gem is a general term for a particularly dazzling material. In crystalline gems, all atoms are in what is known as their preferred orientation. Wet rocks are more colourful than dry rocks due to nonselective scattering. A wet surface reduces light scattering and allows people to see finer details of the rock. When polishing a rock or gem, surface is made smooth, allowing details to be seen clearly.Gems often reflect one span of visible light quite strongly, giving them a particularly bright and beautiful glow. Iron enrichments can create reds, greens, yellows, and blues (as in aquamarines). Chromium enrichments lead to reds and greens (as in rubies and bright green jade). Copper enrichments produce greens and blues (as in malachite and turquoise). Manganese enrichments create reds, pinks, and oranges (as in magenta tourmaline or amethyst).
- intensity of gem's colour owes much to enrichments, and can be manipulated by heat and radiation via gamma rays and x-rays by human hands.
opal - no crystalline structure, just a mush of silica dioxide laced with enrichments. In opals with small crystals, light dispersion is limited to only blue and violet parts of the spectrum; in opals with large crystals, can see rainbow (diffract light unpredictably, where as diamonds disperse full spectrum of light structurally, energetically and predictably).
Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is the mineral form of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), one of several iron oxides. It is the oldest known iron oxide mineral that has ever formed on Earth, and is widespread in rocks and soils. Hematite crystallizes in the rhombohedral lattice system, and it has the same crystal structure as ilmenite and corundum. Hematite and ilmenite form a complete solid solution at temperatures above 950 °C (1,740 °F). Hematite is colored black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish brown, or red. It is mined as the main ore of iron. Varieties include kidney ore, martite (pseudomorphs after magnetite), iron rose and specularite (specular hematite). While the forms of hematite vary, they all have a rust-red streak. Hematite is harder than pure iron, but much more brittle. Maghemite is a hematite- and magnetite-related oxide mineral. Clay-sized hematite crystals can also occur as a secondary mineral formed by weathering processes in soil, and along with other iron oxides or oxyhydroxides such as goethite, is responsible for the red color of many tropical, ancient, or otherwise highly weathered soils.Huge deposits of hematite are found in banded iron formations. Gray hematite is typically found in places that can have still standing water or mineral hot springs, such as those in Yellowstone National Park in North America. The mineral can precipitate out of water and collect in layers at the bottom of a lake, spring, or other standing water. Hematite can also occur without water, however, usually as the result of volcanicactivity. 赤铁矿，就是红赭石/熟赭/岱赭/氧化铁红，主要成分是Fe2O3（说白了就是铁锈。。。）。跟前边说的Fe2O3·nH2O一比——发现没有水。褐铁矿煅烧之后脱去水，就从较浅的黄色或者黄褐色变成了较深的红棕色，这就是“生”、“熟”的由来。熟赭的色素主要有两种，Pigment Red 101（第101号红色）和Pigment Brown 7（第7号棕色），个人感觉差异（更偏红或者更偏棕）其实不是很大，熟赭单用PR101或者单用PBr7或者两者混用的品牌都有。 此外，熟赭可能是你最熟悉的颜料（或许没有“之一”）： 你去过故宫或者看过任何中国古建筑吗——红墙的红漆就是氧化铁红； 消防栓上的红色防锈漆——还是氧化铁红； 。。。。 总之，用途广泛到可怕。。 https://www.douban.com/group/topic/87555929/
- intensity of gem's colour owes much to enrichments, and can be manipulated by heat and radiation via gamma rays and x-rays by human hands.
hardness of gems
- mohs hardness value - talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond
opal - no crystalline structure, just a mush of silica dioxide laced with enrichments. In opals with small crystals, light dispersion is limited to only blue and violet parts of the spectrum; in opals with large crystals, can see rainbow (diffract light unpredictably, where as diamonds disperse full spectrum of light structurally, energetically and predictably).
- [wisdom of pacific islanders] a commodity of indigenous tribes in australia
Garnets ( /ˈɡɑːrnɪt/) are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Ageas gemstones and abrasives.All species of garnets possess similar physical properties and crystal forms, but differ in chemical composition. The different species are pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular (varieties of which are hessonite or cinnamon-stone and tsavorite), uvarovite and andradite. The garnets make up two solid solution series: pyrope-almandine-spessartine and uvarovite-grossular-andradite.石榴石（Garnet），是一組在青銅時代已經使用為寶石及研磨料（Abrasive）的礦物。常見的石榴石為紅色，但其顏色的種類十分廣闊，足以涵蓋整個光譜的顏色。英文來自拉丁文"granatus"（"grain"，即糧食、穀物），可能由"Punica granatum"（"pomegranate"，即石榴）而來，它是一種有紅色種子的植物，其形狀、大小及顏色都與部分石榴石結晶類似。
- The word garnet comes from the 14th‑century Middle English word gernet, meaning 'dark red'. It is derived from the Latin granatus, from granum ('grain, seed'). This is possibly a reference to mela granatum or even pomum granatum('pomegranate', Punica granatum), a plant whose fruits contain abundant and vivid red seed covers (arils), which are similar in shape, size, and color to some garnet crystals.
- application
- 釔鐵石榴石（yttrium iron garnet,YIG），化學式為Y3Fe2(FeO4)3，五個三價鐵離子佔據兩個正八面體及三個四面體的位置，而三價釔離子被八個氧離子排列成一個不規則立方體。兩個鐵離子的位置顯出不同的自旋，產生磁性。釔是一個有550 K居里溫度的亞鐵磁性（Ferrimagnetism）物質。如果把稀土金屬取代個別位置，特別的性質例如磁性將會產生。釔鐵石榴石因為其磁性及磁光性質而應用在微波及光學通訊儀器上。
- 釓鎵石榴石（gadolinium gallium garnet），化學式為Gd3Ga2(GaO4)3，合成後可以用作磁泡記憶（Magnetic bubble memory）[13]。
- 釔鋁石榴石（Yttrium aluminium garnet, YAG），化學式為Y3Al2(AlO4)3，被化學合成後作寶石用途。當塗上釹（Nd3+）後，釔鋁石榴石會被用為Nd:YAG激光器（Nd-YAG laser）的激活激光媒質（Active laser medium）[14]。
- 石榴石在《聖經》故事的傳說中擔當了一角，有說法稱挪亞方舟正是用石榴石照明[4]。另外，有說法認為石榴石是古以色列人第一位大祭司（High priest）亞倫所佩帶的彩色胸兜（Hoshen）的十二顆寶石之一，代表猶大支派（Tribe of Judah）[23]。希臘神話中，哈底斯在交還珀耳塞福涅時給她吃下石榴籽，令她必須在一定時間內回到冥界。因此石榴石代表了忠誠、真實及堅貞[24]。另外亦有石榴石在《古蘭經》中照亮了第四個天堂的說法[25]。
Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate) belonging to the epidote group. The gemstone was discovered by Jumanne Ngoma in the Merelani Hills of Manyara Region in Northern Tanzania in 1967, near the city of Arusha and Mount Kilimanjaro. Tanzanite is only found in Tanzania, in a very small mining area (approximately 7 km (4.3 mi) long and 2 km (1.2 mi) wide)[3] near the Mirerani Hills.Tanzanite is noted for its remarkably strong trichroism, appearing alternately blue, violet and burgundy depending on crystal orientation.[5] Tanzanite can also appear differently when viewed under alternate lighting conditions. The blues appear more evident when subjected to fluorescent light and the violet hues can be seen readily when viewed under incandescent illumination. In its rough state tanzanite is colored a reddish brown to clear, and it requires heat treatment to remove the brownish "veil" and bring out the blue violet of the stone. The gemstone was given the name 'tanzanite' by Tiffany & Co. after Tanzania, the country in which it was discovered.
- Jumanne Ngoma, a tailor and part-time gold prospector living in Arusha (Tanzania), found transparent fragments of blue and blue-purple gem crystals on a ridge near Mirerani, some 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Arusha.
紅玉髓，又稱紅石髓，是一種棕紅色的二氧化矽礦物，常被用作半寶石。「紅玉髓」一詞可用作指顏色較淺的光玉髓(英語：carnelian/cornelian)[2]，亦可指而色暗且質地較硬的褐紅玉髓Carnelian (also spelled cornelian[2]) is a brownish-red mineral commonly used as a semi-precious gemstone. Similar to carnelian is sard, which is generally harder and darker (the difference is not rigidly defined, and the two names are often used interchangeably). Both carnelian and sard are varieties of the silica mineral chalcedony colored by impurities of iron oxide.
Although now the more common term, "carnelian" is a 16th-century corruption of the 14th-century word "cornelian" (and its associated orthographies corneline and cornalyn).[10]Cornelian, cognate with similar words in several Romance languages, comes from the Mediaeval Latin corneolus, itself derived from the Latin word cornum, the cornel cherry,[11]whose translucent red fruits resemble the stone. The Oxford English Dictionary calls "carnelian" a perversion of "cornelian", by subsequent analogy with the Latin word caro, carnis, flesh. According to Pliny the Elder, sard derived its name from the city of Sardis in Lydia from which it came, and according to others, may ultimately be related to the Persian word سرد sered, meaning yellowish red.[7] Sarx in Greek means "flesh", and other stones have similar naming, such as the onyx stone in sardonx, which came from Greek for "claw" or "fingernail" because onyx with flesh-colored and white bands can resemble a fingernail.
- menetioned in 1776 chron
Tsavorite or tsavolite is a variety of the garnet group species grossular, a calcium-aluminiumgarnet with the formula Ca3Al2Si3O12.[2] Trace amounts of vanadium or chromium provide the green color. In 1967, British gem prospector and geologist Campbell R. Bridges discovered a deposit of green grossular in the mountains of north-east Tanzania[3] in a place called Lemshuko, 15 km (9.3 mi) away from Komolo, the first village. Bridges was murdered in 2009 when a mob attacked him and his son on their property in Tsavo East National Park. It is believed that the attack was connected to a three-year dispute over access and control of Bridges' gemstone mines. The name tsavorite was proposed by Tiffany and Co president Sir Henry Platt in honor of Tsavo East National Park in Kenya.[3] Apart from the source locality in Tanzania, it is also found in Toliara (Tuléar) Province, Madagascar. Small deposits of gem grade material have been found in Pakistan and Queen Maud Land, Antarctica.
Nephrite is a variety of the calcium, magnesium, and iron-rich amphibole minerals tremoliteor actinolite (aggregates of which also make up one form of asbestos). The chemical formula for nephrite is Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2.[1] It is one of two different mineral species called jade. The other mineral species known as jade is jadeite, which is a variety of pyroxene. While nephrite jade possesses mainly grays and greens (and occasionally yellows, browns or whites), jadeite jade, which is rarer, can also contain blacks, reds, pinks and violets. Nephrite jade is an ornamental stone used in carvings, beads, or cabochon cut gemstones.
- 透閃石Tremolite is a member of the amphibole group of silicate minerals with composition: ☐Ca2(Mg5.0-4.5Fe2+0.0-0.5)Si8O22(OH)2. Tremolite forms by metamorphism of sediments rich in dolomite and quartz. Tremolite forms a series with actinolite and ferro-actinolite. Pure magnesium tremolite is creamy white, but the color grades to dark green with increasing iron content. It has a hardness on Mohs scale of 5 to 6. Nephrite, one of the two minerals of the gemstone jade, is a green variety of tremolite. The fibrous form of tremolite is one of the six recognised types of asbestos. This material is toxic and inhaling the fibers can lead to asbestosis, lung cancer and both pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma. Fibrous tremolite is sometimes found as a contaminant in vermiculite, chrysotile (itself a type of asbestos) and talc.
- 路透社引述文件報道，自一九五○年代，有實驗室就在強生意大利供應商提供的滑石粉中檢測到含有透閃石（tremolite），該種礦石是角閃石的一種，可轉化為石棉。而強生管理層、醫生和律師，由一九七一年至二○○○年間，清楚公司的原料滑石粉及爽身粉成品，不時檢測到含小量石棉。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181216/00180_025.html
Peridot (/ˈpɛrɪdɒt/ or /ˈpɛrɪdoʊ/) is gem-quality olivine, which is a silicate mineral with the formula of (Mg, Fe)2SiO4. As peridot is the magnesium-rich variety of olivine (forsterite), the formula approaches Mg2SiO4.The origin of the name peridot is uncertain. The Oxford English Dictionarysuggests an alteration of Anglo–Normanpedoretés (classical Latin pæderot-), a kind of opal, rather than the Arabic word faridat, meaning "gem". The Middle English Dictionary's entry on peridot includes several variations : peridod, peritot, pelidod and pilidod – other variants substitute y for the is seen here. The earliest use in England is in the register of the St Albans Abbey, in Latin, and its translation in 1705 is possibly the first use of "peridot" in English. It records that on his death in 1245, Bishop John bequeathed various items including peridot to the Abbey.
- related to tribe of zebulun
Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz often used in jewelry. The name comes from the Koine Greekἀμέθυστος amethystos from ἀ- a-, "not" and μεθύσκω methysko / μεθύω methyo, "intoxicate", a reference to the belief that the stone protected its owner from drunkenness.[1] The ancient Greeks wore amethyst and carved drinking vessels from it in the belief that it would prevent intoxication. It is one of several forms of quartz. Amethyst is a semiprecious stone and is the traditional birthstone for February.
- related to tribe of issachar
- [eckstut] six-sided prismatic crystal, reflects light like glass; can turn a green hue (called citrine); heating it to a high enough temperature reorganises the impurities, turning green back to purple; heating technique used to darken pale amethsts to increase their value
- worn by ancient israeli high priests; buried with anglo-saxons who chersihed amethyst beads; held up as prize of all stones by catherine the great; greeks believe that if you drank wine out of an amethyst cup, you could'nt get drunk; medieval europeans thought that amethyst would protect soldiers in battle; it was downgraded to semiprecious status when vast reserves of the stone were discovered in s america
瑪瑙 Agate /ˈæɡət/ is a rock consisting primarily of cryptocrystalline silica, chiefly chalcedony, alternating with microgranular quartz. It is characterized by its fineness of grain and variety of color. Although agates may be found in various kinds of host rock, they are classically associated with volcanic rocks and can be common in certain metamorphic rocks.The stone was given its name by Theophrastus, a Greek philosopher and naturalist, who discovered the stone along the shore line of the river Achates (Ancient Greek: Ἀχάτης) in Sicily,[2] sometime between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC.[3]Colorful agates and other chalcedonieswere obtained over 3,000 years ago from the Achates River, now called Dirillo.
Onyx is a banded variety of the oxide mineral chalcedony. Agate and onyx are both varieties of layered chalcedony that differ only in the form of the bands: agate has curved bands and onyx has parallel bands. The colors of its bands range from white to almost every color (save some shades, such as purple or blue). Commonly, specimens of onyx contain bands of black and/or white. Onyx comes through Latin (of the same spelling), from the Greek ὄνυξ, meaning "claw" or "fingernail". With its fleshtone color, onyx can be said to resemble a fingernail. The English word "nail" is cognate with the Greek word.
- related to tribe of joseph
A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond.[3] The word ruby comes from ruber, Latin for red. The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium.
- related to tribe of reuben
Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F, OH)2. Topaz crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by pyramidal and other faces. It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals (Mohs hardness of 8) and is the hardest of any silicate mineral. This hardness combined with its usual transparency and variety of colors means that it has acquired wide use in jewellery as a cut gemstone as well as for intaglios and other gemstone carvings.
- related to tribe of simeon
祖母綠Emerald is a precious gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. The word "emerald" is derived (via Old French: esmeraude and Middle English: emeraude), from Vulgar Latin: esmaralda/esmaraldus, a variant of Latinsmaragdus, which originated in Ancient Greek: σμάραγδος (smaragdos; "green gem").
- 祖母綠是一种很古老的寶石，在古埃及時代就已用做珠寶。當時的著名礦場－克利奥帕特拉（埃及艷后之名），現已因大量開採而耗竭。
- related to tribe of levi
Karneol (in german) 红玉髓，又称红石髓，是一种棕红色的二氧化硅矿物，常被用作半宝石。“红玉髓”一词可用作指颜色较浅的光玉髓(英语：carnelian/cornelian)[2]，亦可指而色暗且质地较硬的褐红玉髓（英语：sard）。Carnelian (also spelled cornelian[2]) is a brownish-red mineral commonly used as a semi-precious gemstone. Similar to carnelian is sard, which is generally harder and darker (the difference is not rigidly defined, and the two names are often used interchangeably). Both carnelian and sard are varieties of the silica mineral chalcedony colored by impurities of iron oxide. The color can vary greatly, ranging from pale orange to an intense almost-black coloration. It is most common in Brazil, India, Siberia and Germany.
- 英语中的"carnelian"源自14世纪的单词"cornelian"，于16世纪误写为carnelian.[11] Cornelian与罗曼语族的其他一些单词同源，来自中世纪拉丁语的corneolus，可进一步上溯至拉丁语的cornum（大果山茱萸）[12] 。大果山茱萸的透亮红色果实与光玉髓相似。 牛津英语词典认为"carnelian" 是 "cornelian"的变种，来自拉丁语的caro, carnis(肉)。老普林尼认为sard一词来自吕底亚的萨第斯(Sardis)，褐红玉髓的产地；而其他人认为这一词最终可追溯到波斯语的سرد (sered)，意为红黄色。
以色列一間寶石開採公司，上月在該國北部迦密山脈發現一種新礦物，其化學結構只曾在外太空見過，密度測試顯示它比鑽石還要堅硬。該礦物上周獲國際礦物協會（IMA）正式承認，並獲以色列政府批發商標，將以「迦密藍寶石」之名推出市場。新礦物迦密石（carmeltazite）藏於藍寶石之中，主要成分為鈦、鋁及鋯。地質學家認為，迦密石是在白堊紀時期，於迦密山峰附近較小的火山爆發而產生。這種混合礦物早前已在外太空石塊中出現過，而今次是首次在地球被發現。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190116/00180_024.html
莫桑石（或稱摩星石）是天然碳化硅晶体的别称 Moissanite (/ˈmɔɪsənaɪt/) is naturally occurring silicon carbide and its various crystalline polymorphs. It has the chemical formula SiC and is a rare mineral, discovered by the French chemist Henri Moissan in 1893. Silicon carbide is useful for commercial and industrial applications due to its hardness, optical properties and thermal conductivity. Efforts to synthesize silicon carbide in a laboratory began in the early 1900s. Mineral moissanite was discovered by Henri Moissan while examining rock samples from a meteor crater located in Canyon Diablo, Arizona, in 1893. At first, he mistakenly identified the crystals as diamonds, but in 1904 he identified the crystals as silicon carbide.[5][6] Artificial silicon carbide had been synthesized in the lab by Edward G. Acheson just two years before Moissan's discovery.The mineral form of silicon carbide was named moissanite in honor of Moissan later on in his life. The discovery in the Canyon Diablo meteorite and other places was challenged for a long time as carborundum contamination from man-made abrasive tools.
Padparadscha sapphire is a special variety of gem corundum, featuring a delicate color that is a mixture of pink and orange
Moldavite (Czech: Vltavín) is a forest green, olive green or blue greenish vitreous silica projectile rock formed by a meteorite impact in southern Germany (Nördlinger Ries Crater)[3] that occurred about 15 million years ago.[4] It is a type of tektite.There is a moldavite museum, Muzeum Vltavínů, in Český Krumlov, Czech Republic.[9] The Moldavite Association was established in Ljubljana, Slovenia in 2014.
Das Mineral Türkis 绿松石，又称松石，也被称为突厥玉（法文与英语：turquoise）、土耳其石、土耳其玉Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone and ornamental stone for thousands of years owing to its unique hue. In recent times, turquoise has been devalued, like most other opaque gems, by the introduction onto the market of treatments, imitations and synthetics. The gemstone has been known by many names. Pliny the Elder referred to the mineral as callais (from Ancient Greek κάλαϊς) and the Aztecs knew it as chalchihuitl.[4] The word turquoise dates to the 17th century and is derived from the French turquois for "Turkish" because the mineral was first brought to Europe through Turkey, from mines in the historical Khorasan Province of Persia.
-The iconic gold burial mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with turquoise, lapis lazuli, carnelian and coloured glass.- 公元前300年，中国东周时代的青铜衣钩上面镶满了绿松石
- Moche turquoise nose ornament. Larco Museum Collection, Lima, Peru
- Turquoise mosaic mask of Xiuhtecuhtli, the Aztec god of fire.
- 新疆黑山嶺綠松石採礦遺址群，日前被新疆文物考古研究所判定為目前中國發現的最大的綠松石採礦遺址群。遺址於一九八一年發現，二○一六年開始考古調查，去年九月至十一月進行發掘工作。直至目前，該遺址群共發掘出土逾一千二百顆綠松石http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190208/00178_007.html
jade
- 软玉是由角闪石类矿物组成的集合体。细小的闪石矿物晶体呈纤维状交织在一起构成致密状集合体，质地细腻，韧性好。软玉主要产于中国新疆和田(or 和阗)，故历史上又称为和田(or 和阗)玉。中国是软玉的著名产出国之一。软玉按颜色划为白玉，青白玉、青玉、黄玉、碧玉、墨玉、糖玉等。选购软玉首先看玉质，最好的品种是羊脂白玉，它色似羊脂雪白，质似羊膏温润，而其他的品种较差。軟玉從新石器時代就被用來作為器皿、裝飾的雕刻以及首飾。軟玉在加熱至1025℃時，礦物形式會轉變成透輝石。Nephrite is a variety of the calcium, magnesium, and iron-rich amphibole minerals tremolite or actinolite (aggregates of which also make up one form of asbestos). The chemical formula for nephrite is Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2.[1] It is one of two different mineral species called jade. The other mineral species known as jade is jadeite, which is a variety of pyroxene. While nephrite jade possesses mainly grays and greens (and occasionally yellows, browns or whites), jadeite jade, which is rarer, can also contain blacks, reds, pinks and violets. Nephrite jade is an ornamental stone used in carvings, beads, or cabochon cut gemstones. Nephrite can be found in a translucent white to very light yellow form which is known in China as mutton fat jade,[1] in an opaque white to very light brown or gray which is known as chicken bone jade,[1] as well as in a variety of green colors. Western Canada is the principal source of modern lapidary nephrite.[2] Nephrite jade was used mostly in pre-1800 China as well as in New Zealand, the Pacific Coast and Atlantic Coasts of North America, Neolithic Europe, and southeast Asia.The name nephrite is derived from lapis nephriticus, which in turn is derived from Greek λίθος νεφριτικός; νεφρός λίθος, which means 'kidney stone' and is the Latin and Greek version of the Spanish piedra de ijada (the origin of "jade" and "jadeite").[3] Accordingly, nephrite jade was once believed to be a cure for kidney stones.Besides the terms already mentioned, nephrite has the following synonyms and varieties: aotea, axe-stone, B.C. jade, beilstein, kidney stone, lapis nephriticus, nephrit, nephrita, pounamu, New Zealand greenstone,[1] New Zealand jade,[1] spinach jade (dark grayish green),[1] and talcum nephriticus. Tomb jade or grave jade are names given to ancient burial nephrite pieces that have a brown or chalky white texture as a surface treatment.
- ヒスイ輝石（ヒスイきせき、翡翠輝石、jadeite、ジェダイト、ジェイダイト）は輝石グループの鉱物。宝石として珍重されている翡翠のうちの「硬玉」である。本翡翠とも呼ばれる。翡翠也称翡翠玉、輝玉、翠玉、硬玉、缅甸玉，是玉的一种，颜色呈翠绿色（称之翠）或红色（称之翡）。翡翠的名称来自鸟名，这种鸟的羽毛非常鲜艳，雄性的羽毛呈红色，名翡鸟，雌性的羽毛呈绿色，名翠鸟，合称翡翠，明朝时，缅甸玉传入中国后，就冠以「翡翠」之名。Jadeite is a pyroxene mineral with composition NaAlSi2O6. It is monoclinic.The name jadeite is derived (via French: l'ejade and Latin: ilia[5]) from the Spanish phrase "piedra de ijada" which means "stone of the side". The Latin version of the name, lapis nephriticus, is the origin of the term nephrite, which is also a variety of jade.
- 現今出土的古玉，皆埋在不同土層下，經歷駸駸歲月水侵土蝕，周圍的礦物質和一些天然元素，諸如汞（水銀）、硫、石灰、鐵、銅、朱砂、鉻酸鉀、氧化鈦等等，經過近千年，甚至數千年慢慢地滲蝕到玉器的分子結構間，日久發生化學變化，考古學家稱為「質化」。透閃玉之所以堅結，全靠其中的硅酸保護，但埋土層間經久不斷地受地熱與震動影響，玉面的硅酸難免逐漸地受熱液作用而溶解，好比失去防衛層，四周外來物質就易乘機滲進去，形成各種不同色調與形狀的色沁。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190118/PDF/b9_screen.pdf
- 古玉色沁分真假http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190201/PDF/b9_screen.pdf
Bort, boart, or boort is an umbrella term used in the diamond industry to refer to shards of non-gem-grade/quality diamonds. In the manufacturing and heavy industries, "bort" is used to describe dark, imperfectly formed or crystallized diamonds of varying levels of opacity. The lowest grade, "crushing bort," is crushed by steel mortars and used to make industrial-grade abrasive grits. Small bort crystals are used in drill bits. The Democratic Republic of the Congo provides 75% of the world supply of crushing bort.Apart from the use of bort in the diamond gem industry, where the material is used as an abrasive —with a hardness close to or the same as that of diamond itself— to scour and polish the various facets of gem stones, in smaller flakes and particles it is also used as an additive for scouring or polishing pastes and agents. Larger particles find their use as a protective and cutting edge to drill bits, saws and other (cutting) tools and machinery for longer lifespan and to substantially increase their efficiency (for instance, for tools that drill or saw through (reinforced) concrete —cement, stone (pebbles) and steel (rebar) alike— or other hard materials, both metal and non-metal).
Amber is fossilized tree resin, which has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times.[1] Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects.[2] Amber is used in jewelry. It has also been used as a healing agent in folk medicine.
- [ekstut] amber contains natural antibiotic bacteria and fungi which helps to prevent decay. Used by ancient egyptians to embalm their nobility for posterity. people
- Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605 – 1689)[1][2] was a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler.[3] Tavernier, a private individual and merchant traveling at his own expense, covered, by his own account, 60,000 leagues(120,000 miles[clarification needed]) in making six voyages to Persia and India between the years 1630 and 1668. In 1675, Tavernier, at the behest of his patron Louis XIV, published Les Six Voyages de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier(Six Voyages, 1676). Tavernier was born in Paris of a French or Flemish Huguenot family that had emigrated to Antwerp, to escape persecution, and which subsequently returned to Paris after the publication of the Edict of Nantes, which promised protection for French Protestants. Both his father Gabriel and his uncle Melchior were cartographers. Though it is clear from the accuracy of his drawings that Tavernier received some instruction in the art of cartography/engraving, he was possessed of a wanderlust. While still a teenager, he traveled extensively through Europe and achieved a working knowledge of its major languages. Tavernier is best known for his 1666 discovery/purchase of the 116-carat Tavernier Blue diamond that he subsequently sold to Louis XIV of France in 1668 for 120,000 livres, the equivalent of 172,000 ounces of pure gold, and a letter of ennoblement.[2][6] (Five years later, Louis had his court jeweler Jean Pitau recut the stone into the 68 carat French Blue and had it set as a hatpin. The gem was reset by his great-grandson Louis XV in The Medal of The Order of the Golden Fleece, stolen in 1792, and was recut and re-emerged in London 30 years later as the Hope Diamond). In 1669, Tavernier purchased for 60,000 livres the Seigneury of Aubonne, located in the Duchy of Savoy near the city of Geneva, and became Baron of Aubonne.
- edwin streeter sotheby's march2019
Event
- The Gemworld in Munich www.gemworldmunich.com
- India International Jewellery Week
- Bangkok Gems & Jewellery Show
- Vicenzaoro Fall and Winter in Italy
- Malaysia International Jewellery Festival in KL
- Jewellery Arabia in Manama, Bahrain
- Indian Fashion Jewellery & Accessories Show www.epch.in
- Jewellex in South Africa
- global gem & jewellery fair www.ggjfdubai.com
- istanbul jewelry show
- gemstone industry & laboratory conference
- machinery, equipment, technology and supplies for jewellery and watch industry www.mets.hk
- asean + 6 gems and jewelry presidents summit
- Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605 – 1689)[1][2] was a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler.[3] Tavernier, a private individual and merchant traveling at his own expense, covered, by his own account, 60,000 leagues(120,000 miles[clarification needed]) in making six voyages to Persia and India between the years 1630 and 1668. In 1675, Tavernier, at the behest of his patron Louis XIV, published Les Six Voyages de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier(Six Voyages, 1676). Tavernier was born in Paris of a French or Flemish Huguenot family that had emigrated to Antwerp, to escape persecution, and which subsequently returned to Paris after the publication of the Edict of Nantes, which promised protection for French Protestants. Both his father Gabriel and his uncle Melchior were cartographers. Though it is clear from the accuracy of his drawings that Tavernier received some instruction in the art of cartography/engraving, he was possessed of a wanderlust. While still a teenager, he traveled extensively through Europe and achieved a working knowledge of its major languages. Tavernier is best known for his 1666 discovery/purchase of the 116-carat Tavernier Blue diamond that he subsequently sold to Louis XIV of France in 1668 for 120,000 livres, the equivalent of 172,000 ounces of pure gold, and a letter of ennoblement.[2][6] (Five years later, Louis had his court jeweler Jean Pitau recut the stone into the 68 carat French Blue and had it set as a hatpin. The gem was reset by his great-grandson Louis XV in The Medal of The Order of the Golden Fleece, stolen in 1792, and was recut and re-emerged in London 30 years later as the Hope Diamond). In 1669, Tavernier purchased for 60,000 livres the Seigneury of Aubonne, located in the Duchy of Savoy near the city of Geneva, and became Baron of Aubonne.
- edwin streeter sotheby's march2019
Event
- The Gemworld in Munich www.gemworldmunich.com
- India International Jewellery Week
- Bangkok Gems & Jewellery Show
- Vicenzaoro Fall and Winter in Italy
- Malaysia International Jewellery Festival in KL
- Jewellery Arabia in Manama, Bahrain
- Indian Fashion Jewellery & Accessories Show www.epch.in
- Jewellex in South Africa
- global gem & jewellery fair www.ggjfdubai.com
- istanbul jewelry show
- gemstone industry & laboratory conference
- machinery, equipment, technology and supplies for jewellery and watch industry www.mets.hk
- asean + 6 gems and jewelry presidents summit
- 2nd edition in bangkok on 7sep2013
- asean jewelry trade dialogue 12oct2013 singapore
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