- Competing views for asia's infrastructure priorites (china, russia, japan, iran) ft 4may17 "finance create new alliances across asia)
A borehole is a narrow shaft bored in the ground, either vertically or horizontally. A borehole may be constructed for many different purposes, including the extraction of water, other liquids (such as petroleum) or gases (such as natural gas), as part of a geotechnical investigation, environmental site assessment, mineral exploration,temperature measurement, as a pilot hole for installing piers or underground utilities, for geothermal installations, or for underground storage of unwanted substances, e.g. in carbon capture and storage.Borehole drilling has a long history. By at least the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), the Chinese used deep borehole drilling for mining and other projects. The British sinologist and historian Michael Loewe states that borehole sites could reach as deep as 600 m (2000 ft).[3] K.S. Tom describes the drilling process: "The Chinese method of deep drilling was accomplished by a team of men jumping on and off a beam to impact the drilling bit while the boring tool was rotated by buffalo and oxen."[4]This was the same method used for extracting petroleum in California during the 1860s (i.e. "Kicking Her Down"). A Western Han Dynasty bronze foundry discovered in Xinglong, Hebei had nearby mining shafts which reached depths of 100 m (328 ft) with spacious mining areas; the shafts and rooms were complete with a timber frame, ladders and iron tools. By the first century BC, Chinese craftsmen cast iron drill bits and drillers were able to drill boreholes up to 4800 feet (1500 m) deep.[8][9][10] By the eleventh century AD, the Chinese were able to drill boreholes up to 3000 feet in depth. Drilling for boreholes was time consuming and long. As the depth of the holes varied, the drilling of a single well could last nearly one full decade.[4] It wasn't up until the 19th century that Europe and the West would catch up and rival ancient Chinese borehole drilling technology.
- no chinese wiki version; vietnamnese version - Hố khoan (Borehole), còn gọi là lỗ khoan, giếng khoan
Adobe (US: /əˈdoʊbi/ , UK: /əˈdoʊb/; Spanish: [aˈðoβe]) is a building material made from earth and other organic materials. Adobe means mudbrick in Spanish, but in some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage, the term is used to refer to any kind of earth construction. Most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to cob and rammed earthbuildings. Adobe is among the earliest building materials, and is used throughout the world.The largest structure ever made from adobe is the Arg-é Bam built by the Achaemenid Empire. Other large adobe structures are the Huaca del Sol in Peru, with 100 million signed bricks and the ciudellas of Chan Chan and Tambo Colorado, both in Peru.
泥土types
- 黏土，俗作粘土（均讀作niántǔ），是有黏性的泥土，一般指颗粒小於2微米且可塑的多种含水硅酸铝盐矿物混合體。除了铝外，黏土还包含少量镁、铁、钠、钾和钙等元素。黏土一般由硅酸盐矿物在地球表面风化后形成。但是有些成岩作用也会产生黏土。在这些过程中黏土的出现可以作为成岩作用进展的指示。黏土也可由麵粉等做成。所有有黏性且可塑型的物質均稱黏土。Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3 , MgO etc.) and organic matter. Geologic clay deposits are mostly composed of phyllosilicate mineralscontaining variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure. Clays are plastic due to particle size and geometry as well as water content, and become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing.[1][2][3] Depending on the soil's content in which it is found, clay can appear in various colours from white to dull grey or brown to deep orange-red.Mixtures of sand, silt and less than 40% clay are called loam. Loam makes good soil and is used as a building material.
- Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay, whose mineral origin is quartz[1] and feldspar. Silt may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension with water (also known as a suspended load) and soil in a body of water such as a river. It may also exist as soil deposited at the bottom of a water body, like mudflows from landslides. Silt has a moderate specific area with a typically non-sticky, plastic feel. Silt usually has a floury feel when dry, and a slippery feel when wet. Silt can be visually observed with a hand lens, exhibiting a sparkly appearance. It also can be felt by the tongue as granular when placed on the front teeth (even when mixed with clay particles).淤泥（Silt），又稱沉泥或粉土，是泥土的基本組成成份之一。地質學中，淤泥是介於沙土及黏土之間，長約2到62微米、直徑4到9微米的一種顆粒狀物料，主要由石英及长石這兩種礦物組成。
- Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type; i.e., a soil containing more than 85 percent sand-sized particles by mass. The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz. The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate, for example, aragonite, which has mostly been created, over the past half billion years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. For example, it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean. Sand is a non-renewable resource over human timescales, and sand suitable for making concrete is in high demand.[2] Desert sand, although plentiful, is not suitable for concrete, and 50 billion tons of beach sand and fossil sand is needed each year for construction.沙或作砂，為顆粒物質的一種。沙為自然出現，被分割得很細小的岩石，其尺度為0.0625至2公釐。於此一尺度內的單一粒子稱為沙粒。地質學下一個更小的尺度分類為泥，其顆粒大小由0.004至0.0625公釐。下一個較大的尺度分類則為礫，其顆粒大小為2至64公釐(使用標準詳見粒徑)。用手指搓揉沙子時會有沙沙的感覺(泥則會有粉末的感覺)。
- gravel砾石是指平均粒径大于2毫米，小于64毫米的岩石或矿物碎屑物，地质学中将粒径小于2毫米的定义为砂，大于64毫米至256毫米的为卵石。砾石可以细分为细砾（粒径为2-10毫米），粗砾（10-100毫米）和巨砾（大于100毫米）；典型的砾石比重为1800千克/每立方米。砾石由暴露在地表的岩石经过风化作用而成；常沉积在山麓和山前地带；或由于岩石被水侵蚀破碎后，经河流冲刷沉积后产生；砾石胶结后形成砾岩或角砾岩。砾石可用来铺路，目前全球的砾石路总长甚至超过水泥路和沥青路总合。细砾还是制作混凝土的重要材料。
Rammed earth, also known as taipa[1] in Portuguese, tapial or tapia in Spanish, pisé (de terre) in French and partly Italian, and hangtu (夯土; pinyin: hāngtǔ), is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel.[2] It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building method. Edifices formed of rammed earth are on every continent except Antarctica, in a range of environments including temperate, wet,[3] semiarid desert, montane, and tropical regions. The availability of suitable soil and a building design appropriate for local climatic conditions are the factors that favour its use.夯土[1]是一类建築材料。表示紅泥、粗砂、石灰块的三合土中的空隙经过夯實的动作之后变得更结实。是土材質中較為結實的建材，在古代是城牆、宮室常用的建材，在中國，最早在龍山文化已能掌握夯土的技術。是客家土樓所呈現的土黃色外觀。夯土兩字也常作为动词使用，表现一种使用重物将泥土中空隙去除的动作，这种动作使泥土变得更结实。夯是动词，与“砸”的动作相似。但是夯所使用的重物通常较重，超过一个人负重的能力，通常由数个人同时进行。与夯土类似的词，还有夯实：将物体（主要指泥土）砸得更结实。
- hket 29oct19 picture of great wall constructed during ming dynasty using rammed earth
Roman concrete, also called opus caementicium, was a material used in construction during the late Roman Republic until the fading of the Roman Empire. Roman concrete was based on a hydraulic-setting cement. Recently, it has been found that it materially differs in several ways from modern concrete which is based on Portland cement. Roman concrete is durable due to its incorporation of volcanic ash, which prevents cracks from spreading. By the middle of the 1st century, the material was used frequently, often brick-faced, although variations in aggregate allowed different arrangements of materials. Further innovative developments in the material, called the Concrete Revolution, contributed to structurally complicated forms, such as the Pantheon dome, the world's largest and oldest unreinforced concrete dome. Roman concrete was normally faced with stone or brick, and interiors might be further decorated by stucco, fresco paintings, or thin slabs of fancy colored marbles. Made up of aggregate and cement, like modern concrete, it differed in that the aggregate pieces were typically far larger than in modern concrete, often amounting to rubble, and as a result it was laid rather than poured. Some Roman concretes were able to be set underwater, which was useful for bridges and other waterside construction. It is uncertain when Roman concrete was developed, but it was clearly in widespread and customary use from about 150 BC; some scholars believe it was developed a century before that.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-was-Roman-concrete-not-used-for-centuries-after-the-fall-of-Rome
- https://www.quora.com/Why-was-Roman-concrete-not-used-for-centuries-after-the-fall-of-Rome
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place ("tilt up"). In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site. Precast stone is distinguished from precast concrete using a fine aggregate in the mixture, so the final product approaches the appearance of naturally occurring rock or stone. More recently expanded polystyrene is being used as the cores to precast wall panels. This is lightweight and has better thermal insulation.
預力混凝土 Prestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction. It is substantially "prestressed" (compressed) during its fabrication, in a manner that strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist when in service. This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete and is done to improve the performance of the concrete in service.[4] Tendons may consist of single wires, multi-wire strands or threaded bars that are most commonly made from high-tensile steels, carbon fiber or aramid fiber.[1]:52–59The essence of prestressed concrete is that once the initial compression has been applied, the resulting material has the characteristics of high-strength concrete when subject to any subsequent compression forces and of ductile high-strength steel when subject to tension forces. This can result in improved structural capacity and/or serviceabilitycompared with conventionally reinforced concrete in many situations.[5][2]:6 In a prestressed concrete member, the internal stresses are introduced in a planned manner so that the stresses resulting from the superimposed loads are counteracted to the desired degree. Prestressed concrete is used in a wide range of building and civil structures where its improved performance can allow for longer spans, reduced structural thicknesses, and material savings compared with simple reinforced concrete. Typical applications include high-rise buildings, residential slabs, foundation systems, bridge and dam structures, silos and tanks, industrial pavements and nuclear containment structures. First used in the late-nineteenth century,[1] prestressed concrete has developed beyond pre-tensioning to include post-tensioning, which occurs after the concrete is cast. Tensioning systems may be classed as either monostrand, where each tendon's strand or wire is stressed individually, or multi-strand, where all strands or wires in a tendon are stressed simultaneously.[5] Tendons may be located either within the concrete volume (internal prestressing) or wholly outside of it (external prestressing). While pre-tensioned concrete uses tendons directly bonded to the concrete, post-tensioned concrete can use either bonded or unbonded tendons.
Hempcrete or Hemplime is bio-composite material, a mixture of hemp hurds (shives) and lime (possibly including natural hydraulic lime,[1] sand, or pozzolans) which is used as a material for construction and insulation.[2] It is marketed under names like Hempcrete, Canobiote, Canosmose, and Isochanvre.[3] Hempcrete is easier to work with than traditional lime mixes and acts as an insulator and moisture regulator. It lacks the brittleness of concrete and consequently does not need expansion joints.[3] The result is a lightweight insulating material ideal for most climates as it combines insulation and thermal mass.Hempcrete has been used in France since the early 1990s to construct non-weight bearing insulating infill walls, as hempcrete does not have the requisite strength for constructing foundation and is instead supported by the frame.[4] Hempcrete was also used to renovate old buildings made of stone or lime.[5] France continues to be an avid user of hempcrete; it is growing in popularity annually.Like other plant products, hemp absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere as it grows, retaining the carbon and releasing the oxygen.
Cement
- Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the mid 19th century, and usually originates from limestone. It is a fine powder, produced by heating limestone and clay minerals in a kiln to form clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding 2 to 3 percent of gypsum. Several types of Portland cement are available. The most common, called ordinary Portland cement (OPC), is grey, but white Portland cement is also available. Its name is derived from its similarity to Portland stone which was quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. It was named by Joseph Aspdin who obtained a patent for it in 1824. However, his son William Aspdin is regarded as the inventor of "modern" Portland cement due to his developments in the 1840s.
- In the manufacture of Portland cement, clinker occurs as lumps or nodules, usually 3 millimetres (0.12 in) to 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in diameter, produced by sintering (fusing together without melting to the point of liquefaction) limestone and aluminosilicate materials such as clay during the cement kiln stage.Clinker consists of various calcium silicates including alite and belite. Tricalcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite are other common components. These components are often generated in situ by heating various clays and limestone.
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21705861-why-grey-firms-will-have-go-green-cracks-surface
三合土，顾名思义，是三种材料经过配制、夯实而得的一种建筑材料，不同的地区有不同的三合土。但其中熟石灰不可或缺，三合土存在于没有水泥或水泥奇缺的年代，所以，说三合土中有水泥是不对的。我国的地质存在大量的“亚粘土”俗称“黄土”“红土”。在有泥土地的地方，三合土的材料为：泥土、熟石灰、沙。泥土的含沙量多，则沙的量减少。熟石灰一般占30%。建筑工程中的三合土垫层采用石灰、砂（可掺入少量黏土）与碎砖的拌合料铺设，其厚度不应小于100mm，三合土中的熟化石灰颗粒、粒径不得大于5mm；砂应用中砂，并不得含有草根等有机物质；碎砖不应采用风化、酥松和有机杂质的砖料，粒径不应大于60mm [1] 。明代，有石灰、陶粉和碎石组成的“三合土”。在清代，除石灰、黏土和细砂组成的“三合土”外，还有石灰、炉渣和砂子组成的“三合土”。清代《宫式石桥做法》一书中对“三合土”的配备作了说明：“灰土即石灰与黄土之混合，或谓三合土”；“灰土按四六掺合，石灰四成，黄土六成”。以现代人眼光看，“三合土”也就是以石灰与黄土或其他火山灰质材料作为胶凝材料，以细砂、碎石或炉渣作为填料的混凝土。“三合土”与罗马的三组分砂浆，即“罗马砂浆”有许多类似之处。
- singtao 23jan19 f2 also mentioned the use of glutinous rice powder
religious statutes
- scmp 14jan17 "divine creations"
columns, pillars
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-Roman-pillars-designed-the-way-they-are
The Corinthian order is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order. When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon, the Tuscan order and the Composite order. The Corinthian, with its offshoot the Composite, is the most ornate of the orders. This architectural style is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. There are many variations.
The name Corinthian is derived from the ancient Greek city of Corinth, although the style had its own model in Roman practice, following precedents set by the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus (c. 2 AD). It was employed in southern Gaul at the Maison Carrée, Nîmes (illustration, below) and at the comparable podium temple at Vienne. Other prime examples noted by Mark Wilson Jones are the lower order of the Basilica Ulpia and the arch at Ancona (both of the reign of Trajan, 98–117 AD) the "column of Phocas" (re-erected in Late Antiquity but 2nd century in origin), and the "Temple of Bacchus" at Baalbek (c. 150 AD).
The Doric order was one of the three orders of ancient Greek and later Roman architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian. The Doric is most easily recognized by the simple circular capitals at the top of columns.
- examples
- [best kept secrets of ireland by kevin eyres flame tree publishing] irish farm cottages in tullycross, connemara, galway - white -washed, sporting colourful front doors and thatched roofs
Uk
- John Shute (died 1563) was an English artist and architect who was born in Cullompton,Devon. His book, The First and Chief Grounds of Architecture, was the first work in English on classical architecture.[4] Shute's patron was John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, for whom he built a residential wing at Dudley Castle.[4] He was also known as a painter of miniatures.
arabic
- A mashrabiya (Arabic: مشربية), also either shanshūl (شنشول) or rūshān (روشان), is an architectural element which is characteristic of Arabic residences. It is a type of projecting oriel window enclosed with carved wood latticework located on the second story of a building or higher, often lined with stained glass. The mashrabiya is an element of traditional Arabic architecture used since the Middle Ages up to the mid-20th century. It is most commonly used on the street side of the building; however, it may also be used internally on the sahn (courtyard) side.[1] The style may be informally known as a "harem window" in English.
syria
- 逃到黎巴嫩的敍利亞建築師胡杜爾，不忍家鄉傳統搭屋手藝失傳，於是在異國他鄉，堅持親手搭建祖國獨有的圓頂土屋，期望保存該國的珍貴文化。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190129/00180_038.html
persia
- Charbagh or Chahar Bagh (Hindi-Urdu: चारबाग़ (Devanagari), چارباغ (Nastaleeq), chār bāgh, Persian: چهارباغ, chahār bāgh, meaning "four gardens") is a Persian, Indo-Persian, and Islamic quadrilateral garden layout based on the four gardens of Paradise mentioned in the Qur'an. The quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or flowing water into four smaller parts. They are found in countries throughout Western Asia and South Asia, including Iran and India.The quadrilateral Charbagh concept is based on the four gardens of Paradise mentioned in Chapter (Surah) 55, Ar-Rahman "The Beneficient", in the Qur'an:
Japan
- Regional Variations in Japanese Farmhouses Midori Nishi Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 57, No. 2 (Jun., 1967), pp. 239-266 https://www.jstor.org/stable/2569477?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
-Minka (Japanese: 民家, lit. "house of the people") are vernacular houses constructed in any one of several traditional Japanese building styles. In the context of the four divisions of society, minka were the dwellings of farmers, artisans, and merchants (i.e., the three non-samurai castes). This connotation no longer exists in the modern Japanese language, and any traditional Japanese-style residence of an appropriate age could be referred to as minka.Minka are characterised by their basic structure, their roof structure and their roof shape. Minka developed through history with distinctive styles emerging in the Edo period. 民家（みんか）とは、一般の庶民が暮らす住まいのこと。支配階級、上層階級の住まい（王宮など）に対比して用いられる言葉。民屋（みんおく）ともいう。
- うだつは、日本家屋の屋根に取り付けられる小柱、防火壁、装飾。本来は梲と書き、室町以降は卯建・宇立などの字が当てられた。平安時代は「うだち」といったが、室町時代以降「うだつ」と訛った。本来は梁（うつばり）の上に立てる小さい柱のことを言ったが、そののち、自家と隣家との間の屋根を少し持ち上げた部分を「うだつ」と呼ぶようになった。桃山時代に描かれた洛中洛外図屏風にはうだつのある長屋が描かれている。桃山時代から江戸時代初期にかけては木製のうだつが存在するなど、当初は防火壁と言うよりも屋根が強風で飛んだりするのを防ぐ防風の意味合いや、また装飾的な意味合いが強かった[1]。
- In traditional Japanese architecture, a shōji is a door, window or room divider consisting of translucent paper over a frame of wood which holds together a lattice of wood or bamboo. While washi is the traditional paper, shōji may be made of paper made by modern manufacturing processes; plastic is also in use.Formerly the word shōji was used to refer to both fusuma, formally known as karagami shōji (唐紙障子), and shōji, referred to as akari shōji (明り障子).
china
- styles
-牌坊
- 鲁班锁
- 青瓦
Hong kong
- temple
Asia
- https://www.yahoo.com/news/asias-infrastructure-gap-threatens-hamper-growth-061238801.html Asia's 'infrastructure gap' article by Ramesh Subramaniam , deputy director general, ADB's Southeast Asia department.
firms
- Heneghan peng architects (hparc) is an architecture firm based in Dublin and Berlin. The company was established in New York in 1999 but was shifted to Dublin in 2001. Its founders are Róisín Heneghan and Shih-Fu Peng.
It has won many significant commissions, including the Grand Egyptian Museum,[1][2]Áras Chill Dara in Kildare, Ireland, the Giant's Causeway Visitors' Centre, and new footbridges at the London Olympic Park.[3][4]To win the Grand Egyptian Museum project, the firm won a design competition with 1,557 entries, despite having only three staff members at the time.
People
- Thomas Telford FRS, FRSE (9 August 1757 – 2 September 1834) was a Scottish civil engineer, architect and stonemason, and a noted road, bridge and canal builder. After establishing himself as an engineer of road and canal projects in Shropshire, he designed numerous infrastructure projects in his native Scotland, as well as harbours and tunnels. Such was his reputation as a prolific designer of highways and related bridges, he was dubbed The Colossus of Roads (a pun on the Colossus of Rhodes), and, reflecting his command of all types of civil engineering in the early 19th century, he was elected as the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, a post he retained for 14 years until his death. Telford was born on 9 August 1757 at Glendinning, a hill farm 3 miles east of Eskdalemuir Kirk, in the rural parish of Westerkirk, in Eskdale, Dumfriesshire. His father John Telford, a shepherd, died soon after Thomas was born. Thomas was raised in poverty by his mother Janet Jackson (died 1794).
- Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who was better known as Le Corbusier (French: [lə kɔʁbyzje]; October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter,urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, with his buildings constructed throughout Europe, India, and the Americas. Dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities, Le Corbusier was influential in urban planning, and was a founding member of the Congrès international d'architecture moderne (CIAM). Corbusier prepared the master plan for the city ofChandigarh in India, and contributed specific designs for several buildings there.
- Riccardo Morandi (1 September 1902 – 25 December 1989) was an Italian civil engineer best known for his interesting use of reinforced concrete. Amongst his best known works were the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, an 8 km crossing of Lake Maracaibo incorporating seven cable-stayed bridge spans with unusual piers, and the Subterranean Automobile Showroom in Turin.
- 用建築為西安寫詩的張錦秋http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200614/PDF/a16_screen.pdf
Architecture style
- Coptic architecture is the architecture of the Copts, who form the majority of Christians in Egypt. Coptic churches range from great cathedrals like Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral to the smallest churches in rural villages. Many ancient monasteries likeMonastery of Saint Anthony survive. Ancient churches like the Hanging Church in Coptic Cairo carry important historical value to the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Copts in general.
- Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople[1] and continued with his building of churches [2] and the forum of Constantine. This terminology is used by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople rather than the city of Rome and environs.
- gothic
- victorian
- The Mayan Revival is a modern architectural movement, primarily of the 1920s and 1930s,[1] that drew inspiration from the architecture and iconography of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures.
- Archigram was an avant-garde architectural group formed in the 1960s - based at the Architectural Association, London - that was neofuturistic, anti-heroic and pro-consumerist, drawing inspiration from technology in order to create a new reality that was solely expressed through hypothetical projects. The main members of the group were Peter Cook, Warren Chalk, Ron Herron, Dennis Crompton, Michael Webb and David Greene. Designer Theo Crosby was the "hidden hand" behind the group.[1] He gave them coverage in Architectural Design magazine (where he was an editor from 1953–62), brought them to the attention of the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) in London, where, in 1963, they mounted an exhibition called Living Cities,[2] and in 1964 brought them into the Taylor Woodrow Design Group, which he headed, to take on experimental projects.[3] The pamphlet Archigram I was printed in 1961 to proclaim their ideas. Committed to a 'high tech', light weight, infra-structural approach that was focused towards survival technology, the group experimented with modular technology, mobility through the environment, space capsules and mass-consumer imagery. Their works offered a seductive vision of a glamorous future machine age; however, social and environmental issues were left unaddressed.
- tenement house
- a gargoyle (/ˈɡɑːrɡɔɪl/) is a carved or formed grotesque with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building, thereby preventing rainwater from running down masonry walls and eroding the mortar between. Architects often used multiple gargoyles on buildings to divide the flow of rainwater off the roof to minimize the potential damage from a rainstorm. A trough is cut in the back of the gargoyle and rainwater typically exits through the open mouth. Gargoyles are usually an elongated fantastical animal because the length of the gargoyle determines how far water is directed from the wall. When Gothic flying buttresses were used, aqueducts were sometimes cut into the buttress to divert water over the aisle walls.
- octagonal structures
- roof
construction material
- 麻石
new materials
- synthetic timber
latest tech
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1392ab72-64e2-11e4-ab2d-00144feabdc0.html The race to build ever taller skyscrapers has sparked a battle among lift manufacturers to develop the next generation of elevators with record-breaking speeds of 4,000ft per minute.
- http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-1
Shopping malls
- asisn shopping mall construction article (shippers today may-jun15 issue)
牌樓
- hk
Bridge
- suspension bridge
- Accelerated Bridge Construction, also known as instant bridge, is an innovative construction method meant to help all involved. It's main goal, according to the Federal Highway Administration, is to reduce construction time. The process involves prefabricated elements to cut time, cost and environmental impact. Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5507093/What-accelerated-bridge-construction-method.html, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/abc/
- 全球最長跨海大橋——港珠澳大橋正式通車前夕，中國交建總工程師、港珠澳大橋項目總經理林鳴率團訪問大連理工大學並簽署產學研合作協議，共同推進「懸浮隧道」工程技術研究工作。林鳴表示，「懸浮隧道」的研究方向完全得益於港珠澳大橋海底隧道建設的七年經驗。作為一項世界性難題，目前「懸浮隧道」在國內外的研究均屬起步階段，世界範圍內還沒有建成先例，相關研究擬於三至四年內完成，據悉供模型物理試驗的水池快將啟用。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20181024/PDF/a19_screen.pdf
- 內地首座3D打印景觀橋於11日正式投放，成為上海普陀區桃浦中央綠地的最新亮點。據悉，這是內地首座運用3D打印技術完成的一次成型、最大跨度、多維曲面的高分子材料景觀橋。事實上，3D打印技術製作橋樑此前已有先例。但位於桃浦中央綠地的這座是內地首個實際投入使用的，而不僅僅是展示。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/01/13/a14-0113.pdf- notable innovative bridges
roads
- Macadam is a type of road construction, pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam around 1820, in which single-sized crushed stone layers of small angular stones are placed in shallow lifts and compacted thoroughly. A binding layer of stone dust (crushed stone from the original material) may form; it may also, after rolling, be covered with a binder to keep dust and stones together. The method simplified what had been considered state of the art at that point.
Lighting
- http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/29/health/streetlights-improve-health/index.html In response to recent guidance by the American Medical Association against the use of powerful LED lights, cities such as Phoenix; Lake Worth, Florida; and 25 towns in Connecticut are now opting for street lamps with lower color temperatures, meaning less blue light emission.
underground
- https://www.theguardian.com/money/2018/may/07/going-underground-the-subterranean-secrets-of-londons-super-rich The subterranean secrets of London’s super-rich are revealed in a study of 4,650 basements granted planning permission in some of the capital’s most affluent neighbourhoods, with hundreds of swimming pools and cinemas in the most luxurious developments. Almost 1,000 gyms, 376 pools, 456 cinemas, 381 wine stores and cellars and 115 staff rooms, including bedrooms for nannies and au pairs, were found in the plans for the basements approved by seven London boroughs between 2008 and 2017.
- charles debreuil maintained a number of gardens connected by a complex system of tunnels in melun, south of paris
tunnel
- 粵港澳大灣區交通重點樞紐工程「深中通道」目前正進行最難的沉管隧道建設。深中通道管理中心有關負責人昨日受訪時透露，繼首個管節（E1管節）鋼殼在6月下旬從南沙龍穴島船廠運抵珠海牛頭島預製廠後，目前進入E1管節混凝土澆築階段。據悉，該預製廠曾承接港珠澳大橋33節隧道沉管建造，經過11個月的升級改造並獲得11項專利，打造成更加智慧化的「夢工廠」。其中，幾乎所有生產的數據都可在一塊大屏幕上輕鬆捕捉，具備每個月生產一節管節的能力，比港珠澳大橋提升了一倍多；而相比港珠澳大橋E1管節從預製廠搬移到淺塢區花了1個多月，如今最快提升到3個小時，深中通道建設工效較港珠澳大橋大幅提速。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/07/10/a07-0710.pdf
reclamation
- method
- 沉降
houses on water
- kyoto funaya 京都舟屋 (a little bit resembles those houses in tai o)
東北聯邦大學為此與科企聯手，建造一個透明半圓保溫穹頂，為未來在極地建設圓頂房屋城市作準備。為了確保設備成效，團隊特地邀來一家人在圓頂下的木屋住宿，記錄在這新技術下的生活點滴。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200319/00180_040.html
mobile toilets
- companies
Infrastructure Development and Real Estate-related Services (IRES)
- normal investment procedures
event
- Archidex in Kuala Lumpur, www.archidex.com.my
- world architecture festival in Singapore https://www.worldarchitecturefestival.com/
- http://www.saudimegaprojects.com/
- http://www.thebig5.ae/
- International Infrastructure Investment and Construction Forum in macao http://www.iiicf.org/
- comprehensive exhibition for building materials and housing equipment ken-ten.jp
- international built environment week, singapore
reference
- world wide architecture reference
trivial
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-streets-around-the-ancient-Roman-Pantheon-nearly-20-feet-higher-than-the-base-of-the-building-with-a-deep-gap
religious statutes
- scmp 14jan17 "divine creations"
columns, pillars
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-Roman-pillars-designed-the-way-they-are
The Corinthian order is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order. When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon, the Tuscan order and the Composite order. The Corinthian, with its offshoot the Composite, is the most ornate of the orders. This architectural style is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. There are many variations.
The name Corinthian is derived from the ancient Greek city of Corinth, although the style had its own model in Roman practice, following precedents set by the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus (c. 2 AD). It was employed in southern Gaul at the Maison Carrée, Nîmes (illustration, below) and at the comparable podium temple at Vienne. Other prime examples noted by Mark Wilson Jones are the lower order of the Basilica Ulpia and the arch at Ancona (both of the reign of Trajan, 98–117 AD) the "column of Phocas" (re-erected in Late Antiquity but 2nd century in origin), and the "Temple of Bacchus" at Baalbek (c. 150 AD).
The Doric order was one of the three orders of ancient Greek and later Roman architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian. The Doric is most easily recognized by the simple circular capitals at the top of columns.
- examples
- tombs of the kings (actually buried high ranking officials rather than kings) in pafos, cyprus
- [best kept secrets of ireland by kevin eyres flame tree publishing] irish farm cottages in tullycross, connemara, galway - white -washed, sporting colourful front doors and thatched roofs
- ft 20jun2020 Born a. Darß (Born auf [dem] Darß) on the baltic coast of germany
A trullo (plural, trulli) is a traditional Apulian dry stone hut with a conical roof. Their style of construction is specific to the Itria Valley, in the Murge area of the Italian region of Apulia. Trulli were generally constructed as temporary field shelters and storehouses or as permanent dwellings by small proprietors or agricultural labourers. In the town of Alberobello, in the province of Bari, whole districts contain dense concentrations of trulli. The golden age of trulli was the nineteenth century, especially its final decades, which were marked by the development of wine growing.
A trullo (plural, trulli) is a traditional Apulian dry stone hut with a conical roof. Their style of construction is specific to the Itria Valley, in the Murge area of the Italian region of Apulia. Trulli were generally constructed as temporary field shelters and storehouses or as permanent dwellings by small proprietors or agricultural labourers. In the town of Alberobello, in the province of Bari, whole districts contain dense concentrations of trulli. The golden age of trulli was the nineteenth century, especially its final decades, which were marked by the development of wine growing.
- The style of construction is specific to the Itria Valley, in the Murge area of the Italian region of Apulia. Trulli may be found in and out of Alberobello, and in the areas around Locorotondo, Fasano, Ostuni, Cisternino, Martina Franca, and Ceglie Messapica.
- [ochsle] region of rheinhessen is marked by little huts known as trulli (singular:trullo, vineyard hutsvwith doomed roofs)
Stepwells are wells or ponds in which the water is reached by descending a set of steps. They may be covered and protected and are often of architectural significance. They also may be multi-storied, having a bullock to turn the water wheel ("rehat") to raise the water in the well to the first or second floor. They are most common in western India. They are also found in the other more arid regions of South Asia, extending into Pakistan. Their construction may be utilitarian, but sometimes includes significant architectural embellishments. All forms of the stepwell are examples of the many types of storage and irrigation tanks that were developed in India, mainly to cope with seasonal fluctuations in water availability. A basic difference between stepwells on the one hand, and tanks and wells on the other, was to make it easier for people to reach the ground water, and to maintain and manage the well.
- india
人造凍土
- 作為港珠澳大橋珠海連接線的控制性工程，全長2741米的拱北隧道即將全隧貫通，也宣告全球首座採用“超大麴線管幕+超長凍結法”施工的公路隧道取得重大突破。“拱北口岸地下長度僅255米的隧道暗挖段，就集中了迄今人類建設隧道的全部難度，其管幕長度及面積、凍結規模均刷新世界紀錄。”珠海連接線管理中心專家稱，淤泥下“人造凍土”暗挖隧道工法攻克世界級難題，包括配置逾萬個元器件當“眼睛”監測土層凍結狀態，填補了中國在複雜地質條件下超大斷面隧道施工技術的空白。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170404/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
為了研發更環保的建築物料，世界各地的專家都不遺餘力。除了泥土、竹子外，菇菌也在行列當中。種出的菇菌，其菇頂可作食用及藥用，其根部的菌絲體，更可用來製作生物材料。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191009/00176_078.html
Decorative paint effects
- graining
- marbling
- broken colour
- gliding eg gold/metallic foil
桐油是取自大戟科油桐屬樹木油桐種子的油，在空氣中氧化經聚合反應生成緻密的漆膜；和其他乾性油比較，有乾燥快、比重小、附着力強、耐熱、酸、鹼等優點。中國傳統的桐油來自三年桐（Aleurites fordii Hemsi.）和木油桐（Vernicia montana，又名千年桐）。日本油桐（Aleurites cordata Thunb.）所產的油稱為日本桐油。
- 日媒亦引述專家指，木造的正殿與塗裝紅漆使用沖繩特有的「桐油」，或令火勢迅速蔓延。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191102/00180_015.html
Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane.[1] What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a flat surface of stone (relief sculpture) or wood (relief carving) is a lowering of the field, leaving the unsculpted parts seemingly raised. The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise. On the other hand, a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round, especially one of a standing figure where the ankles are a potential weak point, especially in stone. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mâché the form can be just added to or raised up from the background, and monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting. There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the sculpted form from the field, for which the Italian appellations are still sometimes used. The full range includes high relief (alto-rilievo, haut-relief), where more than 50% of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas, mid-relief (mezzo-rilievo), low-relief (basso-rilievo, or French: bas-relief /ˌbɑːrɪˈliːf/), and shallow-relief or rilievo schiacciato, where the plane is only very slightly lower than the sculpted elements. There is also sunk relief, which was mainly restricted to Ancient Egypt (see below). However the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only terms used to discuss most work.
榫卯为榫头卯眼的简称，是一种传统木工中接合两个或多个构件的方式。其中构件中的凸出部分称为榫（榫头，也称作笋头），凹入部分则称为卯（卯眼，也称作卯口、榫眼等）A mortise (or mortice) and tenon joint is a type of joint that connects two pieces of wood or other material. Woodworkers around the world have used it for thousands of years to join pieces of wood, mainly when the adjoining pieces connect at an angle of 90°. In its basic form, it is both simple and strong. There are many variations of this type of joint, but the basic mortise and tenon comprises two components: the mortise hole and the tenon tongue. The tenon, formed on the end of a member generally referred to as a rail, fits into a square or rectangular hole cut into the corresponding member. The tenon is cut to fit the mortise hole exactly and usually has shoulders that seat when the joint fully enters the mortise hole. The joint may be glued, pinned, or wedged to lock it in place. This joint is also used with other materials. For example, it is a traditional method for stonemasons and blacksmiths. This is an ancient joint dating back 7,000 years. The first examples, tusked joints, were found in a well near Leipzig - the world's oldest intact wooden architecture.[4] It has also been found joining the wooden planks of the "Khufu ship",[5] a 43.6 m long vessel sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex of the Fourth Dynasty around 2500 BC. The oldest known use dates from the Early Neolithic Linear Pottery culture, where it was used in the constructing of the wooden lining of water wells. It has also been found in ancient furniture from archaeological sites in the Middle East, Europe and Asia. Many instances are found, for example, in ruins of houses in the Silk Road kingdom of Cadota, dating from the first to the fourth century BC.[7] In traditional Chinese architecture, wood components, such as beams, brackets, roof frames and struts, were made to interlock with perfect fit, without using fasteners or glues, enabling the wood to expand and contract according to humidity. Archaeological evidence from Chinese sites shows that, by the end of the Neolithic, mortise-and-tenon joinery was employed in Chinese construction. The thirty sarsen stones of Stonehenge were dressed and fashioned with mortise-and-tenon joints before they were erected between 2600 and 2400 BC. ほぞ継ぎ（枘継ぎ）またはほぞ接ぎ（枘接ぎ）（ほぞつぎ、英語：mortise and tenon）とは、2つの木材部品を接合する継手の一種である。世界中の木工は数千年にわたり、主に木材を90度に接合するときにこれを使った。基本的な形式は、簡易かつ強固であった。これは7000年をさかのぼる伝統的な継手であり、多発的に世界各地で発明されたと考えられている。くさび止めほぞの最初の例は、世界最古の現存する木造建築物であるライプツィヒの井戸で発見された[5]。これはまた、紀元前2500年頃のエジプト第4王朝の三大ピラミッドに納められた43.6メートルの船であるクフ王の船の板材の継手でも発見された[6]。最古の利用は新石器時代初期の線帯文土器文化にさかのぼり、そこでは井戸の内壁建造に使わていた[7]。これはまた、中東、欧州およびアジアの古代遺跡で発見された古代の家具で使われた。例えば、紀元前4世紀から1世紀にさかのぼるシルクロードのチャドータ王国家屋の史跡で多数の例が見られる[8]。伝統的な中国の建築では、梁、腕木、屋根組み、および筋交いなどの木材は留め具や接着剤を使うことなく完全に接合し、木が湿度により伸縮できるようにした[9]。中国の遺跡からの考古学的証拠は、新石器時代の末期にはほぞ継ぎが中国の建造に使われたことを示す[10]。30個のストーンヘンジの大砂岩は、ほぞ継ぎの加工をされてから、紀元前2600年から2400年の間に立てられた。日本でも富山県の桜町遺跡で貫穴加工された角材や石川県の真脇遺跡でホゾ加工がされた約3000年前の角材が発見されており、独自に発明した技術であると考えられている。
- china daily 31oct19 foreigners learning the technique in cixi zhejiang
The Ziggurat (or Great Ziggurat) of Ur (Sumerian: é-temen-ní-gùru "Etemenniguru", meaning "temple whose foundation creates aura"[2]) is a Neo-Sumerian ziggurat in what was the city of Ur near Nasiriyah, in present-day Dhi Qar Province, Iraq. The structure was built during the Early Bronze Age (21st century BCE), but had crumbled to ruins by the 6th century BCE of the Neo-Babylonian period when it was restored by King Nabonidus. Its remains were excavated in the 1920s and 1930s by Sir Leonard Woolley. Under Saddam Hussein in the 1980s, they were encased by a partial reconstruction of the façade and the monumental staircase. The ziggurat of Ur is the best-preserved of those known from Iran and Iraq, besides the ziggurat of Dur Untash (Chogha Zanbil).[3] It is one of three well preserved structures of the Neo-Sumerian city of Ur, along with the Royal Mausolea and the Palace of Ur-Nammu (the E-hursag).The ziggurat was damaged in the Gulf War in 1991 by small arms fire and the structure was shaken by explosions. Four bomb craters can be seen nearby and the walls of the ziggurat are marred by over 400 bullet holes.
castles
- round towers
- defence
- Castles, though, were a product of Norman, feudal society and each was built by and for one family and their armed retainers. When the Normans conquered England, they brought castle-building with them. As a result, a whole lot of them suddently appeared.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-oldest-English-castle-in-England
- moated castle
- cross arch
construction material
- bamboo
fire-proof
- wood fireproofed with a liquefied glass coating, and pillars made from layers of wood and gypsum board as fire-resistant as steel or concrete that allow the construction of large all-wooden structures. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FO01XyZ8XE&feature=youtu.be
Islam
- characteristics
- The hall house is a type of vernacular house traditional in many parts of England, Wales, Ireland and lowland Scotland, as well as northern Europe, during the Middle Ages, centring on a hall. Usually timber-framed, some high status examples were built in stone.In Old English, a "hall" is simply a large room enclosed by a roof and walls, and in Anglo-Saxon England simple one-room buildings, with a single hearth in the middle of the floor for cooking and warmth, were the usual residence of a lord of the manor and his retainers. The whole community was used to eating and sleeping in the hall. This is the hall as Beowulfunderstood it. Over several centuries the hall developed into a building which provided more than one room, giving some privacy to its more important residents.A significant house needs both public and private areas. The public area is the place for living: cooking, eating, meeting and playing, while private space is for withdrawing and for storing valuables. A source of heat is required, and in northern latitudes walls are also needed to keep the weather out and to keep in the heat.[2] By about 1400, in lowland Britain, with changes in settlement patterns and agriculture, people were thinking of houses as permanent structures rather than temporary shelter. According to the locality, they built stone or timber-framedhouses with wattle and daub or clay infill. The designs were copied by their neighbours and descendants in the tradition of vernacular architecture. They were sturdy and some have survived over five hundred years. Hall houses built after 1570 are rare. The open hearth found in a hall house created heat and smoke. A high ceiling drew the smoke upwards, leaving a relatively smoke-free void beneath.[5] [6] Later hall houses were built with chimneys and flues. In earlier ones, these were added as alterations and additional flooring often installed. This, and the need for staircases to reach each of the upper storeys, led to much innovation and variety in floor plans. The hall house, having started in the Middle Ages as a home for a lord and his community of retainers, permeated to the less well-off during the early modern period. During the sixteenth century, the rich crossed what Brunskill describes as the "polite threshold" and became more likely to employ professionals to design their homes.
Stepwells are wells or ponds in which the water is reached by descending a set of steps. They may be covered and protected and are often of architectural significance. They also may be multi-storied, having a bullock to turn the water wheel ("rehat") to raise the water in the well to the first or second floor. They are most common in western India. They are also found in the other more arid regions of South Asia, extending into Pakistan. Their construction may be utilitarian, but sometimes includes significant architectural embellishments. All forms of the stepwell are examples of the many types of storage and irrigation tanks that were developed in India, mainly to cope with seasonal fluctuations in water availability. A basic difference between stepwells on the one hand, and tanks and wells on the other, was to make it easier for people to reach the ground water, and to maintain and manage the well.
- india
- 月亮井Chand Baori is a stepwell situated in the village of Abhaneri in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It was built by King Chanda of the Nikumbh dynasty between 800 CE and 900 CE,[3] and was dedicated to Hashat Mata, Goddess of Joy and Happiness upon completion.
人造凍土
- 作為港珠澳大橋珠海連接線的控制性工程，全長2741米的拱北隧道即將全隧貫通，也宣告全球首座採用“超大麴線管幕+超長凍結法”施工的公路隧道取得重大突破。“拱北口岸地下長度僅255米的隧道暗挖段，就集中了迄今人類建設隧道的全部難度，其管幕長度及面積、凍結規模均刷新世界紀錄。”珠海連接線管理中心專家稱，淤泥下“人造凍土”暗挖隧道工法攻克世界級難題，包括配置逾萬個元器件當“眼睛”監測土層凍結狀態，填補了中國在複雜地質條件下超大斷面隧道施工技術的空白。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170404/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
為了研發更環保的建築物料，世界各地的專家都不遺餘力。除了泥土、竹子外，菇菌也在行列當中。種出的菇菌，其菇頂可作食用及藥用，其根部的菌絲體，更可用來製作生物材料。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191009/00176_078.html
Decorative paint effects
- graining
- Oak
- Mahogany
- marbling
- Carerra
- Vert de mer
- Sienna
- broken colour
- Sponging
- Rag rolling, additive or subtractive
- Hair stippling
- Rubber stippling
- Dragging
- Combing
- Bagging
- stencil work
- Single plate, positive or negative
- Multi plate
- Edge stencils
- gliding eg gold/metallic foil
- Adhesives: Gold size, Silver size, Oil size, Gelatine size, Isinglass (for loose leaf glass gliding)
桐油是取自大戟科油桐屬樹木油桐種子的油，在空氣中氧化經聚合反應生成緻密的漆膜；和其他乾性油比較，有乾燥快、比重小、附着力強、耐熱、酸、鹼等優點。中國傳統的桐油來自三年桐（Aleurites fordii Hemsi.）和木油桐（Vernicia montana，又名千年桐）。日本油桐（Aleurites cordata Thunb.）所產的油稱為日本桐油。
- 日媒亦引述專家指，木造的正殿與塗裝紅漆使用沖繩特有的「桐油」，或令火勢迅速蔓延。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191102/00180_015.html
灰泥，又稱巴黎灰泥、熟石膏 Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements.[1] In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications.[2] Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is worked in some way to produce relief decoration, rather than flat surfaces. The most common types of plaster mainly contain either gypsum, lime, or cement,[3] but all work in a similar way. The plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a stiff but workable paste immediately before it is applied to the surface. The reaction with water liberates heat through crystallization and the hydrated plaster then hardens. Plaster can be relatively easily worked with metal tools or even sandpaper, and can be moulded, either on site or to make pre-formed sections in advance, which are put in place with adhesive. Plaster is not a strong material; it is suitable for finishing, rather than load-bearing, and when thickly applied for decoration may require a hidden supporting framework, usually in metal. Forms of plaster have several other uses. In medicine plaster orthopedic casts are still often used for supporting set broken bones. In dentistry plaster is used to make dental impressions. Various types of models and moulds are made with plaster. In art, lime plaster is the traditional matrix for fresco painting; the pigments are applied to a thin wet top layer of plaster and fuse with it so that the painting is actually in coloured plaster. In the ancient world, as well as the sort of ornamental designs in plaster relief that are still used, plaster was also widely used to create large figurative reliefs for walls, though few of these have survived.
- korean company haedoji produces plaster scents
Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane.[1] What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a flat surface of stone (relief sculpture) or wood (relief carving) is a lowering of the field, leaving the unsculpted parts seemingly raised. The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise. On the other hand, a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round, especially one of a standing figure where the ankles are a potential weak point, especially in stone. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mâché the form can be just added to or raised up from the background, and monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting. There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the sculpted form from the field, for which the Italian appellations are still sometimes used. The full range includes high relief (alto-rilievo, haut-relief), where more than 50% of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas, mid-relief (mezzo-rilievo), low-relief (basso-rilievo, or French: bas-relief /ˌbɑːrɪˈliːf/), and shallow-relief or rilievo schiacciato, where the plane is only very slightly lower than the sculpted elements. There is also sunk relief, which was mainly restricted to Ancient Egypt (see below). However the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only terms used to discuss most work.
榫卯为榫头卯眼的简称，是一种传统木工中接合两个或多个构件的方式。其中构件中的凸出部分称为榫（榫头，也称作笋头），凹入部分则称为卯（卯眼，也称作卯口、榫眼等）A mortise (or mortice) and tenon joint is a type of joint that connects two pieces of wood or other material. Woodworkers around the world have used it for thousands of years to join pieces of wood, mainly when the adjoining pieces connect at an angle of 90°. In its basic form, it is both simple and strong. There are many variations of this type of joint, but the basic mortise and tenon comprises two components: the mortise hole and the tenon tongue. The tenon, formed on the end of a member generally referred to as a rail, fits into a square or rectangular hole cut into the corresponding member. The tenon is cut to fit the mortise hole exactly and usually has shoulders that seat when the joint fully enters the mortise hole. The joint may be glued, pinned, or wedged to lock it in place. This joint is also used with other materials. For example, it is a traditional method for stonemasons and blacksmiths. This is an ancient joint dating back 7,000 years. The first examples, tusked joints, were found in a well near Leipzig - the world's oldest intact wooden architecture.[4] It has also been found joining the wooden planks of the "Khufu ship",[5] a 43.6 m long vessel sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex of the Fourth Dynasty around 2500 BC. The oldest known use dates from the Early Neolithic Linear Pottery culture, where it was used in the constructing of the wooden lining of water wells. It has also been found in ancient furniture from archaeological sites in the Middle East, Europe and Asia. Many instances are found, for example, in ruins of houses in the Silk Road kingdom of Cadota, dating from the first to the fourth century BC.[7] In traditional Chinese architecture, wood components, such as beams, brackets, roof frames and struts, were made to interlock with perfect fit, without using fasteners or glues, enabling the wood to expand and contract according to humidity. Archaeological evidence from Chinese sites shows that, by the end of the Neolithic, mortise-and-tenon joinery was employed in Chinese construction. The thirty sarsen stones of Stonehenge were dressed and fashioned with mortise-and-tenon joints before they were erected between 2600 and 2400 BC. ほぞ継ぎ（枘継ぎ）またはほぞ接ぎ（枘接ぎ）（ほぞつぎ、英語：mortise and tenon）とは、2つの木材部品を接合する継手の一種である。世界中の木工は数千年にわたり、主に木材を90度に接合するときにこれを使った。基本的な形式は、簡易かつ強固であった。これは7000年をさかのぼる伝統的な継手であり、多発的に世界各地で発明されたと考えられている。くさび止めほぞの最初の例は、世界最古の現存する木造建築物であるライプツィヒの井戸で発見された[5]。これはまた、紀元前2500年頃のエジプト第4王朝の三大ピラミッドに納められた43.6メートルの船であるクフ王の船の板材の継手でも発見された[6]。最古の利用は新石器時代初期の線帯文土器文化にさかのぼり、そこでは井戸の内壁建造に使わていた[7]。これはまた、中東、欧州およびアジアの古代遺跡で発見された古代の家具で使われた。例えば、紀元前4世紀から1世紀にさかのぼるシルクロードのチャドータ王国家屋の史跡で多数の例が見られる[8]。伝統的な中国の建築では、梁、腕木、屋根組み、および筋交いなどの木材は留め具や接着剤を使うことなく完全に接合し、木が湿度により伸縮できるようにした[9]。中国の遺跡からの考古学的証拠は、新石器時代の末期にはほぞ継ぎが中国の建造に使われたことを示す[10]。30個のストーンヘンジの大砂岩は、ほぞ継ぎの加工をされてから、紀元前2600年から2400年の間に立てられた。日本でも富山県の桜町遺跡で貫穴加工された角材や石川県の真脇遺跡でホゾ加工がされた約3000年前の角材が発見されており、独自に発明した技術であると考えられている。
- china daily 31oct19 foreigners learning the technique in cixi zhejiang
A baluster is a vertical moulded shaft, square, or lathe-turned form found in stairways, parapets, and other architectural features. In furniture construction it is known as a spindle. Common materials used in its construction are wood, stone, and less frequently metal and ceramic. A group of balusters supporting handrail, coping, or ornamental detail are known as a balustrade.The term baluster shaft is used to describe forms such as a candlestick, upright furniture support, and the stem of a brass chandelier.[citation needed]The term banister (also bannister) refers to the balusters of the handrail of a stairway.[3] It may be used to include its supporting structures, such as a supporting newel post.According to OED, "baluster" is derived through the French: balustre, from Italian: balaustro, from balaustra, "pomegranate flower" [from a resemblance to the swelling form of the half-open flower (illustration, below right)],[5]from Latin balaustium, from Greek βαλαύστιον (balaustion).The earliest examples of balusters are those shown in the bas-reliefs representing the Assyrian palaces, where they were employed as functional window balustrades and apparently had Ionic capitals.[1] As an architectural element alone the balustrade did not seem to have been known to either the Greeks or the Romans,[1][6] but baluster forms are familiar in the legs of chairs and tables represented in Roman bas-reliefs,[7] where the original legs or the models for cast bronze ones were shaped on the lathe, or in Antique marble candelabra, formed as a series of stacked bulbous and disc-shaped elements, both kinds of sources familiar to Quattrocento designers.
The Ziggurat (or Great Ziggurat) of Ur (Sumerian: é-temen-ní-gùru "Etemenniguru", meaning "temple whose foundation creates aura"[2]) is a Neo-Sumerian ziggurat in what was the city of Ur near Nasiriyah, in present-day Dhi Qar Province, Iraq. The structure was built during the Early Bronze Age (21st century BCE), but had crumbled to ruins by the 6th century BCE of the Neo-Babylonian period when it was restored by King Nabonidus. Its remains were excavated in the 1920s and 1930s by Sir Leonard Woolley. Under Saddam Hussein in the 1980s, they were encased by a partial reconstruction of the façade and the monumental staircase. The ziggurat of Ur is the best-preserved of those known from Iran and Iraq, besides the ziggurat of Dur Untash (Chogha Zanbil).[3] It is one of three well preserved structures of the Neo-Sumerian city of Ur, along with the Royal Mausolea and the Palace of Ur-Nammu (the E-hursag).The ziggurat was damaged in the Gulf War in 1991 by small arms fire and the structure was shaken by explosions. Four bomb craters can be seen nearby and the walls of the ziggurat are marred by over 400 bullet holes.
castles
- round towers
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-castles-have-round-towers Roman towers and gates had square corners. Then as more barbarians acquired siege engines they built semi-circular bastions & round towers. The reason is square corners are structural weaknesses. All a siege engine has to do is throw rocks at one spot to make the whole thing collapse.
- defence
- https://www.quora.com/How-effective-were-battering-rams-How-often-did-they-breach-castle-gates-And-how-did-the-defenders-counter-them
- Castles, though, were a product of Norman, feudal society and each was built by and for one family and their armed retainers. When the Normans conquered England, they brought castle-building with them. As a result, a whole lot of them suddently appeared.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-oldest-English-castle-in-England
- moated castle
- Bodiam Castle (/ˈboʊdiəm/) is a 14th-century moated castle near Robertsbridge in East Sussex, England. It was built in 1385 by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge, a former knight of Edward III, with the permission of Richard II, ostensibly to defend the area against French invasion during the Hundred Years' War. Of quadrangular plan, Bodiam Castle has no keep, having its various chambers built around the outer defensive walls and inner courts. Its corners and entrance are marked by towers, and topped by crenellations. Its structure, details and situation in an artificial watery landscape indicate that display was an important aspect of the castle's design as well as defence. It was the home of the Dalyngrigge family and the centre of the manor of Bodiam. Possession of Bodiam Castle passed through several generations of Dalyngrigges, until their line became extinct, when the castle passed by marriage to the Lewknor family. During the Wars of the Roses, Sir Thomas Lewknor supported the House of Lancaster, and when Richard III of the House of York became king in 1483, a force was despatched to besiege Bodiam Castle. It is unrecorded whether the siege went ahead, but it is thought that Bodiam was surrendered without much resistance. The castle was confiscated, but returned to the Lewknors when Henry VII of the House of Lancaster became king in 1485. Descendants of the Lewknors owned the castle until at least the 16th century. By the start of the English Civil War in 1641, Bodiam Castle was in the possession of Lord Thanet. He supported the Royalist cause, and sold the castle to help pay fines levied against him by Parliament. The castle was subsequently dismantled, and was left as a picturesque ruin until its purchase by John Fuller in 1829. Under his auspices, the castle was partially restored before being sold to George Cubitt, 1st Baron Ashcombe, and later to Lord Curzon, both of whom undertook further restoration work. The castle is protected as a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Monument. It has been owned by The National Trust since 1925, donated by Lord Curzon on his death, and is open to the public.
- cross arch
- cordoba great mosque
construction material
- bamboo
- 菲律賓一名初出茅廬的畢業生擊敗全球逾千對手，以「快靚正」環保竹房子奪得大獎，兼得5萬英鎊（501,700港元）獎金作建築費，從中亦可預視未來城市發展方向。https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20181204/20560552
- chapel of virgin mary "galoktisti" in cyprus was built using milk instead of water
fire-proof
- wood fireproofed with a liquefied glass coating, and pillars made from layers of wood and gypsum board as fire-resistant as steel or concrete that allow the construction of large all-wooden structures. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FO01XyZ8XE&feature=youtu.be
Islam
- characteristics
- no human or animals statue/sculpture
- enclosed courtyard but can expand
- stained glass
- examples
- as early as 7th century ad (egypt has trade with vietnam on stained glass) whereas such architecture flourish in Europe from 1150-1500
- 些利街清真寺http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170523/PDF/b12_screen.pdf中央天花頂有個穹窿，象徵天堂，內側裝設八個八角形的彩色玻璃窗，每片玻璃有花形圖案，正中以阿拉伯文書寫了伊斯蘭教真主的名字。光線從上面和兩側透射進來，倍增宗教氣氛。
- The hall house is a type of vernacular house traditional in many parts of England, Wales, Ireland and lowland Scotland, as well as northern Europe, during the Middle Ages, centring on a hall. Usually timber-framed, some high status examples were built in stone.In Old English, a "hall" is simply a large room enclosed by a roof and walls, and in Anglo-Saxon England simple one-room buildings, with a single hearth in the middle of the floor for cooking and warmth, were the usual residence of a lord of the manor and his retainers. The whole community was used to eating and sleeping in the hall. This is the hall as Beowulfunderstood it. Over several centuries the hall developed into a building which provided more than one room, giving some privacy to its more important residents.A significant house needs both public and private areas. The public area is the place for living: cooking, eating, meeting and playing, while private space is for withdrawing and for storing valuables. A source of heat is required, and in northern latitudes walls are also needed to keep the weather out and to keep in the heat.[2] By about 1400, in lowland Britain, with changes in settlement patterns and agriculture, people were thinking of houses as permanent structures rather than temporary shelter. According to the locality, they built stone or timber-framedhouses with wattle and daub or clay infill. The designs were copied by their neighbours and descendants in the tradition of vernacular architecture. They were sturdy and some have survived over five hundred years. Hall houses built after 1570 are rare. The open hearth found in a hall house created heat and smoke. A high ceiling drew the smoke upwards, leaving a relatively smoke-free void beneath.[5] [6] Later hall houses were built with chimneys and flues. In earlier ones, these were added as alterations and additional flooring often installed. This, and the need for staircases to reach each of the upper storeys, led to much innovation and variety in floor plans. The hall house, having started in the Middle Ages as a home for a lord and his community of retainers, permeated to the less well-off during the early modern period. During the sixteenth century, the rich crossed what Brunskill describes as the "polite threshold" and became more likely to employ professionals to design their homes.
- https://www.quora.com/Didnt-medieval-castles-have-any-lodgings-for-the-serfs-Didnt-they-feel-cold-Didnt-they-have-beds
Uk
- John Shute (died 1563) was an English artist and architect who was born in Cullompton,Devon. His book, The First and Chief Grounds of Architecture, was the first work in English on classical architecture.[4] Shute's patron was John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, for whom he built a residential wing at Dudley Castle.[4] He was also known as a painter of miniatures.
arabic
- A mashrabiya (Arabic: مشربية), also either shanshūl (شنشول) or rūshān (روشان), is an architectural element which is characteristic of Arabic residences. It is a type of projecting oriel window enclosed with carved wood latticework located on the second story of a building or higher, often lined with stained glass. The mashrabiya is an element of traditional Arabic architecture used since the Middle Ages up to the mid-20th century. It is most commonly used on the street side of the building; however, it may also be used internally on the sahn (courtyard) side.[1] The style may be informally known as a "harem window" in English.
syria
- 逃到黎巴嫩的敍利亞建築師胡杜爾，不忍家鄉傳統搭屋手藝失傳，於是在異國他鄉，堅持親手搭建祖國獨有的圓頂土屋，期望保存該國的珍貴文化。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190129/00180_038.html
persia
- Charbagh or Chahar Bagh (Hindi-Urdu: चारबाग़ (Devanagari), چارباغ (Nastaleeq), chār bāgh, Persian: چهارباغ, chahār bāgh, meaning "four gardens") is a Persian, Indo-Persian, and Islamic quadrilateral garden layout based on the four gardens of Paradise mentioned in the Qur'an. The quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or flowing water into four smaller parts. They are found in countries throughout Western Asia and South Asia, including Iran and India.The quadrilateral Charbagh concept is based on the four gardens of Paradise mentioned in Chapter (Surah) 55, Ar-Rahman "The Beneficient", in the Qur'an:
"And for him, who fears to stand before his Lord, are two gardens." (Chapter 55: Verse 46)
"And beside them are two other gardens." (Chapter 55: Verse 62)
"And beside them are two other gardens." (Chapter 55: Verse 62)
One of the hallmarks of Charbagh garden is the four-part garden laid out with axial paths that intersect at the garden's centre. This highly structured geometrical scheme, called the chahar bagh, became a powerful method for the organization and domestication of the landscape, itself a symbol of political territory.
Japan
- Regional Variations in Japanese Farmhouses Midori Nishi Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 57, No. 2 (Jun., 1967), pp. 239-266 https://www.jstor.org/stable/2569477?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
-Minka (Japanese: 民家, lit. "house of the people") are vernacular houses constructed in any one of several traditional Japanese building styles. In the context of the four divisions of society, minka were the dwellings of farmers, artisans, and merchants (i.e., the three non-samurai castes). This connotation no longer exists in the modern Japanese language, and any traditional Japanese-style residence of an appropriate age could be referred to as minka.Minka are characterised by their basic structure, their roof structure and their roof shape. Minka developed through history with distinctive styles emerging in the Edo period. 民家（みんか）とは、一般の庶民が暮らす住まいのこと。支配階級、上層階級の住まい（王宮など）に対比して用いられる言葉。民屋（みんおく）ともいう。
- 日本建築史や民俗学では、主に江戸時代の農家、町家の類を民家という。明治時代以降に建立された住宅で、伝統的様式・技法を用いたものもこれに含まれる。また、中・下層の武士の住まいも農家と同様の技法が用いられているものは民家に含める。（本項で詳しく述べる）
- 現代日本語では、団地やマンションなどの集合住宅に対して、一戸建ての比較的小規模な住宅を指して「民家」と呼ぶことがある。特に報道文などで「土砂崩れで民家が押し流され」などと使う。
- The gassho-zukuri (合掌造)-style minka have vast roofs that are a large form of the sasu structural system. Their name derives from the similarity of the roof shape to two hands in prayer. They are frequently found in Gifu Prefecture.The upper floors of the two and three storey houses are used for sericulture, with storage space for trays of silkworms and mulberry leaves.
- 「合掌造」的形式據說始於十二世紀末、十三世紀初，當時 在原平合戰中戰敗的平氏家族為了擺脫追兵而躲入深山，為禦寒 而修建了這種茅草屋。而現在還保留下來的主要建於江戶時代。 正是村民的小心保護，才能讓世人們有幸看到這一寶貴的歷史遺 跡原本的完整樣貌。從村子入口處向西北方向步行約半個小時或 乘坐收費巴士，可以到達海拔高處的天守閣展望台，站在這裏眺 望整個合掌村，滿眼都是明信片中的醉人童話風景。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190401/PDF/b5_screen.pdf
- 日本另一個世界遺產、位於岐阜縣的白川鄉合掌村，附近有木屋周一起火，村內灑水器隨即啟動，暫時無人受傷。當局初步懷疑，是車庫電源設備肇禍。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191105/00180_015.html
- Honmune-zukuri (本棟造) literally means "true ridge": The style has a nearly square plan with a gabled roof that is board covered. The gable end of the house is particularly impressive with its composition of beams, eaves and braces. The gable is topped by a birdlike ornament called a suzume-odori (雀踊り).[32] Houses of this type can be found in Gunma, Nara, Yamaguchi and Kouchi prefectures.
- https://www.tsunagujapan.com/simple-yet-beautiful-japans-traditional-homes-kominka/ A kominka is typically wooden with a thatched roof. The shape of the roof varies a little depending on region.The hearth that's set into the floor of kominka is used for cooking and heating through a charcoal fire. The smoke rising from the hearth also acts as an insect repellant for the thatched roof, so it's an efficient arrangement.The inside of the house seen from the doma, an unfloored area. You can see that the floor is raised from the ground.To go with Japan's rainy, humid climate, the houses were built so that air would circulate beneath it.The doma, where there are no floorboards and only roofing above, is used for stuff like agricultural processing, or as a workshop or kitchen.
- うだつは、日本家屋の屋根に取り付けられる小柱、防火壁、装飾。本来は梲と書き、室町以降は卯建・宇立などの字が当てられた。平安時代は「うだち」といったが、室町時代以降「うだつ」と訛った。本来は梁（うつばり）の上に立てる小さい柱のことを言ったが、そののち、自家と隣家との間の屋根を少し持ち上げた部分を「うだつ」と呼ぶようになった。桃山時代に描かれた洛中洛外図屏風にはうだつのある長屋が描かれている。桃山時代から江戸時代初期にかけては木製のうだつが存在するなど、当初は防火壁と言うよりも屋根が強風で飛んだりするのを防ぐ防風の意味合いや、また装飾的な意味合いが強かった[1]。
- In traditional Japanese architecture, a shōji is a door, window or room divider consisting of translucent paper over a frame of wood which holds together a lattice of wood or bamboo. While washi is the traditional paper, shōji may be made of paper made by modern manufacturing processes; plastic is also in use.Formerly the word shōji was used to refer to both fusuma, formally known as karagami shōji (唐紙障子), and shōji, referred to as akari shōji (明り障子).
- wood - hinoki white cedar, sugi japanese cedar, spruce
- kumiko-zaiku is a traditional woodworking technique that has been used since ancient times in shoji screens, ranma(transom windows), and other architectural features of traditional japanese houses.
china
- styles
- shiheyuan
- yaodong cave homes
- anhui ancient villages
- hakka tulou
- 土樓「螃蟹」http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/04/17/b02-0417.pdf
- 高永文話大家比較留意到鄰近福建嘅土樓，其實係最大嘅橢圓形、最大嘅圓形同最大嘅八角形土樓都喺佢嘅家鄉潮州，可惜被忽視，佢最近考察咗最大嘅八角形土樓「道韻樓」，由於係木結構為主，佢只敢一個人行上樓梯添，如果唔做好維修，好可能會破壞原本嘅建築風格。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20180125/00176_120.html; 饒平土樓hkcd 7mar18 a26
- https://www.facebook.com/russiabeyond/videos/10156242881008529/ soviet era building
- 厝
- 粉牆黛瓦是對蘇州這座江南水城的一種美稱，蘇州地區本就多水，臨水而居，烏瓦粉牆互相輝映。建築本身用白灰抹牆，用黑瓦遮蓋住房頂，建築色彩上的單一，也與經濟條件有一定的關係。蘇州地區的建築大多都是土坯磚砌或者木構建成的。土坯建成的，在《園冶》一書中，就有提到過用白灰抹牆。說「歷來粉牆，用紙筋石灰，有好事取其光膩，用白蠟磨打者。今用江湖中黃沙，並上好石灰少許打底，再加少許石灰蓋面，以麻帚輕擦，自然明亮鑒人。」根據《蘇州平江府志》記載的描述，「塗白堊以防潮，非為費材而飾也」。由此我們可以大體的知道，因為色彩裝飾材料的原因，以及當時的經濟制約，在一定意義上也造成了蘇州建築色彩外觀的表現力薄弱，也符合了當時的社會現實。在中國的傳統文化思想中，青、黃、赤、白、黑是正色，其他的色彩則被定義為間色，正色代表着正統的地位。而蘇州道家思想盛行，道家在色彩的觀念上認為「色者，白立而五色成矣」，喜歡黑白這些平淡素凈的色彩，這種色彩理想在蘇州的傳統建築藝術中表現得很是突出。原文網址：https://kknews.cc/news/lrqmzmg.html
- 順德清暉園http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191006/PDF/a17_screen.pdf
- 原中國福 利會出版社社長的顧老師就駕車載我 們到此參觀遊覽。坐落於上海徐匯區 華山路八百四十九號丁香花園內，最 早的一棟樓也稱為一號樓，建築於一 八六二年，迄今已經有一百五十七年 的歷史. 發現其風格果然不同凡響，感 覺上幾棟建築都很有特色，那是將英 國鄉村建築和中國江南園林情調設計 結合起來的一組花園別墅建築群，顯 示出一種中西合璧的經典風格。有關 傳說不少，但都和當時的北洋大臣李 鴻章有關，一說一號樓是他請當時美 國著名的設計家艾塞西．羅傑斯設計 建成，為的是送給他的第七個（也有 說是第九個）姨太太丁香：另一種說 法是別墅全屬於李鴻章物業，後傳給 他的兒子李經邁作為私邸，一九四○ 年李經邁逝世後給其子李國超變賣。 其中三號樓和一號樓類似，但二號樓 乃是船型、美國式建築的後來建築。 有關的傳說，不管哪一種，大都和李 鴻章家族有關。至於那位被傳得有聲 有色的小妾，究竟是第七位還是第九 位？一號樓是否李鴻章建來送給她的 大禮物，只好姑且傳之姑且聽之了。 這些年代已經悠久的歷史，經歷歲月 的滄桑，在時代的風風雨雨中有不同 使用者和居住者，最後於一九九四年 被上海市政府評為優秀歷史建築。最 不可思議的是除了主人和其寵妾丁香 的傳奇香艷色彩外，一號樓副樓過去 還藏了不少圖書，命名為 「望雲草堂 」 ，藏者全部捐出，最後由復旦大學 接手。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191209/PDF/b2_screen.pdf
-牌坊
- 据黄梅岑先生《潮州牌坊纪略》载：“牌坊，传说可上溯唐宋，初以木建，形似‘乌凹肚门’。古时统治者提倡伦理道德，把城乡间于节义、功德、科第突出成就 者，将其‘嘉德懿行’，书贴坊上旌表，称为‘表闾’，故牌坊也具纪念作用。到明时改用石砌，加叠层楼，饰以花纹，二柱一门或四柱三门，唯嘉靖时建多柱多门 长牌坊”。
- 据有关史籍记载，历史上潮州曾有牌坊91座，其中太平路39座，其他街巷44座，余在金山、韩山、湘子桥。此外，于乡镇间尚有57座，因此人们喻为“牌坊城”；而集中于太平路(大街)的牌坊，多为横跨路面的四柱三门，规模较大，鳞次栉比，风格独特，气势非凡，故被誉为“牌坊街”。太平路与东门街是潮州古牌坊最为集中的路段。根据史籍记载，太平路共有明、清石牌坊39座，其中建于明代的有34座，建于清代的5座，最早的建于明正德十二年（1517年），是为御史许洪宥建的“柱史”坊，最迟的建于乾隆五十年（1785年），是为直隶总督郑大进建的“圣朝使相”坊。潮城的牌坊，除“宫保尚书坊”和“六贤坊”为木结构，“世旌节孝坊”和倒塌后重建的“秋台坊”为砖砌外，余均为石结构。这些牌坊，“二柱一门或四柱三门，以石雕凿成歇山顶、柱、梁及各小件，架上三叠牌楼，匾额两旁，有的加配石刻镂雕之‘双龙戏珠’或‘龙凤卷草’之类装饰，柱边加设石狮或石鼓插柱础，潮人俗称为亭”。
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180613/PDF/b13_screen.pdf
- 鲁班锁
- 鲁班锁是鲁班智慧光华，是一种复杂的、高技巧的运用榫与卯的关系。卯榫两个木构件之间採用一种凹凸处理的接合方式进行连接的结构，凹部分叫卯，凸出部分叫榫。它的发明经过因一位木匠不慎将木樑锯断，鲁班顺势在断榫两端凿出凹凸部分，接合无半点缝隙，诞生了建筑工程的卯榫结构，逐步发展出更多形状，完全不需要使用钉子，利用卯榫原理，将建筑物件牢固的结合，俗称“鲁班锁”，北京故宫，是现存最辉煌的实物，巨柱、横樑、斗拱、飞檐等等，凡是採用木料的部分，不用一口钉，是鲁班发明的卯榫建筑结构的典范。李克强总理挑选“鲁班锁”作礼物赠德国总理默克尔，一方面展示中国古代科技智慧，一方面从歷史说起期待两国以科技合作，推进世界新领域。在香港能够看到这种仿古代建筑，钻石山的志莲净苑最具规模，它採用唐代木构方式建造，整座大寺由二十多座木构单独建筑物组成，不用一口铁钉，很了不起。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170702/PDF/b2_screen.pdf
- 青瓦
- hket 23sep19 d7
- http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201910/1027/HA06A27CX01_HKCD.pdf 今日新界因為現代城市發展的壓力，不少傳 統的圍村的古老傳統村屋，已被拆建成三層高 的村屋，現存的舊村屋不少是祠堂及神廟。這 些傳統建築的特點是它的建築結構，都是由左 右兩邊兩幅磚牆作為主要支撐。較有錢會用青 磚為材料，中間用木樑橫跨而屋頂上是用灰瓦 鋪砌。有些屋中瓦頂上會夾以一兩片玻璃瓦以 作為採光。如果跨度大，中間會有兩條用整片 花崗石造的八角柱支撐，這種方式在建築上稱 為承重牆的結構，中國稱為山牆。 屬明清兩代江南主流建築 這種形式是在中國明清兩代，流行在長江以 南的主流建築。在一些地區，為了防止火災， 避免某屋火警，火舌會飛到波及其他鄰居，火 燒連環船，也為了防止大風把屋頂的瓦吹開， 有些地區會把這兩幅山牆加高，而把這山牆建 成各地的不同形式，稱為風火山牆或馬頭牆， 因為它形似馬頭。青磚沒有木架，可以防火 防風防水，但是如果有地震，它不像木架構可以較 好應對，就會容易倒毀，而明清時期中國建築木材 已非常缺乏，當年汶川早期發展，那些學校房屋為 了節省金錢，都是用類似山牆方法建造，所以大家 可以想像地震對此的影響。
Hong kong
- temple
- 香港較大型的廟宇多是兩進三開間設計，少有三進，唯上環太平山街的廣福義祠例外，因它兼具祠和廟的功能。當年華商斥資興建廣福義祠，是讓流落異鄉、無親無故的先人有安身之所。在港逝去的人來自各方，姓氏各異，故義祠又稱百姓廟。廣福義祠建於石壁上，後期在門前添加上蓋，經過的人都沒留意它有三個金字形屋頂。第一進為前廳，是進入祠廟的過渡空間。經過天井到第二進的神廳，神樓內供奉地藏王菩薩（後來加入濟公）。再經過天井到第三進的祀廳，裏面安奉數以百計先人靈位。新界有不少大型祠堂是三進兩院式，祖先牌位多置於第三進。為表達對祖先的尊敬，第三進的地面比第一、二進為高，子孫每經過一進，要踏上幾級石級，寓意步步高陞。廣福義祠第三進的地面亦高於第一、二進，負責修復工程的龍師傅説，第三進的樓底最高，益顯地位重要。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170708/PDF/b8_screen.pdf
Asia
- https://www.yahoo.com/news/asias-infrastructure-gap-threatens-hamper-growth-061238801.html Asia's 'infrastructure gap' article by Ramesh Subramaniam , deputy director general, ADB's Southeast Asia department.
firms
- Heneghan peng architects (hparc) is an architecture firm based in Dublin and Berlin. The company was established in New York in 1999 but was shifted to Dublin in 2001. Its founders are Róisín Heneghan and Shih-Fu Peng.
It has won many significant commissions, including the Grand Egyptian Museum,[1][2]Áras Chill Dara in Kildare, Ireland, the Giant's Causeway Visitors' Centre, and new footbridges at the London Olympic Park.[3][4]To win the Grand Egyptian Museum project, the firm won a design competition with 1,557 entries, despite having only three staff members at the time.
People
- Thomas Telford FRS, FRSE (9 August 1757 – 2 September 1834) was a Scottish civil engineer, architect and stonemason, and a noted road, bridge and canal builder. After establishing himself as an engineer of road and canal projects in Shropshire, he designed numerous infrastructure projects in his native Scotland, as well as harbours and tunnels. Such was his reputation as a prolific designer of highways and related bridges, he was dubbed The Colossus of Roads (a pun on the Colossus of Rhodes), and, reflecting his command of all types of civil engineering in the early 19th century, he was elected as the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, a post he retained for 14 years until his death. Telford was born on 9 August 1757 at Glendinning, a hill farm 3 miles east of Eskdalemuir Kirk, in the rural parish of Westerkirk, in Eskdale, Dumfriesshire. His father John Telford, a shepherd, died soon after Thomas was born. Thomas was raised in poverty by his mother Janet Jackson (died 1794).
- Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who was better known as Le Corbusier (French: [lə kɔʁbyzje]; October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter,urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, with his buildings constructed throughout Europe, India, and the Americas. Dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities, Le Corbusier was influential in urban planning, and was a founding member of the Congrès international d'architecture moderne (CIAM). Corbusier prepared the master plan for the city ofChandigarh in India, and contributed specific designs for several buildings there.
- Riccardo Morandi (1 September 1902 – 25 December 1989) was an Italian civil engineer best known for his interesting use of reinforced concrete. Amongst his best known works were the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, an 8 km crossing of Lake Maracaibo incorporating seven cable-stayed bridge spans with unusual piers, and the Subterranean Automobile Showroom in Turin.
- Ponte Morandi (English: Morandi Bridge) was a part of the Polcevera viaduct (Italian: Viadotto Polcevera), on the A10 motorway in Italy. It crossed the Polcevera stream between the districts of Sampierdarena and Cornigliano in Genoa, Liguria. The viaduct was built between 1963 and 1967, and officially opened on 4 September 1967; it was named after its designer Riccardo Morandi. The bridge partially collapsed on 14 August 2018. The bridge was designed by Riccardo Morandi. It is similar to his earlier 1957 design for the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, located at the outlet of Lake Maracaibo in western Venezuela, and connecting Maracaibo with the rest of the country, which also partially collapsed in 1964 when the tanker Esso Maracaibo collided with the approach spans.
- 用建築為西安寫詩的張錦秋http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200614/PDF/a16_screen.pdf
Architecture style
- Coptic architecture is the architecture of the Copts, who form the majority of Christians in Egypt. Coptic churches range from great cathedrals like Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral to the smallest churches in rural villages. Many ancient monasteries likeMonastery of Saint Anthony survive. Ancient churches like the Hanging Church in Coptic Cairo carry important historical value to the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Copts in general.
- Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople[1] and continued with his building of churches [2] and the forum of Constantine. This terminology is used by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople rather than the city of Rome and environs.
- L'architecture paléochrétienne désigne la plus ancienne période de l'architecture chrétienne, qui s'est développée dans l'Empire romain dans l'Antiquité tardive. Elle commence d'abord modestement de la fin du iie siècle à 313, lorsque le christianisme était persécuté, puis elle s'épanouit pleinement à l'échelle de tout l'empire à partir du règne de Constantin, le premier empereur converti au christianisme et avec Théodose qui en fait la religion officielle en 380. L'architecture paléochrétienne est ainsi directement l'héritière de la tradition architecturale classique romaine. Elle ne crée pas un vocabulaire nouveau mais donne un sens nouveau aux éléments qu'elle a autour d'elle pour assembler les fidèles, magnifier les lieux saints, rendre un culte aux martyrs et honorer les morts. Elle connaîtra ensuite un important renouveau au vie siècle autour de Constantinople dans l'Empire romain d'Orient en donnant naissance à l'architecture byzantine, tandis qu'en Occident, après les conquêtes germaniques et la chute de l'Empire romain d'Occident en 476, elle mènera à l'architecture mérovingienne puis carolingienne et ottonienne, ainsi qu'aux architectures wisigothique et lombarde, entre autres. Durant la christianisation de l'Empire romain, les lieux de culte se sont installés dans des maisons de notables, certains anciens temples païens convertis ainsi que dans les basiliques civiles des forums, car contrairement aux temples les vastes basiliques pouvaient accueillir la foule de la cité et rassembler les fidèles.
- À l’origine, l’architecture byzantine n’est que le prolongement de l’architecture romaine antique. Durant le Bas-Empire, la propagation du christianisme avait conduit au développement d'une architecture paléochrétienne, avec l’édification d’églises dont le plan, dérivé au départ de celui des temples païens et surtout des basiliques civiles romaines qui avaient été converties en lieux de culte, a progressivement adopté des formes mieux adaptées au culte chrétien.
- octogonal examples
- la basilique Saint-Vital de Ravenne, vie siècle.
- dome of the rock
- gothic
- 哥德式是欧洲中世纪年代（十二至十五世纪）流行的教堂建筑风格，传入英国后被划分为三个时期，依次是早期英国哥德式、装饰哥德式和垂直哥德式。前者开始採用尖顶、肋拱和尖拱设计，窗户高而窄，强调纤细的线状接合。装饰哥德式以华丽装饰为特点，有几何图案的花式窗格，外墙有石雕，拱顶使用复杂的肋架。垂直哥德式是英国延续时间最长的哥德式风格，除了具有基本特色如尖顶、肋拱、尖拱和精巧装饰外，还强调垂直线条，以营造高耸的感觉，例子有剑桥的国王学院礼拜堂。到了文艺復兴时代，哥德式风格被古典风格取代，直至十八世纪中叶才復兴，但此时无论在体量或装饰上已难与中世纪的哥德式建筑相比，因此统称为哥德復兴式，没有再加以细分。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170618/PDF/a21_screen.pdf
- hk
- baroque (early 17th until the mid-18th century)
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170618/PDF/a21_screen.pdf开埠后，有部分教堂採用哥德復兴式风格兴建，但只是模仿当中一些设计元素。又因资源和技术所限，未能兴建高耸的教堂，与正宗的哥德式建筑相差很大。尖沙咀有三间建于二十世纪早期的古老教堂，不约而同採用哥德復兴式设计，它们是玫瑰堂(rosary church)、圣安德烈堂和九龙佑宁堂，由天主教会、圣公会和伦敦传道会兴建。外观上都有尖拱、尖塔、尖头窗和花叶形图案装饰，外墙加上扶壁，窗洞面积较大，安装彩绘或彩色玻璃窗。到了这个时候，哥德復兴式风格已走向衰落，逐渐由其他建筑式样取代。一九三一年落成的九龙佑宁堂，可说是市区最后一座採用哥德復兴式设计的教会建筑了。
- examples
- Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture.
- agios lazaros church and ecclesiastical museum, cyprus - the iconostasis is s superb example of baroque woodcarving
- victorian
- A Butterfly plan, also known as a Double Suntrap plan, is a type of architectural plan in which two or more wings of a house are constructed at an angle to the core, usually at approximately 45 degrees to the wall of the core building. It was used primarily in late Victorian architecture and during the early Arts and Crafts movement.
- The Mayan Revival is a modern architectural movement, primarily of the 1920s and 1930s,[1] that drew inspiration from the architecture and iconography of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures.
- Historian Marjorie Ingle traces the history of this style to the Pan American Union Building by Paul Philippe Cret, (1908–10) which incorporates numerous motifs drawn from the indigenous traditions of the Americas.[3] Specifically Maya and Mexica elements in the Pan American Union Building include the floor mosaics surrounding a central fountain (most of the motifs are copied directly from sculpture at Copan) and figures on lights flanking the entrance to the building. Also, in the Pan American Union Building's Art Museum of the Americas there are numerous stoneware architectural details that are copied from Maya and Mexica art. The largest numbers of Mayan-revival buildings are found in Detroit, Michigan and Mérida, Mexico but such architecture can also be found on a smaller scale in New York, Houston, Los Angeles, Acapulco, Mexico City, Cancun and Tokyo.
- Eg imperial hotel tokyo
- socialist era brutalism architecture in zagreb, croatia (presented in moma museum in NY)
- Budapest Secessionist style, like Viennese Secessionism, was an Avant-garde, “new century” movement that rejected the formalism of academic art and architecture of the past, opting for a much more free, romantic, and sensual approach to design. In Budapest it was coupled with the desire to achieve a Hungarian style as opposed to the European eclecticism that had dominated art and architecture at the time. It became art nouveau with a Hungarian inflection.https://hileybudapest.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/budapest-secession-architecture/
- croatia - house of fedor popovic is an example
- modern
- Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier (UK: /lə kɔːrˈbjuːzieɪ/ lə kor-BEW-zee-ay,[2] US: /lə ˌkɔːrbuːˈzjeɪ, -ˈsjeɪ/ lə KOR-boo-ZYAY, -SYAY,[3][4] French: [lə kɔʁbyzje]), was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, and he designed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America. Dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities, Le Corbusier was influential in urban planning, and was a founding member of the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Le Corbusier prepared the master plan for the city of Chandigarh in India, and contributed specific designs for several buildings there, specially the government buildings.1926年柯布西耶就自己的住宅设计提出著名的“新建筑五点”（Cinq points de l'architecture moderne），它们是：
- 底层架空（les pilotis）：主要層離開地面。獨特支柱使一樓挑空。
- 屋顶花园（le toit-terrasse）：將花園移往視野最廣、濕度最少的屋頂。
- 自由平面（le plan libre）：各層牆壁位置端看空間的需求來決定即可。
- 横向长窗（la fenêtre-bandeau）：大面開窗，可得到良好的視野。
- 自由立面（la façade libre）：由立面來看各個樓層像是個別存在的，樓層間不互相影響。
- tenement house
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170625/PDF/a16_screen.pdf
- a gargoyle (/ˈɡɑːrɡɔɪl/) is a carved or formed grotesque with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building, thereby preventing rainwater from running down masonry walls and eroding the mortar between. Architects often used multiple gargoyles on buildings to divide the flow of rainwater off the roof to minimize the potential damage from a rainstorm. A trough is cut in the back of the gargoyle and rainwater typically exits through the open mouth. Gargoyles are usually an elongated fantastical animal because the length of the gargoyle determines how far water is directed from the wall. When Gothic flying buttresses were used, aqueducts were sometimes cut into the buttress to divert water over the aisle walls.
- note the Dragon-headed gargoyle of the Tallinn Town Hall, Estonia, and wawel cathedral, krakow, poland
- 五稜郭（ごりょうかく）は、江戸時代末期に江戸幕府により蝦夷地の箱館（現在の北海道函館市）郊外に建造された稜堡式の城郭である。予算書時点から五稜郭の名称は用いられていた[3]が、築造中は、亀田役所土塁（かめだやくしょどるい）[4]または亀田御役所土塁（かめだおんやくしょどるい）[5]とも呼ばれた[注釈 2]。元は湿地でネコヤナギが多く生えていた土地であることから、柳野城（やなぎのじょう）の別名を持つ[6]。Goryōkaku (五稜郭) is a star fort in the Japanese city of Hakodate on the island of Hokkaido.[1][2] It was the main fortress of the short-lived Republic of Ezo.
- 1854年（安政元年）3月、日米和親条約の締結により箱館開港が決定すると、江戸幕府は松前藩領だった箱館周辺を上知し、同年6月に箱館奉行を再置した[9]。箱館奉行所は前幕領時代（1802年-1807年）と同じ基坂（当時は松前藩の箱館奉行詰役所があった[10]）に置かれた。
- Goryōkaku was designed in 1855 by Takeda Ayasaburō. His plan was based on the work of the French architect Vauban.The fort was built by the Tokugawa shogunate to protect the Tsugaru Straitagainst a possible invasion by the Russian fleet. Goryōkaku is famous as the site of the last battle of the Boshin War. The fighting lasted for a week (June 20–27, 1869).
- octagonal structures
- Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.
- 西門紅樓位於臺灣台北市萬華區的成都路上，在臺灣日治時期俗稱八角堂，緊鄰西門町徒步區。建築為兩層高的直轄市定古蹟紅磚洋樓，其外觀為每正立面8公尺，1908年所建。今為臺北市著名的文創藝文場所、展演空間與同志酒吧聚集處。Built in 1908 during Japanese rule and designed by Japanese architect Kondo Juro, it was originally a market building but was used as a theater from 1945 onward.[citation needed] It was renovated due to a fire in the 2000s.
- 高雄燈塔雄峙於旗津 小島。燈塔用磚頭砌成， 發揮了磚頭能構建多種形 態的特性。八角形的燈塔 在台灣僅此一座，造型少 見，且風向儀少有地以中文寫 「東西南北 」 ，更覺珍貴。高雄燈塔建於一八八三年（清光緒九 年），之前一直以中國傳統的燈竿、旗杆 來指導船隻進出。一八六四年（清同治三 年）已倡建燈塔，後來船隻往來頻繁，港 口導航設施不足，常有意外，終於清廷聘 請英籍建築師來興建，一柱擎天，所有儀 器設備都從英國買的。後來日本佔領台灣 ，於一九一六年於原址旁改建新塔，兩年 後落成，即今日所見http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191111/PDF/b6_screen.pdf
- 台南鹽水鎮八角樓，屹立在古鎮上的顯眼位置，紅色的建築讓人一眼望去便能感受到濃濃的歷史氣息。它由福州師傅於1847年建成，寬闊大氣，並以大量格扇門作為裝飾壁牆，在當時絕對是大戶人家的「豪宅」。當年工匠以接榫方式搭建1樓、2樓，完全沒有使用釘子來銜接的功夫，足以作為民間傳統建築技藝的最佳見證。八角樓親歷了日據時期，並被日本親王伏見宮貞愛在侵台時作為下榻之地。 後來，八角樓以「伏見宮貞愛親王御遺跡」的名義指定為史蹟http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/02/13/b06-0213.pdf
- roof
- sea grass roof
- https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-6023731/Cottage-roof-32-TONS-SEAGRASS-available-Airbnb.html
- https://www.art.com/products/p15275226-sa-i3636552/darlyne-a-murawski-roof-of-the-museumsgarden-is-made-of-sea-grass-a-viking-custom-laeso-denmark.htm
- china daily 22feb19 sea grass roof dwellings in dongchudao village in rongcheng shandong
- stressed ridge beam
- A palisade—sometimes called a stakewall or a paling—is typically a fence or wall made from wooden stakes or tree trunks and used as a defensive structure or enclosure.
- in borobudur, and houses in North Sumatra
- Both the Greeks and Romans created palisades to protect their military camps. The Roman historian Livy describes the Greek method as being inferior to that of the Romans during the Second Macedonian War.
- once existed in java, similr structures can be found in houses of sumatra and sulawesi
construction material
- 麻石
- 上世紀五、六十年代， 香港曾出現多座以麻石砌成 的教堂，顯示當年流行這種 平實耐用的建築風格。譬如鑽石山的聖則濟利亞堂、石崗軍營小堂、 何文田的京士柏小堂等。後者現今仍然存在， 但已改為教區傷殘人士牧民中心。同期興建的 石砌教堂還有粉嶺聖若瑟堂和聖母神樂院，今 天仍繼續使用。 新教的石砌教堂也為數不少，現存有基督 復臨安息日會九龍教會、長洲浸信會堂、聖公 會聖路加堂、佑寧堂、中華基督教會灣仔堂、 信義會活靈堂、中大崇基學院禮拜堂，及循道 衛理聯合教會國際禮拜堂等。後者位於皇后大 道東與堅尼地道交界，一九六五年落成，每次 經過我都投以注視目光，但兩年前它已經消失 ，一幢摩天大廈在原址崛地而起。 中環堅尼地道的佑寧堂亦將拆卸，這座在 一九五五年重建的教堂，旁邊有座鐘樓，兩者 都用麻石砌成。教會現與發展商合作，將教堂 重建成二十二層高的大廈，最低五層作教會之 用，樓上為住宅。屆時再見不到一座獨立式教 堂，與周邊的豪宅並無分別，原有的宗教色彩 亦大為削弱了。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170501/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
new materials
- synthetic timber
- www.amtrac.com.hk - resysta
- client - new world construction company avenue of stars tst project
latest tech
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1392ab72-64e2-11e4-ab2d-00144feabdc0.html The race to build ever taller skyscrapers has sparked a battle among lift manufacturers to develop the next generation of elevators with record-breaking speeds of 4,000ft per minute.
To keep pace with the bigger buildings, lift makers including Mitsubishi, Hitachi and Toshiba have been forced to make technological strides, using new motors and high-tech air pressure systems that allow them to transport people higher and faster than ever before.
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170517/PDF/a22_screen.pdf有廣東參展商在現場展出 「高端 移動別墅」，以 「系統性結構、組裝 快速、拆卸輕易」等性能吸引境外採 購團的追捧。據了解，通過起重機等 設備，僅花幾小時便裝配成的兩層 「 移動別墅」，使用工廠化生產的模塊 組合而成，一樓客廳、卧室、廚房、 衛生間，以及二樓觀景露台、卧室和 多功能房等一應俱全，不僅內外精裝 修，而且擺上傢具和廚衛用品，隨時 可以拎包入住。
- 中国，已经是 全球工程机械最大的製造基地，所有门类的工程机械中国都能製造。依託超强的装备体系实力，一批强悍的基建神器，正锻造出一支通达天下的超强战队。其中，最 新一代“空中造楼机”，为中国首创。它不断刷新城市天际线，有了这样的神器，全球300米以上的高楼，有将近70%是中国建造。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180302/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- ppvc Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170517/PDF/a22_screen.pdf有廣東參展商在現場展出 「高端 移動別墅」，以 「系統性結構、組裝 快速、拆卸輕易」等性能吸引境外採 購團的追捧。據了解，通過起重機等 設備，僅花幾小時便裝配成的兩層 「 移動別墅」，使用工廠化生產的模塊 組合而成，一樓客廳、卧室、廚房、 衛生間，以及二樓觀景露台、卧室和 多功能房等一應俱全，不僅內外精裝 修，而且擺上傢具和廚衛用品，隨時 可以拎包入住。
- 中国，已经是 全球工程机械最大的製造基地，所有门类的工程机械中国都能製造。依託超强的装备体系实力，一批强悍的基建神器，正锻造出一支通达天下的超强战队。其中，最 新一代“空中造楼机”，为中国首创。它不断刷新城市天际线，有了这样的神器，全球300米以上的高楼，有将近70%是中国建造。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180302/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- ppvc Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction
- https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/dragages-singapore-game-changer-modular-000000248.html Standing at 140m tall, the 40-storey residential twin towers of The Clement Canopy private condominium at Clementi Avenue 1 are considered the world’s tallest concrete modular towers using prefabricated prefinished volumetric construction (PPVC) method. The towers contain a total of 505 residential units that were fully sold and completed in 1Q2019. The keys have been handed over to the owners, and some residents have already moved in. Jointly developed by Singapore-listed UOL Group and United Industrial Corp (UIC), The Clement Canopy was completed about 21 months ahead of the original schedule of 4Q2020. Using the conventional construction method, the towers would have taken 30 to 36 months to complete. With the PPVC method, construction time is reduced to 24 to 30 months, which means a 20-30% time-saving, said Pierre-Eric Saint-André, deputy CEO for Bouygues Bâtiment International and CEO for Asia Pacific at a press conference in Singapore on June 27.
- companies
- www.cimc-mbs.com
- exhibited at 2019 construction and innovation expo
- projects - hkstp innocell, ibis styles hotel
- www.aluhouse.com
- exhibited at 2019 construction and innovation expo
- fast construction
church
- 四翼相等的希臘十字形平面，圓顱屋頂位於十字的交點，因此無論建築的內部還是外觀，它都是視覺的中心。但到了一六○五年，教皇保祿五世（Paul Ⅴ）決定將建築平面改為拉丁十字形，加長西翼的中殿（Nave），以適合傳統的禮拜儀式。同時，中殿的高度和建築正立面的高度都隨之加高。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200323/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
- one-nave
Airportschurch
- 四翼相等的希臘十字形平面，圓顱屋頂位於十字的交點，因此無論建築的內部還是外觀，它都是視覺的中心。但到了一六○五年，教皇保祿五世（Paul Ⅴ）決定將建築平面改為拉丁十字形，加長西翼的中殿（Nave），以適合傳統的禮拜儀式。同時，中殿的高度和建築正立面的高度都隨之加高。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200323/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
- one-nave
- e.g baroque church of st catherine in zagreb, croatia
- http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-1
Shopping malls
- asisn shopping mall construction article (shippers today may-jun15 issue)
牌樓
- hk
- 但自從新 界接連大興土木後，近二三十年，不少鄉村都在村 口或入村重要路口興建一座兩三層樓高的三合土大 牌樓，目的除了有地標的作用，更重要是改善風 水，以免因附近地貌的大變而傷及村的氣運，像五 月才開光的沙頭角萊洞村牌樓，便是為了政府設定 的蓮塘口岸道路走線，因在村口前數十米處建了一 個迴旋處，村民認為迴旋處有氣流四竄，一如風火 輪般一圈一圈殺向村屋，所以才要求有關單位撥款 建牌樓擋煞。 近年新界出現的牌樓熱，主要是集中在沙頭角 和打鼓嶺一帶的鄉村，像沙頭角的萊洞、大塘 湖和馬尾下，以及打鼓嶺的竹園村、坪洋和瓦 下。從地理上去看，相信不難發現，這些地 方都是蓮塘口岸公路所經過的鄉村，可見彼此 關係。 三間四柱或一間兩柱結構 這些牌樓一般都採用三間四柱的結構，但也有一 間兩柱的，原來鄉民採用何種牌樓結構模式，許多 時都並非受制於建築費用多寡，而是要考慮村口地 盆大小及地底的渠道或電纜位置，好像去年開幕的 八鄉散村牌樓，原意是三間四柱，後因發現地下的 喉管走位複雜，沒有空間立四條柱的地基，結果只 好睇食飯，成為現今的一間兩柱，由於地基較 窄，其高度也受到限制了。新界牌樓的樁柱常會安置一對石獅子把守，象 徵擋煞，但有時鄉村會刻意撤去這種傳統，此並 非錢銀問題，而是政治上的考量。試想想，某鄉 村立下一牌樓在通衢大道之上，以為地域界線， 但在面向鄰村處，竟擺下一對象徵擋煞的石獅 子，那豈不是一種公然的挑釁？所以為求鄉情和 睦，新界一些牌樓腳都是沒有安石獅子的http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201907/0707/HA07707CX02_HKCD.pdf
Bridge
- suspension bridge
- The Puente Colgante, originally called Puente de Clavería, was a suspension bridge that connected the Manila districts of Quiapo and Ermita across the Pasig River in the Philippines. Designed by the Spanish Basque engineer Matias Menchacatorre and completed in 1852, it was the first steel suspension bridge in East Asia and the first toll bridge of its kind in the Philippines.[1] The bridge was replaced by Quezon Bridge in the 1930s.Puente Colgante (which is the term for a suspension bridge in Spanish; literally, hanging bridge), the second bridge built over Pasig river, was the first steel suspension bridge built in Asia when it was started in 1849 and completed in 1852. It was built and owned by Ynchausti y Compañia, the business headed by Jose Joaquín de Ynchausti. He commissioned the steel wire suspension design from Spanish Basque engineer Matias Menchacatorre. The bridge was first named Puente de Clavería, likely in honor of the Governor-General of the Philippines Narciso Clavería, who served from 1844-1849.
- The Xihoumen Bridge (西堠门大桥), zhoushan, zhejiang
- Quezon Bridge is a combined arch and prestressed concrete girder bridge that connects the Manila districts of Quiapo and Ermita across the Pasig River in the Philippines.
The bridge, which was constructed in 1939 under the supervision of the engineering firm Pedro Siochi and Company, replaced the Puente Colgante. Quezon Bridge was designed as an Art Deco style arch bridge and was inspired from the design of Sydney Harbour Bridge. It was named in honor of Manuel Luis Quezon, president of the Philippines at the time of its construction.
- Accelerated Bridge Construction, also known as instant bridge, is an innovative construction method meant to help all involved. It's main goal, according to the Federal Highway Administration, is to reduce construction time. The process involves prefabricated elements to cut time, cost and environmental impact. Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5507093/What-accelerated-bridge-construction-method.html, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/abc/
- Eugene C. Figg, (August 4, 1936 – March 20, 2002) was an American structural engineer who made numerous contributions to the field of structural engineering, especially in the design of the cable-stayed bridge and the use of the segmental concreteconstruction method. Figg was born August 4 1936 in Charleston, South Carolina. He received a civil engineering degree as a structural engineer at The Citadel (military college) in Charleston in 1958. During his career, he brought the use of the segmental method for spanning large gaps to the United States with the assistance of his Paris-based partner, Jean M. Muller.[4] His affiliation with Muller, begun at at Figg and Muller Engineers (founded in 1978),[5][6]allowed him to gain valuable insight into the application of pre-cast segmental bridge construction methods to the domestic market. When they coupled this construction method with cable-stayed supports, Mueller and Figg effectively increased the use of concrete in longer span bridge proposals. He formed his own engineering firm, the Figg Engineering Group, still operating and based in Tallahassee.[3] Figg also founded the American Segmental Bridge Institute in 1989, and served four years as a trustee at the National Building Museum.
- http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/broward/article205663709.html The founder of the FIGG Bridge Group engineering firm was so widely admired that the nation’s oldest civil engineering association named a scholarship after him. FIGG is a bit of a rarity among engineering firms: It designs only bridges — spans over briny bays, over green mountain hollers, over congested urban roadways and over the Colorado River en route to Utah’s red rock marvels. The company, based in Tallahassee, designed a bridge that spans Tampa Bay, the iconic Sunshine Skyway, which replaced an earlier structure that had been the subject of one of the most stunning, and tragic, collapses in U.S. history. It designed the Seven Mile Bridge in the Florida Keys. It developed the Linn Cove Viaduct — the final piece of the breathtaking Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina — which was designated a National Civil Engineering Landmark. , http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180318/00180_014.html
- https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/16/us/bridge-collapse-florida/index.html
- 全球最長跨海大橋——港珠澳大橋正式通車前夕，中國交建總工程師、港珠澳大橋項目總經理林鳴率團訪問大連理工大學並簽署產學研合作協議，共同推進「懸浮隧道」工程技術研究工作。林鳴表示，「懸浮隧道」的研究方向完全得益於港珠澳大橋海底隧道建設的七年經驗。作為一項世界性難題，目前「懸浮隧道」在國內外的研究均屬起步階段，世界範圍內還沒有建成先例，相關研究擬於三至四年內完成，據悉供模型物理試驗的水池快將啟用。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20181024/PDF/a19_screen.pdf
- 內地首座3D打印景觀橋於11日正式投放，成為上海普陀區桃浦中央綠地的最新亮點。據悉，這是內地首座運用3D打印技術完成的一次成型、最大跨度、多維曲面的高分子材料景觀橋。事實上，3D打印技術製作橋樑此前已有先例。但位於桃浦中央綠地的這座是內地首個實際投入使用的，而不僅僅是展示。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/01/13/a14-0113.pdf- notable innovative bridges
- magdeburg water bridge
- moses bridge
- veluwemeer aqueduct water bridge
roads
- Macadam is a type of road construction, pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam around 1820, in which single-sized crushed stone layers of small angular stones are placed in shallow lifts and compacted thoroughly. A binding layer of stone dust (crushed stone from the original material) may form; it may also, after rolling, be covered with a binder to keep dust and stones together. The method simplified what had been considered state of the art at that point.
Lighting
- http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/29/health/streetlights-improve-health/index.html In response to recent guidance by the American Medical Association against the use of powerful LED lights, cities such as Phoenix; Lake Worth, Florida; and 25 towns in Connecticut are now opting for street lamps with lower color temperatures, meaning less blue light emission.
underground
- https://www.theguardian.com/money/2018/may/07/going-underground-the-subterranean-secrets-of-londons-super-rich The subterranean secrets of London’s super-rich are revealed in a study of 4,650 basements granted planning permission in some of the capital’s most affluent neighbourhoods, with hundreds of swimming pools and cinemas in the most luxurious developments. Almost 1,000 gyms, 376 pools, 456 cinemas, 381 wine stores and cellars and 115 staff rooms, including bedrooms for nannies and au pairs, were found in the plans for the basements approved by seven London boroughs between 2008 and 2017.
- charles debreuil maintained a number of gardens connected by a complex system of tunnels in melun, south of paris
tunnel
- 粵港澳大灣區交通重點樞紐工程「深中通道」目前正進行最難的沉管隧道建設。深中通道管理中心有關負責人昨日受訪時透露，繼首個管節（E1管節）鋼殼在6月下旬從南沙龍穴島船廠運抵珠海牛頭島預製廠後，目前進入E1管節混凝土澆築階段。據悉，該預製廠曾承接港珠澳大橋33節隧道沉管建造，經過11個月的升級改造並獲得11項專利，打造成更加智慧化的「夢工廠」。其中，幾乎所有生產的數據都可在一塊大屏幕上輕鬆捕捉，具備每個月生產一節管節的能力，比港珠澳大橋提升了一倍多；而相比港珠澳大橋E1管節從預製廠搬移到淺塢區花了1個多月，如今最快提升到3個小時，深中通道建設工效較港珠澳大橋大幅提速。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/07/10/a07-0710.pdf
reclamation
- method
- 海床建城hkcd 23oct18 a17
- https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3010736/why-singapore-thinks-dykes-could-be-answer Singapore is testing a method that can almost halve the use of sand in reclamation projects, the country’s development minister says, in a timely piece of information for Hong Kong, which is facing a severe shortage of the material. The city state was experimenting with reclaiming low-lying land protected by dykes, which could cut sand consumption by 40 per cent, national development minister Lawrence Wong told an event in Hong Kong on Friday.
- 环保机砂 singtao 17jun19 a8
- 沉降
- 建於人工島的關西機場在風暴潮下更形脆弱，在過去多次颱風吹襲已屢見水浸問題。另一方面，機場在深十八米的軟弱地層上建成，與啟用時相比，部分位置現已沉降逾三米，引起安全憂慮。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180906/00180_005.html
houses on water
- kyoto funaya 京都舟屋 (a little bit resembles those houses in tai o)
東北聯邦大學為此與科企聯手，建造一個透明半圓保溫穹頂，為未來在極地建設圓頂房屋城市作準備。為了確保設備成效，團隊特地邀來一家人在圓頂下的木屋住宿，記錄在這新技術下的生活點滴。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200319/00180_040.html
mobile toilets
- companies
- Shenzhen General Institute Of Architectural Design And Research
- T-box D, T-Box I, T-Box M (exhibited at 2019 construction and innovation expo)
Infrastructure Development and Real Estate-related Services (IRES)
- normal investment procedures
- identification of appropriate projects with assistance from local embassy
- enter a mou with local government for carrying out a feasibility study of the project at own cost
- preparation of feasibility study report with the cost estimation
- submit feasibility study report to EXIM bank or AIIB for approval of financial viability
- if approved by the bank, there will be further negotiation with local government on the contract mode and other terms and conditions
- open tender will be required for the contract (BOT, PPP, EPC+F) if it is funded by AIIB. If it is funded by EXIM bank, the contract will be awarded to the initiators
event
- Archidex in Kuala Lumpur, www.archidex.com.my
- world architecture festival in Singapore https://www.worldarchitecturefestival.com/
- http://www.saudimegaprojects.com/
- http://www.thebig5.ae/
- International Infrastructure Investment and Construction Forum in macao http://www.iiicf.org/
- comprehensive exhibition for building materials and housing equipment ken-ten.jp
- international built environment week, singapore
reference
- world wide architecture reference
trivial
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-streets-around-the-ancient-Roman-Pantheon-nearly-20-feet-higher-than-the-base-of-the-building-with-a-deep-gap
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