A sun temple (or solar temple) is a building used for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer and sacrifice, dedicated to the sun or a solar deity. Such temples were built by a number different cultures and are distributed across the world including in India,[1] China, Egypt, Japan and Peru.
- The Temple of the Sun in Beijing, China, was built in 1530 during the Ming dynasty by the Jiajing Emperor,[3] together with new temples dedicated to the Earth and the Moon, and an expansion of the Temple of Heaven.[3][4] The Temple of the Sun was used by the imperial court for elaborate acts of worship involving fasting, prayers, dancing and animal sacrifices, as part of a year-long cycle of ceremonies involving all the temples.[5] An important element was the colour red, which was associated with the Sun, including red utensils for food and wine offerings, and red clothes for the emperor to wear during the ceremonies.[5] The temple is now part of a public park.
- In ancient Egypt, there were a number of sun temples. Among these old monuments is the Great Temple of Ramses at Abu Simbel,[7] and complexes built by the Fifth Dynasty, of which only two examples survive, that of Userkaf and of Niuserre.[8] The Fifth Dynasty temples usually had three components, a main temple building at a higher elevation, accessed by a causeway, from a much smaller entrance building.[9] In 2006, archaeologists found ruins underneath a market in Cairo, which could possibly be the largest temple built by Ramesses II.
- The sun temples of the Indian subcontinent were dedicated to the Hindu deity Surya,[12] with the most prominent among them being the Sun Temple at Modhera, Gujarat, built in 1026-1027, and the Konark Sun Temple (also known as the Black Pagoda),[13][14] at Konark in Odisha. Konark was constructed around 1250, by Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty,[15][16] and was built in the shape of a large chariot with carved stone wheels, pillars and walls. In Manipuri mythology, the sun god Korouhanba is the synonym of the Hindu deity Surya.
The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: قبة الصخرة Qubbat al-Sakhrah, Hebrew: כיפת הסלע Kippat ha-Sela) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik during the Second Fitna, built on the site of the Roman temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which had in turn been built on the site of the Second Jewish Temple, destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022–23. The Dome of the Rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture. Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces, although its outside appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern period, notably with the addition of the gold-plated roof, in 1959–61 and again in 1993. The octagonal plan of the structure may also have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat of Mary (also known as Kathisma in Greek and al-Qadismu in Arabic) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The site's great significance for Muslims derives from traditions connecting it to the creation of the world and to the belief that the Prophet Muhammad's Night Journey to heaven started from the rock at the center of the structure. The rock also bears great significance for Jews as the purported site of Abraham's attempted sacrifice of his son.
- A 'DOME OF THE ROCK' POTTERY TILE, JERUSALEM, MID-16TH CENTURY
- The Temple of the Sun in Beijing, China, was built in 1530 during the Ming dynasty by the Jiajing Emperor,[3] together with new temples dedicated to the Earth and the Moon, and an expansion of the Temple of Heaven.[3][4] The Temple of the Sun was used by the imperial court for elaborate acts of worship involving fasting, prayers, dancing and animal sacrifices, as part of a year-long cycle of ceremonies involving all the temples.[5] An important element was the colour red, which was associated with the Sun, including red utensils for food and wine offerings, and red clothes for the emperor to wear during the ceremonies.[5] The temple is now part of a public park.
- In ancient Egypt, there were a number of sun temples. Among these old monuments is the Great Temple of Ramses at Abu Simbel,[7] and complexes built by the Fifth Dynasty, of which only two examples survive, that of Userkaf and of Niuserre.[8] The Fifth Dynasty temples usually had three components, a main temple building at a higher elevation, accessed by a causeway, from a much smaller entrance building.[9] In 2006, archaeologists found ruins underneath a market in Cairo, which could possibly be the largest temple built by Ramesses II.
- The sun temples of the Indian subcontinent were dedicated to the Hindu deity Surya,[12] with the most prominent among them being the Sun Temple at Modhera, Gujarat, built in 1026-1027, and the Konark Sun Temple (also known as the Black Pagoda),[13][14] at Konark in Odisha. Konark was constructed around 1250, by Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty,[15][16] and was built in the shape of a large chariot with carved stone wheels, pillars and walls. In Manipuri mythology, the sun god Korouhanba is the synonym of the Hindu deity Surya.
The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: قبة الصخرة Qubbat al-Sakhrah, Hebrew: כיפת הסלע Kippat ha-Sela) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik during the Second Fitna, built on the site of the Roman temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which had in turn been built on the site of the Second Jewish Temple, destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022–23. The Dome of the Rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture. Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces, although its outside appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern period, notably with the addition of the gold-plated roof, in 1959–61 and again in 1993. The octagonal plan of the structure may also have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat of Mary (also known as Kathisma in Greek and al-Qadismu in Arabic) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The site's great significance for Muslims derives from traditions connecting it to the creation of the world and to the belief that the Prophet Muhammad's Night Journey to heaven started from the rock at the center of the structure. The rock also bears great significance for Jews as the purported site of Abraham's attempted sacrifice of his son.
- A 'DOME OF THE ROCK' POTTERY TILE, JERUSALEM, MID-16TH CENTURY
of square form, decorated in cobalt blue with black outlines on a white ground with a stylised split-palmette and lotus motif under a transparent glaze https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2020/eclectic-london/a-dome-of-the-rock-pottery-tile-jerusalem-mid-16th
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Arabic: كَنِيسَةُ ٱلْقِيَامَة Kanīsatu al-Qiyāmah; Greek: Ναὸς τῆς Ἀναστάσεως Naos tes Anastaseos; Armenian: Սուրբ Հարության տաճար Surb Harut'yan tač̣ar; Latin: Ecclesia Sancti Sepulchri; Hebrew: כנסיית הקבר, Knesiyat ha-Kever; also called the Church of the Resurrection or Church of the Anastasis by Orthodox Christians) is a church[1] in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. The church contains, according to traditions dating back to at least the fourth century, the two holiest sites in Christianity: the site where Jesus of Nazareth was crucified,[2] at a place known as "Calvary" or "Golgotha", and Jesus's empty tomb, where he is said to have been buried and resurrected.[3] The tomb is enclosed by the 19th-century shrine, called the Aedicule (Edicule). The Status Quo, a 150-year-old understanding between religious communities, applies to the site. Within the church proper are the last four (or, by some definitions, five) Stations of the Via Dolorosa, representing the final episodes of Jesus' Passion. The church has been a major Christian pilgrimage destination since its creation in the fourth century, as the traditional site of the Resurrection of Christ, thus its original Greek name, Church of the Anastasis. Today, the wider complex accumulated during the centuries around the Church of the Holy Sepulchre also serves as the headquarters of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, while control of the church itself is shared among several Christian denominations and secular entities in complicated arrangements essentially unchanged for over 160 years, and some for much longer. The main denominations sharing property over parts of the church are the Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic and Roman Catholic, and to a lesser degree the Coptic Orthodox, Syriac Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox. Meanwhile, Protestants, including Anglicans, have no permanent presence in the Church. Some Protestants prefer The Garden Tomb, elsewhere in Jerusalem, as a more evocative site to commemorate Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection.
- According to Eusebius of Caesarea, the Roman emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century AD built a temple dedicated to the goddess Venus in order to bury the cave in which Jesus had been buried.[6][7] The first Christian emperor, Constantine the Great, ordered in about 325/326 that the temple be replaced by a church.[8] During the building of the Church, Constantine's mother, Helena, is believed to have rediscovered the tomb (although there are some discrepancies among authors).[6] Socrates Scholasticus (born c. 380), in his Ecclesiastical History, gives a full description of the discovery. Constantine's church was built as two connected churches over the two different holy sites, including a great basilica (the Martyrium visited by Egeria in the 380s), an enclosed colonnaded atrium (the Triportico) with the traditional site of Golgotha in one corner, and a rotunda, called the Anastasis ("Resurrection" in Greek), which contained the remains of a rock-cut room that Helena and Macarius identified as the burial site of Jesus.This building was damaged by fire in May of 614 when the Sassanid Empire, under Khosrau II, invaded Jerusalem and captured the True Cross. In 630, the Emperor Heraclius restored it and rebuilt the church after recapturing the city. After Jerusalem came under Arab rule, it remained a Christian church, with the early Muslim rulers protecting the city's Christian sites. Early in the ninth century, another earthquake damaged the dome of the Anastasis. The damage was repaired in 810 by Patriarch Thomas. In the year 841, the church suffered a fire. In 935, the Orthodox Christians prevented the construction of a Muslim mosque adjacent to the Church. In 938, a new fire damaged the inside of the basilica and came close to the rotunda. In 966, due to a defeat of Muslim armies in the region of Syria, a riot broke out, which was followed by reprisals. The basilica was burned again. The doors and roof were burnt, and the Patriarch John VII was murdered.[citation needed] On 18 October 1009, Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the complete destruction of the church as part of a more general campaign against Christian places of worship in Palestine and Egypt.[14] The damage was extensive, with few parts of the early church remaining.[15] Christian Europe reacted with shock and expulsions of Jews (for example, Cluniac monk Rodulfus Glaber blamed the Jews, with the result that Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French towns[citation needed]) and an impetus to later Crusades.In wide-ranging negotiations between the Fatimids and the Byzantine Empire in 1027–28, an agreement was reached whereby the new Caliph Ali az-Zahir (Al-Hakim's son) agreed to allow the rebuilding and redecoration of the Church.[18] The rebuilding was finally completed with the financing at a huge expense by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos and Patriarch Nicephorus of Constantinople in 1048.[19] As a concession, the mosque in Constantinople was re-opened and the khutba sermons were to be pronounced in az-Zahir's name. Muslim sources say a by-product of the agreement was the recanting of Islam by many Christians who had been forced to convert under Al-Hakim's persecutions. In addition, the Byzantines, while releasing 5,000 Muslim prisoners, made demands for the restoration of other churches destroyed by Al-Hakim and the re-establishment of a Patriarch in Jerusalem. hanging temples
- 三仏寺（さんぶつじ）は、鳥取県東伯郡三朝町にある天台宗の仏教寺院。山号を三徳山（みとくさん）と称する[1]。開山は慶雲3年(706年)に役行者が修験道の行場として開いたとされ、その後、慈覚大師円仁により嘉祥2年(849年)に本尊釈迦如来・阿弥陀如来・大日如来の三仏が安置されたとされる。Sanbutsu-ji (三仏寺 Sanbutsu-ji) is a Buddhist temple in the town of Misasa, Tottori Prefecture, Japan. The Nageire Hall (投入堂 Nageire-dō) of Sanbutsu-ji, built in the Heian period is designated a National Treasure of Japan.By tradition Sanbutsu-ji was founded by the Buddhist ascetic and mystic of the late Asuka period monk En no Gyōja (ca. 634–701). En no Gyōja is considered the founder of Shugendō, a syncretic religion which incorporated aspects Old Shinto, Japanese folk animism and shamanism, Taoism and esoteric Buddhism of the Shingon Mikkyō and the Tendai sects.
peru
- The Monastery of Saint Catherine (Spanish: Santa Catalina) is a monastery of nuns of the Dominican Second Order, located in Arequipa, Peru. It was built in 1579 and was enlarged in the 17th century. The over 20,000-square-meter monastery was built predominantly in the Mudéjar style, and is characterized by its vividly painted walls.The foundress of the monastery was a rich widow, Maria de Guzman. The tradition of the time indicated that the second son or daughter of a family would enter a life of service in the Church, and the monastery accepted only women from upper class Spanish families. Each family paid a dowry at their daughter's admission to the monastery. The dowry expected of a woman who wished to enter as a choir nun--indicated by wearing a black veil—and who thereby accepted the duty of the daily recitation of the Divine Office, was 2,400 silver coins, equivalent to about $150,000 (U.S.) today. The nuns were also required to bring 25 listed items, including a statue, a painting, a lamp and clothes. The wealthiest nuns may have brought fine English china and silk curtains and rugs. Although it was possible for poorer nuns to enter the convent without paying a dowry, it can be seen from the cells that most of the nuns were very wealthy. In 1871 Sister Josefa Cadena, O.P., a strict Dominican nun, was sent by Pope Pius IX to reform the monastery. She sent the rich dowries back to Europe, and freed all the servants and slaves, giving them the choice of either remaining as nuns or leaving.
russia
- The Solovetsky Monastery (Russian: Солове́цкий монасты́рь, IPA: [səlɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪj mənɐˈstɨrʲ]) is a fortified monastery located on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea in northern Russia. It was one of the largest Christian citadels in northern Russia before it was converted into a Soviet prison and labor camp in 1926–39, and served as a prototype for the camps of the Gulag system. The monastery has experienced several major changes and military sieges. Its most important structures date from the 16th century, when Filip Kolychev was its hegumen (comparable to an abbot).The Solovetsky Monastery was founded in 1436 by the monk Zosima, however, monks Herman and Savvatiy from the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery lived on the island from 1429 to 1436, and are considered to be co-founders of the monastery. Zosima later became the first hegumen of the monastery. After Marfa Boretskaya, wife of the posadnik of Novgorod, donated her lands at Kem and Summa to the monastery in 1450, the monastery quickly enlarged its holdings, which was situated strategically on the shores of the White Sea. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the monastery extended its commercial activities, becoming an economic and political center of the White Sea region. This included saltworks (in the 1660s, it owned 54 of them), trapping, fishing, mica works, ironworks, pearl works, among others. Archmandrites of the monastery were appointed by the tsar himself and the patriarch.By the 17th century, the Solovetsky Monastery had about 350 monks, 600-700 servants, artisans and peasants. In the 1650s and 1660s, the monastery was one of the strongholds of the Old Believers of the Raskol (schism) in the Russian Orthodox Church. The Solovetsky Monastery Uprising of 1668–1676 was aimed at Patriarch Nikon's ecclesiastic reform and took on an anti-feudal nature. In 1765, the monastery became stauropegic (from the Greek stauros meaning "cross" and pegio meaning "to affirm"), i.e. it was subordinated directly to the Synod. Together with the Sumskoy and Kemsky stockades, the Solovetsky Monastery served as an important frontier fortress with dozens of cannons and a strong garrison. In the 16th to 17th centuries, the monastery succeeded a number of times in repelling the attacks of the Livonian Order and the Swedes (in 1571, 1582 and 1611).During the Crimean War, the Solovetsky Monastery was attacked by three British ships. After nine hours of shelling on the 6 and 7 July 1855 the vessels left with nothing.
uk
- stonehenge
- https://www.quora.com/Why-was-Stonehenge-never-destroyed-by-invaders-such-as-the-Romans-Vikings-or-NormansThere is a layer in the Stonehenge soil called the Bluestone layer, or sometimes the Roman layer. In it is found detritus from the Roman era (coins, brooches etc) and LOTS of small bluestone chips. These small chips are spread fairly evenly across the whole of the central area of the monument. Archaeologically one could deduce from this that it is likely that there was an event during the Roman era when some of the Bluestones were destroyed by chipping them down into pieces. Caesar writes that he had a problem with the Druids. They had the respect of the general populace and did not appear to be easily swung by the normal appeals to a leader's desire for wealth or to consolidate power. This made them difficult to control.Caesar writes that in the end the only way to control them was to order that the Druids ‘groves’ be cut down. The normal understanding of this translation from Latin into ‘groves' is a collection of trees but this may not be right. Perhaps those ‘groves’ were in fact stone circles.
- https://www.quora.com/What-did-the-Romans-make-of-Stonehenge-when-they-came-to-Britain Across Britain, the Romans would have found countless standing stones, so the claim that they would not have recognised Stonehenge for what it was even had the stones all been fallen which they were not, is a nonsense. Such Neolithic sites are not unique to the UK. Carnac of course is a huge one in what was then Gaul.As for the henge, one of the Romans great skills was assimilating local religions and grafting a degree of connection into their own, By this means they avoided religious war in the nations they overtook.https://www.quora.com/What-did-the-Romans-make-of-Stonehenge-when-they-came-to-Britain
- Worcester Cathedral, is an Anglican cathedral in Worcester, England, situated on a bank overlooking the River Severn. It is the seat of the Bishop of Worcester. Its official name is the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Mary the Virgin of Worcester. The present cathedral church was built between 1084 and 1504, and represents every style of English architecture from Norman to Perpendicular Gothic. It is famous for its Norman crypt and unique chapter house, its unusual Transitional Gothic bays, its fine woodwork and its "exquisite" central tower, which is of particularly fine proportions.The cathedral's west facade appeared, with a portrait of Sir Edward Elgar, on the reverse of £20 note issued by the Bank of England between 1999 and 2007, remaining in circulation as legal tender until 30 June 2010.The Cathedral was founded in 680, with a Northumbrian priest, Tatwine, appointed as its first bishop. Tatwine died before he could be consecrated, however, so his successor Bishop Bosel may be regarded as Worcester's first serving bishop.[5] The first cathedral church, dedicated to Ss. Peter and Paul, was built in this period, but no remains of its architecture survive. The crypt of the present-day cathedral dates from the 10th century and the time of St Oswald, Bishop of Worcester.
france
- vertheuil abbey
- founded chateau prieure-lichine in 12th century; the vineyard belonged to the church until the french revolution
- La Rochelle Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Louis de la Rochelle) is a Roman Catholic church located in the town of La Rochelle, France. The cathedral has been a national monument since 1906. The Diocese of La Rochelle (Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes from 1852) was created in 1648 but the first stone of the new cathedral was not laid until 1742, by which time the architect who drew up the plans, Jacques Gabriel, was dead; the work was supervised, from a distance, by his son Ange-Jacques Gabriel. Although still not complete, it was consecrated anyway in 1784. The structure is a rather bare Neo-Classical one. The cupola has paintings by William Bouguereau, a native of the city.Attached to the chevet of the present cathedral is the late medieval Gothic bell tower of the Church of St. Barthélémy (Saint Bartholomew), first constructed in 1152 by monks from the Ile d'Aix, the rest of which was destroyed by the Huguenots in 1568. The tower, on one of the highest points of La Rochelle, was used as a gun tower against the besieging army of Louis XIII in 1627. The displaced parishioners were able in 1628 to take over as their church the grand temple, a former Protestant church adjacent to the site of the medieval St. Barthélémy, only to find in 1648, on the creation of the Diocese of La Rochelle, that the new chapter wished to use it as the cathedral. The parishioners therefore built a new church of St. Barthélémy nearby, which was completed in 1678. The older church however burnt down in 1687 and the chapter moved into the new church, which they and the parish were obliged to share until the consecration of the new cathedral in 1784. The church was entirely destroyed during the French Revolution and the site re-developed with houses, which were demolished later in the 19th century when it was possible to finish the cathedral.
- eglise saint-privat
- 9th century
- calvinists of metz held first public worship service on pentecost in 1562
- 法國首都巴黎第八區的「贖罪教堂」，近日發現藏有可能多達五百具死於十八世紀末的人體骸骨，相信他們是在法國大革命時被送上斷頭台處死。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200703/00180_032.html
italy
- Mount Subasio is a mountain of the Apennine mountains, in the province of Perugia, Umbria, central Italy. On its slopes are located the ancient towns of Assisi and Spello. Its pink colored stones were used for many Franciscan buildings at the World Heritage site of Assisi. The area is included in the natural park Parco del Monte Subasio.Castle Sasso Rosso ("Redrock") on the slope of Mount Subasio was the site of Saint Clare of Assisi and Saint Agnes of Assisi's childhood since according to tradition they were the daughters of Favorino Scifi, Conte of Sasso-Rosso, the wealthy representative of an ancient Roman family, who owned a large palace in Assisi as well. The Benedictine Abbot of St. Benedict of Monte Subasio gave the little church of Porziuncola around 1208 to St. Francis of Assisi, on condition of making it the mother house of his religious family.
monasteries of Rupertsberg and Eibingen
- Hildegard of Bingen, O.S.B. (German: Hildegard von Bingen; Latin: Hildegardis Bingensis; 1098 – 17 September 1179), also known as Saint Hildegard and Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, visionary, and polymath.[1][2] She is considered to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany.Hildegard was elected magistra by her fellow nuns in 1136; she founded the monasteries of Rupertsberg in 1150 and Eibingen in 1165. One of her works as a composer, the Ordo Virtutum, is an early example of liturgical drama and arguably the oldest surviving morality play.[4] She wrote theological, botanical, and medicinal texts, as well as letters, liturgical songs, and poems, while supervising miniature illuminations in the Rupertsberg manuscript of her first work, Scivias. She is also noted for the invention of a constructed language known as Lingua Ignota. Although the history of her formal consideration is complicated, she has been recognized as a saint by branches of the Roman Catholic Church for centuries. On 7 October 2012, Pope Benedict XVInamed her a Doctor of the Church.
- Hildegard's works include three great volumes of visionary theology; a variety of musical compositions for use in liturgy, as well as the musical morality play Ordo Virtutum; one of the largest bodies of letters (nearly 400) to survive from the Middle Ages, addressed to correspondents ranging from popes to emperors to abbots and abbesses, and including records of many of the sermons she preached in the 1160s and 1170s; two volumes of material on natural medicine and cures; an invented language called the Lingua ignota ("unknown language"); and various minor works, including a gospel commentary and two works of hagiography. Several manuscripts of her works were produced during her lifetime, including the illustrated Rupertsberg manuscript of her first major work, Scivias (lost since 1945); the Dendermonde Codex, which contains one version of her musical works; and the Ghent manuscript, which was the first fair-copy made for editing of her final theological work, the Liber Divinorum Operum. At the end of her life, and probably under her initial guidance, all of her works were edited and gathered into the single Riesenkodex manuscript
- Hildegard also invented an alternative alphabet. The text of her writing and compositions reveals Hildegard's use of this form of modified medieval Latin, encompassing many invented, conflated and abridged words.
兴国寺是佛教寺院—可以指：
- 中国寺院
- 中国寺塔
- 日本寺院
- Kaiyuan Temple ( 開元寺; pinyin: Kāiyuán Sì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Khai-gôan-sī) is a Buddhist temple in West Street, Quanzhou, China, the largest in Fujian province with an area of 78,000 square metres (840,000 sq ft).[1][2] Although it is known as a "Hindu-Buddhist temple", on account of added Tamil-Hindu influences, the main statue in the most important hall is that of Vairocana Buddha, the main Buddha according to Huayan Buddhism. What is now called the Mahavira Hall (Mahavira = the Great and Strong) is in fact the Vairocana Hall.It was originally built in 685 or 686 during the Tang dynasty (618–907). The temple situated in the Mulberry garden of landlord Huang Shougong (黄守恭) who was said to dream of a monk begging land from him for building a temple. He donated his garden and changed it into a temple with the name of "Lotus Temple" (莲花寺). In 738 in the Tang dynasty, it was renamed "Kaiyuan Temple", which is still in use now.Behind its main hall "Mahavira Hall", there are some columns with fragments from a Shiva temple built in 1283 by the Tamil Ainnurruvar Valanjiyar Merchant community in Quanzhou dedicated to Hindu God Shiva. The carvings are dispersed across five primary sites in Quanzhou and the neighboring areas. They were made in the South Indian style, and share close similarities with 13th-century temples constructed in the Chola Nadu region in Tamil Nadu. Nearly all of the carvings were carved with greenish-gray granite, which was widely available in the nearby hills and used in the region's local architecture.[4] In 1983, the Kaiyuan Temple was designated as a national temple.大雄宝殿又称紫云大殿，是开元寺主体建筑，建于明崇祯十年（1637年）。大殿面阔九间，进深六间，建筑面积1338平方米，重檐歇山顶，通高20米。前檐重檐下横匾书“桑莲法界”四字。殿内减柱造，共有86根大石柱，承托抬梁式木构架，号称“百柱殿”。殿内斗拱共76朵，分布在周圈和前槽，其中明、次、梢间各有补间铺作两朵，尽间仅一朵。斗栱上雕有有“飞天乐伎”二十四尊，集佛教妙音鸟、基督教天使和中国飞天造型于一身，雕刻精美。
- 泉州开元寺的檀樾主黄守恭，为轩辕黄帝子有熊氏之后。据《江夏紫云黄氏大成宗谱》记载，黄守恭为黄姓一世祖第一百一十二世子孙，生于贞观三年（629年），卒于先天元年（712年）。黄守恭为官泉州（另说，黄守恭家中种桑养蚕，为泉州最早的桑蚕业开拓者），成巨富，有地三百六十庄。
- https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quanzhou_Kaiyuan_Si_20120229-33.jpg/1024px-Quanzhou_Kaiyuan_Si_20120229-33.jpg relief about lions and balls
- main hall feature vairocana buddha
- https://gss3.bdstatic.com/-Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/c0%3Dbaike80%2C5%2C5%2C80%2C26/sign=47ed2bfad41b0ef478e5900cbcad3abf/08f790529822720eefdc812e7dcb0a46f31fabd0.jpg bronze censor with lions and balls
- in various places in china and in korea
Usa
- Trinity Church is a historic parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of New York located near the intersection of Wall Street and Broadway in the lower Manhattan section of New York City, New York. Known for both its location and endowment,[4] Trinity is a traditional high church, with an active parish centered around the Episcopal Church and the worldwide Anglican Communion in missionary, outreach, and fellowship. The Trinity Church has been significant to New York City's history for over 300 years. In 1696, Governor Benjamin Fletcher approved the purchase of land in Lower Manhattan by the Church of England community for construction of a new church. The parish received its charter from King William III on May 6, 1697. Its land grant specified an annual rent of 60 bushels of wheat.[5] The first rector was William Vesey (for whom nearby Vesey Street is named), a protege of Increase Mather, who served for 49 years until his death in 1746.
- 美國紐約三一教堂，是著名聖誕歌《平安夜》首次於美國演唱及公布英文歌詞翻譯的地方。教堂為慶祝這首歌面世二百周年，周二舉行演唱會，由來自奧地利等地的合唱團分別演繹多語版本。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181129/00180_038.html
- The Cathedral-Basilica of Saint Louis, King of France, also called St. Louis Cathedral(French: Cathédrale Saint-Louis, Roi-de-France, Spanish: Catedral de San Luis), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans and is the oldest cathedral in what would become the United States. The first church on the site was built in 1718; the third, built in 1789, was raised to cathedral rank in 1793. The cathedral was expanded and largely rebuilt in 1850, with little of the 1789 structure remaining.
- The Presbytère is an architecturally important building in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. It stands facing Jackson Square, adjacent to the St. Louis Cathedral. Built in 1791 as a matching structure for the Cabildo, which flanks the cathedral on the other side, it is one of the nation's best examples of formal colonial Spanish architecture (with many neo-Renaissance elements).[3] It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, and is now a property of the Louisiana State Museum. The Presbytère is located on the northwest side of Jackson Square, between the cathedral and St. Ann Street. It is a two-story brick building, originally built with a flat roof that had a balustrade topped by urns. Its ground floor has a nine-bay open arcade of elliptical arches, with pilastered corners. The upper level also has arched openings, all articulated by pilasters, with multipane windows. The center three bays on both levels have engaged columns on either side, and are topped as a group by a gabled pediment. A dormered mansard roof was added in 1847, which is topped by a louvered cupola.The Presbytère was designed in 1791 by the French-born Gilberto Guillemard to match the Cabildo, or Town Hall, on the other side of St. Louis Cathedral. By 1798, only the first floor had been completed, and its second floor was not completed until 1813. Originally called the Casa Curial (‘Ecclesiastical House’), its name derives from the fact that it was built on the former site of the residence of the Capuchin monks and presbytery (rectory, presbytère in French).[4] While intended to house clergy, it was never used as a religious residence.[5] The building initially was used for commercial purposes until 1834, when it was used by the Louisiana Supreme Court.In 1853, cathedral officials sold the Presbytère to the city, and in 1908 the city sold it to the state. In 1911 it became part of the Louisiana State Museum.[5] It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.In 2005, the cupola was replaced atop the Presbytère. The cupola had been missing since the New Orleans Hurricane of 1915.
- Ursuline Convent was a series of historic Ursuline convents in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1726, nuns from the Ursuline Convent of Rouen (Normandy) go to New Orleans to found a convent, run a hospital and take care of educating youngs girls.The first building for the Ursuline nuns in New Orleans was designed by Ignace François Broutin in 1727 when the nuns arrived in New Orleans. Michael Zeringue (Johann Michael Zehringer), the King's Master Carpenter from Franconia, Bavaria and progenitor of all "Zeringue" families in Louisiana was the builder. Planning, collecting material, and construction took years. Existing drawings show the building in 1733, although it was not officially finished until the following year. Colombage (half-timbered) or briquette-entre-poteaux (brick-between-post) was the major form of French Colonial construction in the colony during the 18th century (see also Pitot House). Usually the exterior walls were then given a protective covering of stucco or wooden boards; but the fact that the timbered walls of the Ursuline Convent were left exposed is confirmed by a drawing from 1737. Such construction proved to be inappropriate for the humid climate of New Orleans (with significant deterioration already apparent by 1745),[1] in addition to being a fire hazard.
- The Ursuline Convent riots occurred August 11 and 12, 1834 in Charlestown, Massachusetts, near Boston in what is now Somerville, Massachusetts. During the riot, a convent of Roman Catholic Ursuline nunswas burned down by a Protestant mob. The event was triggered by reported abuse of a member of the order, and was fueled by the rebirth of extreme anti-Catholic sentiment in antebellum New England. Massachusetts, founded in the 17th century, had a long history of intolerance toward Roman Catholicism. From its inception, little tolerance was exhibited by the Puritanleadership of the colony even toward Protestant views that did not accord with theirs. When the Province of Massachusetts Bay was established in 1692, its charter enshrined tolerance for other Protestant sects, but specifically excluded political benefits for Roman Catholics.[citation needed] After American independence, there was a broadening of tolerance in the nation, but this tolerance did not particularly take hold in Massachusetts.[1] The arrival of many Catholic Irishimmigrants ignited sectarian tensions, which were abetted by the Protestant religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening.
- The Convent of the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary was located in the Los Feliz district of Los Angeles, sharing the former Earle C. Anthony estate with the Cardinal Timothy Manning House of Prayer for Priests. Designed by Bernard Maybeck in 1927, the mansion was remodeled and enlarged in the mid-1990s. Both facilities were closed by the Archdiocese in 2011, and the complex was used as a location for the TV series My Name Is Earl and 90210. Disputes of ownership between two of the five remaining Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Archdiocese gained media attention when Katy Perry attempted to purchase the estate in 2015, with plans to restore it to a private mansion. On April 13, 2016, a judge ruled that the property belonged to the Los Angeles Archdiocese, and that the Sisters' planned sale to restaurateur Dana Hollister for $15.5 million was not authorized. On November 17, 2017, a Los Angeles jury awarded over $5 million in legal costs to Katy Perry and the Archdiocese, and found that Hollister "acted with malice, oppression or fraud" in the dispute over ownership of the property.
mount kailash, mount meru
- Mount Kailash is 22,000 ft from the Tibetan Plateau, which is largely considered to be inaccessible. For Hindus and Buddhists, Mount Kailash is the physical embodiment of Mount Meru. According to the Buddhist and Hindu scriptures, around the Mount Meru exist ancient monasteries and caves wherein the holy sages reside in their material and subtle bodies. These caves can be seen by only a few fortunate ones.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/mount-kailash-facts-about-lord-shivas-home/as61220500.cms
uk
- 塞爾比修道院（Selby Abbey）是英格蘭北約克郡塞爾比的一座英格蘭教會牧區教堂，由約克教區管轄。教堂獻給童貞女聖馬利亞和巴黎的聖日耳曼。It is one of the relatively few surviving abbey churches of the medieval period, and, although not a cathedral, is one of the biggest. It was founded by Benedict of Auxerre[2] in 1069 and subsequently built by the de Lacy family. On 31 May 1256, the Abbey was bestowed with the grant of a Mitre by Pope Alexander IV and from this date was a "Mitred Abbey". This privilege fell in abeyance a number of times, but on 11 April 1308, Archbishop William Greenfieldconfirmed the grant, and Selby remained a "Mitred Abbey" until the Dissolution of the Monasteries. In 1969 Selby Abbey became the first parish church to hold the annual service for the distribution of the Royal Maundy.The Abbey is currently undergoing an extensive restoration, costing several million pounds. Stage 6, the restoration of the Scriptorium was completed at a cost of £795,000. The £400,000 cost of restoring the South Choir Aisle and the 'Washington Window' was met in full by British American Tobacco.[8] World Monuments Fund committed more than $800,000 to exterior work, including roof repairs, beginning in 2002.
- The Washington Window, containing the Heraldic arms of the Washington family, is to be found in the south clerestory window of the choir and is the original fourteenth century glass. When Glover the Herald visited Selby in 1584-5 he described the escutcheon as 'Argent, two bars and in chief three mullets pierced, gules'. The 14th century Washington coat of arms contains three stars above red and white stripes, and is one of the first known representations of the stars and stripes pattern later used for the US flag. The window is thought to commemorate John Wessington, Prior of Durham (1416-1446). Because the Washington connection, Selby Abbey is on the 'American Trail' of attractions around the UK with strong American historical connections.http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/0lWeTpFUTk6e4VaTkYQpDg
- 2015年臺灣歌手周杰倫和模特兒昆凌在此教堂內舉行婚禮。
India
- The Ajanta Caves are 30 (approximately) rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state of India.
- The Babri Masjid (translation: Mosque of Babur) was a mosque in Ayodhya, India. Located in Faizabad district, it was one of the largest mosques in the Uttar Pradesh state. According to the mosque's inscriptions, it was built in 1528–29 CE (935 AH) by Mir Baqi, on orders of the Mughal emperor Babur (after whom it is named). The mosque was located on a hill known as Ramkot ("Rama's fort"). According to hearsay, Baqi destroyed a pre-existing temple of Rama at the site. Limited historical evidence exists to support this theory and the existence of the temple itself is a matter of controversy. A report by the Archaeological Survey of India suggested that a temple existed at the site. The political, historical and socio-religious debate over the history of the site and whether a previous temple was demolished or modified to create the mosque, is known as the Ayodhya dispute. Starting in the 19th century, there were several conflicts and court disputes between Hindus and Muslims over the mosque. On 6 December 1992, the demolition of the Babri Masjid by Hindu nationalist groups triggered riots all over India, leading to around 2,000 deaths.
- Sabarimala is a temple complex located at the Periyar Tiger Reserve in the state of Kerala, India.[1] It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world with an estimate of between 17 million and 50 million devotees visiting every year.[2][3][4] [5] The temple is dedicated to the Hindu deity Ayyappan also known as Dharma Sastha, who according to belief is the son of Shiva and feminine incarnation of Vishnu.[6] The traditions of Sabarimala are a confluence of Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism, and other Śramaṇa traditions.
sri lanka
- St. Anthony's Shrine is a Roman Catholic church in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Colombo in Sri Lanka. The church is located at Kochchikade, Kotahena, Colombo 13 (not to be confused with the town of the same name Kochchikade, Negombo), and is dedicated to St. Anthony of Padua. The church is declared as national shrine.[2] A tiny piece of St. Anthony's tongue is enshrined in a special reliquary, which is located in a glass case together with a statue of the saint, at the entrance to the church. On the 21st of April 2019, a bomb exploded inside.The church's origins relate to the early Dutch colonial period when Catholicism was banned from the island, with Catholic priests carrying out sermons from hiding places. Fr. Antonio disguised himself as a local merchant, finding refuge with a local fishing community at Mutwal. According to local legends the community sought his help to stop the sea eroding their village, and Fr. Antonio planted a cross and prayed at the beach, resulting in the sea receding and the community converting to Catholicism. The Dutch authorities then allocated him some land to carry out his sermons, whereupon he built a mud brick chapel dedicated to St. Anthony of Padula. Fr. Antonio is buried within the church. In 1806, the chapel was enlarged, and in 1822 one of the members of the Congregation went to Goa and brought back a statue of St. Anthony, which still resides on one of the church's altars. Construction of a new church commenced in 1828 and it was consecrated on 1 June 1834. In 1938 the church was improved and enlarged, with the addition of a chorister's gallery, large wings on side, and a mission house and meeting room behind the main altar. The enlarged church was consecrated on 16 February 1940.
- Um 1880 wurde in Kotahena eine Buddha-Statue errichtet. Am 12. Februar 1883 sollte im Dipaduttama Vihara eine religiöse Zeremonie stattfinden. Wegen eines Ausbruchs der Pocken einigte sich der religiöse Führer der Buddhisten mit der Kolonialverwaltung, keine Prozessionen stattfinden zu lassen. Obgleich zunächst darüber Einverständnis herrschte, kam bald der Verdacht auf, dass die katholische Kirche das Prozessionsverbot arrangiert hatte. Daher fanden weiter buddhistische Prozessionen statt, die von der Verwaltung geduldet oder von nachgeordneten Behörden ausdrücklich genehmigt wurden und am 31. März 1883 ihren Höhepunkt erreichten. Am Palmsonntag, dem 18. März, wurden buddhistische Prozessionsteilnehmer von Katholiken mit Steinen beworfen, ohne dass die Polizei eingriff. Am Morgen des Karfreitags versammelten sich katholische Gläubige bei St. Anthony’s Shrine in der Annahme, es werde eine buddhistische Prozession stattfinden. Sie kündigten an, jede Prozession aufzuhalten, die an der Kirche vorbei führen sollte. Die buddhistischen Gläubigen fühlten sich erneut bedroht und von der Polizei im Stich gelassen. Die Situation eskalierte am 31. März 1883, als mehrere buddhistische Prozessionen mit Kotahena als Ziel unterwegs waren. Die Gläubigen waren teilweise bewaffnet und es kam, angeblich wegen mitgeführter beleidigender Darstellungen der Jungfrau Maria und anderer christlicher Symbole, zu gewalttätigen Ausschreitungen. Ein Buddhist starb, es ist jedoch nicht sicher, dass sein Tod mit den Ausschreitungen in Zusammenhang stand. In den folgenden 40 Jahren kam es immer wieder zu Zusammenstößen zwischen Buddhisten und Katholiken. Wie bei anderen bedeutenden römisch-katholischen Kirchen Sri Lankas wird auch St. Anthony’s Shrine nachgesagt, er sei über einem buddhistischen Heiligtum errichtet worden. Dabei soll es sich um einen der Göttin Pattini gewidmeten Schrein handeln. Pattini ist die Schutzgöttin Sri Lankas, sie wird im Buddhismus Sri Lankas verehrt und spielt in der Folklore der Singhalesen eine bedeutende Rolle.
- Zion Church is an Evangelical church located in Batticaloa. The church is located at 34A, Central Road, Eastern Province, Batticaloa.Zion Church was founded by Rev. Inpam Moses in 1974. It is a branch of the Lighthouse Church in Kandy.
japan
- 天守（てんしゅ）とは、日本の戦国時代以降の城に建てられた象徴的な建造物の名称[1]。日本の建築学の学術用語である。俗語は天守閣（てんしゅかく）。ヨーロッパの城の象徴的建築である「keep tower」の日本語訳として使われることもある。後述するが、建物の用途については諸説ある。日本の城の天守は、住宅として利用された天正期の安土城（織田氏）や大坂城（豊臣氏）などの例は別格として、江戸時代を通して居住空間として使用された例は少ない。姫路城や熊本城などの江戸時代初期までに建てられた天守内には、井戸を伴う台所や便所、畳敷きの部屋など居住設備を設けていた例もあるが、城主は本丸や二ノ丸、三ノ丸などに建てられた御殿で政務や生活を行い、天守はおもに物置として利用されることが多かった[2]。江戸時代初頭、徳川幕府に届出をする際に天守の名称を憚った櫓の例があり、現在ではそれらの象徴的役割にあった櫓も天守に分類し、それらを総称して天守建築ということがある。外観で2重から5重のものがあり、安土桃山時代の末には最終防衛拠点としての位置づけがされており、本丸に築くことが多かった。本丸の中で天守をさらに囲う郭を造り、この郭を天守郭・天守曲輪（てんしゅくるわ）や天守丸（てんしゅまる）などと呼んだ。ちなみに、天守や櫓を建てることを「 - を上げる」という。Tenshu (天守, 天主, 殿主, 殿守 also called tenshukaku, 天守閣)are characterized as typically timber-framed, having multiple stories, being seated on ishigaki (dry stone) foundations, and having individual floors delineated by surrounding tiled eaves. Further, tenshu are typically decorated with varying patterns of dormer gables (chidori-hafu), and are capped with hip-and-gabled roofs (irimoya-hafu) with shachihokofinials. Not all Japanese castles originally possessed tenshu (e.g. Sendai), many well-known castles have lost their tenshu (e.g. Nijō, Edo), many have had the tenshu rebuilt on multiple occasions (e.g. Nagoya, Osaka).
- Ishiyama-dera (石山寺, "Stony Mountain Temple") is a Shingontemple in Ōtsu in Japan's Shiga Prefecture. This temple is the thirteenth of the Kansai Kannon Pilgrimage.It was constructed around 747 CE, and is said to have been founded by Rōben. The temple contains a number of cultural assets. The temple possesses two fragments of manuscripts of the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji 史記), the first of China's 24 dynastic histories, which are the only known extant fragments that pre-date the Tang dynasty (618–907). According to literature available at the temple complex, the guardian carvings at Sanmon/Todaimon are by Tankei and Unkei. Allegedly, Murasaki Shikibu began writing The Tale of Genji at Ishiyama-dera during a full moon night in August 1004. In commemoration, the temple maintains a Genji room featuring a life-size figure of Lady Murasaki and displays a statue in her honor.
- 為紀念日皇德仁即位，日本滋賀縣大津市的石山寺及三井寺，近日分別為寺內安放的國家重要文化遺產觀音像舉行開龕法事，為其打開龕門。兩座觀音像將由本周起，向公眾特別展出至六月三十日。石山寺在上周三上午十一時，為寺內於平安時代（西元十一世紀）打造、高五米的「本尊‧如意輪觀世音菩薩」，打開暌違四年的龕門。至於三井寺的觀音像則在上周二開龕，該像在西元十世紀打造，高約九十厘米，其臉部微向右傾，神情溫婉。據悉，傳統規定寺內僧侶不可隨便打開觀音像的龕門，必須要請敕使（即天皇的使者）前來才可打開。因相傳觀音化身成三十三種姿態救濟眾生，故慣例三十三年會舉行一次，上次為二○一六年，今次則為紀念德仁於令和元年即位特別舉行。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200322/00180_037.html
Indonesia
- borobudur
- illustrate five buddhist scriptures
- construction probably began around AD760 and seems to have completed by about 830. According to legend, borobudur was designed by a divine architect named gunadharma. However, research shows that borobudur was remodeled four times within 50 years. A group of hindus or adherents of a pre-indic faith had already begun to erect a large structure on borobudur's hill before the sitevwas appropriated by buddhists. The first builders left foundation which are unlike any in later hindu and buddhist shrines. Construction resumed some time around 780. Many traces of earliest buddhist structures in central java have been lost due to major renovations carried on all of them around AD 800. At the time of construction, buddhism was in transition and buddhists believed their faith was developing new and more effective methods to achieve spiritual liberation. People were experimenting with special ritual practices, diagrams and other physical aids to attain enlightenment. Some aspects of borobudur's form were designed specifically for practice of these new techniques.
- In 1709 or 1710 Ki Mas Dana rose against the ruler of central Java but was defeated. A Javanese chronicle states that "Many rebels died, whereupon Ki Mas Dana fled to the mountain Bara-Budur.
- in 1814 raffles sent people to borobudur (47 years before angkor in cambodia was discovered). Europeans first aware of such high level civilisation in ancient southeast asia.
- during the half century or more when borobudur was under construction, rituals practised by the javanese elite became increasingly distinct from those xxxxxx among the masses. Several parts of borobudur, such as balustrade walls and gateways, could have symbolised levels in a religious hierarchy, and would have been useful for controlling access to the monument's upper levels. The text illustrated on borobudur's covered foot and first gallery (the mahakarma - vibhangga, the jatakas, avadanas and lalitavistava) were not incorporated into tantrism, but the most important text on borobudur, the gandavyuha, is part of the avatamsaka sutra, a fundamental text of 3rd level tantras. In the 3rd level tantras, the supreme buddha, called vairocana, is accompanied by four jina buddhas. Mandalas used by adherents of 3rd level tantras have buddhas arranged in a manner identical to that of borobudur's statues. Borobudur may have been built for devotees of 3rd level tantras. Borobudur's buddha images include a sixth form (the statues in vitarka mandra on 5th balustrade) not found in 3rd level tantra. Some suggested that this is vajradhara, found in 4th level tantras. Mendut may be mentioned (under the name venuvana) in an inscription called the karangtengah stone which uses terminology belonging to the second rather than the 3rd level of tantrism. The Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan combines ideas from 2 sources, one a 2nd level tantra, other a 3rd level tantra text. The old balinese sang hyang nagabaya sutra also mixed elements from 3rd and 4th level tantras.
- the niches on the bottom balustrade have a jewel motif, while those on the upper four balustrades have a stupa motif.
- most popular statute was kakek ("grandfather") bima, the second of pandava brothers in hindu ramayana epic. Worshipped by childless women.
- top view - mandela like pattern. Three concentic rings of stupas reminiscent of the seed pods at the heart of the flower
- borobudur provided a place where buddhists could physically and spiritually pass through the ten stages of development that would transform them into enlightened bodhisattvas.
- gateways on the lower three levels were decorated with parrots or kinaras - half-human, half bird creatures perched just beneath kala's jaw. The last gateway leading from the square galleries are rsis or wise men shown in the act of blossoms onto those who pass through this final gateway into the sea of immortality which lies above
- There are six square terraces and four round ones. Stupas of round terrace are not solid, but consist of a stone lattice constructed in such a way that the entire surface is perforared with regular geometric openings which are diamond-shaped on the first two terraces, but square on the third. The anda or body is bell-shaped. The stupas are topped by spires which stand on bases called harmikas, sometimes used to contain relics. The harmikas are squared on the lower two levels, octagonal on the highest level. There are lion statues on the round terrace (not originally here, but instead guarded the hillside stairways below the monument.
- The pinnacle of stupa was crowned by a tall pillar which consisted of an octagonal spire tapering towards with 9 plain bands surmounted by a 13-tiered parasol, reaching a point in the shape of an octagonal jewel.
- borobudur's summit is crowned with a larege stupa surrounded by 72 smaller stupas. The stupa form originated in pre-buddhist india as a burial tumulus of earth surmounted by a wooden pillar symbolising the link between heaven, earth and underworld. It is said that after buddha's cremation, his ashes were buried under 8 stupas at different places associated with major events in life.
- caitya also existed in pre-buddhist india but were distinguished from stupas as sites where local spirits, including trees, were worshipped. Sometimes sacred objects laid beside them and when buddhist took over these sites they occasionally used them as depositories for ashes. The indonesian wordbcommonly used today to refer to remains of pre-islamic period is candi, which like the thai word cedi, may derive from caitya.
- stupas are shown in 28 panels of borobudur. Some are surmounted by various numbers of sunshades. It has been proposed that the number of parasols may denote the status of person whose ashes were buried inside it, or the one who sponsored its construction.
- mahakarmavibhangga reliefs encompass more than 160 panels, depicting various hells and heavens from huddhist mythology. There are eight hot hells.
- 460 panels to tell sudhana's story
- in the panel of sudhana visiting night goddesses, the curling motifs at top corners represent clouds
- on the first day after the end of muslim fasting month if ramadan, large crowds of people, javanese as well as chinese, formerly gathered at borobudur.
- in 1896 king chulalongkorn of siam visited java and requested and was allowed to take home eight cartloads of sculpture from borobudur
- a committee was appointed in 1900 to consider measures to preserve borobudur, one of its members was second lieurenant of engineers named theodore van erp. Another committee was formed in 1929 to monitor borobudur, but first the great depression then wwII prevented colonial govt from enacting any measures.
- over a million people visited the site annually, the great majority of whom are javanese muslims
- annual vaisaka festival
- celebrated by buddhists at borobudur and magelang from 26-29 may
- celebration largest since indonesian independence was proclaimed. It was organised by Sam Kau Association, an inter-religious group comprising followers of buddha, confucius and Lao Tse.
- buddha's pennant was raised at a ceremony, then the ceylonese ambassador read the 5 principles which are basis of buddhism. Java Mangala Gatha was sung. Astra flowers, golden bananas, sawo and oranges are spread near statue of buddha.
- links with other religions
- a spring called sendangsono just a few kilometres beyond the top of a ridge visible from borobudur is sacred to javanese christians
- Pura Ulun Danu Beratan, or Pura Bratan, is a major Shaivite water temple on Bali, Indonesia. The temple complex is located on the shores of Lake Bratan in the mountains near Bedugul. Water temples serve the entire region in the outflow area; downstream there are many smaller water temples that are specific to each irrigation association (subak). Built in 1633, this temple is used for offerings ceremony to the Balinese water, lake and river goddess Dewi Danu, due to the importance of Lake Bratan as a main source of irrigation in central Bali. The 11-storey pelinggih meru in the complex is dedicated to Shiva and his consort Parvathi. Buddha's statue is also enshrined in this temple. Lake Bratan is known as the Lake of Holy Mountain due to the fertility of this area.
- Ceto (Indonesian: Candi Ceto) is a fifteenth-century Javanese-Hindu temple that is located on the western slope of Mount Lawu (elev. 1495 m above sea level) on the border between Central and East Java provinces. Cetho is one of several temples built on the northwest slopes of Mount Lawu in the fifteenth century. By this time, Javanese religion and art had diverged from Indian precepts that had been so influential on temples styles during the 8-10th century. This area was the last significant area of temple building in Java before the island's courts were converted to Islam in the 16th century. The temples' distinctiveness and the lack of records of Javanese ceremonies and beliefs of the era make it difficult for historians to interpret the significance of these antiquities
- Sukuh (Indonesian: Candi Sukuh Indonesian pronunciation: [ˈtʃandi ˈsukʊh]) is a 15th-century Javanese-Hindu temple (candi) that is located on the western slope of Mount Lawu (elevation910 metres (2,990 ft)) on the border between Central and East Java provinces. Sukuh temple has a distinctive thematic reliefs from other candi where life before birth and sexual education are its main theme. Its main monument is a simple pyramid structure with reliefs and statues in front of it, including three tortoises with flattened shells and a male figure grasping his penis. A giant 1.82 m (6 ft) high of lingga (phallus) with four testes, representing penile incisions,[1] was one of the statues that has been relocated to the National Museum of Indonesia.
- though both are hindu temple, they differ in several ways, especially that candi sukuh has only three terraces - a symbol of levels to reach perfection. The carving or relief on the wall of each terrace represent three worlds (lower, middle and upper world which are symbolised by sawrgarohanaparwwa relief). Same as candi cetho, candi sukuh has lingga and yoni (represents fertility) as well.
- built in about 1359. First restoration of temple was under dutch colonial govt in 1815
cambodia
- angkor wat
- https://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/german-author-sheds-new-light-recent-history-angkor-wat, Falser critically deals with Angkor Wat as a product of “transcultural entanglement”: its history since the French colonisation of Indochina is layered with encounters between French ethnographers, archaeologists, museum directors and later people from Unesco. For the most part, Falser writes, they framed their heritage claims over Angkor as “international help”.
In the first volume, the author takes the reader back to 1860, when Angkor Wat was “discovered” by French ethnographers and archaeologists who, along with their successors, promoted it as a sort of French cultural heritage.Falser traces the Angkor temples’ global journey, with objects found and taken from their sites to Paris, displayed in French museums or at exhibitions, such as the Universal Expositions in Paris (1867 and 1889), and elsewhere until 1922. Furthermore, as an archaeological site, Angkor was promoted and claimed as a French cultural possession.https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3086830/widow-coronavirus-whistle-blower-doctor-li-wenliang-opposes-us
Myanmar
- Yoke Sone Kyaung Monastery
- wooden monastery
- built in 1881?
- 中緬邊境 71號界碑旁，有一個「一寨兩國」的地理奇觀，國境線將一個傣族村寨一分為 二，中方一側是雲南瑞麗市銀井寨，緬方一側為撣邦木姐縣芒秀寨。國境線以竹籬、村 道、水溝、土埂為界，寨子裡的兩國百姓語言相通、習俗相同，成為當地一大景區，吸引 着來自海內外的遊客。2009年，吳敏妙康來到中國瑞麗市銀 井，從事「一寨兩國」景區佛塔建造，其 設計建造的佛塔已達 7、8座，除了醒目 的金塔外，還有不少並不塗刷外觀、紅磚 裸露的佛塔，這是「萬塔之城」蒲甘風格 的佛塔，材料雖是普通的紅磚，但結構造 型大有講究。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/04/12/a19-0412.pdf
china
- Kizilgaha beacon tower克孜尔尕哈烽燧位于新疆阿克苏地区库车县的克孜尔尕哈千佛洞附近，距离库车县城13公里。汉武帝时期，由于西域归汉朝版图，因此汉朝的烽燧制度也在西域地区实施。当时长城已经修至玉门关，而关外就是大漠戈壁，不易修建长城，改为亭障护卫烽火台，仅新疆境内目前就发现了数百座烽燧遗址。
- 克孜尔尕哈石窟位于今中国新疆库车县西北，是古代龟兹国石窟，和克孜尔石窟（即克孜尔千佛洞）、库木吐拉石窟、森木赛姆石窟、阿艾石窟同为龟兹石窟的重要组成部分，始建于5世纪。克孜尔尕哈石窟现存54个洞窟，46个编号洞，分布在东西宽170米、南北长300米内的崖壁上，是“丝绸之路”上重要的一处佛教文化遗址。
- The Yungang Grottoes, formerly the Wuzhoushan Grottoes, are ancient Chinese Buddhist temple grottoes near the city of Datong in the province of Shanxi. They are excellent examples of rock-cut architecture and one of the three most famous ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China. The others are Longmen and Mogao. The site is located about 16 km west of the city of Datong, in the valley of the Shi Li river at the base of the Wuzhou Shan mountains. They are an outstanding example of the Chinese stone carvings from the 5th and 6th centuries. There are 53 major caves, along with 51,000 niches housing the same number of Buddha statues. Additionally, there are around 1,100 minor caves. A Ming Dynasty-era fort is still located on top of the cliff housing the Yungang Grottoes.After the decline of the Jin Dynasty, the northern parts of China came under the control of the Northern Wei. They made the city of Pingcheng, now known as Datong, their capital. Due to its promotion, Pingcheng saw an increase in construction work. The Northern Wei early adopted Buddhism as their state religion. Buddhism arrived in this location via travel on the ancient North Silk Road, the northernmost route of about 2600 kilometres in length, which connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an to the west over the Wushao Ling Pass to Wuwei and emerging in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia.
- The Maijishan Grottoes (麥積山石窟; pinyin: Màijīshān Shíkū), formerly romanized as Maichishan, are a series of 194 caves cut in the side of the hill of Majishan in Tianshui, Gansu Province, northwest China. This example of rock cut architecture contains over 7,200 Buddhist sculptures and over 1,000 square meters of murals. Construction began in the Later Qin era (384–417 CE).
- The Xumishan Grottoes, first built in the late period of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534), house 162 caves and more than 1,000 statues, along a main stretch of the ancient Silk Road.http://www.chinadailyhk.com/article/130869#Restorers-of-Xumishan-Grottoes-prove-to-be-picture-of-dedication
- The Dazu Rock Carvings (大足石刻; pinyin: Dàzú Shíkè) are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings located in Dazu District, Chongqing, China. The carvings date back as far as the 7th century AD, depicting and influenced by Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist beliefs. Some are in rock-cut cave shrines, in the usual Chinese Buddhist style, but many others are rock reliefs carved into the open rock faces.
- The Tiantishan Caves ( 天梯山石窟; pinyin: Tiāntīshān shíkū) are a series of rock cut Buddhist cave temples in the Liangzhou District of Wuwei, Gansu, northwest China. Excavated from the eastern cliffs of the Huangyang River (黃羊河) in the Qilian Mountains from the time of the Northern Liang, carving, decoration and subsequent modification of the caves continued through the Northern Wei and Tang to the Qing dynasty. The complex is identified with the Liangzhou Caves opened during the time of Juqu Mengxun "one hundred li to the south of Liangzhou", as recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms and Fayuan Zhulin.[1][2] The name Tiantishan consists of three Chinese characters (天梯山) that literally translate as "Ladder to Heaven Mountain".
- 阿爾寨石窟位於內蒙古鄂爾多斯市鄂托克旗境內，是草原地區的石窟建築群。阿爾寨石窟現有石 窟60餘處，浮雕石塔20餘處，石窟內壁有多處壁畫http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/11/07/a30-1107.pdf
- 東嶽廟是供奉道教神祇中專管人間生老病死的冥府之王——泰山神東嶽大帝的地方。自北宋起，東嶽廟陸續遍布中國及海外地區。東嶽大帝又稱「天齊神」，東嶽廟又稱「天齊廟」。東嶽廟內往往會陪祀劉李二王、酆都大帝、地藏王菩薩、陰陽司、文武判官、謝范將軍、牛馬將軍、日夜遊神、八將、枷鎖將軍。
- Lingyin Temple (灵隐寺; 靈隱寺; pinyin: Língyǐn Sì) is a Buddhist temple of the Chan sect located north-west of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. The temple's name is commonly literally translated as Temple of the Soul's Retreat. It is one of the largest and wealthiest Buddhist temples in China, and contains numerous pagodas and Buddhist grottoes.According to tradition, the monastery was founded in 328 AD during the Eastern Jin dynasty (265–420) by an Indian monk, named Huili in Chinese. From its inception, Lingyin was a famous monastery in the Jiangnan region.[1] At its peak under the Wuyue Kingdom (907–978), the temple boasted nine multi-story buildings, 18 pavilions, 72 halls, more than 1300 dormitory rooms, inhabited by more than 3000 monks. Many of the rich Buddhist carvings in the Feilai Feng grottos and surrounding mountains also date from this era. During the later Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), the monastery was regarded as one of the ten most important temples of the Chan sect in the Jiangnan region. However, its prominence has not saved the temple from marauders. It has been rebuilt no less than sixteen times since then. The current buildings are modern restorations of late Qing (1644–1911) buildings. During the Cultural Revolution, the temple and grounds suffered some damage at the hands of Red Guards. However, they escaped large scale destruction partly because of the protection of Premier Zhou Enlai.
- 中卫高庙，位于中华人民共和国宁夏回族自治区中卫市沙坡头区，是一座儒释道三教合一的寺庙。该庙于明代扩建成型，先后于清朝康熙年间和乾隆年间重建，并于清朝中后期多次扩建。1943年时，高庙一度在庙会中被焚毁，后得以重建。文化大革命期间，高庙中大量文物被砸毁，庙中僧人被全部驱逐，此后高庙由文物部门接管，并于1979年重修。整座庙宇坐北朝南，由南而北地势逐渐抬升。2013年，中卫高庙被列为全国重点文物保护单位。中卫高庙又名保安寺[a]，始建时名为新庙，于明朝之前开始修建，明代永乐年间增修大雄宝殿和中楼，基本形成现有规模[2]。清朝康熙四十八年（1709年）时因地震震毁而重修，并改建为玉皇阁[1]。乾隆三年（1739年），高庙再次在地震中被震毁，当年重修完成。此后高庙于道光二年（1822年）、咸丰八年（1858年）、光绪八年（1882年）时均曾重修或增建，并增建了东西两座天池[3]。中华民国初期改称为高庙。
- Yunju Temple (simplified Chinese: 云居寺; traditional Chinese: 雲居寺; pinyin: Yúnjū Sì) is a Buddhist temple located in Fangshan District, 70 kilometers southwest of Beijing and contains the world's largest collection of stone Buddhist sutra steles in the world. Yunju Temple also contains one of only two extant woodblocks for the Chinese Buddhist Tripitaka in the world and rare copies of printed and manuscript Chinese Buddhist Tripitakas. It also has many historic pagodas dating from the Tang and Liao Dynasty.The exact year Yunju Temple was built is unknown; however construction started during the Northern Qi Dynasty (550 CE – 570 CE).[1][note 1] Around 611 CE, a high priest named Jingwan (? - 639 CE) made a vow to engrave Buddhist sutras on stone steles to insure Buddhism's future survival because of the challenges Chinese Buddhism had recently faced during the anti-Buddhist campaigns of Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei and Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou.[2]:114[note 2] Venerable Jingwan therefore set in motion a movement to engrave Buddhist sutras on stone steles that continued for over a thousand years; the last stone sutra stele engraved is dated to 1691 CE --- although by that time, the belief in the impending disaster of the Degenerate Age had subsided.[3][note 3][1][note 4] The stone sutra steles varied in size and were engraved on both sides. In addition to text, they were also engraved sometimes with images of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas as well as Siddhaṃ Letters. The collection of stone sutra steles is also sometimes called the Fangshan Stone Sutra (Chinese: 房山石經). Venerable Jingwan initially vowed to engrave the entire Tripitaka; at least ten titles still survive today.[3][note 5][4] His successors continued his work. One of them was involved in the engraving of the oldest extant copy (dated to 661 CE) of Tripitaka Master Xuanzang’s 649 CE translation of the Heart Sutra.[5] During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, donors oftentimes determined which sutra to engrave on the stone stele; hence many sutras were engraved multiple times. Royal patronage began in the Sui Dynasty (see below for rediscovery of Buddha relics). During the Tang Dynasty, Princess Jinxian (ca. 713 - 755 CE) petitioned Emperor Xuanzong to donate over 4,000 manuscript scrolls of the Buddhist Tripitaka and land to support Yunju Temple's engraving of stone sutra steles.[3][note 6] There is still a pagoda commemorating Princess Jinxian's support on the top of Fangshan mountain.[2]:115[note 7] During the Liao Dynasty, royal patronage attempted to complete the engraving of the incomplete Mahayana sutras and missing Mahayana titles. Also during this time, royal patronage attempted to engrave on stone stele the entire Liao Dynasty's Khitan Tripitaka (Chinese: 契丹藏). Because the Sui and Tang Dynasty manuscripts on which the Sui and Tang Dynasty stone steles were based as well as the printed copies of the Khitan Tripitaka on which the Liao Dynasty stone sutras were based have largely disappeared, this makes the Fangshan stone sutras of Yunju Temple a rare treasure house of Buddhist sutras.[6] Since these stone steles were engraved with an eye on fidelity to the original, they can be used to potentially correct later printed Tripitakas. Since Venerable Jingwan's time a total of nine caves were excavated and filled with stone sutra steles, two underground depository rooms were also excavated and numerous temple halls were added and repaired. The most famous cave is Cave No. 5 popularly known as Leiyin Cave (Chinese: 雷音洞）. This cave is opened for public viewing and is a large cave covered with stone sutra steles on four walls with an area for Buddhist ceremonies. Formerly a statue of Maitreya, the next Buddha was enshrined here but it was removed by unknown persons during the early 1940s.[7] Based on inscriptions on a stone stele found in a refreshment/rest stop pavilion donated by a Ming Dynasty Buddhist stating the presence of Buddha relics or śarīra in Leiyin Cave, on November 27, 1981, archaeologists rediscovered the flesh śarīra (of Buddha) donated by Emperor Yangdi of the Sui Dynasty dated to April 8, 616 CE.
tibet
- 熱振寺 Reting Monastery (Wylie: rwa sgreng gom pa) is an historically important Buddhist monastery in Lhünzhub County in Lhasa, Ü-Tsang, Tibet. It is also commonly spelled "Radreng.Reting Monastery was founded by Atiśa's chief disciple Dromtön in 1057 in the Reting Tsangpo Valley north of Lhasa as the seat of the Kadam lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. He brought some of Atiśa's relics with him. It was the first major monastery of the Sarma revival. Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419) reformed the Kadam, which then became known as the Gelug lineage and Reting became an important Gelug monastery, the seat of the Reting Rinpoche.The Reting Rinpoches were responsible for the successful search and discovery of the 14th Dalai Lama. The Reting Rinpoches were among the candidates for Regent during the minority of a Dalai Lama. Thus, the Reting Rinpoche was Regent between 1845 and 1855 and, again, from 1933-1947. The latter Regent, the Fifth Reting Rinpoche, was involved in the search for the present Dalai Lama and became his Senior Tutor, later abdicated his position and was found guilty of colluding with the Chinese and died in a Tibetan prison in 1947. In fact[citation needed] his Shugdenpa accusers who were in power are generally held responsible for his murder were colluding with the Chinese Ambon. They also destroyed the Gelug Reting Monastery and killed many in Lhasa.[5][6] The political confusion which followed aided the rapid collapse of Tibet after the Chinese invaded.The Sixth Reting Rinpoche died in 1997. The Chinese announced in January 2001 that a new incarnation had been chosen as the Seventh Reting Rinpoche, just two days after the Karmapa began his flight to India. This incarnation has not been recognised by the Dalai Lama who believes he is a pawn in the attempt by the Chinese to control the Buddhist religion in Tibet.Reting was devastated by the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution, and has only been partially restored.
taiwan
- 宜蘭縣礁溪鄉五峰旗(wufengqi)瀑布風景區聖母山莊
Hong Kong
- The Xumishan Grottoes, first built in the late period of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534), house 162 caves and more than 1,000 statues, along a main stretch of the ancient Silk Road.http://www.chinadailyhk.com/article/130869#Restorers-of-Xumishan-Grottoes-prove-to-be-picture-of-dedication
- The Dazu Rock Carvings (大足石刻; pinyin: Dàzú Shíkè) are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings located in Dazu District, Chongqing, China. The carvings date back as far as the 7th century AD, depicting and influenced by Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist beliefs. Some are in rock-cut cave shrines, in the usual Chinese Buddhist style, but many others are rock reliefs carved into the open rock faces.
- The Tiantishan Caves ( 天梯山石窟; pinyin: Tiāntīshān shíkū) are a series of rock cut Buddhist cave temples in the Liangzhou District of Wuwei, Gansu, northwest China. Excavated from the eastern cliffs of the Huangyang River (黃羊河) in the Qilian Mountains from the time of the Northern Liang, carving, decoration and subsequent modification of the caves continued through the Northern Wei and Tang to the Qing dynasty. The complex is identified with the Liangzhou Caves opened during the time of Juqu Mengxun "one hundred li to the south of Liangzhou", as recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms and Fayuan Zhulin.[1][2] The name Tiantishan consists of three Chinese characters (天梯山) that literally translate as "Ladder to Heaven Mountain".
- 阿爾寨石窟位於內蒙古鄂爾多斯市鄂托克旗境內，是草原地區的石窟建築群。阿爾寨石窟現有石 窟60餘處，浮雕石塔20餘處，石窟內壁有多處壁畫http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/11/07/a30-1107.pdf
- 東嶽廟是供奉道教神祇中專管人間生老病死的冥府之王——泰山神東嶽大帝的地方。自北宋起，東嶽廟陸續遍布中國及海外地區。東嶽大帝又稱「天齊神」，東嶽廟又稱「天齊廟」。東嶽廟內往往會陪祀劉李二王、酆都大帝、地藏王菩薩、陰陽司、文武判官、謝范將軍、牛馬將軍、日夜遊神、八將、枷鎖將軍。
- The Temple of the Eastern Peak in Beijing (北京东岳庙;北京東嶽廟; pinyin: Běijīng Dōngyuè Miào) is a Taoist temple in the Chaowai area, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. The temple is dedicated to the Great Deity of the Eastern Peak (simplified Chinese: 东岳大帝; traditional Chinese: 東嶽大帝; pinyin: Dōngyuèdàdì). "Eastern Peak" is the cosmological name of Mount Tai, the easternmost and holiest of the Five Sacred Mountains of China. Founded during the Yuan dynasty, the Eastern Peak Temple is the largest temple of Zhengyi Taoism in Beijing and protected as a national cultural spot. The temple also hosts the Beijing Folk Customs Museum. The Eastern Peak Temple was founded in 1319.[1] Zhang Liusun (1248-1321), a Yuan dynasty official and descendant of the Daoist Zhang Daoling, raised money and acquired the land for the temple, but died shortly afterwards. His disciple, the Daoist master Wu Quanjie (1269-1346) continued the construction. In 1322, the main halls and the main gate were completed. The temple was repaired and given its present name in 1447 during the reign of the Zhengtong Emperor in the Ming dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, the temple was rebuilt twice, in 1698 during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor and again in 1761 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. The temple also underwent expansion during the Qing dynasty. During the chaos that ensued during the Cultural Revolution, the temple was severely damaged – the insides were entirely gutted and the contents taken away and/or destroyed. The temples reopened in late 1970s. As the original statues had disappeared, all but five of the statues are replicas; the Eastern Peak Temple was given five statues from the Beijing Sanguanmiao (Three Officials Temple), which no longer serves as a temple. Three courtyards and buildings remaining occupy only part of the original site. The rest was taken for use by the Public Security Bureau until the 1990s, and was redeveloped into commercial real estate in the early 2000s after the PSB vacated.[2] It served as a school, government offices, and housing for hundreds of people until 1996, when it was declared a national treasure (State Council resolution number 4-113 of November 20, 1996). The temple was restored in 2002 at a total cost of 5.8 million yuan.
- 一九四九年後東嶽廟一度香火熄滅，廟 會中斷，直到二○○二年才恢復在每年春節 舉行。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190120/PDF/a19_screen.pdf
- 嘴头东岳庙是一座西安市著名的道院，始建于汉代中期，唐宋明等代曾有修复，解放后被占为粮库，文革期间各神像被毁，1997年11月部分被长安县政府批准为宗教活动场所，由道教人员主持。
- Lingyin Temple (灵隐寺; 靈隱寺; pinyin: Língyǐn Sì) is a Buddhist temple of the Chan sect located north-west of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. The temple's name is commonly literally translated as Temple of the Soul's Retreat. It is one of the largest and wealthiest Buddhist temples in China, and contains numerous pagodas and Buddhist grottoes.According to tradition, the monastery was founded in 328 AD during the Eastern Jin dynasty (265–420) by an Indian monk, named Huili in Chinese. From its inception, Lingyin was a famous monastery in the Jiangnan region.[1] At its peak under the Wuyue Kingdom (907–978), the temple boasted nine multi-story buildings, 18 pavilions, 72 halls, more than 1300 dormitory rooms, inhabited by more than 3000 monks. Many of the rich Buddhist carvings in the Feilai Feng grottos and surrounding mountains also date from this era. During the later Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), the monastery was regarded as one of the ten most important temples of the Chan sect in the Jiangnan region. However, its prominence has not saved the temple from marauders. It has been rebuilt no less than sixteen times since then. The current buildings are modern restorations of late Qing (1644–1911) buildings. During the Cultural Revolution, the temple and grounds suffered some damage at the hands of Red Guards. However, they escaped large scale destruction partly because of the protection of Premier Zhou Enlai.
- 中卫高庙，位于中华人民共和国宁夏回族自治区中卫市沙坡头区，是一座儒释道三教合一的寺庙。该庙于明代扩建成型，先后于清朝康熙年间和乾隆年间重建，并于清朝中后期多次扩建。1943年时，高庙一度在庙会中被焚毁，后得以重建。文化大革命期间，高庙中大量文物被砸毁，庙中僧人被全部驱逐，此后高庙由文物部门接管，并于1979年重修。整座庙宇坐北朝南，由南而北地势逐渐抬升。2013年，中卫高庙被列为全国重点文物保护单位。中卫高庙又名保安寺[a]，始建时名为新庙，于明朝之前开始修建，明代永乐年间增修大雄宝殿和中楼，基本形成现有规模[2]。清朝康熙四十八年（1709年）时因地震震毁而重修，并改建为玉皇阁[1]。乾隆三年（1739年），高庙再次在地震中被震毁，当年重修完成。此后高庙于道光二年（1822年）、咸丰八年（1858年）、光绪八年（1882年）时均曾重修或增建，并增建了东西两座天池[3]。中华民国初期改称为高庙。
- Yunju Temple (simplified Chinese: 云居寺; traditional Chinese: 雲居寺; pinyin: Yúnjū Sì) is a Buddhist temple located in Fangshan District, 70 kilometers southwest of Beijing and contains the world's largest collection of stone Buddhist sutra steles in the world. Yunju Temple also contains one of only two extant woodblocks for the Chinese Buddhist Tripitaka in the world and rare copies of printed and manuscript Chinese Buddhist Tripitakas. It also has many historic pagodas dating from the Tang and Liao Dynasty.The exact year Yunju Temple was built is unknown; however construction started during the Northern Qi Dynasty (550 CE – 570 CE).[1][note 1] Around 611 CE, a high priest named Jingwan (? - 639 CE) made a vow to engrave Buddhist sutras on stone steles to insure Buddhism's future survival because of the challenges Chinese Buddhism had recently faced during the anti-Buddhist campaigns of Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei and Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou.[2]:114[note 2] Venerable Jingwan therefore set in motion a movement to engrave Buddhist sutras on stone steles that continued for over a thousand years; the last stone sutra stele engraved is dated to 1691 CE --- although by that time, the belief in the impending disaster of the Degenerate Age had subsided.[3][note 3][1][note 4] The stone sutra steles varied in size and were engraved on both sides. In addition to text, they were also engraved sometimes with images of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas as well as Siddhaṃ Letters. The collection of stone sutra steles is also sometimes called the Fangshan Stone Sutra (Chinese: 房山石經). Venerable Jingwan initially vowed to engrave the entire Tripitaka; at least ten titles still survive today.[3][note 5][4] His successors continued his work. One of them was involved in the engraving of the oldest extant copy (dated to 661 CE) of Tripitaka Master Xuanzang’s 649 CE translation of the Heart Sutra.[5] During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, donors oftentimes determined which sutra to engrave on the stone stele; hence many sutras were engraved multiple times. Royal patronage began in the Sui Dynasty (see below for rediscovery of Buddha relics). During the Tang Dynasty, Princess Jinxian (ca. 713 - 755 CE) petitioned Emperor Xuanzong to donate over 4,000 manuscript scrolls of the Buddhist Tripitaka and land to support Yunju Temple's engraving of stone sutra steles.[3][note 6] There is still a pagoda commemorating Princess Jinxian's support on the top of Fangshan mountain.[2]:115[note 7] During the Liao Dynasty, royal patronage attempted to complete the engraving of the incomplete Mahayana sutras and missing Mahayana titles. Also during this time, royal patronage attempted to engrave on stone stele the entire Liao Dynasty's Khitan Tripitaka (Chinese: 契丹藏). Because the Sui and Tang Dynasty manuscripts on which the Sui and Tang Dynasty stone steles were based as well as the printed copies of the Khitan Tripitaka on which the Liao Dynasty stone sutras were based have largely disappeared, this makes the Fangshan stone sutras of Yunju Temple a rare treasure house of Buddhist sutras.[6] Since these stone steles were engraved with an eye on fidelity to the original, they can be used to potentially correct later printed Tripitakas. Since Venerable Jingwan's time a total of nine caves were excavated and filled with stone sutra steles, two underground depository rooms were also excavated and numerous temple halls were added and repaired. The most famous cave is Cave No. 5 popularly known as Leiyin Cave (Chinese: 雷音洞）. This cave is opened for public viewing and is a large cave covered with stone sutra steles on four walls with an area for Buddhist ceremonies. Formerly a statue of Maitreya, the next Buddha was enshrined here but it was removed by unknown persons during the early 1940s.[7] Based on inscriptions on a stone stele found in a refreshment/rest stop pavilion donated by a Ming Dynasty Buddhist stating the presence of Buddha relics or śarīra in Leiyin Cave, on November 27, 1981, archaeologists rediscovered the flesh śarīra (of Buddha) donated by Emperor Yangdi of the Sui Dynasty dated to April 8, 616 CE.
- 當我聽說有這樣一座古寺廟將在柏林舉辦一個推廣酒會，便第一時間給全家報上名，非常期待。這個展出酒會在一個周四的傍晚舉行。舉辦酒會的場地選在了一個同樣擁有歷史意義的老劇院。在展出正式開始之前有兩段簡單的開場演講。一段是主辦方的中方人員，他熱情地說，能夠在千里之外的柏林舉辦這樣一個中國古寺的推廣晚會，為我們祖國的文化深感自豪，同時也希望更多人能了解我們的祖國文化。緊接着是德方的一位德國先生講述他對中國的情結。他特別說道，要懂得中國文化，就一定要學中文。觀眾席裏有中國人有外國人，有年輕人有老人還有小孩，有穿正式的西裝禮裙像參加舞會的人，也有素面朝天T恤牛仔褲的人。每一個人，都聽得很認真。主辦方邀請了柏林當地民樂團的古箏演奏者現場表演。很多年都沒有聽到過現場古箏演奏的我竟然和身邊的老外一樣被陶醉得如做夢一般。兒子和女兒當然也是第一次看到古箏，好奇地問了一系列我回答不上來的問題。展廳裏擺放的展板分專題介紹了雲居寺的來歷、布局，以及從古至今的一些修建和故事。雲居寺最著名的當屬它的碑文。為了更形象地展現碑文的意義，主辦方還帶來了石墨，可以現場拓印碑文。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190907/PDF/b6_screen.pdf
- [劉仁慶]浙東南古廟, built during 三國孫吳period by monk 康僧會(?-280), renamed as 廣惠襌院during song dynasty
- 金粟寺位于新蔡县城南郊，建成于康熙十年（公元1671年），系十方僧人常住之地，被誉为江北名刹，因寺中多植金粟、桂花而故名[2]。
- 光福寺，又称泸山光福寺，位于四川省凉山州西昌市泸山腰间，该寺唐朝以前为飞梁寺、泸山寺,唐武德九年（公元626年），被匪徒洗劫焚毁。唐贞观十五年（公元642年），峨眉山僧人慈忍，俗称长眉长老览胜至泸山，留连不舍，于是铲除荆蔓，平整地基，募化修建大雄宝殿，塑造大佛神像，创建“大佛寺”。
- 光福寺，本名舍利佛塔，又名光福讲寺，位于江苏省苏州光福镇铜观音寺后面的龟山上，创建于梁大同年间，距今一千四百多年，1998年修葺一新。因光福寺、光福塔香火极盛，古镇也改名为“光福”。目前，保留的建筑有大殿、西方殿、寺桥及光福塔。
tibet
- 熱振寺 Reting Monastery (Wylie: rwa sgreng gom pa) is an historically important Buddhist monastery in Lhünzhub County in Lhasa, Ü-Tsang, Tibet. It is also commonly spelled "Radreng.Reting Monastery was founded by Atiśa's chief disciple Dromtön in 1057 in the Reting Tsangpo Valley north of Lhasa as the seat of the Kadam lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. He brought some of Atiśa's relics with him. It was the first major monastery of the Sarma revival. Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419) reformed the Kadam, which then became known as the Gelug lineage and Reting became an important Gelug monastery, the seat of the Reting Rinpoche.The Reting Rinpoches were responsible for the successful search and discovery of the 14th Dalai Lama. The Reting Rinpoches were among the candidates for Regent during the minority of a Dalai Lama. Thus, the Reting Rinpoche was Regent between 1845 and 1855 and, again, from 1933-1947. The latter Regent, the Fifth Reting Rinpoche, was involved in the search for the present Dalai Lama and became his Senior Tutor, later abdicated his position and was found guilty of colluding with the Chinese and died in a Tibetan prison in 1947. In fact[citation needed] his Shugdenpa accusers who were in power are generally held responsible for his murder were colluding with the Chinese Ambon. They also destroyed the Gelug Reting Monastery and killed many in Lhasa.[5][6] The political confusion which followed aided the rapid collapse of Tibet after the Chinese invaded.The Sixth Reting Rinpoche died in 1997. The Chinese announced in January 2001 that a new incarnation had been chosen as the Seventh Reting Rinpoche, just two days after the Karmapa began his flight to India. This incarnation has not been recognised by the Dalai Lama who believes he is a pawn in the attempt by the Chinese to control the Buddhist religion in Tibet.Reting was devastated by the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution, and has only been partially restored.
taiwan
- 宜蘭縣礁溪鄉五峰旗(wufengqi)瀑布風景區聖母山莊
- 五峰旗瀑布（ごほうきばくふ、拼音: Wǔfēngqí Pùbù）は、台湾の宜蘭県礁渓郷にある、得子口溪の上流に位置する滝。『噶瑪蘭廳志』にある「... 以形得名，五峰排列，如豎旗幟，...」（「...地形から名付けられており、5つの峰が並び、さながら旗を並べ立てたようだ...」）という記述の通り[1][2]、後方には五座の山峰があり、その形が京劇の道具に用いられる三角大旗に似ていたことから「五峰旗」の名がついたとされる[3]。滝は、上、中、下のに三層から成っており、それらの滝とそれぞれを結ぶ河道を合わせた落差は、100メートル以上に及ぶ[4]。宜蘭県政府は、観光地としての発展を期して「五峰旗風景特定区」を設定している。また、「蘭陽十景」のひとつでもある[5]。五峰旗瀑布は、全域が歩道で結ばれており、その入口は下層の滝の近くにあり、そこより下流の渓谷には浅瀬になっているところも多く、流れも平穏なので子供の水遊び場となっており[5]、少なからぬ数の観光客は辺りで靴下を脱いで水に入って遊んでいる。石の階段を上りながら136メートル進むと、中層の滝に達するが、ここでは川岸に、「五峰亭」と名付けられた中国式の涼亭が建てられており、観光客が足を止めて滝を鑑賞する場所となっている。折り返してさらに36メートル進むと別れ道があり、曲がりくねった道に沿ってさらに476メートル進むと、最も壮観な上層の滝に至る[6]。この滝の下には觀瀑台が設けられており、向こう側から飛沫が飛びかかり、滝にみなぎる勢いを感じることができる。なお、上層の滝に至る歩道は近年の台風被害などでたびたび閉鎖されており、2017年12月時点では立入禁止となっている[5]。近傍には、聖母マリアが登山者を救ったという伝説があり、聖母朝聖地（聖母マリア聖地）と称して簡素な天主堂が設けられている。
Hong Kong
- Po Lin Monastery was founded in 1906 by three monks visiting from Jiangsu Province on the Chinese mainland and was initially known simply as "The Big Hut" (大茅蓬 Tai Mao Pung). It was renamed to its present name in 1924. The main temple houses three bronze statues of the Buddha – representing his past, present and future lives – as well as many Buddhist scriptures.Tian Tan Buddha, a giant Buddha statue completed in 1993, is an extension of the monastery.In 1918, three nuns ordained at this monastery established a private nunnery called Chi Chuk Lam (紫竹林) on Lantau's Lower Keung Hill (下羌山). The nunnery is dedicated to Guanyin, the Goddess of Mercy. There were about 20 jushi and nuns residing there in the 1950s, but now only an elderly abbess remains.
- singtao 1nov17 a4 monk and nun travelled and enjoyed time in hawaii
- 《蘋果》取得多份寶蓮寺的內部文件，顯示寺方在2005年以大約1,950萬元（港幣，下同）購買了3份美國年金保險計劃，年金領取者是寺方高層釋智慧（圖）和釋健釗，但是未知兩人是否會將年金交還寺方。寶蓮寺暫未回覆。根據本報取得的寶蓮寺會議紀錄，寺方高層於2005年6月及10月曾經開會討論投資項目，最終通過決議，分別斥資780萬、780萬及390萬購買3份美國保險公司的年金計劃，其中兩份的年金領取者是時任司庫釋健釗，另一份是時任住持釋智慧。惟會議紀錄上並無解釋為何是由兩人擔任年金領取者，亦無列明兩人必須將年金歸還寶蓮寺。 https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20171118/20217978
- 萬佛寺（Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery）位於香港沙田區排頭村後萬佛山上，由月溪法師在1949年建設，於1957年落成，寺院佔地65,000平方呎，依山就勢，分成高低兩組建築群，共有5殿、4亭、1廊及1塔。現時的主持為吳星達居士。廟内有香港少有的準提佛母供敬拜。1938年月溪法師離開廣州到香港弘法，住錫沙田，並開始籌備興建萬佛寺。1949年香港著名煙草商人南洋兄弟煙草公司簡玉階將私產「晦思園」捐贈建寺。月溪法師事必躬親，擔鐵運石，親手塑造佛像萬餘尊，歷時八載，於1957年建成萬佛寺，自此成為香港著名觀光熱點。1982年萬佛寺開始進行局部性的翻新及重建工程，包括重建韋馱亭、觀音亭及十八羅漢廊，翻新萬佛寺和萬佛塔。又為各尊像鋪上金箔及掃油漆。直到1997年7月，萬佛寺被暴雨嚴重沖毀，其中玉皇殿及觀音殿倒塌，由於損毀嚴重而被迫一度關閉，經過兩年重修，才能局部重新開放，更由私人寺院改為公眾所有的非牟利團體「沙田萬佛寺有限公司」負責管理。於2000年開展工程，在室外放置500具真人大小的金羅漢像。月溪法師生於1879年，祖籍浙江錢塘，後遷雲南，俗姓吳，諱心圓，字月溪，生於富裕家庭，肄業於上海震旦大学，19歲毅然出家，禮靜安老和尚剃度受具戒，於佛前燃左無名指及小二指，在胸前肉上燃起四十八盞燈供奉在佛像面前，發三大願：一、不貪美衣美食，樂修苦行，永無退悔；二、遍閱三藏一切經典，苦心修禪；三、以修所得，演說示導，弘修大法，廣利眾生，自稱「八指頭陀」。月溪法師性喜游，善七弦琴，游必擕琴隨身，到處講經說法，踏遍名山大川。九一八事變後，月溪法師南下廣州弘法，並重修大佛寺。1938年游化至香港，駐錫西林寺。至晚年，致力創建萬佛寺，親身擔泥運石，歷時八載，萬佛寺終於落成。1965年4月24日月溪法師準備講《圓覺經》，突感壽緣已盡，當晚8時，端坐圓寂，住世87載。弟子將法體封龕入土，8個月後，遵照法師生前囑咐撥土開龕，即見其肉身不化，五官俱全，整體呈金黃色。並依遺示以紅布包裹肉身並加漆鋪金，作肉身菩薩，供奉於寺中的「彌陀殿」，後於2001年初移往「萬佛殿」安奉。
- 已故麗新集團主席林百欣的遺囑執行人張定球入稟高院，指林百欣遺產名下一幅位於沙田萬佛寺附近的土地被人未經許可佔用。張要求法庭下令萬佛寺及佔用該土地人士，將有關土地交回遺囑執行人。案件已排期在今年七月廿一日在高院提訊。原告張定球以林百欣遺囑執行人身份提出訴訟，被告則依次是沙田萬佛寺有限公司、香港萬佛寺管理委員會有限公司、及現時佔用涉案地段的人士。涉案地段位於沙田排頭坑山邊，與萬佛寺相距約一百米。原告指，現時佔用該地段的人士，並沒有得到業主的准許。原告於一五年曾向高院申請，要求批准將本案所涉土地連同毗鄰農地出售，以為遺產節省修葺費用，但林百欣的三太顧瑞英及其女兒林明珠提出反對，法庭最終不批准該賣地申請。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200623/00176_078.html
- 沙田車公廟
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/02/16/b06-0216.pdf
- 濠涌車公廟原供奉有車公之三代人，到了明崇禎 年間，沙田大圍一帶出現瘟疫，在當時缺乏醫療幫 助下，村民便特別請濠涌之車公到大圍坐鎮，結果 濠涌父老只答應把車元帥之孫之神牌請到大圍，瘟 疫果然消退，因此大圍村民便在此建廟，成為今日 香港四大廟宇之一。 求得下下籤後沙士出現 車公雖是抗疫之神，但近年已變成改運的象徵， 希望轉風車以運轉乾坤。 沙田車公廟原來只有一個小廟，在1994年建成現 代化仿古的大廟。沙田車公廟的位置是由獅子山獅 子頭的餘脈伸展下來，其龍脊首先到望夫石成一個 錘形武器，再層層下殿到世界花園，然後到車公廟 之後山結穴，此山煞氣極大結穴為廟則極旺，所以 沙田之孫廟比祖廟香火更盛。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202006/0603/HA08603CX01_HKCD.pdf
- 慈航淨院http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/02/16/b06-0216.pdf
- 逾二百五十年歷史的坪洲金花廟鬧管業權糾紛。坪洲金花廟有限公司早前登報聲稱是金花廟唯一合法代表，但有坪洲街坊和金花廟善信則發聲明反駁，指該廟業權應屬政府，無部門授權任何人或機構管理，批評該公司誤導公眾。本報查證後發現該廟屬寮屋，相關用地應為官地。街坊及善信不滿有人欲「霸廟謀財」，坪洲鄉事委員會主席黃漢權促請港府釐清誰是合法運作者。公司註冊處資料顯示，坪洲金花廟有限公司於一九八八年十一月八日，在本港成立無股本的擔保有限公司，主要業務為供奉金花娘娘，宏揚其事迹及提供慈善服務及捐獻與有需要人士或機構，董事為葉金蘭以及其丈夫和兩名兒子。離島寮屋管制辦事處去年的通告指出金花廟為寮屋，而廟旁名為金花廟上苑的寮屋，因被處方指改變用途及將構築物擴大等，去年被地政總署收回。另外，在土地註冊處亦無該公司註冊辦事處的地址，顯示該廟地為政府土地。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190317/00176_042.html
- 牛頭角聖人公媽廟本港至少有四間大聖廟，在 香港仔石排灣、柴灣、葵涌石 籬白雲洞和秀茂坪，當中以秀 茂坪那間至為著名；上世紀六 十年代初大批新移民從內地來 港，港府將他們安置於秀茂坪 徙置大廈，當中多為鶴佬人及 潮州人，因不諳廣東話，難以 融入社區，社團為團結鄉里， 遂在附近興建特色廟宇，讓他 們供奉家鄉的神明，其中大聖 廟在 1968年建成，其後附近更 有條村命名為大聖村。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/05/04/b07-0504.pdf
- 位於大埔上碗的樊仙宮(又稱樊仙廟)，是本港現存唯一供奉陶匠的守護神樊大仙師的廟，1999 年已列為法定古蹟，守護神亦有寶誕名樊仙誕，曾幾何時十分興盛，碗鄉村民每年均一同慶祝，在廟前上演神功戲酬神，並出會巡遊到碗鄉各村，但自從30 多年前取消演戲酬
神，誕會逐漸沒落，現時只維持金豬拜神儀式。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201906/0630/HA05630CX01_HKCD.pdf
- 大澳坑尾有一家龍巖寺，設朱大仙神位，這是僅有的一家陸上朱大仙廟，每年農曆五月中旬漁民舉辦打醮盛事，恭賀朱大仙誕。醮會在船上進行，俗稱「水面打醮」，各式打醮都在本港陸上進行，朱大仙醮會是獨具特色的水面打醮，諸神當中，朱大仙似是頗有性格的。 澳門大學中國歷史文化中心與暨南大學港澳歷史文化研究學者及學員，早前一行三十多人訪問大澳漁區，考察大澳漁民的宗教文化，探訪街市的關帝古廟，寶珠潭的楊侯古廟，活動主項參觀龍巖寺朱大仙的神壇，了解漁民海面打醮的節慶、儀式、活動，探討明代葡人來華與清初遷界禁海對大澳的影響。朱大仙的身份是個謎，目前僅限於傳說，由於姓朱，很容易聯想到朱元璋，因而傳說他是明朝皇族後裔，民間立以為仙，與反清復明地下活動有關。另一種說是傳統宗教信仰，仙人謫降，仙人得道，遂成正果。例如惠州有朱橘、朱靈芝二仙，民間建廟設壇供奉。問大澳漁民，他們認為朱大仙是藥神，庇護家宅水陸平安。朱大仙傳入大澳與澳門，有兩種說法，澳門學者說，朱大仙由澳門漁民帶到大澳，原意是澳門漁民從福建請朱大仙駐澳，船隻經大澳回濠江遇大霧籠罩，視野受阻，無法繼續西航回目的地，被迫在大澳靠岸，最後改變原意，決定在大澳建寺廟供奉。當時所建的寺廟是否即今日的龍巖寺沒有說明，今日龍巖寺不但設朱大仙壇，尚供奉天后、觀音、譚公、釋迦牟尼……集諸神佛於一寺。香港漁民相信朱大仙是一位藥神，經大澳漁民由惠州市龍泉庵傳入，這一點與澳門漁民引入有異，朱大仙逐漸在漁民中糅合了佛教、道教，變為多功能的守護神，他們在船上設神位供奉，遇事問卜聖意，把朱大仙認作「契爺」。上面兩種說法略有出入，但兩地漁民均在五月中旬舉辦海面醮會，拜祭的儀式大致相同。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190901/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- Nestled above the famous Kai Yuen Terrace in North Point sits Sung Chu Temple. Sung Chu stands tall not only next to the famous Kai Yuen neighborhood (the writer Eileen Chang - 张爱玲 once lived there) but also the new developments popping up around it. The temple is a beautiful example of the kinds of sacred spaces that served the area when North Point was known as Little Shanghai and are sadley slowly dissappearing. Sung Chu has been heroically maintained despite redevelopment, harassment from neighbors, and other surprising issues not often associated with places of worship. There are several important Buddhist and Daoist religious statues there including a very special Tantric Yamantaka - 密宗 大威德金剛 Statue. Sacred Spaces will be honored with a private tour by the second generation temple keeper Ms. Theresa Kong whose family built the temple and remain its guardians.https://www.meetup.com/Hong-Kong-Sacred-Spaces/events/265835904/
- 逾二百五十年歷史的坪洲金花廟鬧管業權糾紛。坪洲金花廟有限公司早前登報聲稱是金花廟唯一合法代表，但有坪洲街坊和金花廟善信則發聲明反駁，指該廟業權應屬政府，無部門授權任何人或機構管理，批評該公司誤導公眾。本報查證後發現該廟屬寮屋，相關用地應為官地。街坊及善信不滿有人欲「霸廟謀財」，坪洲鄉事委員會主席黃漢權促請港府釐清誰是合法運作者。公司註冊處資料顯示，坪洲金花廟有限公司於一九八八年十一月八日，在本港成立無股本的擔保有限公司，主要業務為供奉金花娘娘，宏揚其事迹及提供慈善服務及捐獻與有需要人士或機構，董事為葉金蘭以及其丈夫和兩名兒子。離島寮屋管制辦事處去年的通告指出金花廟為寮屋，而廟旁名為金花廟上苑的寮屋，因被處方指改變用途及將構築物擴大等，去年被地政總署收回。另外，在土地註冊處亦無該公司註冊辦事處的地址，顯示該廟地為政府土地。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190317/00176_042.html
- 坪洲金花廟早於一七六二年興建，一九七○年代由善信集資重修，以求子求孫、求姻緣靈驗聞名，廟前有一對對聯「求子求孫有求必應，願男願女無願不成」，反映其在善信心中的地位。早期金花廟人流不多，後來由已故關德興師傅稱得到金花聖母托夢着他代為宣揚，結果金花廟成為求子聖地。金花聖母為天上九位大神之一，據傳金花聖母是唐朝之前一武將之女，天資聰穎，正直孝順，文武雙全，適逢當時貪官當道，人民生活相當困苦，金花因武藝了得，時常行俠仗義，劫富濟貧，其事迹在民間廣為傳頌。曾有一名藥師祈求金花聖母保佑其病重妻，結果藥到病除，其妻後來奇迹般康復，引為一時佳話，藥師為了答謝神恩，在坪洲建立了初期的金花廟。至一九七八年，坪洲金花廟日久失修，有善信四處籌錢，重建坪洲金花廟。每年農曆四月十七日為金花誕，連同護法大將軍成道寶誕日和年初一，金花廟會開放金花聖母的坐宮「上苑」供各善信參拜，善信於大年初一參拜時，可在此請得利是一封，用作保該年平安之用。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190317/00176_043.html
- 牛頭角聖人公媽廟本港至少有四間大聖廟，在 香港仔石排灣、柴灣、葵涌石 籬白雲洞和秀茂坪，當中以秀 茂坪那間至為著名；上世紀六 十年代初大批新移民從內地來 港，港府將他們安置於秀茂坪 徙置大廈，當中多為鶴佬人及 潮州人，因不諳廣東話，難以 融入社區，社團為團結鄉里， 遂在附近興建特色廟宇，讓他 們供奉家鄉的神明，其中大聖 廟在 1968年建成，其後附近更 有條村命名為大聖村。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/05/04/b07-0504.pdf
- 位於大埔上碗的樊仙宮(又稱樊仙廟)，是本港現存唯一供奉陶匠的守護神樊大仙師的廟，1999 年已列為法定古蹟，守護神亦有寶誕名樊仙誕，曾幾何時十分興盛，碗鄉村民每年均一同慶祝，在廟前上演神功戲酬神，並出會巡遊到碗鄉各村，但自從30 多年前取消演戲酬
神，誕會逐漸沒落，現時只維持金豬拜神儀式。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201906/0630/HA05630CX01_HKCD.pdf
- 大澳坑尾有一家龍巖寺，設朱大仙神位，這是僅有的一家陸上朱大仙廟，每年農曆五月中旬漁民舉辦打醮盛事，恭賀朱大仙誕。醮會在船上進行，俗稱「水面打醮」，各式打醮都在本港陸上進行，朱大仙醮會是獨具特色的水面打醮，諸神當中，朱大仙似是頗有性格的。 澳門大學中國歷史文化中心與暨南大學港澳歷史文化研究學者及學員，早前一行三十多人訪問大澳漁區，考察大澳漁民的宗教文化，探訪街市的關帝古廟，寶珠潭的楊侯古廟，活動主項參觀龍巖寺朱大仙的神壇，了解漁民海面打醮的節慶、儀式、活動，探討明代葡人來華與清初遷界禁海對大澳的影響。朱大仙的身份是個謎，目前僅限於傳說，由於姓朱，很容易聯想到朱元璋，因而傳說他是明朝皇族後裔，民間立以為仙，與反清復明地下活動有關。另一種說是傳統宗教信仰，仙人謫降，仙人得道，遂成正果。例如惠州有朱橘、朱靈芝二仙，民間建廟設壇供奉。問大澳漁民，他們認為朱大仙是藥神，庇護家宅水陸平安。朱大仙傳入大澳與澳門，有兩種說法，澳門學者說，朱大仙由澳門漁民帶到大澳，原意是澳門漁民從福建請朱大仙駐澳，船隻經大澳回濠江遇大霧籠罩，視野受阻，無法繼續西航回目的地，被迫在大澳靠岸，最後改變原意，決定在大澳建寺廟供奉。當時所建的寺廟是否即今日的龍巖寺沒有說明，今日龍巖寺不但設朱大仙壇，尚供奉天后、觀音、譚公、釋迦牟尼……集諸神佛於一寺。香港漁民相信朱大仙是一位藥神，經大澳漁民由惠州市龍泉庵傳入，這一點與澳門漁民引入有異，朱大仙逐漸在漁民中糅合了佛教、道教，變為多功能的守護神，他們在船上設神位供奉，遇事問卜聖意，把朱大仙認作「契爺」。上面兩種說法略有出入，但兩地漁民均在五月中旬舉辦海面醮會，拜祭的儀式大致相同。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190901/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- Nestled above the famous Kai Yuen Terrace in North Point sits Sung Chu Temple. Sung Chu stands tall not only next to the famous Kai Yuen neighborhood (the writer Eileen Chang - 张爱玲 once lived there) but also the new developments popping up around it. The temple is a beautiful example of the kinds of sacred spaces that served the area when North Point was known as Little Shanghai and are sadley slowly dissappearing. Sung Chu has been heroically maintained despite redevelopment, harassment from neighbors, and other surprising issues not often associated with places of worship. There are several important Buddhist and Daoist religious statues there including a very special Tantric Yamantaka - 密宗 大威德金剛 Statue. Sacred Spaces will be honored with a private tour by the second generation temple keeper Ms. Theresa Kong whose family built the temple and remain its guardians.https://www.meetup.com/Hong-Kong-Sacred-Spaces/events/265835904/
- 杯渡寺又名青山寺，位於屯門大青山下。大 青山海拔580多米，是屯門最高峰，又因為其山 形挺拔，直插雲天，因此被列為香港 「三尖」 之 一（另外 「兩尖」 則是位於西貢區的釣魚翁及蚺 蛇尖）。寺的後面有 「杯渡岩」 ，為杯渡和尚落足之處，初建為 「杯 渡庵」 ，幾經改變，發展為今日的青山禪院。旁 有 「高山弟一」 四個大字， 「弟」 通 「第」 ，據 說是韓愈書寫。 轉回青山寺前的大道，右手就是上山之路， 先經過青山亭，可稍事休息，遠眺屯門海景及屯 門市區建築群。大青山既為香港 「三尖」 之一， 行山徑陡峭難行就是應有之意。約行2公里，就 到了 「韓陵片石亭」 ，為紀念金文泰第二次登山 而建。左手旁就是大青山峰頂，建有發射塔，居 高臨下，整個屯門、黃金海岸盡數眼底。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200605/PDF/b6_screen.pdf
suspicious
- 位於富士山下本棲湖畔的本棲寺。本棲湖原為日本國家划艇隊訓練場地，後來搬走，當年佛光山殊勝因緣之下擁有這處道場，此地原名「本棲」，與星雲大師幼年師承的南京棲霞山有一字之緣，其後大師將之定名為「臨濟宗佛光山本棲寺」。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237140/2020/0508/446103.html
suspicious
- 位於富士山下本棲湖畔的本棲寺。本棲湖原為日本國家划艇隊訓練場地，後來搬走，當年佛光山殊勝因緣之下擁有這處道場，此地原名「本棲」，與星雲大師幼年師承的南京棲霞山有一字之緣，其後大師將之定名為「臨濟宗佛光山本棲寺」。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237140/2020/0508/446103.html
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