations of the French Mandate of Syria in the years following Syria's independence from the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Although the two countries have remained generally peaceful in their dispute over the territory, Syria has never formally renounced its claims to it.
- Settled since the early Bronze Age, Hatay was once part of the Akkadian Empire, then the Amorite Kingdom of Yamhad an Mitannis, then a succession of Hittites, the Neo-Hittite"Hattena" people that later gave the modern province of Hatay its name, then the Assyrians (except a brief occupation by Urartu) and Persians. The region was the center of the Hellenistic Seleucid empire, home to the four Greek cities of the Syrian tetrapolis (Antioch, Seleucia Pieria, Apamea, and Laodicea). From 64 BC onwards the city of Antioch became an important regional centre of the Roman Empire.
- Issus (Phoenician: Sissu, Ancient Greek: Ἱσσός or Ἱσσοί) is an ancient settlement on the strategic coastal plain straddling the small Pinarus river (a fast melt-water stream several metres wide) below the navigationally difficult inland mountains towering above to the east in the Turkish Province of Hatay, near the border with Syria. It can be identified with Kinet Höyük in the village of Yeṣilköy near Dörtyol in the Hatay province of Turkey. Excavations on the mound occurred between 1992 and 2012 by Bilkent University. It is most notable for being the place of no less than three decisive ancient or medieval battles each called in their own era the Battle of Issus:
- The Battle of Issus (333 BC); Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated Darius III of Persia. This battle is occasionally called the First Battle of Issus, but is more generally known simply as the Battle of Issus, owing to the importance of Alexander's victory over the First Persian Empire and its impact on subsequent history of the region, including all the successor polities.
- Battle of Issus (194), or Second Battle of Issus — between the forces of Emperor Septimius Severus and his rival, Pescennius Niger.
- Battle of Issus (622), or Third Battle of Issus — between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Persian Empire.
- Hatay State (Turkish: Hatay Devleti, French: État du Hatay, Arabic: دولة خطاي Dawlat Khaṭāy), also known informally as the Republic of Hatay, was a transitional political entity that existed from September 7, 1938, to June 29, 1939, in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. The state was transformed de jure into the Hatay Province of Turkey on July 7, 1939, de facto joining the country on July 23, 1939.Formerly part of the Aleppo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, the Sanjak of Alexandretta was occupied by France at the end of World War I and constituted part of the French Mandate of Syria.The Sanjak of Alexandretta was an autonomous sanjak from 1921 to 1923, as a result of the French-Turkish treaty of October 20, 1921, considering the presence of an important Turkish community along with Arab and Armenian ones. Then it was attached to the State of Aleppo, then in 1925 it was directly attached to the State of Syria, still with a special administrative status.Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürkrefused to accept the Sanjak of Alexandretta to be part of the Mandate and, in a speech on March 15, 1923 in Adana, claimed, that it was "a Turkish homeland for 40 centuries" and that "can't be a captive at the hands of enemy".[2] In truth, the Turks first appeared in Anatolia during the 11th century when the Seljuk Turks occupied the eastern province of the Abbasid Empire and captured Baghdad.[3]Turkish politics aimed at incorporating the Sanjak of Alexandretta when the French mandate of Syria would expire in 1935. Local Turks initiated reforms in the style of Atatürk's, formed various organisations and institutions in order to promote the idea of union with Turkey.
- taiwan
- 這座擁有52個造型奇特拱形屋頂的建築群已定名為台灣－雷伊漢勒世界公民中心（Taiwan-Reyhanli Centre for World Citizens，簡稱台灣中心）。基地距土、敘邊界才3公里，邊界圍牆另一邊就是衝突熱點伊德利布省（Idlib）。2018年初兩國關係緊張時，從牆那一頭射出的數枚短程火箭曾造成雷伊漢勒多人傷亡。這座當地人口中的「新巴扎」（巴扎為有頂巿集）由安卡拉畢爾肯特大學（Bilkent University）建築系助理教授裘振宇規劃設計。他為建築籌備近4年，以跟當地人「搏感情」方式進行深度調查研究後才開工，得到非政府組織、非營利組織的信賴和巿長哈吉歐魯（Mehmet Hacioglu）充分授權，真正工期只需要不到3個月。哈吉歐魯告訴中央社記者：「Chiu（裘）除了是這棟建築的規劃者、建築師、志工，還是第一個贊助者。他過去3年8個月帶著學生到雷伊漢勒調查研究超過30次，非常了解雷伊漢勒，我們也非常了解他。」去年3月底首度當選的這位邊城巿長10日任命裘振宇為台灣－雷伊漢勒世界公民中心執行長、任命敘利亞難民瓦力（Mhd Walid Abdi）為專案經理。裘振宇說，分隔建築群52個空間單元的預鑄混凝土塊來自於分隔土、敘邊界的圍牆。圍牆過去無情分隔雙方，如今將幫助兩個族群共存共榮。而拱形屋頂設計理念則源自敘北阿勒坡大清真寺（Great Mosque of Aleppo）的拱形迴廊。https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202008100367.aspx
- オスマン帝国時代にはハミーダーバード（Hamidabad）と呼ばれていた。かつてはバリス（Baris）、バレオス（Bareos）の名前で呼ばれ、サバルダ（Sabarda）、ウスバルダ（Isbarda）に転訛していったと考えられている。
- Eğirdir and the lake were formerly called Eğridir, a Turkish pronunciation of the town's old Greek name Akrotori. Moreover, the name "Eğridir" evokes spinning and flowers in its literal meaning. The town was founded by the Hittites before falling to the Phrygians in around 1200 BC, and subsequently being conquered by the Lydians, the Persians and the forces of Alexander the Great. The Romans called the town Prostanna. During the Byzantine era, when it acquired its name of Akrotiri ("peninsula"), it was the seat of a bishopric. The Seljuks conquered it around 1080 and held it until the Hamidoğulları tribe made it the capital of a small principality in 1280, which lasted until 1381.[3] The 14th century traveller Ibn Battuta described it as "a great and populous city with fine bazaars and running streams, fruit trees and orchards", which was situated beside "a lake of sweet water".[4]The Ottomans took control in 1417. Most of its population consisted of Greek Orthodox people until the population exchanges of the 1920s.
istanbul
- Neolithic artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 7th millennium BCE.[34] That early settlement, important in the spread of the Neolithic Revolution from the Near East to Europe, lasted for almost a millennium before being inundated by rising water levels. The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE, On the European side, near the point of the peninsula (Sarayburnu), there was a Thracian settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE. Modern authors have linked it to the Thracian toponym Lygos, mentioned by Pliny the Elder as an earlier name for the site of Byzantium. Following the model of Rome, the historic peninsula is said to be characterized by seven hills, each topped by imperial mosques.
- eurasia tunnel
- Avrasya Tüneli İşletme İnşaat ve Yatırım A.Ş. (ATAŞ) was founded on 26 October 2009 by the partnership of Yapı Merkezi from Turkey and SK E&C from South Korea. The build–operate–transfer model adopted at the Eurasia Tunnel, has brought together the private investment dynamism and their project experience, and the support of international financial institutions. The total duration of concession is 30 years and six months. The handling over is scheduled to be by April 2043. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is supplying a finance package worth US$150 million. Other components of the US$1.245 billion financing package include a $350 million loan from the European Investment Bank (EIB) and financing and guarantees from Export-Import Bank of Korea and K-Sure, also with participation from Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Standard Chartered, Mizuho Bank, Türkiye İş Bankası, Garanti Bank and Yapı ve Kredi Bankası. A hedging facility for the transaction is provided by some of the lenders as well as Deutsche Bank.
- https://www.quora.com/Do-Greeks-want-to-recover-Constantinople
*****manisa province
- The historic part of Manisa spreads out from a forested valley in the immediate slopes of Sipylus mountainside, along Çaybaşı Stream which flows next to Niobe's "Weeping Rock" ("Ağlayan Kaya"), an ancient bridge called the "Red Bridge" ("Kırmızı Köprü") as well as to several tombs-shrines in the Turkish style dating back to the Saruhan period (14th century). Under Ottoman rule in the centuries that followed, the city had already extended into the undulated terrain at the start of the plain. In the last couple of decades, Manisa's width more than tripled in size across its vast plain formed by the alluvial deposits of the River Gediz, a development in which the construction of new block apartments, industrial zones and of Celal Bayar University campus played a key role. The city of Manisa is also widely visited, especially during March and September festivals, the former festival being the continuation of a five-hundred-year-old "Mesir Paste Distribution" tradition, and also for the nearby Mount Spil national park. It is also a departure point for other visitor attractions of international acclaim which are located nearby within Manisa's depending region, such as Sardes and Alaşehir (ancient Philadelphia) inland. There is a Jewish community.Historically, the city was also called Magnesia (Greek: Μαγνησία), and more precisely as Magnesia ad Sipylum to distinguish from Magnesia on the Maeander at a relatively short distance to the south. Traditional view held that the name "Magnesia" derived from the tribe of Magnetes who would have immigrated here from Thessaly at the dawn of the region's recorded history. A connection with native Anatolian languageshas also been suggested of recent date, particularly on the basis of discoveries made in the Hittite archives treating the Luwianwestern Anatolia. The name is rendered as Μαγνησία in ancient and modern Greek language. The name "Magnesia ad Sipylus" refers to Mount Sipylus (Mount Spil) that towers over the city and Magnesia became a city of importance starting with the Roman dominion, particularly after the 190 BC Battle of Magnesia. The names "Sipylus" or "Sipylum" in reference to a settlement here are also encountered in some sources, again in reference to the mountain and as abbreviated forms. Pliny the Elder, supported by other sources, mentions that formerly in the same place was a very celebrated city which was called "Tantalis" [4] or "the city of Tantalus" whose ruins were still visible around his time.Under Turkish rule, the name attached to the Beys of "Saruhan", who founded the Beylikwhich preceded the Ottomans in the region, has been officially used, along with the name Manisa, for the city and the region alternatively and this until the present period of the Republic of Turkey. The Ottoman Turkish form of the name "Manisa" (ماغنيسا) was usually as it is still used presently, but a spelling with a longer first syllable, transcribed to modern Turkish as "Mağnisa", was also occasionally encountered. During the first centuries of the Ottoman Empire, many of the sons of sultans received their education in Manisa and the city is still commonly known in Turkey as "the city of shahzades" (Şehzadeler şehri), a distinctive title it shares only with Amasya and Trabzon. The English language root word "magnesia", from which the words "magnet" and "magnetism"and numerous other derivations were coined, as well as their equivalents in many other languages, may derive from the city's name.
The Sea of Marmara (/ˈmɑːrmərə/; Turkish: Marmara Denizi; Ancient Greek: Προποντίς, Προποντίδα), also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, and in the context of classical antiquity as the Propontis, is the inland sea, entirely within the borders of Turkey, that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating Turkey's Asian and Europeanparts. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Black Sea and the Dardanelles strait to the Aegean Sea. The sea takes its name from Marmara Island, which is rich in sources of marble, from the Greek μάρμᾰρον (mármaron), "marble".The sea's ancient Greek name Propontisderives from pro- (before) and pontos(sea), deriving from the fact that the Greeks sailed through it to reach the Black Sea, Pontos.
mersin province
- ******** 塔爾蘇斯，又譯大數、塔爾索 Tarsus (/ˈtɑːrsəs/; Hittite: Tarsa; Greek: Ταρσός Tarsós; Armenian: Տարսոն Tarson; Arabic: طَرَسُوس Ṭarsūs) is a historic city in south-central Turkey. Tarsus has long been an important stop for traders and a focal point of many civilizations. During the Roman Empire, Tarsus was the capital of the province of Cilicia. It was the scene of the first meeting between Mark Antony and Cleopatra, and the birthplace of Paul the Apostle.Located on the mouth of the Berdan River (Cydnus in antiquity), which empties into the Mediterranean, Tarsus is a junction point of land and sea routes connecting the Cilician plain (today called Çukurova), central Anatolia and the Mediterranean sea. The climate is typical of the Mediterranean region, with very hot summers and chilly, damp winters.Tarsus has a long history of commerce, and is still a commercial centre today, trading in the produce of the fertile Çukurova plain; also Tarsus is a thriving industrial centre of refining and processing that produces some for export. Industries include agricultural machinery, spare parts, textiles, fruit-processing, brick-making and ceramics.The ancient name is Tarsos, derived from Tarsa, the original name given to the city by the Hittites, who were among the earliest settlers of the region in the historical period. It was possibly derived from the storm god Tarḫunz.[3] Tarsus is first mentioned in the historical record in Akkadian texts of the Neo-Assyrian era as Tarsisi. During the Hellenistic era it was known as Antiochia on the Cydnus (Greek: Αντιόχεια του Κύδνου, Latin: Antiochia ad Cydnum), to distinguish it from Syrian Antioch. It was known as Juliopolis to the Romans, Darson in Western Armenian and Tarson in Eastern Armenian.
Mudurnu is a small town and a district of Bolu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. The town has a long history and the name Mudurnu comes from the Byzantine princess Modrene (Μωδρηνή in Byzantine Greek), and the ruins of the Byzantine castle can still be seen above the town. In the 8th century AD, the forces of the Byzantine usurper Artabasdos, commanded by his son Niketas, were defeated at or near this location by the army of the legitimate emperor Constantine V, before being defeated again at Chrysopolis, the same location where Constantine the Great defeated his Eastern rival Licinius.In the late 19th and early 20th century, Mudurnu was part of the Kastamonu Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire.This is an attractive district of forest and mountain. Mudurnu itself is a historical town with a number of well-preserved Ottoman Empire period houses. A portion of the centre of town has been declared an Historic Preservation District ("Kentsel Sit Alanı").In 1920, during the Nationalists' push to gain control over the country, İbrahim Çolak with the Kuva-yi Milliye besieged forces loyal to the Porte for three days, May 13 to 15, before taking the town.
- there is a burj al babas villa near the town which has houses looking like the disney chateaux
薩卡里亞The Turks conquered the city of Sakarya in the 13th century. There was intensive immigration from Caucasia and the Balkans in the 18th and 19th centuries. The last massive immigration was in 1989. Thanks to the developing industry and being at a transportation crossroads, the city still receives domestic migration today. Sakarya is notable in the Marmara Region.
薩姆松Samsun (Pontic Greek: Σαμψούντα, Sampsúnta) is a city on the north coast of Turkey with a population of around 1.4 million people. It is the provincial capital of Samsun Province and a major Black Sea port. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk began the Turkish War of Independence here in 1919.
- The present name of the city may come from its former Greek name of Amisós (Αμισός) by a reinterpretation of eís Amisón (meaning "to Amisós") and ounta (Greek suffix for place names) to [eí]s Am[p]s-únta (Σαμψούντα : Sampsúnta) and then Samsun[1] (pronounced [samsun]).The early Greek historian Hecataeus wrote that Amisos was formerly called Enete, the place mentioned in Homer's Iliad. In Book II, Homer says that the ἐνετοί (Enetoi) inhabited Paphlagonia on the southern coast of the Black Sea in the time of the Trojan War (c. 1200 BC). The Paphlagonians are listed among the allies of the Trojans in the war, where their king Pylaemenes and his son Harpalion perished.[2] Strabo mentioned that the inhabitants had disappeared by his time.
锡诺普 Sinop, historically known as Sinope (/sɪˈnoʊpi/), is a city with a population of 36,734 on the isthmus of İnce Burun (İnceburun, Cape Ince), near Cape Sinope (Sinop Burnu, Boztepe Cape, Boztepe Burnu) which is situated on the most northern edge of the Turkish side of the Black Sea coast, in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, in modern-day northern Turkey. The city serves as the capital of Sinop Province.
- Over a period of approximately 2,500 years, Sinope has at various times been settled by Greeks (in the late 7th, late 5th, and 4th–3rd centuries BC), by Romans in the mid-1st century BC, and by Turkic people beginning in the 12th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries it was also settled by the muhacir who immigrated from the Balkans and Caucasus.
van province
- The majority of the province's population is Kurdish, and has a sizable Azerbaijani minority (Küresünni).This area was the heartland of Armenians, who lived in these areas from the time of Hayk in the 3rd millennium BCE right up to the late 19th century when the Ottoman Empire seized all the land from the natives.[7] In the 9th century BC the Van area was the center of the Urartian kingdom.[8] The area was a major Armenian population center. The region came under the control of the ArmenianOrontids in the 7th century BC and later Persians in the mid-6th century BC. By the early 2nd century BC it was part of the Kingdom of Armenia. It became an important center during the reign of the Armenian king, Tigranes II, who founded the city of Tigranakert in the 1st century BC.
- 凡城 Van (Armenian: Վան; Kurdish: Wan; Ottoman Turkish: فان) is a city in eastern Turkey's Van Province, located on the eastern shore of Lake Van. The city has a long history as a major urban area. It has been a large city since the first millennium BC, initially as the capital of Urartu in the 9th century BC and later as the center of the Armenian Kingdom of Vaspurakan. It remained an important center of Armenian culture until the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Today, Van has a Kurdish majority and a sizeable Turkish minority.Under the ancient name of Tushpa, Van was the capital of the Urartian kingdom in the 9th century BC. The early settlement was centered on the steep-sided bluff now known as Van Castle (Van Kalesi), close to the edge of Lake Van and a few kilometers west of the modern city. Here have been found Urartian cuneiform inscriptions dating to the 8th and 7th centuries BC. In the trilingual Behistun inscription, carved in the order of Darius the Great of Persia, the country referred to as Urartu in Babylonian is called Armenia in Old Persian. The name 'Van' comes from the Urartian Biaina.
Association/Institution
- regional
- trade
It has also been known as Peiraieos by Athenian settlers and even briefly as Pompeiopolis by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.The city was called Simisso by the Genoese and during the Ottoman Empire the present name was written in Ottoman Turkish: صامسون (Ṣāmsūn).
- Paleolithic artifacts found in the Tekkeköy Caves can be seen in Samsun Archaeology Museum.The earliest layer excavated of the höyük of Dündartepe revealed a Chalcolithic settlement. Early Bronze Age and Hittite settlements were also found there[5] and at Tekkeköy.Samsun (then known as Amisos, Greek Αμισός, alternative spelling Amisus) was settled in about 760–750 BC by Ionians from Miletus,[6] who established a flourishing trade relationship with the ancient peoples of Anatolia. The city's ideal combination of fertile ground and shallow waters attracted numerous traders.Amisus was settled by the Ionian Milesians in the 6th century BC,[8] it is believed that there was significant Greek activity along the coast of the Black Sea, although the archaeological evidence for this is very fragmentary.[9] The only archaeological evidence we have as early as the 6th century is a fragment of wild goat style Greek pottery, in the Louvre.The city was captured by the Persians in 550 BC and became part of Cappadocia (satrapy).[4] In the 5th century BC, Amisus became a free state and one of the members of the Delian League led by the Athenians;[11] it was then renamed Peiraeus under Pericles.[12] Starting the 3rd century BC the city came under the control of Mithridates I, later founder of the Kingdom of Pontus. The Amisos treasure may have belonged to one of the kings. Tumuli, containing tombs dated between 300 BC and 30 BC, can be seen at Amisos Hill but unfortunately Toraman Tepe was mostly flattened during construction of the 20th century radar base.The Romans conquered Amisus in 71 BC during the Third Mithridatic War.[14] and Amisus became part of Bithynia et Pontus province. Around 46 BC, during the reign of Julius Caesar, Amisus became the capital of Roman Pontus.[8] From the period of the Second Triumvirate up to Nero, Pontus was ruled by several client kings, as well as one client queen, Pythodorida of Pontus, a granddaughter of Marcus Antonius. From 62 CE it was directly ruled by Roman governors, most famously by Trajan's appointee Pliny. Pliny the Younger's address to the Emperor Trajan in the 1st century CE "By your indulgence, sir, they have the benefit of their own laws," is interpreted by John Boyle Orrery to indicate that the freedoms won for those in Pontus by the Romans was not pure freedom and depended on the generosity of the Roman emperor.The estimated population of the city around 150 AD is between 20,000 and 25,000 people, classifying it as a relatively large city for that time.[16] The city functioned as the commercial capital for the province of Pontus; beating its rival Sinope (now Sinop) due to its position at the head of the trans-Anatolia highway.In Late Antiquity, the city became part of the Dioecesis Pontica within the eastern Roman Empire; later still it was part of the Armeniac Theme.[17] Samsun Castle was built on the seaside in 1192, it was demolished between 1909 and 1918.
- jews
- Though the roots of the city are Hellenistic,[8] it was also one of the centers of an early Christian congregation.[8] Its function as a commercial metropolis in northern Asia Minor was a contributing factor to enable the spread of Christian influence. As a large port city – the commercial capital of Pontus [18] – travel to and from Christian hotbeds like Jerusalem was not uncommon. According to Josephus, there was large Jewish diaspora in Asia Minor.[20] Given that the early evangelist Christians focused on Jewish diaspora communities, and that the Jewish diaspora in Amisus was a geographically accessible group with a mixed heritage group, it is not surprising that Amisus would be an appealing site for evangelist work. The author of 1 Peter 1:1 addresses the Jewish diaspora of the province of Pontus, along with four other provinces: "Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To God's elect, exiles scattered throughout the provinces of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia." (Peter 1:1) As Amisus would have been the largest commercial port-city in the province, it is believed certain that the spread of Christianity in the region would have begun there.
锡诺普 Sinop, historically known as Sinope (/sɪˈnoʊpi/), is a city with a population of 36,734 on the isthmus of İnce Burun (İnceburun, Cape Ince), near Cape Sinope (Sinop Burnu, Boztepe Cape, Boztepe Burnu) which is situated on the most northern edge of the Turkish side of the Black Sea coast, in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, in modern-day northern Turkey. The city serves as the capital of Sinop Province.
- Over a period of approximately 2,500 years, Sinope has at various times been settled by Greeks (in the late 7th, late 5th, and 4th–3rd centuries BC), by Romans in the mid-1st century BC, and by Turkic people beginning in the 12th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries it was also settled by the muhacir who immigrated from the Balkans and Caucasus.
van province
- The majority of the province's population is Kurdish, and has a sizable Azerbaijani minority (Küresünni).This area was the heartland of Armenians, who lived in these areas from the time of Hayk in the 3rd millennium BCE right up to the late 19th century when the Ottoman Empire seized all the land from the natives.[7] In the 9th century BC the Van area was the center of the Urartian kingdom.[8] The area was a major Armenian population center. The region came under the control of the ArmenianOrontids in the 7th century BC and later Persians in the mid-6th century BC. By the early 2nd century BC it was part of the Kingdom of Armenia. It became an important center during the reign of the Armenian king, Tigranes II, who founded the city of Tigranakert in the 1st century BC.
- 凡城 Van (Armenian: Վան; Kurdish: Wan; Ottoman Turkish: فان) is a city in eastern Turkey's Van Province, located on the eastern shore of Lake Van. The city has a long history as a major urban area. It has been a large city since the first millennium BC, initially as the capital of Urartu in the 9th century BC and later as the center of the Armenian Kingdom of Vaspurakan. It remained an important center of Armenian culture until the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Today, Van has a Kurdish majority and a sizeable Turkish minority.Under the ancient name of Tushpa, Van was the capital of the Urartian kingdom in the 9th century BC. The early settlement was centered on the steep-sided bluff now known as Van Castle (Van Kalesi), close to the edge of Lake Van and a few kilometers west of the modern city. Here have been found Urartian cuneiform inscriptions dating to the 8th and 7th centuries BC. In the trilingual Behistun inscription, carved in the order of Darius the Great of Persia, the country referred to as Urartu in Babylonian is called Armenia in Old Persian. The name 'Van' comes from the Urartian Biaina.
Association/Institution
- regional
- On 25 June 1992, the Heads of State and Government of eleven countries signed inIstanbul the Summit Declaration and theBosporus Statement giving birth to the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) http://www.bsec-organization.org/Pages/homepage.aspx . It came into existence as a model of multilateral political and economic initiative aimed at fostering interaction and harmony among the Member States, as well as to ensure peace, stability and prosperity encouraging friendly and good-neighbourly relations in the Black Sea region. The BSEC Headquarters - the Permanent International Secretariat of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC PERMIS) - was established in March 1994 in Istanbul. With the entry into force of its Charter on 1 May 1999, BSEC acquired international legal identity and was transformed into a full-fledged regional economic organization: Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. With the accession of Serbia (then Serbia and Montenegro) in April 2004, the Organization’s Member States increased to twelve. An important aspect of the activities of BSEC is the development of SME and entrepreneurship in the member countries. Concerning these issues, a series of workshops have been organized in cooperation with Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung and ERENET.
- trade
- Foreign Economic Relations Board of Turkey (DEİK) http://www.turkey.doingbusinessguide.co.uk/supporting-organisations/deik/
- http://www.akib.org.tr/en/about-akib.html Mediterranean Exporter Associations began its activities in 1940 with three exporters' associations: Çukurova Cotton Exporters' Association, Livestock Exporters' Association of South Provinces and Mersin Grain, Pulses and Oily Seeds Exporters' Association and nowadays, 8 different Exporters' Associations are gathered under the same roof.
- http://www.iib.org.tr Istanbul Exporters' Associations (IEA-IIB**), which began to operate in 1940 with the foundation of Istanbul Cereals Pulses Oil Seeds Exporters' Association, is one of the 13 general secretariats. There are seven associations under (IEA-IIB)'s roof, operating in six different sectors. These associations are: Istanbul Furniture, Paper and Forestry Products Exporters' Association; Istanbul Cereals Pulses Oil Seeds and Products Exporters' Association ;Istanbul Hazelnut and Hazelnut Products Exporters' Association ;Istanbul Fishery and Animal Products Exporters' Association ;Istanbul Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Exporters' Association;Istanbul Dried Fruit and Products Exporters' Association ; Ship and Yacht Exporters Association
- black sea exporters association http://www.kib.org.tr/tr/
- Banking, FS
- Interbank Card Center (BKM) http://www.bkm.com.tr/
- Halk Bank
- aerospace
- confectionery
- seafood
- Türk Havacılık ve Uzay Sanayii A.Ş. (TUSAŞ) is the center of technology in design, development, manufacturing, integration of aerospace systems, modernization and after sales support in Turkey. Located in Ankara, the TAI production plant covers an area of 5 million square meters with an industrial facility of 150,000 square meters under its roof. The company has a modern aircraft facility furnished with high technology machinery and equipment that provide extensive manufacturing capabilities ranging from parts manufacturing to aircraft assembly, flight tests and delivery. Founded in 2005.
- confectionery
- http://www.turkishconfectionery.org.tr
- http://www.tayas.com.tr
- seafood
- Turkish seafood committee www.turkishseafood.org
- fashion
- Formally established under direction of ministry of economy in 2008
- Istanbul Textile and Apparel Exporter Association http://www.itkib.org.tr/english/index.asp, includes istanbul leather and leather products exporters' association
- Jewellery/Giftware
- istanbul mineral and metals exporters association http://www.immib.org.tr/en
- Jewellery Exporters’ Association is a semi-governmental non-profit organization that operates under the umbrella of the Mineral and Metal Exporters’ Associations of Istanbul, which is affiliated with the Ministry of Commerce.https://www.agjaconference.com/en_US/home-page/#preface
- organises asean gems and jewelry association conference
- chemical products
Company
- Hamdi Akin Ipek is the Chairman of Koza Ipek Holdings, a Turkish conglomerate that spans different industries and sectors in Turkey and internationally.In May, he was arrested in Britain in relation to a Turkish request based on his role in 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt to extradite him and was released with travel restrictions. He is due to face an extradition hearing in September, according to the British interior ministry.The turkish govt. attempts to have him. extradited to face trial were blockdd by the UK courts in April
- BAŞARAN YATIRIM HOLDİNG www.basaranyatirimholding.com
- Vestel is a Turkish home and professional appliances manufacturing company consisting of 18 companies specialised in electronics, major appliances and information technology. Vestel's headquarters and production plant are located in Manisa, while the company's parent conglomerate is the Istanbul based Zorlu Holding.
- energy
- Istanbul chemicals and chemical products and derivatives exporters association
- international organisation of turkic culture www.turksoy.org.tr
Company
- Hamdi Akin Ipek is the Chairman of Koza Ipek Holdings, a Turkish conglomerate that spans different industries and sectors in Turkey and internationally.In May, he was arrested in Britain in relation to a Turkish request based on his role in 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt to extradite him and was released with travel restrictions. He is due to face an extradition hearing in September, according to the British interior ministry.The turkish govt. attempts to have him. extradited to face trial were blockdd by the UK courts in April
- BAŞARAN YATIRIM HOLDİNG www.basaranyatirimholding.com
- http://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/2136761/11-dead-after-private-plane-flying-turkey-crashes-iran A wealthy socialite and her friends were among the 11 people killed on Sunday when a private plane bringing them home from a Dubai bachelorette party crashed into an Iranian mountainside.The plane was owned by the private holding company of Turkish tycoon Huseyin Basaran, and carried eight passengers and three crew, an official for Turkey’s transport ministry said. Those on board included Basaran’s daughter Mina and seven of her friends, all flying back from a party ahead of her planned wedding next month.
- Halk Bankası ("People's Bank"), or Halkbank, is a large Turkish state-owned bank. Halkbank was incorporated in 1933 and began offering services 1938; it initially provided loan services via the People’s Funds. After 1950, Halkbank was authorized to directly open branches and grant loans to customers. By the beginning of 1964, Halkbank had embarked upon an ambitious program where it increased capital and became more active by establishing a nationwide network of branches. Halkbank was a link in the chain to finance Iranian petroleum interests in the wake of U.S.-led nuclear sanctions. In March 2012 Iran was stopped from using the international money transfer system SWIFT. Halkbank seems, between March 2012 and July 2013 while the UN sanctions regime was in place prior to the November 2013 P5+1 agreement, to have purchased some $13bn worth of gold on the open market.[6] The sanctions prevented Iran from being paid in dollars or euros, but gold was never mentioned in the sanctions regime, and therefore this loophole allowed gold to be used to fund the purchase of Iranian petroleum products. Halkbank allowed the middlemen of Iran to buy gold with their Turkish lira, and that gold found its way back to Iranian coffers.[6] One investigation found that US$2bn in gold bullion (about 36 tonnes) was flown from Turkey to Dubai in August 2012 alone.[5] In defending its decision not to enforce its own sanctions, the Obama administration insisted that Turkey only transferred gold to private Iranian citizens. The administration argued that, as a result, this wasn't an explicit violation of its executive order. Iranian Ambassador to Turkey Ali Reza Bikdeli recently praised Halkbank for its "smart management decisions in recent years [that] have played an important role in Iranian-Turkish relations." Halkbank stated that there were no sanctions against trading precious metals with Iran until 1 July 2013.Halkbank also had Indian accounts that in 2013 traded with Iran: "India now owes Iran $5.3 billion in oil debt. India is planning to pay Iran $1 billion per month -- that is $12 billion annually -- also through Halkbank."
- Vestel is a Turkish home and professional appliances manufacturing company consisting of 18 companies specialised in electronics, major appliances and information technology. Vestel's headquarters and production plant are located in Manisa, while the company's parent conglomerate is the Istanbul based Zorlu Holding.
- energy
- genel energy
- https://www.ft.com/content/6a87af54-28ee-11e7-9ec8-168383da43b7 When in 2011 Tony Hayward announced an investment vehicle he had set up with financier Nat Rothschild was to buy a Turkish oil company with assets in the semi-autonomous Kurdistan region of Iraq, the former BP boss described the area as “the last big onshore ‘easy’ oil province . . . anywhere in the world”. The deal for the Turkish company — called Genel Energy — was supposed to mark a successful return to the oil and gas industry for Mr Hayward, who just a year earlier had resigned as chief executive of BP following fierce criticism of him and the UK energy group during its response to the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster in the US. It also promised to be a potentially highly lucrative transaction for the four founders of the investment vehicle, called Vallares, as the deal was structured so they would receive ordinary shares in Genel equivalent to a combined 6.7 per cent stake. The founders, who also included Julian Metherell, the former head of UK investment banking for Goldman Sachs, had originally put £100m into Vallares. Six years on, however, Mr Hayward’s venture into Kurdistan has looked anything but easy. When he departs Genel in June — he is due to resign both as chairman and as a director of the company at its annual meeting — Mr Hayward will leave behind a heavily lossmaking business. Its share price, which peaked at £11.44 in 2014, has slumped to 81.25p.
- https://www.ft.com/content/889d865e-4ab2-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b
A power struggle has broken out between rival shareholders at Genel, the Kurdistan-focused oil producer, after the departures of Tony Hayward and Nat Rothschild, the company’s high-profile founders. The chief executive of Genel’s second-biggest shareholder, a Turkish company called Bilgin Enerji, was ousted from the board on Tuesday when 51.6 per cent of votes were cast against his re-election at the UK group’s annual general meeting. The removal of Tolga Bilgin added to the upheaval facing Genel’s leadership after Mr Hayward, chairman of Glencore and former chief executive of BP, stepped down as Genel’s chairman at the end of Tuesday’s meeting. Mr Rothschild, the British financier who still owns 9 per cent of Genel, quit the board on Monday.
- food
- Yıldız Holding is a major Turkish conglomerate that is best known for manufacturing food products. The company also produces other consumer goods and has its own retail, private equity and real estate operations.
- Pladis is a global biscuit and confectionery company with operations in 120 countries across Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and the Americas. The company is owned by Yildiz Holding, the largest food company in CEEMEA, and has 320 brands including, Godiva, McVitie’s (acquired in 2014) and Ulker.
- Ulker, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3c056c68-642c-11e4-8ade-00144feabdc0.html Murat Ulker, the confectionery mogul Forbes magazine ranks as Turkey’s richest man, remembers the first time he got to grips with United Biscuits. As he recalls, it was more than 20 years ago when he pushed the British group out of Saudi Arabia by putting more cream in his custard cream cookies. Now the connection is much more intimate. After 27 hours of negotiations in London on Sunday and Monday, Yildiz Holding, Mr Ulker’s conglomerate, displayed the spoils of Turkey’s biggest foreign investment to date. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-03/godiva-owner-yildiz-wins-united-biscuits-bidding-contest.html
- Tayas http://www.tayas.com.tr/
- logistics
- cruise
- news agency
- pacific access
trade and investment environment
- http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21716103-once-among-countrys-most-dynamic-entrepreneurs-anatolian-tigers-are-having-their-firms
- https://www.ft.com/content/0e27734a-0392-11e9-99df-6183d3002ee1 Turkey is facing a mounting number of applications for bankruptcy protection as a slump in economic growth takes its toll on business. Requests for konkordato, a court-sanctioned agreement that allows struggling companies to try and avoid full bankruptcy by restructuring their debt payments, have soared in recent months. The surge follows a currency crisis over the summer that has triggered a sharp slowdown in the economy and piled pressure on Turkey’s indebted corporate sector.
- price
Industry
- manufacturing
- Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī (Persian:جلالالدین محمد رومی), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (جلالالدین محمد بلخى), Mawlānā/Mevlânâ (مولانا, "our master"), Mevlevî/Mawlawī (مولوی, "my master"), and more popularly simply asRumi (1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century Persian poet, jurist,Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufimystic.[9] Rumi's influence transcends national borders and ethnic divisions:Iranians, Tajiks, Turks, Greeks, Pashtuns, other Central Asian Muslims, and the Muslims of South Asia have greatly appreciated his spiritual legacy for the past seven centuries.[10] His poems have been widely translated into many of the world's languages and transposed into various formats. Rumi has been described as the "most popular poet"[11] and the "best selling poet" in the United States.He lived most of his life under the Persianate Seljuq Sultanate of Rum, where he produced his works [35]and died in 1273 AD. He was buried in Konya and his shrine became a place of pilgrimage.[36] Following his death, his followers and his son Sultan Walad founded theMevlevi Order, also known as the Order of the Whirling Dervishes, famous for its Sufi dance known as the Samaceremony.
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (pronounced [mustäˈfä ceˈmäl äˈtäˌtyɾc]; 19 May 1881 (conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament.[1] Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies, eventually leading to victory in the Turkish War of Independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern and secular nation-state. Under his leadership, thousands of new schools were built, primary education was made free and compulsory, and women were given equal civil and political rights, while the burden of taxation on peasants was reduced. His government also carried out an extensive policy ofTurkification. The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism.
- Mahmut Celâl Bayar (16 May 1883 – 22 August 1986)[1][2] was a Turkish politician, who was the third President of Turkey from 1950 to 1960; previously he was Prime Minister of Turkeyfrom 1937 to 1939. Bayar, as the Turkish President, was decorated with the Legion of Meritby the President of the United States, as a result of Turkey's participation in the Korean War. Bayar was born on 16 May 1883 at Umurbey, a village of Gemlik, Bursa[3] as the son of a religious leader and teacher who migrated from Lom, Ottoman Bulgaria.In 1908, Bayar joined the volunteer’s troop of the Committee of Union and Progress, a political organization of Young Turks. He served as the secretary-general of the newly founded Bursa branch and later of the İzmir branch of the party. In 1919, Bayar was elected to the Ottoman Parliament in Istanbul as deputy of Saruhan (today Manisa). As he disagreed with the new constitution determined by the Sultan, in 1920 he went to Ankara to join Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish Independence Movement. He became an active member of the "Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti" (Association for Defence of Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia), another political organization formed after World War I. He became the deputy of Bursa in the newly established Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The same year, he served as Deputy Minister of the Economy and on 27 February 1921 he was appointed as the Minister of the Economy. On 1 November 1937 Mustafa Kemal Atatürkappointed Bayar as Prime Minister of the 9th Government of Turkey after İsmet İnönü left the government. He continued to serve as prime minister when Atatürk died and İnönü became president in 1938 (10th government of Turkey). Differences of opinion with Inönü led him to resign from the position on 25 January 1939.Until 1945, he was a member of Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (the Republican People's Party), a republican party which most often during the Atatürk era had been the sole legal party. Then on 7 January 1946, he founded Demokrat Parti (the Democratic Party), a socially conservative economically liberal party, along with Adnan Menderes, Fuat Köprülü and Refik Koraltan.[7] The DP won, with 408 of 487 seats, a majority in the first free general elections in Turkish history on 14 May 1950.[8] The parliament elected Bayar as president of Turkey on the 22 May 1950.[9] He was subsequently re-elected in 1954 and 1957, serving for 10 years as president. In that period, Adnan Menderes was his prime minister. It was under his presidency that the anti-Greek Istanbul Pogrom took place on 6–7 September 1955.On 27 May 1960 the armed forces staged a coup d’etat. On 10 June they sent Celal Bayar along with Adnan Menderesand some other government and party members to a military court on the tiny island of Yassiada in the Sea of Marmara. He and 15 other party members were tried for violating the constitution and sentenced to death by a kangaroo court appointed by the junta on 15 September 1961. The ruling military committee approved the death sentence for Menderes, Zorlu and Polatkan, but the punishment for Bayar and other 12 party members was commuted to life imprisonment. Bayar was sent to a prison in Kayseri, but he was released on 7 November 1964 due to ill health.
- Ahmet Davutoğlu (Turkish pronunciation: [ahˈmet davuˈtoːɫu] ; born 26 February 1959) is a Turkish academic, politician and former diplomat who was the Prime Minister of Turkey and leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) from August 2014 to May 2016. He previously served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2009 to 2014 and as chief advisor to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan from 2003 to 2009. He was elected as an AKP Member of Parliament for Konya in the 2011 general election and was re-elected as an MP in both the June and November 2015 general elections. He resigned as Prime Minister on 22 May 2016. Ahmet Davutoğlu was born in Taşkent, Konya Province, Turkey. He graduated from İstanbul Erkek Lisesi, which is a Deutsche Auslandsschule(German International school) and studied at the Department of Economics and Political Science of the Boğaziçi University, İstanbul. He holds a master's degree in Public Administration and a PhD degree in Political Science and International Relations from Boğaziçi University. Between 1993 and 1996 Davutoğlu taught Political Sciences at International Islamic University Malaysia.From his articles for Yeni Şafak and book Stratejik Derinlik, academics and politicians have put forward the view that Davutoğlu's foreign policy vision rests on rebuilding and maintaining closer relations with former territories of the Ottoman Empire through a policy known as Neo-Ottomanism. Davutoğlu's professor[24] and close adviser of former President Turgut Özal, Greek geopolitician Dimitri Kitsikis is considered in fact to have had a decisive influence, precisely on this geopolitical theory. Another theory developed by Davutoğlu's former student Behlül Özkan is that Davutoğlu has a Pan-Islamist foreign policy ideal, in which he sees Islam as a unifying factor within the Middle East. In contrast to both these theories, Davutoğlu has also in the past also advocated a pro-western policy as a NATO member by expressing support for European Union membership.
- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (Turkish pronunciation: [ɾeˈd͡ʒep tɑjˈjip ˈæɾdoɑn]; born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician who has been the 12th President of Turkeysince 2014. He previously served as thePrime Minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014 and as the Mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998. He founded the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2001 and led it to three general election victories in 2002,2007 and 2011 before standing down as leader upon his election as President in 2014. Originating from an Islamist political background and as a self-describedconservative democrat, his administration has overseen social conservative andliberal economic policies.[5] His political agenda and ideals are often referred to asErdoğanism. Erdoğan was born in the Kasımpaşa neighborhood ofIstanbul to which his family had moved from Rize Province. Erdoğan allegedly said in 2003, "I'm a Georgian, my family is a Georgian family which migrated fromBatumi to Rize." However, in a 2014 televised interview on the NTV news network, he said, "You wouldn't believe the things they have said about me. They have said I am Georgian ... even with much uglier things, they have called me Armenian, but I am Turkish."
- of bosnian origin
Erdogan government
- 土耳其政府周日下令，將多個政府部門共二千七百五十六名人員革職，指他們涉嫌與「恐怖」組織或危害國家安全的機構有關，當中包括學者、士兵及軍方人員，他們分別屬於內政部、外交部及國防部。當局亦下令關閉十七間土耳其機構，包括兩份報章及七間協會。政府另頒布緊急法令，指示國防採購局直接向總統埃爾多安負責。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171226/00180_031.html
- Turkey's government on Monday suspended the mayors of Diyarbakir, Mardin and Van over alleged links to the banned Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). The PKK seeks greater cultural, linguistic and political rights for Kurdish people, having abandoned calls for an independent Kurdish state over a decade ago. Many Western countries — including Germany — and the European Union consider the PKK to be a terrorist group. All three suspended mayors are members of the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) and were elected in mayoral elections in March. https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-removes-pro-kurdish-mayors-from-office/a-50080601
political party
- Turkish cargo expands services in hyderabad shippers today sep oct14 issue
- Pegasus Airlines (Turkish: Pegasus Hava Taşımacılığı A.Ş.) (BİST: PGSUS) is a Turkish low-cost airline headquartered in the Kurtköy area of Pendik, Istanbul[3] with bases at several Turkish airports. On 1 December 1989, two businesses, Net and Silkar, partnered with Aer Lingus to create an inclusive tour charter airlinecalled Pegasus Airlines and services were inaugurated on 15 April 1990 with two Boeing 737–400s. In Greek mythology, Pegasus (Greek: Πήγασος Pégasos, 'strong') was a winged horse sired by Poseidon, in his role as horse-god, and foaled by the Gorgon Medusa. However, four months after the launch, Iraq invaded Kuwait and the seven month occupation that followed had a serious effect on Turkish tourism.[4] By 1992, tourists began returning to the country and Pegasus grew with the acquisition of a third 737-400. The airline leased a further two Airbus A320sto meet the summer demand. After two positive years, Aer Lingus and Net sold their shares in the company in 1994 to Istanbul-based Yapi Kredibank, making Pegasus a purely Turkish company.
- cruise
- global ports holdings
- Turkel Fair Organization is organizing trade fairs with license which is authorized by Turkish Ministry of Economy (www.ekonomi.gov.tr). http://www.turkel.com.tr/english/turkel_fuarcilik_hakkinda.html
- Selten www.selten.com, organiser of Turkish pavilion at HOFEX 2015
- Doğan Media Group (Doğan Yayın Holding A.Ş.) was a Turkish media conglomerate, part of the Doğan Holding conglomerate. The company was established in 1997 to bring together Doğan's media properties. These include the Posta, Hürriyet (including Fanatik), and Radikal newspapers, the television channels Kanal D and CNN Türk, and the Doğan News Agency. It also operated Doğan Kitap, a major book publisher, and Doğan Music Company, a major music label. Doğan also operated print facilities and media distribution, for other newspapers and magazines as well as its own.
- news agency
- Doğan News Agency (DHA; Turkish: Doğan Haber Ajansı) is a Turkish news agency which was founded in 1999. It is owned by the Doğan Media Group. It provides news in English, German and Chinese as well as Turkish. In 2011 it had 41 offices in Turkey and 26 abroad. DHA is known for its critical coverage of the Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. DHA est le résultat d'une fusion entre l'agence de presse de Hürriyet et celle de Milliyet en 1999.
- pacific access
- speaker seminar on turkey 22mar13
- https://www.bursaipek.com.tr
- Arcelik
- Hitit Computer Services is a private company that sells commercial IT systems for the travel industry. Its headquarters is in the ITU Arı Technopolis science park on the campus of Istanbul Technical University. Hitit was established as an IT company by executives from Turkish Airlines in 1994.
- according to ms nur gokman, ceo, hitit was named after the ancient hittite civilisation of anatolia.
trade and investment environment
- http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21716103-once-among-countrys-most-dynamic-entrepreneurs-anatolian-tigers-are-having-their-firms
- https://www.ft.com/content/0e27734a-0392-11e9-99df-6183d3002ee1 Turkey is facing a mounting number of applications for bankruptcy protection as a slump in economic growth takes its toll on business. Requests for konkordato, a court-sanctioned agreement that allows struggling companies to try and avoid full bankruptcy by restructuring their debt payments, have soared in recent months. The surge follows a currency crisis over the summer that has triggered a sharp slowdown in the economy and piled pressure on Turkey’s indebted corporate sector.
- price
- https://www.ft.com/content/428bfc14-3e93-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece Turkey launched an investigation into almost two dozen supermarket chains on Monday, marking an escalation in president Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s battle against what he terms food “terrorism”. The country’s competition authority said that 23 retailers would be probed to see if they had engaged in anti-competitive behaviour in pricing fresh fruit and vegetables or bottled water. The list included most of the country’s biggest supermarkets, including the publicly listed Migros, BIM and Sok. The announcement comes as the government steps up its rhetoric on food prices in the run-up to local elections at the end of March. Soaring prices, especially for fruit and vegetables, have become a key campaign issue. The government has accused producers, suppliers and retailers of “stockpiling and speculation” and has urged retailers to offer discounts, encouraged citizens to report unusual price rises and threatened to punish those that manipulate prices. The food industry says the main driver of the price rises is last year’s almost 30 per cent drop in the lira versus the dollar, arguing that this pushed up the cost of fuel and fertiliser. Growers also cite storms that ravaged parts of the country’s fertile south-east last month. At the same time, Tusiad, Turkey’s largest business body, has warned that the agricultural sector suffers from deep structural problems.
- https://www.expatguideturkey.com/turquoise-card/
- 土耳其是現時G20國家中唯一能以低價位投資並快速獲得護照的國家。投資者只需購買25萬美元（約195萬港元）或以上的土耳其房地產，或選擇到銀行存款50萬美元（約390萬港元），投資滿三年便可獲得護照。往後在審批過程中，申請人最快可在三天內拿到居留證，半年內可以領取護照。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190918/00269_001.html
Industry
- manufacturing
- Clothing brands Zara, Mango and H&M may terminate their production activities in Turkey and move to other countries due to the sanctions imposed by Russia http://sputniknews.com/business/20151221/1032082584/clothing-brands-production-halt-economic-sanctions.html#ixzz3v0z5VrLa
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21692904-government-represses-industry-home-while-helping-it-sell-abroad-sour-grapes THE region around Diyarbakir, in Turkey’s conservative south-east, has a long but faded tradition of wine production. “Suleiman”, an amateur oenologist from the city, dreams of reviving it. His biggest obstacle is not the renewed clashes between security forces and Kurdish insurgents, which are battering the region’s economy; nor even the conservatism of its Muslim majority. It is red tape. “The bureaucracy and the laws are the hardest to live with,” he says, preferring not to give his real name for fear of being denied his alcohol licence. Turkey, a secular but mainly Muslim country of 75m people, is not a nation of big drinkers. At an average of 1.6 litres a year, consumption per head (excluding bootleg booze) is the second-lowest among the 40 member and partner countries of the OECD. Among these, the only drier place is Indonesia, another secular but Muslim-majority country.
- Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī (Persian:جلالالدین محمد رومی), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (جلالالدین محمد بلخى), Mawlānā/Mevlânâ (مولانا, "our master"), Mevlevî/Mawlawī (مولوی, "my master"), and more popularly simply asRumi (1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century Persian poet, jurist,Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufimystic.[9] Rumi's influence transcends national borders and ethnic divisions:Iranians, Tajiks, Turks, Greeks, Pashtuns, other Central Asian Muslims, and the Muslims of South Asia have greatly appreciated his spiritual legacy for the past seven centuries.[10] His poems have been widely translated into many of the world's languages and transposed into various formats. Rumi has been described as the "most popular poet"[11] and the "best selling poet" in the United States.He lived most of his life under the Persianate Seljuq Sultanate of Rum, where he produced his works [35]and died in 1273 AD. He was buried in Konya and his shrine became a place of pilgrimage.[36] Following his death, his followers and his son Sultan Walad founded theMevlevi Order, also known as the Order of the Whirling Dervishes, famous for its Sufi dance known as the Samaceremony.
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (pronounced [mustäˈfä ceˈmäl äˈtäˌtyɾc]; 19 May 1881 (conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament.[1] Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies, eventually leading to victory in the Turkish War of Independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern and secular nation-state. Under his leadership, thousands of new schools were built, primary education was made free and compulsory, and women were given equal civil and political rights, while the burden of taxation on peasants was reduced. His government also carried out an extensive policy ofTurkification. The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism.
- Mahmut Celâl Bayar (16 May 1883 – 22 August 1986)[1][2] was a Turkish politician, who was the third President of Turkey from 1950 to 1960; previously he was Prime Minister of Turkeyfrom 1937 to 1939. Bayar, as the Turkish President, was decorated with the Legion of Meritby the President of the United States, as a result of Turkey's participation in the Korean War. Bayar was born on 16 May 1883 at Umurbey, a village of Gemlik, Bursa[3] as the son of a religious leader and teacher who migrated from Lom, Ottoman Bulgaria.In 1908, Bayar joined the volunteer’s troop of the Committee of Union and Progress, a political organization of Young Turks. He served as the secretary-general of the newly founded Bursa branch and later of the İzmir branch of the party. In 1919, Bayar was elected to the Ottoman Parliament in Istanbul as deputy of Saruhan (today Manisa). As he disagreed with the new constitution determined by the Sultan, in 1920 he went to Ankara to join Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish Independence Movement. He became an active member of the "Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti" (Association for Defence of Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia), another political organization formed after World War I. He became the deputy of Bursa in the newly established Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The same year, he served as Deputy Minister of the Economy and on 27 February 1921 he was appointed as the Minister of the Economy. On 1 November 1937 Mustafa Kemal Atatürkappointed Bayar as Prime Minister of the 9th Government of Turkey after İsmet İnönü left the government. He continued to serve as prime minister when Atatürk died and İnönü became president in 1938 (10th government of Turkey). Differences of opinion with Inönü led him to resign from the position on 25 January 1939.Until 1945, he was a member of Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (the Republican People's Party), a republican party which most often during the Atatürk era had been the sole legal party. Then on 7 January 1946, he founded Demokrat Parti (the Democratic Party), a socially conservative economically liberal party, along with Adnan Menderes, Fuat Köprülü and Refik Koraltan.[7] The DP won, with 408 of 487 seats, a majority in the first free general elections in Turkish history on 14 May 1950.[8] The parliament elected Bayar as president of Turkey on the 22 May 1950.[9] He was subsequently re-elected in 1954 and 1957, serving for 10 years as president. In that period, Adnan Menderes was his prime minister. It was under his presidency that the anti-Greek Istanbul Pogrom took place on 6–7 September 1955.On 27 May 1960 the armed forces staged a coup d’etat. On 10 June they sent Celal Bayar along with Adnan Menderesand some other government and party members to a military court on the tiny island of Yassiada in the Sea of Marmara. He and 15 other party members were tried for violating the constitution and sentenced to death by a kangaroo court appointed by the junta on 15 September 1961. The ruling military committee approved the death sentence for Menderes, Zorlu and Polatkan, but the punishment for Bayar and other 12 party members was commuted to life imprisonment. Bayar was sent to a prison in Kayseri, but he was released on 7 November 1964 due to ill health.
- Ahmet Davutoğlu (Turkish pronunciation: [ahˈmet davuˈtoːɫu] ; born 26 February 1959) is a Turkish academic, politician and former diplomat who was the Prime Minister of Turkey and leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) from August 2014 to May 2016. He previously served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2009 to 2014 and as chief advisor to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan from 2003 to 2009. He was elected as an AKP Member of Parliament for Konya in the 2011 general election and was re-elected as an MP in both the June and November 2015 general elections. He resigned as Prime Minister on 22 May 2016. Ahmet Davutoğlu was born in Taşkent, Konya Province, Turkey. He graduated from İstanbul Erkek Lisesi, which is a Deutsche Auslandsschule(German International school) and studied at the Department of Economics and Political Science of the Boğaziçi University, İstanbul. He holds a master's degree in Public Administration and a PhD degree in Political Science and International Relations from Boğaziçi University. Between 1993 and 1996 Davutoğlu taught Political Sciences at International Islamic University Malaysia.From his articles for Yeni Şafak and book Stratejik Derinlik, academics and politicians have put forward the view that Davutoğlu's foreign policy vision rests on rebuilding and maintaining closer relations with former territories of the Ottoman Empire through a policy known as Neo-Ottomanism. Davutoğlu's professor[24] and close adviser of former President Turgut Özal, Greek geopolitician Dimitri Kitsikis is considered in fact to have had a decisive influence, precisely on this geopolitical theory. Another theory developed by Davutoğlu's former student Behlül Özkan is that Davutoğlu has a Pan-Islamist foreign policy ideal, in which he sees Islam as a unifying factor within the Middle East. In contrast to both these theories, Davutoğlu has also in the past also advocated a pro-western policy as a NATO member by expressing support for European Union membership.
- 土耳其前總理耶爾馬茲的長子亞武茲，上周六被發現陳屍於伊斯坦布爾的寓所，頭部中槍，估計是自殺身亡，但未知其自殺動機。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171218/00180_020.html
- Former Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu has announced his resignation from Turkey's ruling AK Party and says he will launch a new political movement, in the latest challenge to President Recep Tayyip Erdogan from his former allies.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/turkey-pm-davutoglu-resigns-ruling-ak-party-190913101724083.html
- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (Turkish pronunciation: [ɾeˈd͡ʒep tɑjˈjip ˈæɾdoɑn]; born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician who has been the 12th President of Turkeysince 2014. He previously served as thePrime Minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014 and as the Mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998. He founded the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2001 and led it to three general election victories in 2002,2007 and 2011 before standing down as leader upon his election as President in 2014. Originating from an Islamist political background and as a self-describedconservative democrat, his administration has overseen social conservative andliberal economic policies.[5] His political agenda and ideals are often referred to asErdoğanism. Erdoğan was born in the Kasımpaşa neighborhood ofIstanbul to which his family had moved from Rize Province. Erdoğan allegedly said in 2003, "I'm a Georgian, my family is a Georgian family which migrated fromBatumi to Rize." However, in a 2014 televised interview on the NTV news network, he said, "You wouldn't believe the things they have said about me. They have said I am Georgian ... even with much uglier things, they have called me Armenian, but I am Turkish."
- of bosnian origin
- Abdullah Nevzat Tandoğan (1894 – July 9, 1946) was the fourth mayor and governor of Ankara serving between 1929 and 1946. He committed suicide upon a political scandal he was involved in. Abdullah Nevzat was born into a wealthy family in 1894 at Istanbul, then Ottoman Empire.[1] His father was from Sarajevo and his mother from Belgrade. He completed his education in Istanbul Law School, today Istanbul University Faculty of Law. After the Surname Law was enacted in Turkey in 1934, he adopted the family name Tandoğan. He was married, and had two children. During World War I, he served as an intelligence officer in the Ottoman Army in Istanbul. In the later years of the war, he began a career as a school teacher in Istanbul. In 1918, he entered police service. After serving at leading posts in various police departments, he quit. He became Governor of Malatya in 1925 before he entered politics from the Republican People's Party) (CHP) and was elected into the Grand National Assembly as deputy of Konya in the 1927 general election.During his term as governor, he initiated in 1932 a iocal celebration day on December 27 to commemorate the day of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's first arrival in Ankara in 1919 during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923).[8] He commissioned the building of the Güven Monument in Güvenpark,[2] an expensive project at that time, which exceeded the annual budgets of some municipalities. It was wholly his idea to ban people from high streets in the city center, who were not adequately modern clothed. Nevertheless, it should be noted that there are still many cultural traditions of higher civilization in Ankara that were instated with Tandoğan's persistent efforts, such as residents' lining up at bus stops. In 1945, a murder occurred in Ankara, which became known as the "Ankara Murder" (Turkish: Ankara Cinayeti). Tandoğan was accused of intentionally and deliberately covering the murder case, in which Haşmet Orbay, the son of the then Chief of the General Staff Kâzım Orbay, was involved. Tandoğan was summoned to court to testify after the case was discussed in a question time in the parliament. It was believed that calling a high-ranked civil servant or politician to the witness stand in a court trial was unthinkable during the single party era before 1945.[1] The next day, on July 9, 1946, Nevzat Tandoğan committed suicide by shooting himself at home with a firearm.[2] It was speculated that he felt his close friends gave the cold shoulder to him.A main square in Ankara, which hosted many political party rallies and protests, was named in his honor. In 2012, the city council of the metropolitan municipality changed the square's initial name from "Nevzat Tandoğan Square" to "Tandoğan Square".[6] After around three years, the square was renamed "Anadolu Square" (for "Anatolia Square"). A public park in Batıkent neighborhood of Yenimahalle, Ankara as well as a street in Kavaklıdere neighbourhood of Çankaya, Ankara are also named after him.
Erdogan government
- 土耳其政府周日下令，將多個政府部門共二千七百五十六名人員革職，指他們涉嫌與「恐怖」組織或危害國家安全的機構有關，當中包括學者、士兵及軍方人員，他們分別屬於內政部、外交部及國防部。當局亦下令關閉十七間土耳其機構，包括兩份報章及七間協會。政府另頒布緊急法令，指示國防採購局直接向總統埃爾多安負責。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171226/00180_031.html
- Turkey's government on Monday suspended the mayors of Diyarbakir, Mardin and Van over alleged links to the banned Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). The PKK seeks greater cultural, linguistic and political rights for Kurdish people, having abandoned calls for an independent Kurdish state over a decade ago. Many Western countries — including Germany — and the European Union consider the PKK to be a terrorist group. All three suspended mayors are members of the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) and were elected in mayoral elections in March. https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-removes-pro-kurdish-mayors-from-office/a-50080601
political party
- 正道党 The True Path Party (Turkish: Doğru Yol Partisi, DYP) was a centre-right political party in Turkey, active from 1983 to 2007.[1] For most of its history, the party's central figure was Süleyman Demirel, a former Prime Minister of Turkey who had previously led the Justice Party (AP), before it was shut down in the aftermath of the 1980 military coup. The DYP was widely considered the successor of both the AP and the Democrat Party (DP), active in Turkey's early multi-party period.
Role of army in guarding 世俗化 turkey
- hkej 26jul16 a17 shum article 4 coups from 1960 to 1997
Coup in 2016
- http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2016-07/19/content_38916220.htm Two Turkish pilots involved in the downing of a Russian jet last November are in custody over the July 15 failed coup in Turkey, an official told media on late Monday, Dogan News Agency reported.
constitution
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170115/00192_001.html土耳其國會已開始討論修憲草案，主要內容是將土耳其從議會制改為總統制，以期擴大總統的權力和任期。據悉，目前執政黨還差十四票才達到修憲票數。當議會通過草案後，未來還要舉行全民公投。如果土耳其金融危機爆發，困苦中的民眾未必會再聽從埃爾多安那支魔笛。
economy
- https://www.quora.com/Is-Turkey-as-bad-as-it-is-being-portrayed-in-the-news-media-today
- economist 5jan19 issue "in the eye of the storm" turkish economy on the brink of recession
currency
- https://www.ft.com/content/d923fcf2-bb15-11e6-8b45-b8b81dd5d080 Emerging markets across the globe are already suffering because of an expected rise in US interest rates — and few are feeling the pain more than Turkey. The country’s currency has been plunging in the wake of the election of Donald Trump, who favours fiscal stimulus rather than ultra-low interest rates, and ahead of a Federal Reservemeeting next week that could raise benchmark rates for only the second time since the financial crisis.
- http://www.bbc.com/news/business-44227604 The Turkish lira has pared its heavy losses against the dollar following an emergency interest rate hike by the central bank. The currency climbed 2% higher having fallen 5% earlier to hit a record low. The lira has lost more than a fifth of its value this year as fears grow that the government might undermine the powers of Turkey's central bank. Many investors have been calling for higher interest rates to bring down inflation, which is in double figures. Following an emergency meeting, the Turkish central bank steeply raised a benchmark lending rate from 13.5% to 16.5% on Wednesday.
- 據新華網 報道，日前土耳其匯率連續下跌，近一年匯率跌幅已 達 80%，有數據顯示，土耳其的通脹率超過 15%，創 下十年來新高。貨幣的貶值使得土耳其成為全世界購 買奢侈品最便宜的地方。中國內地大批代購紛紛前往 這個奢侈品「窪地」來「撿漏」。據某代購表示，該 國 LV、CHANEL（內地稱「香奈兒」）、BVLGARI （內地稱「寶格麗」）等商品比歐洲價格便宜約 25%。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/08/15/a16-0815.pdf
- ft 16aug18 "central banks step in after turkish turmoil takes heavy toll on rupiah and HK dollar"
Gold reserve
- 在經歷了信用評級惡化、外匯儲備大幅下滑後，土耳其想到了一個增加外匯儲備的新辦法：利誘百姓交出黃金。據估計，土國家庭黃金持有量至少有二千二百噸，價值約一千億美元，相當於土國去年經濟總產出的一成三。有點窮途末路的土國政府盯上了民眾手中的這些黃金。為誘使民眾交出黃金，土耳其央行設計了一個看起來很「聰明」的辦法，推出兩種實物黃金投資工具：黃金債券、黃金及黃金首飾貸款證書，用利息引誘民眾將家中黃金交給政府。orientaldaily 16apr17
soft power
-There are many Turkish missionary schools in Balkans, Central Asia, and recently in Africa. Turkish TV Shows are super popular in territories that Ottoman Turkey consisted of + some parts in Asia + Latin America. Foreign students (in mass, not few Erasmus students) come to Turkey to study in Turkish Universities from Central Asia, Africa, MidEast, Balkans, and Indian subcontinent. https://www.quora.com/Why-many-Turkish-people-cant-speak-English
Christianity
- http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21638193-turkeys-first-new-church-90-years-build-it
dress code
- http://www.economist.com/news/international/21715683-headscarf-returns-turkey-turkey-covers-up
Media
- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3476157/Turkey-detains-businessmen-linked-US-based-cleric.html Police, using tear gas and water cannons, on Friday raided the headquarters of Turkey's largest-circulation newspaper, hours after a court placed it under the management of trustees. The move against the paper, which is linked to an opposition cleric, heightened concerns over deteriorating press freedoms in the country. Police dispersed protesters who had gathered outside of the opposition Zaman newspaper's Istanbul headquarters before breaking down a gate and entering the building to escort the court-appointed managers and evict newspaper workers. The court action against Zaman newspaper was brought by a public prosecutor and came amid an intensified government campaign against the moderate Islamic movement led by U.S.-based cleric Fethullah Gulen. It accuses the movement of attempting to bring down the government.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160309/00180_007.html繼上周六土耳其政府接管反政府報章《時代報》後，總統埃爾多安續打壓敵對媒體。伊斯坦堡法院昨日宣布，政府可接管與《時代報》屬同一持有人的世界新聞通訊社（Cihan）。
university
- Istanbul University (Turkish: İstanbul Üniversitesi) was founded as an institution of higher education named the Darülfünûn (دار الفنون) (House of Multiple Sciences) on 23 July 1846; but the Medrese (Islamic theological school) which was founded immediately after Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 is regarded as the precursor to the Darülfünûn which evolved into Istanbul University in 1933.[1] Education in a number of sciences and fields (such as medicine, mathematics, astronomy, cartography, geography, history, philosophy, religion, literature, philology, law, etc.) became available, and, until the 19th century, they were instrumental in educating the ruling cadres of the Ottoman society. However, when the medreses were no longer able to meet the needs of the modern world, a restructuring process began, and as a result, the institutions of higher education called Darülfünûn, the core of Istanbul University, was established. An institution of higher education named the Darülfünûn-u Osmanî (دار الفنون عثماني) (Ottoman House of Sciences) was created in 1863, but suppressed in 1871. Its first rector was Hasan Tahsini, regarded as one of the most important Ottoman scholars of the 19th century. In 1874 the Imperial University (Darülfünûn-u Sultanî) (دار الفنون سلطاني) started classes in law in French, but was closed in 1881. The Imperial University, now known as Darülfünûn-u Şahâne (دار الفنون شهانه) was refounded in 1900, with the departments of theology, arts, mathematics, science and philology. In 1924, the faculties of law, medicine, arts and sciences were established in Istanbul University (İstanbul Darülfünûnu), as the university was now called. Islamic theology was added in 1925, but in 1933 the university was reorganized without the latter.
- The Imperial University of Constantinople, sometimes known as the University of the Palace Hall of Magnaura (Greek: Πανδιδακτήριον τῆς Μαγναύρας), can trace its corporate origins to 425 AD, when the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor Theodosius II founded the Pandidakterion (Πανδιδακτήριον).The Pandidakterion was refounded in 1046 by Constantine IX Monomachos who created the Departments of Law (Διδασκαλεῖον τῶν Νόμων) and Philosophy (Γυμνάσιον). The School of Magnaura was founded in the 9th century but did not last very long,[6] and in the 11th new schools of philosophy and law were established at the Capitol School. The period of decline began with the Latin conquest of 1204 although the university survived as a non-secular institution under Church management until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and was re-established by Mehmet II as Istanbul University, which survives to this day as the first higher education institution following the conquest of the City.
Literature
- Ferit Orhan Pamuk (generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk; born 7 June 1952) is a Turkish novelist, screenwriter, academic and recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. One of Turkey's most prominent novelists, his work has sold over thirteen million books in sixty-three languages, making him the country's best-selling writer.[3] Pamuk is the author of novels includingThe White Castle, The Black Book, The New Life, My Name Is Red, Snow and The Museum of Innocence. He is the Robert Yik-Fong Tam Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University, where he teacheswriting and comparative literature. Born in Istanbul,[4] Pamuk is the first Turkish Nobel laureate. He is also the recipient of numerous other literary awards. My Name Is Red won the 2002 Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger, 2002 Premio Grinzane Cavour and 2003 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award.
Pottery
- During the Byzantine era the pottery of Iznik was similar to the other pottery of Anatolia, but after the Turkish conquest it developed its own distinctive style. Blue and white plates, bowls, vases, and lamps and other items were made in Iznik in the fifteenth century, with floral designs. Moreover production expanded greatly as the pottery workshops were turned into imperial tile manufacturing for the many grandiose palaces and monumental buildings. In September 1514, after the decisive victory of the Ottoman army over the Safavid rulers in the Battle of Caldran, many Persian artists and artisans flocked to Istanbul and joined the imperial workshops (nakkashane - Turkish). There they established the ancient Turkish style of 'Saz' (enchanted forest - early Turkish), a style of composed of flowers arranged on delicate tendrils burgeoning with long serrated leaves. 'Saz' patterns were traced on paper and transferred to textiles and ceramics, produced in the imperial court workshops in Instanbul. The style changed with the incorporation of floral Arabesques outlined on a cobalt-blue background intertwined with calligraphic ornamentation. Other designs began to emerge on the tiles and other artifacts, mainly consisting of spiral scrolls derived from the stylized "TUGHRA" (imperial cipher) of Suleiman the Magnificent (c.1520-1566), which is often seen on state documents (Firmans). Turquoise was added to the traditional Iznik palette of blue and white from the 1530's onwards. From the year 1540 onwards, mauve and purple also appears in Iznik designs, followed by the color pigments of green and exquisite coral red unique to Iznik pottery ware. (Most of the colors were prepared from metal oxides; blue from cobalt, brownish red from iron; green from copper and yellow from antimony; off-white was the natural color of the glazed clay.) Potters also began using an earthy red glaze known as "Iznik Red' or "Armenian Bole", a thick clay slip rich in iron. (A rich variety of soft unctuous clays of various colors was used as pigments. The color red was predominant.). The thick, protuberant red glaze appeared for the first time in tiles for Sulieman's complex of mosques and palaces, completed in 1557. During this period the finest Iznik pottery and tiles were exuberantly decorated with flowers of all sorts in a stylized floral designs known as "Hatay" (Cathay) with Chinese cloud patterns and geometric designs. Early Iznik fritware attempted to duplicate the hardness, whiteness and translucency of much sought after near contemporary Chinese porcelain of the Yung and Ming dynasties (favored by the Ottoman rulers, which became a major part of their collection.) But, in the second quarter of the sixteenth century, the early decorative styles were abandoned. The 'Cini' (Chinese patterns and stylized arabesques were replaced by patterns based on the local flora of Anatolia', primarily tulips (in Turkish, Lale, a name that incorporates the name of "Allah" and that of the crescent "Hilal".) Around the twelfth century a revolution occurred in the ceramic technique of the Islamic potters; inspired by the Chinese porcelain. Imports of that period of DING and QINBAI types showed that 'Hatay' porcelain pieces were not of similar crafting of the previous periods. The fritware was lighter finely thrown, translucent with subtle molding under a thin transparent glaze. These could not be imitated by means of the thick opaque tin glaze over a clay body in use at that time by the Ottoman craftsmen. Instead the Islamic potters, led by the Persians, revived an ancient Egyptian technique, in which an artificial body material was made up from ground quartz with a small admixture of white clay and glaze. The soft paste body was then covered by thin alkaline glaze. The 'frit' body was white translucent when thin and capable of a wide range of decorative techniques. The tiles and wares had a fine white body, unequal to porcelain only in its softness, and a close-fitting brilliant glaze that allows a vibrant range of colors.
- A Turkish bath or hammam (Turkish: hamam, Arabic: الحمام,ḥammām) is the Turkish variant of the Roman bath,steambath, sauna, or Russian banya, distinguished by a focus on water, as distinct from ambient steam.
Tourist spot
- palaces
- Topkapi sarayi
- Dolmabahce
- Beyler beyl palace
- Yildiz palace
- Goksu palace
- Cappadocia
- Pamukkale, meaning "cotton castle" inTurkish, is a natural site in Denizli Province in southwestern Turkey. The city contains hot springs and travertines, terraces of carbonate minerals left by the flowing water. It is located in Turkey's Inner Aegean region, in the River Menderes valley, which has a temperate climate for most of the year. The ancient Greco-Roman and Byzantine city of Hierapolis was built on top of the white "castle" which is in total about 2,700 metres (8,860 ft) long, 600 m (1,970 ft) wide and 160 m (525 ft) high. It can be seen from the hills on the opposite side of the valley in the town of Denizli.
turkish (people)
- https://www.quora.com/What-screams-I-m-Turkish Whereas people seem to express denial/rejection by shaking their heads in much of the Western world, your typical Middle Eastern/Mediterranean person tosses his/her head back and makes this sound.
It’s a telltale mannerism that can help you spot a Turk abroad
- https://www.quora.com/Which-part-of-Turkey-today-has-the-highest-percentage-of-the-original-Turkish-DNA-and-why The ‘original Turks’ were from the East and first recorded in Tang Chinese records as the 突厥。These Turks were overall mixed but still mostly East Asian, originating from the west China-Mongolia-Altai region. They also spoke an East Asian language, Turkic, which is similar to Mongolian, Korean, and some other North Chinese languages. Over time they migrated west with the Seljuqs, Mamluks, Mongols, and Ottomans and assimilated with the earlier populations. It seems west Turkey, the parts closer to Istanbul and Greece has the highest East Asian admixture. During the Ottoman period, many Turks actually migrated to the Balkan area, but since the breakup of the Ottoman empire, there was a large population migration between Slavs, Armenians, Greeks, Arabs, and Turks.
uighurs
- ft 25feb2021 "turkey's uighurs fear betrayal over china"
Useful reading on turkey
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-turkey/2017/03/17/0bfa9206-0546-11e7-ad5b-d22680e18d10_story.html
history
- 吕底亚 Lydia (Assyrian: Luddu; Greek: Λυδία, Lȳdíā; Turkish: Lidya) was an Iron Age kingdom of western Asia Minor located generally east of ancient Ionia in the modern western Turkish provinces of Uşak, Manisa and inland İzmir. Its population spoke an Indo-European language part of the Anatolian languages family known as Lydian. Its capital was Sardis.The Kingdom of Lydia existed from about 1200 BC to 546 BC. At its greatest extent, during the 7th century BC, it covered all of western Anatolia. In 546 BC, it became a province of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, known as the satrapy of Lydia or Sparda in Old Persian. In 133 BC, it became part of the Roman province of Asia.Coins were invented in Lydia around the 7th century BC.The endonym Śfard (the name the Lydians called themselves) survives in bilingual and trilingual stone-carved notices of the Achaemenid Empire: the satrapy of Sparda (Old turkey), Saparda, Babylonian Sapardu, Elamitic Išbarda, Hebrew סְפָרַד.[3] These in the Greek tradition are associated with Sardis, the capital city of King Gyges, constructed during the 7th century BC. Lydia is called Kisitan by Hayton of Corycus (in The Flower of the History of the East), a name which was corrupted to Quesiton in The Travels of Sir John Mandeville.The region of the Lydian kingdom was during the 15th-14th centuries BCE part of the Arzawa kingdom. However, the Lydian language is usually not categorized as part of the Luwic subgroup, unlike the other nearby Anatolian languages Luwian, Carian, and Lycian.
- language
- https://www.quora.com/What-do-we-know-about-the-ancient-Lydian-language note the alphbets
USA
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170721/00180_006.html 土耳其官方通訊社周一公開美軍在敍利亞北部各前哨基地的位置，指美軍透過該些設施支援庫爾德族武裝部隊。美國國防部大怒，指此舉危及聯軍部隊性命。
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-usa-embassy/turkey-to-name-street-by-u-s-embassy-after-its-syrian-offensive-idUSKBN1FW1US The mayor of the Turkish capital of Ankara said on Monday he had approved re-naming a street outside the U.S. Embassy as “Olive Branch”, the name Turkey uses for its ongoing military campaign in Syria.“We have signed the necessary proposal to change the name of the Nevzat Tandogan Avenue in front of the U.S. Embassy to ‘Olive Branch’. May it go well, may the souls of our saintly martyrs rejoice,” Ankara Mayor Mustafa Tuna tweeted.
- 美國有線電視新聞網（CNN）報道，特朗普上周五和土國總統埃爾多安通電話，美國國會本周二即批准對土耳其出售35億美元的愛國者導彈系統，特朗普周三宣布自敘利亞撤軍。專業商人特朗普的決策模式中，經常有隱藏的交換條件，CNN建議觀察者不妨留心，埃爾多安近期是否還會再提起被分屍的記者卡舒吉。https://hk.news.appledaily.com/international/realtime/article/20181221/59053933- trade
- https://www.chinadailyhk.com/articles/143/28/221/1534326566029.html The Turkish government said it will impose extra tariffs on imports of products including rice, vehicles, alcohol, coal and cosmetics. Tariffs on American cars were doubled to 120 percent while tariff on alcoholic drinks to 140 percent.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-currency-usa-wto/turkey-initiates-wto-dispute-complaint-over-additional-u-s-tariffs-idUSKCN1L51MP Turkey has initiated a dispute complaint with the World Trade Organisation against additional tariffs imposed by the United States on Turkish steel and aluminum imports, the WTO said on Monday.The move was previously flagged by Turkish officials and comes after President Donald Trump this month said he would double tariffs on Turkish metal imports over Turkey’s trial on terrorism charges of a U.S. evangelical Christian pastor.
- cotton
- https://www.ft.com/content/947861b8-a661-11e8-926a-7342fe5e173f The sharp decline in Turkey’s lira and worsening tensions between President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his US counterpart Donald Trump are fraying one of the most important trade relationships between the two countries — cotton sales. Turkey is the third-largest market for the cotton farmers of the southern US, but some buyers are holding back on signing contracts after the currency plunge, while some international merchants fear existing deals could fall apart.
- 美國與土耳其關係惡化，美軍部署當地約五十枚戰術核彈的安全，再度引起外界關注。消息指，美國國務院及能源部已審視撤走核彈的安排；惟華府官員承認，一旦撤走核彈代表美土同盟關係結束，形容該批核武現已成為土耳其總統埃爾多安的「人質」。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191016/00180_002.html
Europe
- http://news.sky.com/story/turkey-airport-ad-warns-against-travel-to-sweden-due-to-rape-10543688 A Turkish newspaper has placed an ad at Istanbul's main airport saying that travellers to Sweden could be raped. Pro-government daily Gunes placed the stark warning on two billboards at Ataturk Airport's International Terminal. The ad read in Turkish and English: "Travel Warning! Did you know that Sweden has the highest rape rate worldwide?" It appears to be a tit-for-tat over a headline this month at an Austrian airport and a subsequent tweet by a Swedish government official. Stockholm's foreign minister posted that Turkey should respect child rights after a news ticker at the Vienna airport said: "Turkey allows sex with children under the age of 15".
Eu
- accession
- http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21693243-turkey-where-european-foreign-policy-went-die-graveyard-ambition
Germany
- history of cooperation hkej 7apr16 a18 shum article
france
- https://www.ft.com/content/3d2822b6-3421-11e8-ae84-494103e73f7f Turkey’s president Recep Tayyip Erdogan lashed out at his French counterpart Emmanuel Macron on Friday for attempting to “deceive” Turkey and offering to mediate with Kurdish militants that the Turkish army is battling in Syria. Turkey would never negotiate with “terrorists”, Mr Erdogan said, accusing the French president of meddling in Turkish military operations in Syria after Mr Macron on Thursday met and pledged support to members of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), the Kurdish-dominated group that has fought against Isis alongside the US-led coalition that includes France.
Netherlands
- The Netherlands has formally withdrawn its ambassador to Turkey and said no new Turkish ambassador will be accepted in The Hague. The decision marks the deepening of a row that began when the Dutch barred Turkish ministers from campaigning among the Turkish diaspora in 2017. The Dutch diplomat has not been allowed to enter Turkey since March. The Netherlands foreign ministry also said that it had "paused" talks on resolving matters with Turkey.
Armenia
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9CqbaDokiI Armenian Turkish Conflict - The Events of 1915
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d1876b7c-e10b-11e4-8b1a-00144feab7de.html Turkey reacted angrily after Pope Francis called the Ottoman-era slaughter of Armenians “the first genocide of the 20th century”, with Ankara accusing the pontiff of distorting history and speaking out of prejudice. The Turkish government said it was recalling its ambassador to the Vatican after it earlier summoned the papal envoy to complain. It said the Pope’s statement about the killings — the centenary of which comes this month — was “based on prejudice, distorts history and reduces sufferings in Anatolia during the first world war to members of just one religion”.
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/6ffc7652-dc3f-11e4-b70d-00144feab7de.html Tension between the Russian billionaire Mikhail Fridman and the Turkish government has burst into the open, with Mr Fridman’s LetterOne Group claiming that Ankara has “quasi-nationalised” Turkcell, Turkey’s biggest mobile phone operator. In an interview with the Financial Times, Alexey Reznikovich, managing partner of LetterOne Telecom, a big Turkcell shareholder, claimed that regulator-appointed directors and a loan from a state bank had ensured Turkish state control of Turkcell.
- economist 2mar19 "in sputnik's orbit" a russian propaganda outlet prospers in turkey
- history, ties, baggages http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201507/0730/HA09730CGBA.pdf
- leader visit to china
- 「東突厥斯坦伊斯蘭運動」
- syria
qatar
- 土耳其同日獲卡塔爾送暖，後者承諾直接向土國投資一百五十億美元（約一千一百七十億港元）。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180817/00178_004.html
Iran
- konya
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160106/00192_001.html土耳其每年天然氣消耗量約為四百億立方米，天然氣支撐土國逾半發電量。土國每年從伊朗進口約一百億立方米天然氣，佔整體消耗量四分之一，俄國則為一半。埃氏已和俄國全面鬧翻，很難想像他置土國能源安全於不顧，為沙特緣故與伊朗反面。此外隨着伊朗衝破孤立，這個人口七千六百萬的龐大市場，足以消化被俄國封殺之土耳其出口。土國和伊朗境內均有龐大的庫爾德人口，敍利亞內戰不斷，區內庫獨運動愈趨活躍，視庫獨如洪水猛獸的埃爾多安，當伊朗為潛在合作夥伴，今天留一線，日後好相見。
South korea
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c63368d2-fa75-11e5-b3f6-11d5706b613b.html#ixzz44uvtDSY2 A South Korean cinema operator is betting on the future of Turkish entertainment in what would be one of the country’s largest deals involving private equity. CJ CGV, which was part of a 1997 spin-off from Samsung, said on Monday it will buy a 38.12 per cent stake in Istanbul-based Mars Entertainment Group, which is Turkey’s largest cinema chain.
- 2月25日，土耳其一家電視台在報道中東發生的菲傭遇害藏屍事件時，誤將韓國總統文在寅的照片當成嫌疑人播出。更可笑的是，當主持人念到「嫌疑人夫婦被捕」時，畫面上，竟然出現了文在寅與美國總統特朗普女兒伊萬卡握手的照片。烏龍報道令韓國社會極為不悅，韓國駐土耳其大使館要求該電視台刪除新聞並道歉，韓國網友也是憤憤不已。據報道，短短1分40秒的新聞裡，文在寅以「嫌疑犯」的身份露面8次。烏龍事件發生後，當地韓裔人士極為不滿。韓國駐土耳其大使館要求該電視台刪除新聞並道歉。據韓媒報道，雖然相關新聞被刪除，電視台也回信致歉，但並未在節目中公開回應。
https://www.facebook.com/SimonIRBasilica/photos/pcb.554199328287755/554199248287763/?type=3
China- 敍利亞的庫爾德族武裝部隊在美國撤軍後，轉向俄羅斯支持的敍利亞政府尋求保護。俄羅斯月初與土耳其達成協議，宣布庫族撤出土敍邊境。惟土敍周二在邊境爆發激烈衝突。不過，土俄合作似乎未受影響，土耳其總統埃爾多安事後表示兩國聯合部隊將於周五開始巡邏。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191031/00180_020.html
qatar
- 土耳其同日獲卡塔爾送暖，後者承諾直接向土國投資一百五十億美元（約一千一百七十億港元）。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180817/00178_004.html
Iran
- konya
- The Seljuks unsuccessfully attempted to conquer the area in the Battle of Iconium (1069). A period of chaos overwhelmed Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, won by the Seljuks. The city was conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1084. From 1097 to 1243 it was the capital of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. It was briefly occupied by the Crusaders Godfrey of Bouillon(August 1097), and Frederick Barbarossa (May 18, 1190) after the Battle of Iconium (1190). The area was retaken by the Turks. The name of the town was changed to Konya (in Persian: قونیه qawniyya) by Mesud I in 1134.[citation needed] Konya reached the height of its wealth and influence in the second half of the 12th century when the Seljuk sultans of Rum also subdued the Anatolian beyliks to their east, especially that of the Danishmends, thus establishing their rule over virtually all of easternAnatolia, as well as acquiring several port towns along the Mediterranean (including Alanya) and the Black Sea (including Sinop) and even gaining a momentary foothold in Sudak,Crimea. This golden age lasted until the first decades of the 13th century.[citation needed] Many Persians and Persianized Turks from Persia and Central Asia migrated to Anatolian cities either to flee the invading Mongols or to benefit from the opportunities for educated Muslims in a newly established kingdom.[9] By the 1220s, the city of Konya was filled with refugees from the Khwarezmid Empire. Sultan Kayqubad I fortified the town and built a palace on top of the citadel. In 1228 he invited Bahaeddin Veled and his son Rumi, the founder of the Mevlevi order, to settle in Konya.[citation needed] In 1243, following the Seljuk defeat in the Battle of Köse Dağ, Konya was captured by the Mongols as well. The city remained the capital of the Seljuk sultans, vassalized to theIlkhanate until the end of the century.[citation needed] In this era (13th century) Persian was the main language of people of Konya.[10][11] Persian refugees fled the Mongols to Konya. One of these refugees was Persian poet Rumi. The city is still influenced by Persian culture, such as Cult of Dervishes and Islamic mysticism rooted in eastern Iran.
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160106/00192_001.html土耳其每年天然氣消耗量約為四百億立方米，天然氣支撐土國逾半發電量。土國每年從伊朗進口約一百億立方米天然氣，佔整體消耗量四分之一，俄國則為一半。埃氏已和俄國全面鬧翻，很難想像他置土國能源安全於不顧，為沙特緣故與伊朗反面。此外隨着伊朗衝破孤立，這個人口七千六百萬的龐大市場，足以消化被俄國封殺之土耳其出口。土國和伊朗境內均有龐大的庫爾德人口，敍利亞內戰不斷，區內庫獨運動愈趨活躍，視庫獨如洪水猛獸的埃爾多安，當伊朗為潛在合作夥伴，今天留一線，日後好相見。
South korea
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c63368d2-fa75-11e5-b3f6-11d5706b613b.html#ixzz44uvtDSY2 A South Korean cinema operator is betting on the future of Turkish entertainment in what would be one of the country’s largest deals involving private equity. CJ CGV, which was part of a 1997 spin-off from Samsung, said on Monday it will buy a 38.12 per cent stake in Istanbul-based Mars Entertainment Group, which is Turkey’s largest cinema chain.
- 2月25日，土耳其一家電視台在報道中東發生的菲傭遇害藏屍事件時，誤將韓國總統文在寅的照片當成嫌疑人播出。更可笑的是，當主持人念到「嫌疑人夫婦被捕」時，畫面上，竟然出現了文在寅與美國總統特朗普女兒伊萬卡握手的照片。烏龍報道令韓國社會極為不悅，韓國駐土耳其大使館要求該電視台刪除新聞並道歉，韓國網友也是憤憤不已。據報道，短短1分40秒的新聞裡，文在寅以「嫌疑犯」的身份露面8次。烏龍事件發生後，當地韓裔人士極為不滿。韓國駐土耳其大使館要求該電視台刪除新聞並道歉。據韓媒報道，雖然相關新聞被刪除，電視台也回信致歉，但並未在節目中公開回應。
https://www.facebook.com/SimonIRBasilica/photos/pcb.554199328287755/554199248287763/?type=3
- history, ties, baggages http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201507/0730/HA09730CGBA.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151029/PDF/b13_screen.pdf
- leader visit to china
- 中國國家主席習近平昨日會見來華進行國事訪問的土耳其總統埃爾多安。習近平表示，中國與土耳其都是G20重要成員，在國際形勢複雜多變、世界經濟艱難復甦、西亞北非地區反恐形勢嚴峻的大背景下，兩國的共同挑戰和共同責任不斷增加，雙方要深化互信，夯實兩國友好基石。兩國元首一致認為，中土雙方要明確兩國關係發展大方向，築牢政治互信根基，在彼此重大關切問題上相互支持，實現兩國發展戰略對接，拓寬和充實中土戰略合作內涵。中國國務院總理李克強昨日下午會見埃爾多安。李克強表示，中土都是重要新興市場國家。習近平主席同你舉行富有成果的會談。中方願同土方在相互尊重、互利共贏基礎上，加強政治互信，照顧彼此核心關切，深化各領域務實合作，推動中土關係健康穩定發展。埃爾多安表示，土方發展對華關係願望強烈、目標明確，願進一步提升雙邊貿易投資合作水平。歡迎中方擴大對土基礎設施建設、能源、信息通信、金融、航空、工程承包等領域投資與合作。土耳其願成為中方企業生產、物流基地，期待與中方一道開展第三方市場合作。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/07/30/a16-0730.pdf
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015-07/31/content_21458994.htm President Xi Jinping outlined key areas of cooperation between China and Turkey, including high-speed railways, new energy and finance, on Thursday. Making a rare appearance at a business forum, Xi highlighted China's expertise in high-speed railways, wind-powered electricity and the photovoltaic industry. He also said China is willing to link its advanced industrial capacity with that of Turkey. A host of Chinese railway enterprises want to take part in construction projects in Turkey, Xi told Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and about 300 businesspeople from both countries at the forum in Beijing. China, with the world's longest high-speed rail network, has worked with Turkey on the major components for the first high-speed rail link connecting Ankara and Istanbul. The multi-billion-dollar line began operating last year, and Turkey plans more projects, including a high-speed line linking its eastern and western borders. Yin Gang, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said China has experience in the high-speed rail and new-energy industries. This would help support Turkey's growth and Erdogan's plan to develop his country's economy into one of the world's 10 largest. China is a leading trade partner with Turkey, with the two-way trade volume reaching $27.8 billion last year. In the second quarter of 2014, China also became Turkey's largest source of foreign capital inflow, according to the Turkish government.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/11/16/a07-1116.pdf 中國國家主席習近平於當地時間14日 在土耳其安塔利亞會見土耳其總統埃爾多安。會見 後，兩國元首共同見證了關於共推「一帶一路」建設 的諒解備忘錄，以及基礎設施、進出口檢驗檢疫等領 域合作協議的簽署。習近平說，中方願同土方探討在雙邊貿易和投資中 擴大使用本幣，促進貿易和投資便利化。雙方應該擴 大人文交流，夯實中土友好民意基礎。雙方要深化安 全合作。中方願加強同土方在氣候變化等重大國際問 題上和多邊機構中的溝通和合作，維護中土兩國及廣 大發展中國家共同利益。
- turkish chinese industrialists and businessmen association
- grand opening in shanghai apr 2016 http://www.acdc.org.hk/acdc/events/upcoming-events/770-you-are-invited-to-pbcc-grand-opening-ceremony-in-shang-hai.html#.Vt-N232F7s1
- chinese turkish economic and cultural exchange association中土經濟及文化交流協會http://www.tucekder.com/en/
- hkcd 4may18 a9, David Lan as honorary advisor 陳偉傑洪達智分任主席秘書長陳偉傑任協會主席，洪達智任秘書長。協會將於今年6月安排一個土耳其文化及投資訪問團。該訪問團將前往土耳其的伊斯坦堡、博德魯姆及安卡拉與土耳其政府代表及當地企業會面，包括能源及自然資源部；交通、海事及通訊部等，為參加者提供親身了解土耳其龐大發展潛力的良機。為支持是次考察活動，協會其中兩位機構成員-奧柏中國集團及永耀集團控股有限公司分別贊助港幣20萬元正予協會。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/05/05/a14-0505.pdf
- 「東突厥斯坦伊斯蘭運動」
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20170807/00182_001.html 土耳其外交部長恰武什奧盧日前訪華，正式決定將疆獨組織「東突厥斯坦伊斯蘭運動」（東伊運）列入恐怖組織名單。這是土耳其對華政策的一個重大改變，也是中土雙邊關係發展的重大進展。處於內憂外患的土耳其，終於向中國作出妥協。目前，土耳其處於風雨飄搖之際，內有居倫組織的叛亂、庫爾德工人黨的獨立運動、東伊運組織的暴亂；外有敍利亞戰爭的影響，捲入卡塔爾與沙特、阿聯酋等的內訌，以及歐盟難民危機。從某種意義上說，土耳其是國際環境最惡劣的國家之一，在這個敏感時刻，埃爾多安急需中國的幫助，因此用打擊東伊運作為見面禮，也是合情合理，但中國必須提防土耳其反覆無常。
- 全國人大委員長會議昨日於北京舉行，討論了關於全國人大組織法修正草案、全國人大議事規則修正草案、刑法修正案（十一）草案、國防法修訂草案、設立海南自由貿易港等相關報告。全國人大外事委員會亦在會上匯報關於《中華人民共和國和土耳其共和國引渡條約》審議情況。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201224/00178_021.html
- financial
- http://www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/infocenter/news/Pages/bank-of-china-gets-green-light-Turkey.aspx Bank of China, one of the world’s largest financial institutions, has received permission to operate in Turkey, Deputy Prime Minister Mehmet Simsek said. Simsek said that the bank applied to Turkey’s banking watchdog, the BDDK, in January for a licence. The BDDK’s last meeting green-lighted the bank’s entry into the Turkish market.
- e-commerce
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/tech/2016-04/01/content_24229773.htm Small and medium-sized enterprises from China and Turkey can now log onto an e-commerce platform to trade with each other as part of the Belt and Road Initiativeto promote online business. The pilot project has been jointly established by DHgate.com, a leading Chineseonline wholesale marketplace, and the Chongqing Logistics City. The southwestern municipality is the country's only city to host the cross-border e-commerce project, which aims to set an example for cooperation between Chinaand the countries along the ancient Silk Road. At a ceremony attended by President Xi Jinping and his Turkish counterpart RecepTayyip Erdogan in November, China signed its first cross-border e-commercecooperation agreement with Turkey as a way to strengthen its voice in setting newglobal trade rules. The platform will provide a series of services in both Chinese and Turkish, includingskills training, online exhibition and Internet financing.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/tech/2016-12/07/content_27597567.htm ZTE Corp said on Tuesday it would spend up to $101.3 million to purchase a 48.04 percent stake in a leading Turkish telecom company, as the Chinese telecom equipment maker ramps up efforts to expand its business in the Middle Eastern country. The Shenzhen-based firm said in a filing to the Hong Kong Stock Exchange that the deal, once completed, would make it the largest shareholder of Netas Telekomunikasyon AS, while the Turkish Armed Forces Foundation will hold 15 percent. The acquisition is awaiting approval from the Competition Board of Turkey.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170509/PDF/b2_screen.pdf中興通訊（00763）旗下全資附屬公司中興通訊荷蘭控股宣布，向OEP Turkey Tech.收購土耳其上市公司Netaş約48.04 %股權一事，進一步簽訂補充協議。此外 ，今次交易被土耳其資本市場委員會（Capital Markets Board，簡稱「CMB」） 認 為 觸 發 強 制 要 約 收 購（MandatoryTender Offer，簡稱「MTO」）， 對於要約期內應約股東所產生的MTO付款義務，荷蘭控股承擔金額上限為5100萬美元（約4億港元）。
- 中興通訊(00763)今年七月底，集團全資附屬公司荷蘭控股完成收購土耳其上市公司NETA(S)公司的48.04%股權，將有利推動土耳其業務拓展，利好海外收入表現。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20170924/00210_003.html
- maritime cooperation
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/05/25/a15-0525.pdf 5月 24日，由臨沂艦和濰坊艦、微山湖艦組成的海軍第 十九批護航編隊抵達土耳其伊斯坦布爾薩拉依布爾努港， 開始對土耳其進行為期 5天的友好訪問。這是中國海軍艦 艇第三次訪問土耳其。
- 日前，青島港集團與土耳其阿卡斯控股集團簽署戰略合作框架協議，旨在促進青島港與阿卡斯控股集團所屬馬普特港之間的港口及相關物流、投資業務的合作。合作包括增加青島港與馬普特港之間的航線和貿易量等。根據協議，青島港集團與阿卡斯控股集團將共同努力增加青島港與馬普特港之間的航線和貿易量，並就包括海鐵聯運、公路運輸等在內的多式聯運業務開展合作，共同拓展沿線內陸港網絡，努力提升兩港服務腹地經濟發展的能力，探討相互在對方港口及內陸港進行物流項目投資合作的機會。此外，雙方還將定期就各自所在地區的港口吞吐量、航運貿易數據等進行交流，並相互為對方港口的商務推介活動提供便利與支持。據了解，阿卡斯控股集團是一家大型綜合物流集團，擁有100多年的歷史，其業務範圍涵蓋海運、陸運、空運、港口運營、代理服務、郵輪業務等多個領域，並擁有自己的船隊。其所屬馬普特港位於往返地中海與黑海之間航線的重要位置，是伊斯坦布爾最大的集裝箱碼頭，可以停靠1.4萬TEU以上的超大船舶。2014年，馬普特港集裝箱吞吐量達285.6萬標準箱。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/07/04/b02-0704.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161125/PDF/a10_screen.pdf ，中國 中車出口土耳其的新型貫通式六軸鉸接地 鐵車輛，近日在土耳其第三大城市、位於 愛琴海畔的伊茲密爾成功載客運營。http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-11/30/content_27525284.htm
- kumport
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-09/cvc-china-merchants-said-to-bid-for-oman-stake-in-turkey-port-iapj2wqx CVC Capital Partners and China Merchants Holdings International Co. are competing to buy a stake in Turkey’s container terminal Kumport, three people with knowledge of the situation said. Oman’s finance ministry, which owns the stake in Kumport Liman Isletmeleri AS, is in talks with bidders over a sale of about 36 percent of Kumport, which may value the entire company at about $1.1 billion, said the people, who asked not to be named because the talks are private. An agreement with a buyer could be signed as early as the end of June, the people said. Representatives for Kumport and CVC declined to comment. China Merchants’ investor relations department and a spokeswoman for the Oman finance ministry didn’t immediately respond to e-mails seeking comment on Tuesday. Oman finance ministry hired Morgan Stanley to sell the Kumport stake, people with knowledge of the matter said in April. Fiba Holding, owned by Turkish billionaire Husnu Ozyegin, owns the remainder of the port operator and may also sell a stake without losing management control, three of the people said at the time.
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201509/0918/HA03918CEAA.pdf three chinese companies including chinese merchants acquired 65% of the port's shares
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-03/15/content_23865840.htm Turkey will open up the bidding process to build the country's third nuclear power plant next year, and an official said he believes Chinese companies will aggressively pursue the contract, worth $22 billion to $25 billion. The site of the project has been finalized and the plan is to build four nuclear reactors with a total installed capacity of 5,000 megawatts, said Murat Mercan, a former deputy energy minister of Turkey. He spoke to China Daily during a weekend event held by the World Energy Council in Beijing. State Nuclear Power Technology Corp, one of China's three nuclear giants and the United States-based Westinghouse Electric Corp are potential bidders, said Mercan, who is also chairman of the council's Turkish National Committee. "The bidding will be open to investors and firms from all over the world, but I think Chinese nuclear companies are very competitive in terms of price, safety and technology," he said. "China is building nuclear power plants using its own third-generation nuclear reactor and I don't see why we can't use it."
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170216/PDF/a10_screen.pdf 国资委网站15日消息，中国化学工程集团公司所属天辰公司总承包的土耳其盐湖地下天然气储库项目今月10日举行第一口井注气仪式。该项目为土耳其国家重点项目，也是世界上最大的天然气储库项目。
- 11月4日，在土耳其伊斯坦布尔，大约400册中国图书亮相第36届伊斯坦布尔国际书展。多家当地参展商光临中国展位翻阅图书并与中国代表团成员交谈。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171106/PDF/a7_screen.pdf
- 去年十二月二十三日，我帶領的經貿代表團的主要活動有三項：一是訪問伊斯坦布爾大學，考察校企合作，推動合作辦學；二是到伊斯坦布爾自貿區考察，協助企業解決通關及保稅方面的問題；三是拜會伊斯坦布爾市政府，探討建立協作機制，為我在伊投資企業共同創造良好發展環境。 伊斯坦布爾自貿區管委會主任拉比耶．蓋萊特利和運營公司總經理哈康．謝闌等相關官員接待我們，並召開相關入區中資企業座談會，共同探討了雙方關心問題的有效解決方案和實現路徑。伊斯坦布爾自貿區與我們的海關特殊監管區體制、機制和政策基本是一致的，不同之處主要有兩點：一是體制上，我們是由所在地政府代管，國家相關部委等業務部門主要是負責業務指導；而土耳其則是由中央政府直屬，直接從商務部派駐幹部管理，地方則是通過運營公司提供相關配套服務。二是我們除賦予減稅讓利政策外，更多的是注重營商環境的改善，特別是通關便利化；而土耳其則更注重減稅讓利政策，在營商環境改善方面下功夫不多。目前伊斯坦布爾自貿區入區企業達到六百家，進出口貿易總額佔全國總量的百分之四十以上。 伊斯坦布爾市政府辦公大樓很氣派，可謂該市最現代、最豪華的建築，管理也十分到位和有序。市政府副秘書長塔爾顧特．圖恩卡伊．昂比爾金向代表團一行介紹了伊斯坦布爾市情和吸引外資的優惠條件。據講：該市人口約佔全國五分之一，但經濟總量卻佔全國百分之四十以上。在座談交流中，對伊斯坦布爾市今年赴中舉辦投資說明會和尋求友好城市建設達成共識。現場解決了中資企業在伊有關工作簽證、享受優惠政策中遇到的問題，以及在新機場建設保稅倉庫和產品展廳等事宜。代表團普遍感到，伊斯坦布爾地理位置優越、政策優惠，發展潛力很大，目前是很好的投資發展機會。 當日，代表團還參觀訪問了伊斯坦布爾科技大學，重點探討了造船與航海領域教學、科研與我有關院校、企業合作事宜。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200204/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
- anti chinese
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21657399-egyptian-regime-tightens-its-grip-press-editor-sisi
- investors from China
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-03/21/content_19871049.htm The largest domestic bank card company, China UnionPay Co Ltd, has begun issuing cards inTurkey jointly with Garanti Bank, riding on the "One Belt, One Road" initiatives. UnionPay has been expanding fast in overseas markets, especially Central Asian countries, tosupport the national strategy to build the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century MaritimeSilk Road.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/06/02/b02-0602.pdf徐工機械副總裁、進出口 公司董事長孫建忠在土耳其工程展中，帶領 徐工代表和土耳其代理共同啟動了徐工集團 土耳其「一帶一路服務行」活動。此次服務 活動範圍覆蓋土耳其全境，活動期間服務人 員將走訪徐工產品使用客戶，為逾 300台設 備提供免費體檢和維修，並贈送「三濾」等 備件。徐工在土耳其有 15年的歷史，口碑和影響力首屈一 指。經銷商 OZMAK售後服務一流，擁有佔地 2,000 多平米、35 名服務人員、9 輛服務車的服務備件中 心，設全國兩小時服務圈，服務範圍覆蓋希臘、保加 利亞等國家，提供裝載機、壓路機、平地機、起重 機、挖掘機、旋挖鑽等機械的維修及備件服務。2014 年徐工在土耳其的出口金額達 2,200萬美元，市場佔 有率位居第一，樁工設備全面超越寶峨等同行業知名 品牌。
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/12/31/a14-1231.pdf一個中國維吾爾族青年辦的新聞APP在土耳其火了，「GUNDEM」在土耳其的日活躍用戶數近100萬。這在土耳其是一個非常大的數字。這個APP的背後其實是一支僅有40多人的團隊，而他們的核心，是北大計算機系的高材生、1983年出生的新疆維吾爾族青年艾地哈木·阿地力。
Hong kong
- association
- association
- 中土經濟及文化交流協會秘書長洪達智https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190918/00269_002.html
- investors from hk
- Li &fung
- Rasih ozturkmen, svp, li & fung turkey speaker seminar on turkey 22mar13
- 主營軟件平台、手機 遊戲和放債業務的奧栢中國（08148），四月初以每股配售價0.18籌得款項約3200萬港元，當中約四分一擬於“一帶一路”沿線各國尋找綠色項目。集團剛發公告，擬收購一家在土耳其從事電力生產及供應公司，進軍當地新能源業務。而奧栢中國與土耳其航空公司等，同為中土經濟及文化交流協會的機構成員，集團董事中又有熟悉土耳其在“一帶一路”的角色，相信未來在推動中、土的發展關係上能擔當“超級聯繫人”http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180516/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
- https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200324/00176_072.html香港模具及產品科技協會理事長陳鑑光就試過喺回教國家土耳其傾生意，同當地人食飯時發覺對方並冇嚴守飲食禁忌，後來先知係人哋為求賓主盡歡，彈性處理宗教規定。有當地人亦都同佢提到，佢哋信徒有時需要祈禱，不過如果係揸緊車，為咗駕駛安全，通常都唔會遵循呢個規定喇，話心裏有真神緊要過拘泥於宗教形式喎。
- hk people in turkey
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