鄂畢灣 The Gulf of Ob (also known as Ob Bay) (Russian: О́бская губа́, Obskaya guba) is a bay of the Arctic Ocean, located in Northern Russia at the mouth of the Ob River.[2] It is the world's longest estuary.There are several islands near the mouth of the Ob, at the beginning of the estuary, such as Khaley Island. All these islands are close to the shore and they are generally flat and low-lying. They are protected wetlands under Ramsar.[1] Further north, except for a few islands located close to the shore, such as Khalevigo and Nyavigo, the Gulf of Ob is free of islands until it meets the Kara Sea.
The Dorset was a Paleo-Eskimo culture, lasting from 500 BC to between 1000 and 1500 AD, that followed the Pre-Dorset and preceded the Inuit in the Arctic of North America. It is named after Cape Dorset in Nunavut, Canada where the first evidence of its existence was found. The culture has been defined as having four phases due to the distinct differences in the technologies relating to hunting and tool making. Artifacts include distinctive triangular end-blades, soapstone lamps, and burins. The Dorset were first identified as a separate culture in 1925. The Dorset appear to have been extinct by 1500 at the latest and perhaps as early as 1000. The Thule people, who began migrating east from Alaska in the 11th century, ended up spreading through the lands previously inhabited by the Dorset. There is no strong evidence that the Inuit and Dorset ever met. Modern genetic studies show the Dorset population were distinct from later groups and that "[t]here was virtually no evidence of genetic or cultural interaction between the Dorset and the Thule peoples." Inuit legends recount them encountering people they called the Tuniit (singular Tuniq) or Sivullirmiut "First Inhabitants". According to legend, the First Inhabitants were giants, taller and stronger than the Inuit but afraid to interact and "easily put to flight."[2] There is also a theory of contact and trade between the Dorset and the Norse.
orvik culture- a local variant of the Ancient Bering Sea culture (OldBering Sea culture), which existed among the Eskimos onthe coasts and islands of the Bering Sea from the end ofthe first millennium B.C. to the first half of the firstmillennium A.D. The Okvik culture, like the Ancient BeringSea culture, is typified by the exceptional importance ofhunting for sea animals, by semisubterranean dwellings,by the kayak and umiak as means of hunting andtransportation, and by the absence of sled-dog breeding.The Okvik culture is distinguished from the Ancient BeringSea culture by its harpoon heads, which have complexbarbs and simpler, less detailed ornamentation.
- orvikneskimonivory head https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/21028/lot/1121/
俄羅斯海軍周二宣布，近日在北極的偏遠地區發現五個新的小島，稍後會為它們命名。據指，小島以往一直被冰川覆蓋，最近冰川融化，令考察團隊首次見到它們。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191024/00180_031.html
resources allocation
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-arctic-council/arctic-nations-to-meet-amid-tensions-over-environment-resources-idUSKCN1SB0S8 Top diplomats from the United States, Russia and other nations which border the Arctic meet in Finland on Monday to discuss policies governing the polar region, as tensions grow over how to deal with global warming and access to mineral wealth.
indigenous people
- 尤皮克人 The Yup'ik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Central Yup'ik, Alaskan Yup'ik (own name Yup'ik sgYupiik dual Yupiit pl), are an Eskimo people of western and southwestern Alaska ranging from southern Norton Sound southwards along the coast of the Bering Sea on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (including living on Nelson and Nunivak Islands) and along the northern coast of Bristol Bay as far east as Nushagak Bay and the northern Alaska Peninsula at Naknek River and Egegik Bay. They are also known as Cup'ikby the Chevak Cup'ik dialect-speaking Eskimos of Chevak and Cup'ig for the Nunivak Cup'ig dialect-speaking Eskimo of Nunivak Island.Yupik peoples include the following:
- Alutiiq people, or Sugpiaq, of the Alaska Peninsula and coastal and island areas of southcentral Alaska
- Central Alaskan Yup'ik people of the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta, the Kuskokwim River, and along the northern coast of Bristol Bay as far east as Nushagak Bay and the northern Alaska Peninsula at Naknek River and Egegik Bay in Alaska
- Siberian Yupik people, including Naukan, Chaplino,[2] and Sirenik of the Russian Far East and St. Lawrence Island[3] in western Alaska
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2019-03/15/content_37448153.htm Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race
history
- maps
- [tr berg]
- a map of arctic ocean based on the notes of dutch explorer willem barentsz and made just before he died in novaya zemlya in 1597. The map is impressively accurate. Het neuwe land is svalbard, and this is 1st time the group of islands featured on a map.
全球規模最大的北極考察團集合來自世界二十國的科學家，一年多前乘「極星號」（Polarstern）研究船前往北極，搜集有關氣候暖化如何影響北極的資訊。該船前日已返抵德國不來梅哈芬港口，並帶回大量珍貴的科研資料，有助研究員預測未來數十年的氣候變化。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201014/00180_029.html
- orientation map of 2nd norwegian polar expedition 1898-1902 by gunnar isachsen
usa
- The Trump administration on Wednesday named a special envoy for the Arctic, filling a post that had been vacant for more than three years as the administration seeks a greater role in the region and tries to blunt growing Russian and Chinese influence there. The State Department's appointment of veteran career diplomat Jim DeHart to be U.S. co-ordinator for the Arctic came just a week after Secretary of State Mike Pompeo vowed enhanced U.S. engagement in the Arctic on a visit to Denmark. The U.S. opened a consulate in the semi-autonomous Danish territory of Greenland earlier this year as part of its new Arctic strategy.https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/us-new-arctic-envoy-jim-dehart-1.5668087
- 北極地區近年成為美國與俄羅斯的軍事角力場，美國海軍周一表示，神盾驅逐艦唐納德‧庫克號日前駛入北極圈海域巡邏，監視俄軍的海上活動。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191023/00180_021.html
- 美國內政部長伯恩哈特受訪時表示，華府最快可能於當地時間昨日，批准在阿拉斯加州北極國家野生動物保護區開採石油，如果成事將是歷來首次。環保人士形容此舉如同針對阿拉斯加的「全面宣戰」，讓寶貴的野生環境變作「巨大工廠」。北極國家野生動物保護區於1980年由美國國會通過成立，位於阿拉斯加東北部，佔地近7.7萬平方公里，相當於整個南卡羅來納州。2017年共和黨控制參眾兩院期間，通過授權在2021年前出售部分保護區的石油資源，報道指，如果華府在今年內批出合約，那麼即使大選後民主黨上台，也難以推翻決定。雖然伯恩哈特宣稱可能開採石油的區域，只佔保護區面積約0.01%，但當中不包括運輸原油所需的油管鋪設地段。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/08/18/a15-0818.pdf- 北極地區近年成為美國與俄羅斯的軍事角力場，美國海軍周一表示，神盾驅逐艦唐納德‧庫克號日前駛入北極圈海域巡邏，監視俄軍的海上活動。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191023/00180_021.html
- 美國軍方周二罕有預告，將首次在挪威派駐轟炸機特遣隊。由於部署基地距離北極圈只有480公里，分析相信美方此舉旨在加強在北歐的軍事部署，制衡俄羅斯在區內的軍事活動及威脅，並爭奪現時成為新兵家必爭之地的北極話語權。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210204/00180_016.html
canada
- 中國企業山東黃金5月提出，以2.3億加元（約13.8億港元）的價格，收購加拿大公司TMAC Resources旗下一個位於霍普灣（Hope Bay）的北極金礦，預計明年2月限期之前完成交易，其後遭加拿大聯邦政府以展開國家安全審查為由，延長交易限期多45天。一名加拿大退役少將近日接受該國傳媒訪問時表示，他反對加國政府批准有關收購，理由是交易完成後，中方將可使用西北航道，從而進入北極範圍。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201203/00178_018.html
Russia
- https://www.ft.com/content/9f7aba98-ddb3-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6 A ship capable of breaking through thick Arctic ice to deliver Russian liquefied natural gas to Asia is due to begin trials, marking an important step towards completion of a $27bn LNG project championed by president Vladimir Putin. The tanker is the first of a new class of icebreaking LNG carriers that will open an export route from Siberia to the Pacific — reducing Russia’s dependence on selling gas through pipelines to Europe. The ship — named Christophe de Margerie after the former chief executive of Total killed in a 2014 Moscow plane crash — docked in Zeebrugge on Friday after its maiden voyage from South Korea, where it was built by Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering. It will then sail north for its first encounter with sea ice around the Yamal Peninsula where Novatek, the Russian gas producer, is building the biggest Arctic LNG project so far in partnership with Total of France and CNPC of China. The $300m LNG ship, owned and operated by Sovcomflot, a leading Russian shipping company, is engineered to withstand temperatures as low as minus 50 degrees Celsius with a flat, rather than bulbous, prow designed to rupture ice up to 1.5 metres in depth.
- 5日上午举行的“2017年上海国际海事会展”上，中集海洋工程研究院有限公司（以下简称“中集海洋工程研究院”）与俄罗斯克雷洛夫中央科学研究院签署合作协议，中俄双方决定共同推进北极移动钻探综合体项目。根据中俄双方总理定期会晤工业合作分委会俄罗斯工贸部部长与中国工业和信息化部部长的会议内容，中俄双方决定共同推进北极移动钻探综合体项目。项目合作协议签署后，签约双方将牵头联合中俄双方多家单位，推进落实该项目的技术方案及商务方案。此次合作协议的签订也标誌中俄合作北极钻探综合体项目正式启动。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171206/PDF/a5_screen.pdf
- 俄罗斯自然资源与生态部部长谢尔盖·东斯科伊（Sergey Donskoy）在自然资源部会议上宣布，俄罗斯的北极研究计划包括建设一个新的自行式冰上平台。他说，为确保在北极和南极开展活动，政府计划通过一项未来五年计划以及俄罗斯南极科考队活动指标。东斯科伊说：“我们将实施‘北极点’自行式冰上平台建设项目开展北极研究。”平台建设工作将在圣彼得堡“海军部造船厂”开始。由于北极浮冰融化，科学家们越来越难以找到稳定的大块浮冰组建长期浮动站，所以平台建设十分必要。平台建设项目已纳入船厂2018-2020年船台工作分配计划。北极科考专用船“北极点”号自行式抗冰平台将于明年开工建设。该浮动平台不仅将用于大气和环境研究，还将为海军和航空飞行提供保障。平台可无需破冰船引领在冰面航行，配有科学设备、直升机平台，装有可满足两三年续航要求的燃料。平台使用寿命预计为25年。
来源：«透视俄罗斯» - http://tsrus.cn/keji/2018/04/20/661319
- https://www.ft.com/content/b5dc9c38-fd56-11e8-aebf-99e208d3e521 Russia plans to hand control of shipping through the Arctic Northern Sea Route to Rosatom as the state-run nuclear group seeks to become the sole operator of one of the world’s emerging trade arteries. Russia’s parliament voted on Tuesday to give the company, which has a nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet, control over infrastructure, access, security and shipping in the northern waterway as it seeks to introduce year-round shipments within the next decade. The route would roughly halve sailing times from Europe to China. The transport ministry will retain an administrative role and will issue shipping permits in conjunction with Rosatom.
- https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-icebreaker-ship-nuclear-power-arctic-sea-ice-shipping-oil-a8930711.html Russia launched the world’s largest nuclear-powered icebreaker on Saturday as the country responds to the commercial opportunities presented by melting Arctic sea ice. Amid warming winters and rapid loss of sea ice cover, Russia is preparing for more shipping via what it calls the Northern Sea Route (NSR), which is expected to soon become navigable year-round. The ship, named the Ural, was floated out at a dockyard in St Petersburg and is one of a trio of new vessels which will be the largest and most powerful fleet of icebreakers in the world.
- https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/28/europe/russia-arctic-floating-nuclear-power-station-intl/index.html Next month, a floating nuclear power plant called the Akademik Lomonosov will be towed via the Northern Sea Route to its final destination in the Far East, after almost two decades in construction. It's part of Russia's ambition to bring electric power to a mineral-rich region. The 144-meter (472 feet) long platform painted in the colors of the Russian flag is going to float next to a small Arctic port town of Pevek, some 4,000 miles away from Moscow. It will supply electricity to settlements and companies extracting hydrocarbons and precious stones in the Chukotka region. A larger agenda is at work too: aiding President Vladimir Putin's ambitious Arctic expansion plans, which have raised geopolitical concerns in the United States.
- 俄羅斯政府正草擬一項法案，允許國民免費獲得北極地區土地，以興建房屋或作商業用途，每人最多可獲派1公頃。俄羅斯2016年曾採取類似措施，促進遠東地區發展，當局相信通過該法案，可進一步開發北極地區資源。法案由俄羅斯自然資源部起草，需待國會批准後，再由總統普京簽署生效。計劃開始後首6個月，所有北極圈內居民均可獲發1公頃土地，其後向所有俄羅斯人開放，北極圈內各地方政府將自行劃出可供分派的土地，申請者有5年時間開發，其後再正式進行轉讓手續，註冊成為土地所有人或簽署長期租約。北極地區在前蘇聯時期，曾成為當局開發目標，興建不少工廠，但在前蘇聯解體後，區內工業活動和人口顯著下降，估計北極圈內現時約有250萬名居民，集中居住在摩爾曼斯克等多個城市。普京近年提倡發展北極地區，建議改善基建，並開拓北方航道，估計法案將有助吸引國民和小商戶協助開發北極。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/07/18/a14-0718.pdf
- 俄羅斯地理學會近日在網上宣布，來自該國不同城市的八名學生透過在線監測衞星圖像和訊息，成功在北極新地群島區域發現一個新島嶼。該會讚揚學生借助衞星圖像發現新島嶼的速度，比地理學家更快。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200727/00180_032.html
norway
- Statoil will not give up on exploration in Arctic ft 31oct17
sweden
- ft 3sep19 swedish minister warns of us arctic stance
denmark
- [tr berg] in 1619, a dano- norwegian expedition led by jens munk sailed into hudson bay. King christian iv, inspired by the norse sagas, had dreams of recreating a kind of northern empire.In 1624, munk wrote his navigatio, septentrionalis. Det er: relaltion eller bescriffuelse om seiglads oc reyse paa denne nordvestiske passagie, som nu kaldis nova dania (navigatio, septentrionalis. Or: A relation or description of the voyage to the northwest passage, which is now called nova dania).
- https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/maersk-ship-arctic-route-launch-global-warming-climate-change-a8500966.html Maersk Line, the world’s largest container shipping company, is about to launch the first ever container ship on an Arctic route along Russia’s north coast, as melting sea ice promises to offer a possible future alternative to the Suez Canal.
russia and china
- 中國油氣企業將再度與國際石油公司合作開發北極地區的世界級液化天然氣（LNG）項目。25日晚，俄羅斯諾瓦泰克公司（Novatek）宣布，已與中石油旗下中油國際（CNODC）、中海油（CNOOC）簽署約束力協議，兩家中國企業將分別收購由諾瓦泰克公司牽頭開發的北極LNG 2項目（Arctic LNG 2）10%的權益。北極LNG 2項目預計在今年下半年作最終投資決定，首條液化生產線預計2023年投產。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190427/PDF/a14_screen.pdf
- 近日哈爾濱工程大學申報的中國-俄羅斯極地技術與裝備「一帶一路」聯合實驗室獲中國科技部審批通過。作為唯一一項中俄合作項目，與其它首批14家「一帶一路」聯合實驗室一樣，該實驗室將參照國家重點實驗室建設，成為對外科技合作創新的最高級別平台。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/06/22/a14-0622.pdf
china
- 中国第八次北极科学考察队23日完成在楚科奇海的最后一个站位作业后，通过白令海峡进入白令海，顺利完成首次环北冰洋考察。中国科考队于7月31日进入北冰洋，在此次环北冰洋考察中，不仅在北冰洋公海区首次沿中央航道开展了全程科学调查，在白令海、楚科奇海、北欧海等海域开展了系统的业务化调查，还填补了我国在拉布拉多海、巴芬湾等海域的调查空白。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170925/PDF/a20_screen.pdf
- 位于北纬71度北极圈内的亚马尔项目于当地时间6日上午10时10分（北京时间6日中午1时10分）生产出第一滴液化天然气（LNG）液体，这标誌着亚马尔项目正式投产，该项目是中国提出“一带一路”倡议后实施的首个海外特大型项目。为感谢中国的支持，亚马尔项目生产的首船LNG将于本月底抵达中国。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171107/PDF/a16_screen.pdf
- 中國政府高調宣布進軍北極，國務院新聞辦昨（26日）發表首份《中國的北極政策》白皮書。針對外間質疑中國欲當「極地強國」，白皮書強調「中國是北極事務的重要利益攸關方」，北極直接影響中國的氣候和生態。因此，中國要認識、保護、利用和參與治理，與各方共建「冰上絲綢之路」，實現各方互利共贏。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180127/00178_001.html
Russia
- https://www.ft.com/content/9f7aba98-ddb3-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6 A ship capable of breaking through thick Arctic ice to deliver Russian liquefied natural gas to Asia is due to begin trials, marking an important step towards completion of a $27bn LNG project championed by president Vladimir Putin. The tanker is the first of a new class of icebreaking LNG carriers that will open an export route from Siberia to the Pacific — reducing Russia’s dependence on selling gas through pipelines to Europe. The ship — named Christophe de Margerie after the former chief executive of Total killed in a 2014 Moscow plane crash — docked in Zeebrugge on Friday after its maiden voyage from South Korea, where it was built by Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering. It will then sail north for its first encounter with sea ice around the Yamal Peninsula where Novatek, the Russian gas producer, is building the biggest Arctic LNG project so far in partnership with Total of France and CNPC of China. The $300m LNG ship, owned and operated by Sovcomflot, a leading Russian shipping company, is engineered to withstand temperatures as low as minus 50 degrees Celsius with a flat, rather than bulbous, prow designed to rupture ice up to 1.5 metres in depth.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2017-01/23/content_28029344.htm In September 2013, China National Petroleum Corp, the country's largest oil and gas producer by annual output, acting through its subsidiary CNPC Russia, bought a 20 percent stake for $5.4 billion in Oao Novatek's $27 billion Yamal project. Oao Novatek holds a 50.1 percent stake in the Yamal project, while Total holds 20 percent and Silk Road Fund 9.9 percent. Novatek is Russia's independent natural gas producer and the country's second-biggest LNG company after state-owned Gazprom. China's investment will help the Russian gas supplier to complete the project, one of the largest industrial undertakings in the Russian Arctic. It is reasonable to say a new gas production center is evolving in the Yamal Peninsula, which is expected to transform the Russian gas industry. It is also expected to boost China's oil and gas reserves substantially, ensuring steady long-term supply.
- 俄羅斯北極部隊將在今年完成裝備T-80BVM型主戰坦克。該型坦克是T-80BV坦克的寒區作戰改進型，從2019年起陸續在俄軍北方艦隊所屬海軍陸戰隊部署。北極地區氣候惡劣，武器裝備要面臨低至零下40攝氏度的極寒和狂風、暴雪等極限天氣。在T-80坦克啟動快、功率大、結構簡單、維修方便等優勢的基礎上，T-80BVM型坦克還裝配了特殊的加熱系統，即使在零下40攝氏度、風速40米／秒的環境中仍可作戰。火力系統方面，主炮是一門125毫米滑膛炮，可發射尾翼穩定脫殼穿甲彈、高爆榴彈、炮射導彈等彈藥。近年來，俄軍積極加強北極區域的軍事部署和整編。2014年底，普京下令組建「北方艦隊─聯合戰略司令部」，將俄海軍北方艦隊、第五軍區以及空天部隊的相關作戰力量整合，加強在北極的軍事存在。除了北方艦隊下轄的第61海軍陸戰旅、第200摩步旅之外，俄軍還組建了第一支專門的北極作戰旅──第80摩步旅。這些部隊都將接裝T-80BVM坦克。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200720/PDF/a15_screen.pdf
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-usa-cosco-lng/us-sanctions-on-cosco-hit-lng-tankers-in-russias-arctic-idUSKBN1WF13U U.S. sanctions on two units of Chinese shipper COSCO hit the liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanker industry on Monday as U.S.-listed Teekay LNG said its shipping joint venture in Russia had been “blocked” because of its ties to COSCO.The United States imposed sanctions on COSCO Shipping Tanker (Dalian) Co and subsidiary COSCO Shipping Tanker (Dalian) Seaman & Ship Management Co for allegedly carrying Iranian crude oil. Teekay LNG said on Monday that its 50-50 Yamal LNG Joint Venture had been deemed a “blocked person” under the sanctions because its partner China LNG Shipping (Holding) (CLNG) is 50% owned by COSCO Dalian. “As a result of CLNG’s 50% interest, the Yamal LNG Joint Venture also currently qualifies as a ‘Blocked Person’ under OFAC rules,” Teekay said, referring to the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC).
- 5日上午举行的“2017年上海国际海事会展”上，中集海洋工程研究院有限公司（以下简称“中集海洋工程研究院”）与俄罗斯克雷洛夫中央科学研究院签署合作协议，中俄双方决定共同推进北极移动钻探综合体项目。根据中俄双方总理定期会晤工业合作分委会俄罗斯工贸部部长与中国工业和信息化部部长的会议内容，中俄双方决定共同推进北极移动钻探综合体项目。项目合作协议签署后，签约双方将牵头联合中俄双方多家单位，推进落实该项目的技术方案及商务方案。此次合作协议的签订也标誌中俄合作北极钻探综合体项目正式启动。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171206/PDF/a5_screen.pdf
- 俄罗斯自然资源与生态部部长谢尔盖·东斯科伊（Sergey Donskoy）在自然资源部会议上宣布，俄罗斯的北极研究计划包括建设一个新的自行式冰上平台。他说，为确保在北极和南极开展活动，政府计划通过一项未来五年计划以及俄罗斯南极科考队活动指标。东斯科伊说：“我们将实施‘北极点’自行式冰上平台建设项目开展北极研究。”平台建设工作将在圣彼得堡“海军部造船厂”开始。由于北极浮冰融化，科学家们越来越难以找到稳定的大块浮冰组建长期浮动站，所以平台建设十分必要。平台建设项目已纳入船厂2018-2020年船台工作分配计划。北极科考专用船“北极点”号自行式抗冰平台将于明年开工建设。该浮动平台不仅将用于大气和环境研究，还将为海军和航空飞行提供保障。平台可无需破冰船引领在冰面航行，配有科学设备、直升机平台，装有可满足两三年续航要求的燃料。平台使用寿命预计为25年。
来源：«透视俄罗斯» - http://tsrus.cn/keji/2018/04/20/661319
- https://www.ft.com/content/b5dc9c38-fd56-11e8-aebf-99e208d3e521 Russia plans to hand control of shipping through the Arctic Northern Sea Route to Rosatom as the state-run nuclear group seeks to become the sole operator of one of the world’s emerging trade arteries. Russia’s parliament voted on Tuesday to give the company, which has a nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet, control over infrastructure, access, security and shipping in the northern waterway as it seeks to introduce year-round shipments within the next decade. The route would roughly halve sailing times from Europe to China. The transport ministry will retain an administrative role and will issue shipping permits in conjunction with Rosatom.
- https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-icebreaker-ship-nuclear-power-arctic-sea-ice-shipping-oil-a8930711.html Russia launched the world’s largest nuclear-powered icebreaker on Saturday as the country responds to the commercial opportunities presented by melting Arctic sea ice. Amid warming winters and rapid loss of sea ice cover, Russia is preparing for more shipping via what it calls the Northern Sea Route (NSR), which is expected to soon become navigable year-round. The ship, named the Ural, was floated out at a dockyard in St Petersburg and is one of a trio of new vessels which will be the largest and most powerful fleet of icebreakers in the world.
- https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/28/europe/russia-arctic-floating-nuclear-power-station-intl/index.html Next month, a floating nuclear power plant called the Akademik Lomonosov will be towed via the Northern Sea Route to its final destination in the Far East, after almost two decades in construction. It's part of Russia's ambition to bring electric power to a mineral-rich region. The 144-meter (472 feet) long platform painted in the colors of the Russian flag is going to float next to a small Arctic port town of Pevek, some 4,000 miles away from Moscow. It will supply electricity to settlements and companies extracting hydrocarbons and precious stones in the Chukotka region. A larger agenda is at work too: aiding President Vladimir Putin's ambitious Arctic expansion plans, which have raised geopolitical concerns in the United States.
- 俄羅斯政府正草擬一項法案，允許國民免費獲得北極地區土地，以興建房屋或作商業用途，每人最多可獲派1公頃。俄羅斯2016年曾採取類似措施，促進遠東地區發展，當局相信通過該法案，可進一步開發北極地區資源。法案由俄羅斯自然資源部起草，需待國會批准後，再由總統普京簽署生效。計劃開始後首6個月，所有北極圈內居民均可獲發1公頃土地，其後向所有俄羅斯人開放，北極圈內各地方政府將自行劃出可供分派的土地，申請者有5年時間開發，其後再正式進行轉讓手續，註冊成為土地所有人或簽署長期租約。北極地區在前蘇聯時期，曾成為當局開發目標，興建不少工廠，但在前蘇聯解體後，區內工業活動和人口顯著下降，估計北極圈內現時約有250萬名居民，集中居住在摩爾曼斯克等多個城市。普京近年提倡發展北極地區，建議改善基建，並開拓北方航道，估計法案將有助吸引國民和小商戶協助開發北極。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/07/18/a14-0718.pdf
- 俄羅斯地理學會近日在網上宣布，來自該國不同城市的八名學生透過在線監測衞星圖像和訊息，成功在北極新地群島區域發現一個新島嶼。該會讚揚學生借助衞星圖像發現新島嶼的速度，比地理學家更快。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200727/00180_032.html
norway
- Statoil will not give up on exploration in Arctic ft 31oct17
- https://www.ft.com/content/669a07bc-f15b-11e7-b220-857e26d1aca4 Norway has defeated a lawsuit brought by environmental groups trying to block drilling for oil in the Arctic on the grounds the exploration was unconstitutional. The action by Greenpeace Norway and Nature and Youth was dismissed on Thursday by Oslo’s district court and the two groups were ordered to pay the state NKr580,000 ($71,000). The lawsuit is one of a growing number brought by groups seeking to use constitutional and international agreements such as the 2015 Paris summit on climate change to force governments to take more action to reduce greenhouse gases. Norway’s decision to open new areas well within the Arctic Circle in the Barents Sea to oil exploration went against the constitutional right to enjoy a healthy environment, the groups argued. The award of the licences in 2016 to companies such as Statoil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips and Lundin Petroleum went against Norway’s commitment in Paris to limit temperature increases to 1.5C, they argued.
- Norwegian climate activists have asked the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) to rule against Norway’s plans for more oil drilling in the Arctic, the campaigners said on Tuesday, arguing the country’s exploration deprives young people of their future. The lawsuit, by six individuals aged between 20 and 27 as well as Greenpeace and Young Friends of the Earth, is part of an emerging branch of law worldwide where plaintiffs go to court to make the case for curbing emissions that cause climate change. In the Netherlands, a court recently ordered Shell (RDSa.L) to cut its emissions in a lawsuit brought by citizens who argued that the Anglo-Dutch oil major violated their human rights."The environmentalists argue that, by allowing new oil drilling in the midst of a climate crisis, Norway is in breach of fundamental human rights," the campaigners said in a statement announcing their appeal to the ECHR.The announcement came as Equinor (EQNR.OL), the oil firm majority-controlled by the government, on Tuesday announced it would speed up investments in renewable energy while also continuing to raise oil output for the next five years.The Norwegian oil and energy ministry declined to comment on the lawsuit.Three courts in Norway have previously ruled in favour of the government, however, including in a verdict by the supreme court last December, thus exhausting domestic legal options.Lasse Eriksen Bjoern, 24, an activist from the indigenous Sami people of northern Norway, said climate change was already endangering a way of life."The Sami culture is closely related to the use of nature, and fisheries are essential ... A threat to our oceans is a threat to our people," he said.https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/the-people-vs-arctic-oil-climate-activists-target-norway-human-rights-court-2021-06-15/
- ft 3sep19 swedish minister warns of us arctic stance
denmark
- [tr berg] in 1619, a dano- norwegian expedition led by jens munk sailed into hudson bay. King christian iv, inspired by the norse sagas, had dreams of recreating a kind of northern empire.In 1624, munk wrote his navigatio, septentrionalis. Det er: relaltion eller bescriffuelse om seiglads oc reyse paa denne nordvestiske passagie, som nu kaldis nova dania (navigatio, septentrionalis. Or: A relation or description of the voyage to the northwest passage, which is now called nova dania).
- https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/maersk-ship-arctic-route-launch-global-warming-climate-change-a8500966.html Maersk Line, the world’s largest container shipping company, is about to launch the first ever container ship on an Arctic route along Russia’s north coast, as melting sea ice promises to offer a possible future alternative to the Suez Canal.
russia and china
- 中國油氣企業將再度與國際石油公司合作開發北極地區的世界級液化天然氣（LNG）項目。25日晚，俄羅斯諾瓦泰克公司（Novatek）宣布，已與中石油旗下中油國際（CNODC）、中海油（CNOOC）簽署約束力協議，兩家中國企業將分別收購由諾瓦泰克公司牽頭開發的北極LNG 2項目（Arctic LNG 2）10%的權益。北極LNG 2項目預計在今年下半年作最終投資決定，首條液化生產線預計2023年投產。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190427/PDF/a14_screen.pdf
- 近日哈爾濱工程大學申報的中國-俄羅斯極地技術與裝備「一帶一路」聯合實驗室獲中國科技部審批通過。作為唯一一項中俄合作項目，與其它首批14家「一帶一路」聯合實驗室一樣，該實驗室將參照國家重點實驗室建設，成為對外科技合作創新的最高級別平台。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/06/22/a14-0622.pdf
china
- 中国第八次北极科学考察队23日完成在楚科奇海的最后一个站位作业后，通过白令海峡进入白令海，顺利完成首次环北冰洋考察。中国科考队于7月31日进入北冰洋，在此次环北冰洋考察中，不仅在北冰洋公海区首次沿中央航道开展了全程科学调查，在白令海、楚科奇海、北欧海等海域开展了系统的业务化调查，还填补了我国在拉布拉多海、巴芬湾等海域的调查空白。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170925/PDF/a20_screen.pdf
- 位于北纬71度北极圈内的亚马尔项目于当地时间6日上午10时10分（北京时间6日中午1时10分）生产出第一滴液化天然气（LNG）液体，这标誌着亚马尔项目正式投产，该项目是中国提出“一带一路”倡议后实施的首个海外特大型项目。为感谢中国的支持，亚马尔项目生产的首船LNG将于本月底抵达中国。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171107/PDF/a16_screen.pdf
- 中國政府高調宣布進軍北極，國務院新聞辦昨（26日）發表首份《中國的北極政策》白皮書。針對外間質疑中國欲當「極地強國」，白皮書強調「中國是北極事務的重要利益攸關方」，北極直接影響中國的氣候和生態。因此，中國要認識、保護、利用和參與治理，與各方共建「冰上絲綢之路」，實現各方互利共贏。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180127/00178_001.html
- 18日至22日，中國第九次北極科學考察隊在北冰洋首次成功佈放中國自主研發的無人冰站系統，這將載入中國北極科考歷史，標誌着中國北極冰站觀測開始邁入「無人時代」，將有助於提高對北極環境變化的監測能力，有助於提升對北極氣候及海冰的預測預報能力。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/08/23/a14-0823.pdf
- 歷時69天，中國第9次北極科學考察隊26日返回上海，完成考察任務。考察隊不僅首次將業務化監測項目和科研項目相結合，還首次成功布放我國自主研發的 「無人冰站」、水下滑翔機、爬升式海洋剖面浮標等無人值守觀測裝備，使中國北冰洋考察從夏季延續到了冬季，極大地拓展了北極海洋學調查的內容。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180927/PDF/a6_screen.pdf
- 中國最新型遠洋綜合科考船「向陽紅01」，上周六從山東青島起航，執行第十次北極考察任務。考察隊將進行長期原位觀測、科研項目考察的海洋綜合調查，為九項常規海洋環境觀測和廿二項科技計劃提供保障支撐。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190812/00178_017.html
hk
- 首位華人探險隊長 盼免費收徒回饋香港http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/10/12/a27-1012.pdf
- https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20181015/20522375 本港紅潮專家何建宗進軍極地，開設香港首個北極科研站「紫荊站」。何20多年前到北極開荒研究極地藻類，最初只能隨中國及南韓隊，今年終圓夢建立屬港人的極地科研基地，大嘆死而無憾，冀本港科學家在此開展極地研究。《蘋果》採訪隊遠赴北極直擊紫荊站籌備過程。
- financing russia
- 歷時69天，中國第9次北極科學考察隊26日返回上海，完成考察任務。考察隊不僅首次將業務化監測項目和科研項目相結合，還首次成功布放我國自主研發的 「無人冰站」、水下滑翔機、爬升式海洋剖面浮標等無人值守觀測裝備，使中國北冰洋考察從夏季延續到了冬季，極大地拓展了北極海洋學調查的內容。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180927/PDF/a6_screen.pdf
- 中國最新型遠洋綜合科考船「向陽紅01」，上周六從山東青島起航，執行第十次北極考察任務。考察隊將進行長期原位觀測、科研項目考察的海洋綜合調查，為九項常規海洋環境觀測和廿二項科技計劃提供保障支撐。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190812/00178_017.html
hk
- 首位華人探險隊長 盼免費收徒回饋香港http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/10/12/a27-1012.pdf
- https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20181015/20522375 本港紅潮專家何建宗進軍極地，開設香港首個北極科研站「紫荊站」。何20多年前到北極開荒研究極地藻類，最初只能隨中國及南韓隊，今年終圓夢建立屬港人的極地科研基地，大嘆死而無憾，冀本港科學家在此開展極地研究。《蘋果》採訪隊遠赴北極直擊紫荊站籌備過程。
- financing russia
- 中國兩大國有石油公司參與其中的北極圈世界級液化天然氣（LNG）項目正式啟動。俄羅斯最大獨立天然氣生產商諾瓦泰克公司（NOVATEK）9月5日宣布，北極LNG 2項目（Arctic LNG 2 project）的投資者已經批准該項目的最終投資決定（FID）。北極LNG 2項目位於俄羅斯北極格丹半島（Gydan Peninsula），是諾瓦泰克公司繼亞馬爾液化天然氣項目（Yamal LNG）之後，在偏遠極地開發的第二個大型液化天然氣項目，總投資預計為213億美元。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190910/PDF/a9_screen.pdf
hk
- 香港嘅紅潮專家、香港極地研究中心創會主席何建宗教授，喺過去二十幾年來回北極研究極地藻類同水質等，近日佢完成咗第十七次喺北極採取樣本嘅行程https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191010/00176_074.html
- 培正中學生去北極考察https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191120/00176_076.html
websites
- http://polarhistorie.no
- 培正中學生去北極考察https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191120/00176_076.html
websites
- http://polarhistorie.no
consumer products concerning arctic exploration
- [robert opie] the race to the north pole became an international sport in which americans, italians, scandinavians and britons all competed. Norwegian explorer fridtjof nansen's attempt took three years (1894-7), but it was the american robert peary who finally succeeded in 1909. Advertisements, children's books and games all captured the excitement for those keeping warm by their firesides. eg liebig company's extract, the nansen north pole picture book, the game of the north pole.
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