- palace museum est in china
financial
- [hsbc its malaysian story published by edm] mercentile bank of bombay was founded in 1853. Later the same year it became the mercantile bank of india, london and china. In 1858 it was reborn as the chartered mercantile bank of india, london and china.The year 1892 saw a reconstruction from which emerged the mercantile bank of india - the words "of india" were officially dropped only in 1957. For most people in malaya and later malaysia, it was just "the mercantile bank" or "the mercantile". HSBC was referred to in malaysia as "hongkong bank". It adopted this style officially in 1983 and in 1994 was locally incorporated as hongkong bank malaysia berhade.
- britain / uk
- while the colonial office was keen for banks to open new branches as a spur to economic development, the treasury was concerned about government liability for their note issues. Banks such as the hk bank were restricted in their fields of operation to areas outlined in their documents of incorporation, and treasury approval to change these was forthcoming only if they made concessions - such as providing greater security to back their note issues. So while the mercantile bank opened an office in the straits settlement of melaka in 1882, it was not until 1888 that the chartered bank opened offices at taiping and kuala lumpur - and that required a sympathetic colonial office to rule that towns were "ports or other places of trade". In order to get treasury approval for geographical expansion, the hk bank agreed to further secure its notes, but in fact did not venture from penang on to the peninsula until the 20th c. In response to a request by the governor and pressure from rubber planters, it opened in melaka in 1909, but only on being provided temporary offices, staff accommodation, and a security guard free by the government, as well as all the state government's business.
- singapore
- singapore branch opened in 1877. Mercantile bank (later becoming a subsidiary of hk bank, had been operating in singapore since 1856.
- hk bank issued notes in singapore from 1881
- malaysia
- britain's indirect rule of the malay peninsula began with appointment of james birch as resident in perak in 1874, and john mcnair had been part of the 1875 military expedition sent to re-establish control after birch's assassination. He went on to be the offiicer administering the government in penang, and in 1884, while on a visit to hk, urged the hk bank to set up offices in penang and perak to serve the growing british business communities in those states. However, the hk bank was established primarily for the china trade, and in 1876 one of its senior managers, ewen cameron, had deprecated opening a branch at singapore so long as the bank's funds could be fully used in china as at present. The year 1884, when the hk bank did open in penang, actually saw the collapse of the oriental bank, then the greatest british international bank. By the 1880s penang was the commercial centre not only for the tin mining areas of perak and selangor, but for the tobacco plantations of northern sumatra as well.
- hk bank issued notes in penang from 1881, with support of acting governor of the straits settlements cecil smith.
- the year 1909 also saw siam cede its influence over the northern states of kedah, kelantan, terenganu and perlis to britain, and the birth of british malaya. Many chinese and indian immigrants arrived with the british, and malaya was to become one of britain's most important territories, the wealth generated from tin and rubber almost single-handedly supporting the value of the pound sterling after ww2. For hk bank, malaya was for a long time, after hk itself, the important area of operationa and for many managers a springboard to career success.
science
- In March, it will be 150 years since the Russian scientist, Dmitri Mendeleev, took all of the known elements and arranged them into a table. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47008289
- Acrylic resins are a group of related thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic substances derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or other related compounds. One example is polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate, which makes a crosslinked polymer when treated with polyisocyanates. Such materials are a useful component in some paints.丙烯酸是重要的有机合成原料及合成树脂单体，是聚合速度非常快的乙烯类单体。是最简单的不饱和羧酸，由一个乙烯基和一个羧基组成。纯的丙烯酸是无色澄清液体，带有特征的刺激性气味。它可与水、醇、醚和氯仿互溶，是由从炼油厂得到的丙烯制备的。大多数用以制造丙烯酸甲酯、乙酯、丁酯、羟乙酯等丙烯酸酯类。丙烯酸及丙烯酸酯可以均聚及共聚，其聚合物用于合成树脂、合成纤维、高吸水性树脂、建材、涂料等工业部门。1843年，首先发现丙烯醛氧化生成丙烯酸。1931年，美国罗姆－哈斯公司开发成功氰乙醇水解制丙烯酸工艺,长时间是工业上唯一的生产方法。 1939年,德国人W.J.雷佩发明了乙炔羰化法制丙烯酸，1954年在美国建立了工业装置。与此同时还成功地开发了丙烯腈水解制丙烯酸工艺。自 1969年美国联合碳化物公司建成以丙烯氧化法制丙烯酸工业装置后，各国相继采用此法进行生产。近几年来，丙烯氧化法在催化剂和工艺方面进 行了许多改进，已成为生产丙烯酸的主要方法。
- [agnes b handout] pierre alechinsky joined the cobra group (movement which advocates spontaneity and experimentation) in 1949. In 1955, they went to the far east to make a film: japanese calligraphy. In the 1960s in New York, Alechinsky discovers acrylic paint which, better than oil paint, makes his brush swift as a writer's pen.
- 苯酚（C6H5OH，PhOH），又名石炭酸、羟基苯 Phenol is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group(−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH). It is mildly acidic and requires careful handling due to its propensity for causing chemical burns. Phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum. It is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds.[8] It is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials. Phenol and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.Phenol was discovered in 1834 by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who extracted it (in impure form) from coal tar.[36] Runge called phenol "Karbolsäure" (coal-oil-acid, carbolic acid). Coal tar remained the primary source until the development of the petrochemical industry. In 1841, the French chemist Auguste Laurent obtained phenol in pure form. In 1836, Auguste Laurent coined the name "phène" for benzene; this is the root of the word "phenol" and "phenyl". In 1843, French chemist Charles Gerhardt coined the name "phénol".
- sugar substitute
- 氨基葡萄糖 Glucosamine (C6H13NO5) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of the polysaccharides, chitosan, and chitin. Glucosamine is one of the most abundant monosaccharides.[1] It is produced commercially by the hydrolysis of crustacean exoskeletons or, less commonly, by fermentation of a grain such as corn or wheat. Evidence for the effectiveness of glucosamine as a dietary supplement is mixed. In the United States, it is one of the most common dietary supplements used by adults that is neither a vitamin nor a mineral. Glucosamine was first prepared in 1876 by Georg Ledderhose by the hydrolysis of chitin with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The stereochemistry was not fully determined until the 1939 work of Walter Haworth.
- Dr. Georg Ledderhose was a German surgeon, December 15, 1855, Bockenheim, Regierungsbezirk Wiesbaden????, Germany – February 1, 1925, Munich, Germany.
- Sir William Henry Perkin, FRS (12 March 1838 – 14 July 1907)[1] was a British chemist and entrepreneur best known for his serendipitous discovery of the first synthetic organic dye, mauveine, made from aniline. William Perkin continued active research in organic chemistry for the rest of his life: he discovered and marketed other synthetic dyes, including Britannia Violetand Perkin's Green; he discovered ways to make coumarin, one of the first synthetic raw materials of perfume, and cinnamic acid. In 1869, Perkin found a method for the commercial production from anthracene of the brilliant red dye alizarin, which had been isolated and identified from madder root some forty years earlier in 1826 by the French chemist Pierre Robiquet, simultaneously with purpurin, another red dye of lesser industrial interest, but the German chemical company BASF patented the same process one day before he did.During the next decade, the new German Empire was rapidly eclipsing Britain as the centre of Europe's chemical industry. By the 1890s, Germany had a near-monopoly on the business and Perkin was compelled to sell off his holdings and retire.
- Sir Walter Norman Haworth FRS[1] (19 March 1883 – 19 March 1950) was a British chemist best known for his groundbreaking work on ascorbic acid (vitamin C) while working at the University of Birmingham. He received the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C". The prize was shared with Swiss chemist Paul Karrer for his work on other vitamins. Haworth worked out the correct structure of a number of sugars, and is known among organic chemists for his development of the Haworth projection that translates three-dimensional sugar structures into convenient two-dimensional graphical form.
- photography
- Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (/dəˈɡɛər/; French: [dagɛʁ]; 18 November 1787 – 10 July 1851), better known as Louis Daguerre, was a French artist and photographer, recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype process of photography (in 1839). He became known as one of the fathers of photography.
patent/trademark
- typewriter 1868
medical
- cinchona and malaria
- Hakgala Botanical Garden, one of the five botanical gardens in Sri Lanka, was established in 1861, under George Henry Kendrick Thwaites as an experimental cultivation of Cinchona, a commercial crop thriving at the time. Once after the Tea replaced the Cinchona, it was turned into an experimental Tea cultivation. In 1884 it transformed to a garden. Since then many sub tropical and some temperate plants were planted in the gardens.
- In 1865, "New Virginia" and "Carlota Colony" were established in Mexico by Matthew Fontaine Maury, a former Confederate in the American Civil War. Postwar Confederates were enticed there by Maury, now the "Imperial Commissioner of Immigration" for Emperor Maximillian of Mexico, and Archduke of Habsburg. All that survives of those two colonies are the flourishing groves of cinchonas established by Maury using seeds purchased from England. These seeds were the first to be introduced into Mexico
- Morton Salt is an American food company producing salt for food, water conditioning, industrial, agricultural, and road/highway use. Based in Chicago,[1] the business is North America's leading producer and marketer of salt. It is a subsidiary of the German mining company K+S.The company began in Chicago, Illinois, in 1848 as a small sales agency, E. I. Wheeler, started by the Onondaga salt companies to sell their salt to the Midwest. In 1910, the business, which had by that time become both a manufacturer and a merchant of salt, was incorporated as the Morton Salt Company.[2] It was named after the owner and founder, Joy Morton, the son of J. Sterling Morton[3] who founded Arbor Day. Joy Morton started working for E. I. Wheeler in 1880, buying into the company for $10,000, with which he bought a fleet of lake boats to move salt west.[4] In 1969, the name 'Morton-Norwich' came into use.
textile, colthing
- [factory made]denim fabric used in manufacturing since gold rush in usa
A cargo cult is a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society. These cults, millenarian in nature, were first described in Melanesia in the wake of contact with advanced Western cultures. The name derives from the belief which began among Melanesians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that various ritualistic acts such as the building of an airplane runway will result in the appearance of material wealth, particularly highly desirable Western goods (i.e., "cargo"), via Western airplanes. Cargo cults often develop during a combination of crises. Under conditions of social stress, such a movement may form under the leadership of a charismatic figure. This leader may have a "vision" (or "myth-dream") of the future, often linked to an ancestral efficacy ("mana") thought to be recoverable by a return to traditional morality.[1][3]This leader may characterize the present state as a dismantling of the old social order, meaning that social hierarchy and ego boundaries have been broken down. Contact with colonizing groups brought about a considerable transformation in the way indigenous peoples of Melanesia have thought about other societies. Early theories of cargo cults began from the assumption that practitioners simply failed to understand technology, colonization, or capitalist reform; in this model, cargo cults are a misunderstanding of the systems involved in resource distribution, and an attempt to acquire such goods in the wake of interrupted trade. However, many of these practitioners actually focus on the importance of sustaining and creating new social relationships, with material relations being secondary. Since the late twentieth century, alternative theories have arisen. For example, some scholars, such as Kaplan and Lindstrom, focus on Europeans' characterization of these movements as a fascination with manufactured goods and what such a focus says about Western commodity fetishism.[2] Others point to the need to see each movement as reflecting a particularized historical context, even eschewing the term "cargo cult" for them unless there is an attempt to elicit an exchange relationship from Europeans.
bodybuilding
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-brutal-truth-about-being-and-staying-fit picture of ‘Steve’. His real name is Eugene Sandow, he was born in 1867. He was pretty much the start of bodybuilding, and was basically known as the most jacked guy in the world. Look at him, then look at modern bodybuilders, fitness models, etc. Notice the difference? Testosterone levels have been dropping for decades, but somehow we have thousands of guys who make the once-buffest-guy-in-the-world look like a normal person. Mr. Sandow died in 1925, the first steroids were synthesized in the 1930s.
usa
- business model
- economist 13jul19 "riding high" america's expansion will soon be the longest on record. What could bring it to an end
- aspen, white river national forest, elk mountains
- [asiaspa sep/oct2018] originally inhabited by ute indians; later named aspen with expanding populationa and due to the abundance of aspen trees in the area. Town boomed during 1880s, its first decade of existence during the silver rush. The panic of 1893 led to a collapse in this market, followed by a half-century known as the quiet years, during which its population steadily declined; experienced cultural renaissance in 1940s with the arrival of walter and elizabeth paepcke whose family's vision for a community that focused on the aspen idea led to the founding of aspen skiing company in 1950.
- Plantation is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census the population was 84,955.[7] It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area. The city's name comes from the previous part-owner of the land, the Everglades Plantation Company, and their attempts to establish a rice plantation in the area. In 1855, Florida state passed the Internal Improvement Act and established the Internal Improvement Trust Fund, the trustees of which act as a government agency to oversee management, sale, and development of state land. In 1897, the Interior Department submitted 2.9 million acres to the Florida Land Office; however, the submission was revoked the following year, due to fears it would "impinge upon the rights and interests of the Seminole Tribes."[11] The Seminole people regularly used the area for hunting, fishing and camping, and also used the nearby Pine Island Ridge as a headquarters during the second and third Seminole Wars.In 1899, Florida Governor William Sherman Jennings began an initiative to drain the Everglades. To establish Florida's entitlement to the land, Jennings obtained a new patent (known as the 'Everglades Patent') for land "aggregating 2,862,280 acres."[11] Following his election in 1905, Jennings' successor, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward appointed Jennings as general counsel of the Internal Improvement Fund and continued the initiative for complete drainage of the Everglades (which was a core theme of his election campaign). Broward described the drainage as a duty of the trustees, and promised to create an "Empire of the Everglades".
- Father Michael Accolti (1807-1878) One of the first Italian Jesuits to work as a Missionary in the Pacific Northwest, in 1844, he traveled to Oregon to work with Native Americans. Four years later, he was called to San
Francisco to minister in the Gold Rush town and to start a school. In 1855, he helped start St. Ignatius College (now the University of San Francisco).- companies
- John Hancock Life Insurance Company, U.S.A. is a Boston-based insurance company. Established April 21, 1862, it was named in honor of John Hancock, a prominent patriot. In 2004, John Hancock was acquired by the Canadian life insurance company Manulife Financial. The company and the majority of Manulife's U.S. assets continue to operate under the John Hancock name.
nicaragua
- [tom streissguth, the roaring twenties ]since 1856, when a sacramento newspaper editor named william walker arrived with 58 men, in league with nicaragua's own liberal party, to conquer the country and turn it into a US colony, the US had been more or less directly involved in nicaraguan affairs.
russia
- vladivostok founded in 1860
norway
- religion
- The Vikings at Helgeland (Hærmændene paa Helgeland) is Henrik Ibsen's seventh play. It was written during 1857 and first performed at Christiania Norske Theater in Oslo on 24 November 1858. The plot takes place during the time of Erik Blood-axe (c. 930–934) in the north of Norway in historic Helgeland, a time in which Norwegian society was adjusting from the tradition of Old Norse Sagas to the new era of Christianity. It concerns the arrival of Ornulf, who with his seven sons is seeking his daughter, Dagny, and foster-daughter, Hjordis, who were abducted and married by Sigurd and Gunnar, respectively. Tragedy compounded by conceptions of honour and duty lead to the deaths of all of Ornulf's sons, Sigurd (who is killed by Hjordis), and Hjordis (by suicide). The plot is reminiscent of the Germanic myth of Sigmund and Brynhilde.
uk
- royal and upper class
- garden parties https://www.royal.uk/garden-parties-buckingham-palace-2019
- https://socialpantry.co.uk/blog/history-garden-party/ foundations laid in 1860s when victoria began to host breakfasts
- private sector
- brands
- mcvities http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190625/PDF/b9_screen.pdf
- Sainsbury's is the third largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom, with a 16.9% share of the supermarket sector.[4] Founded in 1869, by John James Sainsbury with a shop in Drury Lane, London, the company became the largest retailer of groceries in 1922, was an early adopter of self-service retailing in the United Kingdom and had its heyday during the 1980s.
- architecture, construction
- John James Sainsbury (12 June 1844 – 1928) was an English grocer and founder of what is now called the Sainsbury's supermarket chain.John James Sainsbury was born on 12 June 1844 at 5 Oakley Street, Lambeth, to John Sainsbury (baptised 1809, d. 1863), ornament and picture frame maker, and his wife Elizabeth Sarah, née Coombes (1817–1902).At the age of 24, he married Mary Ann Staples and they set up a dairy shop together at 173 Drury Lane, Holborn.
- big ben
- portland concrete
- The Daily Chronicle was a British newspaper that was published from 1872 to 1930 when it merged with the Daily News to become the News Chronicle. The Daily Chronicle was developed by Edward Lloyd out of a local newspaper that had started life as the Clerkenwell News and Domestic Intelligencer, set up as a halfpenny 4-page weekly in 1855. Launched after the duties on advertising and published news had been abolished in 1853 and July 1855, this local paper specialised in small personal ads. At first, it carried about three times as much advertising as it did local news. As the formula proved popular, it grew in size and frequency and often changed its name to match. In 1872, it finally changed from the London Daily Chronicle and Clerkenwell News[2] to plain Daily Chronicle. It was then being published daily in eight pages, half of which were news and half advertising.
- cultural product
- korea
- [korea jun2019] ernest thomas bethell first went to korea in 1904 as a journalist for british newspaper the daily chronicle to report on the russo-japanese war. He quit his correspondent job and on 18jul1904 founded a newspaper, the daehan maeil sinbo, with a sister edition published in english called the korea daily news as publisher and editor. Yang Ki-tak, a korean intellectual who was also a leading independence activist, helped establish the newspaper, and was supported by park eun-sik (1859-1925) second president of korean provisional government, historian shin chae-ho (1880-1936) and choi Ik
- Punch, or The London Charivari, was a British weekly magazine of humour and satireestablished in 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, when it helped to coin the term "cartoon" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration.After the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002.
- ian fleming debut novel casino royale 1953
- https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/mathematics/alice-in-the-land-of-mathematics-150-years-later/
- The Oxford Movement was a movement of High Church members of the Church of England which eventually developed into Anglo-Catholicism. The movement, whose original devotees were mostly associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of some older Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology. They thought of Anglicanism as one of three branches of the One, Holy, catholic, and Apostolic Church. The movement's philosophy was known as Tractarianism after its series of publications, the Tracts for the Times, published from 1833 to 1841. Tractarians were also disparagingly referred to as "Newmanites" (before 1845) and "Puseyites" (after 1845) after two prominent Tractarians, John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey. Other well-known Tractarians included John Keble, Charles Marriott, Richard Froude, Robert Wilberforce, Isaac Williams and William Palmer.
- We had first met in 2015, in the former mining town of Barnsley, Yorkshire, in Britain, at an event marking the 150th anniversary of the China Inland Mission. Before the communists assumed power in China, in 1949, the organisation had been one of the largest working to convert Chinese people to Christianity, and Previte’s great-grandfather was James Hudson Taylor, the mission’s founder.That day, Taylor’s white-haired descendant, in her 80s but still looking cool in a leather jacket, was among those invited to a reception in the Town Hall for the special anniversary. We ate sandwiches and drank tea, chatting with the plain-speaking mayor. Like many other residents, he knew little about her ancestor or his influence on the other side of the world.Previte was born in China’s Henan province, in 1932, to an American mother and a British father, missionary and grandson of James Hudson Taylor. “The fabled land of my childhood had been a country of ancient Buddhas, gentle temple hills and simple peasants harnessed to their ploughs,” she wrote in her 1994 memoir, Hungry Ghosts. But China at the time was in turmoil, with no proper government and Japan already encroaching in the northeast. “Across the China Sea in Japan, land-hungry soldiers were pushing for expansion,” Previte wrote, and as Japanese troops advanced deeper into China, she and her family found themselves living under occupation. Soon, the army was making life difficult for them, “Twice when Mother hadn’t dismounted fast enough from her bicycle, soldiers struck her across the head with a stick.”When she was seven, her parents rented a house in China’s northeast, on the Shandong coast, close to Chefoo School, in a town now called Yantai. Many foreign and missionary children, including Mary’s two elder siblings, boarded at the school and the two youngest, Mary and Johnny, were to begin as day students.Years later Previte would vividly recall Japanese gunboats in the harbour, Chinese guerillas in the mountains and injured soldiers limping along. “Chefoo was not really a safe place,” she said in an interview in the 1990s, “although everybody had this view this was China’s war, not ours. There was this feeling of immunity.” That’s why all four Taylor children remained at school when their parents left to continue their missionary work in an unoccupied region 1,400km away, not far from Xian.Everything changed on December 7, 1941, when the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour dragged the US into the war. Any feeling of immunity was shattered. Japanese troops took over Chefoo School, sticking notices written in Kanji to tables, chairs and desks, reminding the teachers and pupils that “all of it now belonged to the great emperor of Japan”, Previte wrote to me.In late 1942, 10-year-old Mary and the school’s other 200 children were marched by Japanese soldiers to a small camp 5km away. Little did she and her siblings know that they wouldn’t see their parents again until the war ended.After 10 months, the children, their teachers and other internees were transferred to a bigger camp at Weihsien (now Weifang), about 250km away. It had housed soldiers before internees and the buildings were rundown. The hospital, kitchens and dormitories were heavily overpopulated. The camp had once been a Presbyterian mission compound called the Courtyard of the Happy Way.There were at least 1,500 Allied-country nationals in Weihsien, perhaps more than 2,000 at one point. As well as the Chefoo group there were businessmen, diplomats, priests and nuns. Housewives, children and teenagers, alcoholics and drug addicts, thieves and prostitutes added to the mix. All were squeezed into about 12 acres, a world of walls, roll-calls, watchtowers, guards and poor sanitation.They did chores: scrubbing clothes, pumping water or carrying coal dust, which the youngsters mixed with clay and water to make balls that would fuel stoves on icy winter mornings.https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3044435/remembering-seven-heroes-who-liberated-japanese
- economist 19jan19 issue "The great rescrambling" britain may be headed for a repeat of 1850s
france
- Popular interest in the cathedral blossomed soon after the publication, in 1831, of Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris (better known in English as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame). This led to a major restoration project between 1844 and 1864, supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. The liberation of Paris was celebrated within Notre-Dame in 1944 with the singing of the Magnificat.
germany
- deutsche bank founded in 1870
italy
- The Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions (from the Latin Pontificium Institutum Missionum Exterarum) is a society of secular priests and lay people who dedicate their lives to missionary activities in: Algeria, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chad, Guinea-Bissau, Hong Kong, India, Ivory Coast, Japan, Mexico, Myanmar (Burma), Papua New Guinea, Philippines and Thailand. Independently founded in Milan in 1850 and Rome in 1874 as a group of missionary-style diocesan priests and seminarians, these two seminaries were merged and officially recognized as PIME in 1926 by Pope Pius XI. PIME supports more than 500 missionaries in 18 countries and is headquartered in Rome. The institute opened its North American Regional headquarters in Detroit in 1947 at the invitation of then Detroit Archbishop Cardinal Edward Mooney.宗座外方傳教會（拉丁文：Pontificium Institutum pro Missionibus Exteris，P.I.M.E.）是一个由献身传教事业的司铎和平信徒组成的社团。宗座外方傳教會（P.I.M.E.）的前身分别是米蘭的「郎巴地外方傳教修院」(又稱米蘭會)、及羅馬的「羅馬宗座外方傳教修院」。1850年，拉馬索諦主教（A.Ramazzotti）及北意大利郎巴地省所有的主教在教宗庇護九世的鼓勵下，於米蘭建立的「郎巴地外方傳教修院」。那修院是方便當地教區神父或教友接受訓練，向外教人傳福音。「米蘭會」成立不久，首批傳教士便於一八五八年來港，包括當時還是神父的高主教 (T.Raimondi）。當時英國剛在香港開展殖民管治，米蘭會會士跟方濟會士和中國聖職人員合作，最初是服務海外天主教團體，如商船上的船員、葡萄牙團體和英軍等，後來開始到香港島和中國大陸的鄉村傳福音。1874年，阿凡詩尼蒙席（P.Avanzini）在教宗庇護九世的要求下，於羅馬建立了「羅馬宗座外方傳教修院」。1926年，教宗庇護十一世把上述兩個抱有同一宗旨的團體聯合起來，成為「宗座外方傳教 會」，意語：Pontificio Istituto Missioni Estere, 「 P.I.M.E.」Pontifical Foreign Missions Institute
- hk
- 宗座外方傳教會首批傳教士於1858年來到香港，高主教為香港教區首位主教。往後香港四位主教亦是宗座外方傳教會成員。白英奇主教為香港教區最後一位宗座外方傳教會的主教。直至1969年，香港教區交由本地聖職人員負責，徐誠斌主教是本地首位國藉主教。白英奇主教回意大利退休。一八八八年傳教會建立了目前的主教座堂，開辦本地修院，並於一九三一年開辦華南總修院。為配合人口增長，傳教會不斷興建新聖堂，如一八七二年開聖若瑟堂；一八七九年在般咸道開聖心堂（它於一八九二年由聖安多尼堂替代）；在一九零五年開玫瑰堂；在一九二五年開聖瑪加利大堂；在一九三二年開聖德肋撒堂；在一九三七年開聖方濟各堂，此堂於一九五六年重建。到了五十至六十年代，天主教徒人數激增，教會在市區建設了更多的聖堂和小堂這還未計算內陸地區建設的聖堂。
- [from milan to hk 150 years of mission] when missionaries of milan arrived in hk, the catholic church had already been in existence for 17 years. On 22apr1841, hk was established as an apostolic prefecture, independent from the diocese of macao, and the see of the procure of the chinese missions. The catholic community grew significantly through the labor of a handful of chinese priests; missionaries of propaganda fide, the franciscan order, the paris foreign missions and sisters of st paul de chartres. In 1867, propaganda fide awarded the milan missionaries ius commissionis for hk (a missionary mandate entrusting a territory to a single religious order or congregation) - debatably an objectionable instrument for administering a mission territory. After the mandate was issued, the italian missionaries continued to work alongside of numerous other local and foreign catholic clergy and missionary groups. The last foreign bishop to serve HK, italian lorenzo bianchi, sailed from victoria harbour for italy on 19apr1969.
- referendum introduced in 1848; country hailed as model in public involvement in governance
croatia
- Matica hrvatska (Latin: Matrix Croatica) is the oldest independent, non-profit and non-governmental Croatian national institution. It was founded on February 2, 1842 by the Croatian Count Janko Drašković and other prominent members of the Illyrian movement during the Croatian National Revival (1835–1874). Its main goals are to promote Croatian national and cultural identity in the fields of art, science, spiritual creativity, economy and public life as well as to care for social development of Croatia.
- holy trinity bell in Zagreb Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary dates back to 1843
- croatian national museum was founded in 1846 in the time of great national revival, with support of zagreb reading room, matica ilirska and croatian-slavonjian chamber of economy
- cultural product
- August Šenoa (pronounced [aʊ̯ˈɡʊst ʃɛnɔˈaː]; originally Schönoa; 14 November 1838 – 13 December 1881) was a Croatian novelist. He was a transitional figure, who helped bring Croatian literature from Romanticismto Realism and introduced the historical novel to Croatia. Šenoa was one of the most popular Croatian novelists and the author of the popular patriotic song "Živila Hrvatska".He was born in Zagreb, then part of the Habsburg Empire, into a family of Slovak-German origin. His surname was originally spelled Schönoa. His father was Alois Schönoa, and mother was Terezija Rabacs, a Slovakwoman from Budapest. He studied law in Prague. He also lived in Vienna for a while, but returned to Zagreb in 1866. He died in Zagreb at the age of 43.In his novels, he fused national romanticism characterized by buoyant and inventive language with realistic depictions of the growth of the petite bourgeois class.This "father of the Croatian novel" (and modern national literature) is at his best in his mass Cecildemillean scenes and poetic description of oppressed Croatian peasantry, nobility struggling against foreign rule (Venetians, Austrians/Germans and Hungarians) and romanticised period from the 15th to the 18th century. It has become a commonplace phrase that "Šenoa created the Croatian reading public", especially by writing in a popular style.
middle east
- cultural product
- Lakmé is an opera in three acts by Léo Delibes to a French libretto by Edmond Gondinet and Philippe Gille. The score, written from 1881–1882, was first performed on 14 April 1883 by the Opéra-Comique at the (second) Salle Favart in Paris, with stage decorations designed by Auguste Alfred Rubé and Philippe Chaperon (Act I), Eugène Louis Carpezat and (Joseph-)Antoine Lavastre (Act II), and Jean-Baptiste Lavastre (Act III). Set in British India in the mid-19th century, Lakmé is based on Théodore Pavie's story "Les babouches du Brahamane" and novel Le Mariage de Loti by Pierre Loti. The opera includes the popular Flower Duet (Sous le dôme épais) for a soprano and mezzo-soprano, performed in Act 1 by Lakmé, the daughter of a Brahminpriest, and her servant Mallika.[2] The name Lakmé is the French rendition of Sanskrit Lakshmi, the name of the Hindu Goddess of Wealth. The opera's most famous aria is the Bell Song (L'Air des clochettes) in Act 2. Like other French operas of the period, Lakmé captures the ambience of the Orient seen through Western eyes, which was periodically in vogue during the latter part of the 19th century and in line with other operatic works such as Bizet's The Pearl Fishers and Massenet's Le roi de Lahore.[3] The subject of the opera was suggested by Gondinet as a vehicle for the American soprano Marie van Zandt. The Indian fashion brand Lakmé, established in 1952 by the Tata Group and now owned by Hindustan Unilever, is named after the opera.
- Lebanese diaspora refers to Lebanese migrants and their descendants who, whether by choice or coercion, emigrated from Lebanon and now reside in other countries. There are more Lebanese living outside Lebanon (8-14 million),[2] than within (4 million). The majority of the diaspora population consists of Lebanese Christians; however, others are Muslim, Druze, or Jewish. They trace their origin to several waves of Christian emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman Syria.
india
- mahatma (seen in 2019 ITE - 150 years of celebrating the mahatma)
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (/ˈɡɑːndi,
ˈɡændi/; Hindustani: [ˈmoːɦəndaːs ˈkərəmtʃənd ˈɡaːndʱi] ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule.[4] Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā (Sanskrit: "high-souled", "venerable")[5] was applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa[6] and is now used worldwide. In India, he was also called Bapu, a term that he preferred[7] (Gujarati: endearment for father,[8] papa[8][9]), and Gandhi ji, and is known as the Father of the Nation.
- caste
- Martial race was a designation created by army officials of British India after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, where they classified each caste into one of two categories, 'martial' and 'non-martial'. The ostensible reason was that a 'martial race' was typically brave and well-built for fighting,[1] while the 'non-martial races' were those whom the British believed to be unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles. However, an alternative hypothesis is that British-trained Indian soldiers were among those who rebelled in 1857 and thereafter recruitment policy favoured castes which had remained loyal to the British and diminished or abandoned recruitment from the catchment area of the Bengal Army.[2][page needed] The concept already had a precedent in Indian culture as one of the four orders (varnas) in the Vedic social system of Hinduism is known as the Kshatriya, literally "warriors".[3] Brahminswere described as 'the oldest martial community',[4] in the past having two of the oldest regiments, the 1st Brahmans and 3rd Brahmans.Following Indian independence, the Indian government in February 1949 abolished the official application of "martial race" principles with regard to military recruitment.
- people
- Major Sir George Gipps (1791 – 28 February 1847) was Governor of the colony of New South Wales, Australia, for eight years, between 1838 and 1846. His governorship was during a period of great change for New South Wales and Australia, as well as for New Zealand, which was administered as part of New South Wales for much of this period. Settlers at the time were not happy with his move towards responsible government, although contemporaries at the Colonial Office found him to be an able administrator.Gipps was born in 1791 at Ringwould, Kent, England, and was the son of the Rev. George Gipps. He was educated at The King's School, Canterbury, and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.This was a transition time for the settlement of Australia, with moves to bring settlers under the umbrella of responsible government, and associated limitations on land squatters. Gipps was greatly concerned about educational provision in the colony, as well as the implications of the end of transportation.In 1844, less than half of the children in the Colony received any form of education, whether public or private. There was great controversy on whether to continue to subsidise denominational schools, which gave rise to educational sectarianism and was fairly inefficient, or to promote national schools, fully funded by the government. The major objections to any alternative schemes came from the Church of England and the matter was unresolved before he left.One of Gipps' major tasks was to try to keep settler squatters, the Squattocracy, within "boundaries of location" defined previously. A part of his stance, other than that of official policy, derived from the manner in which the settlers treated Aborigines as their lands constantly spread out. Examples of this were the Myall and Waterloo Creek Massacres, where in 1838, 100 – 300 Aboriginal people were massacred on two separate occasions by squatters. This horrified Governor Gipps, and seven men were hanged for their part in the Myall Creek massacre.As a partial result of this, and his inability to suppress vigilantism against Aborigines, in April 1844 Gipps issued regulations which required a licence fee of £10 a year from graziers, limited the area of most stations to 20 square miles (52 km2), and specified that no single licence covered a station capable of depasturing more than 500 head of cattle and 7000 sheep. This brought a storm of protests from the squatters and led to the foundation of the Pastoral Association of New South Wales, the resulting controversy continued until his departure.In 1839, Gipps had his commission altered by Letters Patent and was reappointed as Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over the territory of New South Wales, the new boundaries of which included any land that might be acquired in sovereignty in New Zealand.[1] William Hobson was also appointed Deputy Governor in 1839, and set sail for New Zealand in January 1840. Sydney merchants had been engaging in great speculation in Māori lands. As a result, the day after Hobson's departure, Gipps proclaimed that no title to land henceforth purchased in New Zealand would be recognised unless derived from a Crown grant. This is undoubtedly the origin of a similar provision in Article Two of the Treaty of Waitangi, as part of Hobson's remit for "securing British sovereignty over New Zealand by the negotiation of a Treaty between Māori and the Crown".Until permanent arrangements could be put in place, the New South Wales Legislative Council enacted all applicable New Zealand law, and the New South Wales Land Regulations were also extended to New Zealand. Small grants were also provided, and Gipps provided an advisor and a small military detachment to take control in the possible event of Hobson's incapacity. Most of the day-to-day administration was carried out by Hobson, while Gipps retained control only of matters to do with the Imperial Prerogative. This arrangement ended in May 1841, when New Zealand became a Crown Colony in its own right.Transportation ended in 1843, much to the chagrin of the big landowners, who thus lost a large source of cheap labour. Gipps was largely in favour of free immigration financed by the government, but he also consented to a continuation of the bounty system. There was also a three-year drought, which resulted in a dearth of work for assisted settlers. Land values fell, leading to further vilification of his governorship by large landowners and other interested parties.
australia
- Deniliquin, /dəˈnɪlɪkwɪn/ known locally as "Deni", is a town in the Riverina region of New South Wales close to the border with Victoria. It is the largest town in the Edward River Council local government area. Prior to European settlement, the Aboriginal inhabitants of the Deniliquin area were the Barapa Baraba people. In 1843 the entrepreneur and speculator Benjamin Boyd acquired land in the vicinity of present-day Deniliquin (probably via his agent Augustus Morris). The location was known as The Sandhills, but Boyd (or Morris) named it Deniliquin after 'Denilakoon', a local Aborigine famed for his wrestling prowess.[5] An inn and a punt were established on the site in the period 1845-47 and the town site was surveyed in 1848 and gazetted in 1850. The original Native Police force of Frederick Walkerwas organised at Deniliquin in 1848. Deniliquin Post Office opened on 1 January 1850.
- A ute muster is an Australian festival which brings together large numbers of utes and their owners. These events typically include competitions and other side events, occur annually, and normally last several days and are held in rural and regional areas of Australia and New Zealand. Ute musters are often mis-represented as being attended by yobbos who just like to drink, this is no longer the case, but instead an outlet for enthusiastic ute owners to show off their pride and joy in their vehicles which are personalised with lights, stickers, bull bars, and various after-market add-ons. They are generally held to raise money for towns, charities and local causes, and have run in conjunction with agricultural shows or Bachelor and Spinster Balls which raise money for local charities. The Deniliquin Ute Muster is the largest event of its kind in the world. It is a stand-alone event which began as a celebration of all things Australian and the Aussie icon of the ute, and has developed into a two-day festival, with live music concerts, ute driving competitions, the Australian National Circle Work Championships TM, show and shine arena, and bull ride.
- Bendigo /ˈbɛndɪɡoʊ/ is a city in Victoria, Australia, located near the geographical centre of the state and approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) north west of the state capital, Melbourne.The discovery of gold in the soils of Bendigo during the 1850s made it one of the most significant Victorian era boomtowns in Australia. News of the finds intensified the Victorian gold rush bringing an influx of migrants to the city from around the world within a year and transforming it from a sheep station to a major settlement in the newly proclaimed Colony of Victoria. Once the alluvial gold had been mined out, mining companies were formed to exploit the rich underground quartz reef gold. Since 1851 about 780,000 kilograms (25 million troy ounces) of gold have been extracted from Bendigo's goldmines, making it the highest producing goldfield in Australia in the 19th century and the largest gold mining economy in eastern Australia. It is also notable for its Victorian architectural heritage. The city took its name from the Bendigo Creek and its residents from the earliest days of the goldrush have been called "Bendigonians". Although the town flourished in its beginnings as a result of the discovery of gold, it experienced a reversal of fortune in the early 20th century.The original inhabitants of the Mount Alexander area that includes Greater Bendigo were the Dja Dja Wurrung (Jarra) people, who exploited the rich local hunting grounds. These grounds were eventually noticed by white settlers, who established the first of many vast sheep-runs in 1837. The Mount Alexander North sheep-run was bordered by a creek that came to be known as Bendigo, after a local shepherd nicknamed for the English bare-knuckle prizefighter William Abednego ("Bendigo") Thompson. Gold was discovered in the area in September 1851, just after the other significant goldfields in neighbouring Castlemaine, from where many diggers migrated, bringing the total to 40,000 in less than a year. (Many of these were Chinese, whose descendants are still living in the area.) In 1853, there was a massive protest over the cost of the licence fee for prospectors, though it passed off peacefully, thanks to good diplomacy by police and miners’ leaders. From being a tent-city, the boomtown grew rapidly into a major urban centre with many grand public buildings. The municipality became a borough in 1863, officially known as Sandhurst until 1891, but always unofficially as Bendigo.
new zealand
- historic TV report featuring Hong Kong made imperial dragon Sun Loong, parading in the Central Victorian town of Bendigo. Links between Bendigo and #HongKong stretch back more than 170 years to the Australian gold rush when arriving miners named Bendigo "Dai Gum San" (大金山) or "Big Gold Mountain" https://www.facebook.com/abccentralvictoria/videos/372898610203928/?t=55
- Thomas Sutcliffe Mort (23 December 1816 – 9 May 1878) was an Australian industrialist responsible for improving refrigeration of meat. He was renowned for speculation in the local pastoral industry as well as industrial activities such as his Ice-Works in Sydney's Darling Harbour and dry dock and engineering works at Balmain.Mort was born in Bolton, Lancashire, England in 1816. In 1878, he was associated with the Australian Mutual Provident Society. In 1849, he was one of a committee, which funded a company to promote sugar growing at Moreton Bay. In 1850 Mort was a member of the Sydney Exchange Co, and in 1851 he was a director of the Sydney Railway Co. and was also involved in mining (gold, later also copper and coal) and other enterprises. In the 1850s, he opened Mort's Dockin Sydney, a business that was not as successful as he wished. Mort returned to England for a visit in 1857–59. During that visit he bought many furnishings, pictures and other goods, in particular at a sale of the possessions of the Earl of Shrewsbury. He commissioned the architect Edmund Blacket to build a house to add to his house to display the new possessions. His gallery was open to the public. From 1856, Mort began acquiring land near Moruya on the south coast of New South Wales. In 1860, Mort acquired the Bodalla estate near the mouth of the Tuross River. Mort eventually owned 15,000 hectares (38,000 acres) in the district, a very substantial holding in that fertile area. Bodalla is alleged to have been originally known as 'Boat Alley'. Mort's vision for Bodalla was as a country estate to retire on and to demonstrate model land utilisation and rural settlement. Mort wished to have a tenanted dairy estate run as an integrated whole. Mort replaced the beef cattle that had been farmed there and carried out extensive improvements including clearing land, draining river swamps, erecting fences, laying out farms, sowing imported grasses, and providing milking sheds, cheese and butter-making equipment. Butter and cheese were produced for the Sydney market. By the 1870s, the tenants were disgruntled sharefarmers and the estate was in Mort's control again run as three farms with hired labour. In 1866, Mort expanded his dry dock into an engineering works. Mort offered shares to his employees and in 1875, the company was incorporated with limited liability having been managed beforehand by a committee that included four leading hands. This was one of the earliest attempts at co-operation between capital and labour in Australia, and although the effort at sharing ownership was only partially successful, Mort always had good relations with his employees. Also in the mid-1860s, Mort had been looking at refrigeration as a way of developing manufacturing orders, to ensure better access to the Sydney market for the butter and cheese he was producing at Bodalla and to offset the vulnerability of being exposed to falling wool prices. Mort financed experiments by Eugene Dominic Nicolle, a French born engineer who had arrived in Sydney in 1853 and registered his first ice-making patent in 1861. In 1861 Mort established at Darling Harbour the first freezing works in the world, which afterwards became the New South Wales Fresh Food and Ice Company. The first trial shipment of frozen meat to London was in 1868. Although their machinery was never used in the frozen meat trade, Mort and Nicolle developed commercially viable systems for domestic trade, although the financial return on that investment was not a great success for Mort. As a part of his refrigeration works, Mort developed a large abattoir at Lithgow where sheep and cattle from western New South Wales were slaughtered and refrigerated for later transport. In 1875, to mark his achievements in the refrigeration techniques, Mort arranged a picnic for 300 guests. He organised a special train from Sydney and fed his guests food that had been refrigerated at his plant for over 18 months. Mort was a prominent Anglican layman. He donated the land for St Mark's Church, Darling Point, and commissioned Edmund Blacket to design the church. Mort contributed to the upkeep of the church[3] and also to the building of St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney and St Paul's College, University of Sydney. He was also the founder of Christ Church School in Pitt Street, Sydney.
- hkcd 27apr19 a7
new zealand
- The Treaty of Waitangi (Māori: Te Tiriti o Waitangi) is a treaty first signed on 6 February 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and Māori chiefs (rangatira) from the North Island of New Zealand. It has become a document of central importance to the history, to the political constitution of the state, and to the national mythos of New Zealand, and has played a major role in framing the political relations between New Zealand's government and the Māori population, especially from the late-20th century.
japan
japan
- 陸奧國became a rump state state in 1868
- gregorian calendar replaced lunisolar Chinese calendar that was introduced to Japan via Korea in the middle of the sixth century.
- gregorian calendar replaced lunisolar Chinese calendar that was introduced to Japan via Korea in the middle of the sixth century.
- The Meiji 6 Society (明六社 Meirokusha) was an intellectual society in Meiji period Japan that published social-criticism journal Meiroku Zasshi (明六雑誌 "Meiroku Journal"). Proposed by statesman Mori Arinori in 1873 (six years after the Meiji Restoration) and officially formed on 1 February 1874, the Meirokusha was intended to “promote civilization and enlightenment”, and to introduce western ethics and the elements of western civilization to Japan. It played a prominent role in introducing and popularizing Western ideas during the early Meiji period, through public lectures and through its journal, the Meiroku zasshi. Mori had been impressed by the activities of American educational societies during his stint (1871-1873) as Japan's first envoy to the United States. He was also influenced by Horace Mann's views on universal education. Its original members were Mori Arinori, Nishimura Shigeki, Fukuzawa Yukichi, Kato Hiroyuki, Mitsukuri Rinsho, Mitsukuri Shuhei, Nakamura Masanao, Nishi Amane, Tsuda Mamichi, and Sugi Koji. The society grew to encompass a total of thirty-three members, including Sakatani Shiroshi, Kanda Takahira, Maejima Hisoka, Nagayo Sensai, Tanaka Fujimaro, Tsuda Sen, Ōtsuki Fumihiko, and William Elliot Griffis. This membership thus included some of the most leading educators, bureaucrats, and philosophers of 19th century Japan, from a variety of backgrounds. Most had studied both Confucianism and western philosophy, and most had experience in living abroad.
- Japan silk industry is still renowned for quality. Seiyo, in Ehime, has manufactured silk for about 150 years, and was the birthplace of a soft, luxurious silk produced using a labor- and time-intensive technique.
- ceramic
korea
- Japan silk industry is still renowned for quality. Seiyo, in Ehime, has manufactured silk for about 150 years, and was the birthplace of a soft, luxurious silk produced using a labor- and time-intensive technique.
- ceramic
- asahido (specialty kyo ware/kiyomizu ware store) was founded in 1870 outside the gates of kiyomizu temple
- kyosatsuma ware has intricate and elegant patterns in multiple colors with abundant use of gold over a distinctive creamy beige crackled glaze. Satsuma ware was exhibited at the world fair held in paris (exposition universelle in 1867) and the 1873 world exposition in vienna. Awataguchi was the center of kyosatsuma ware.
korea
- According to Isabella Bird Bishop, a feisty elderly Englishwoman who traveled extensively throughout the Far East in the 1890s, Koreans arrived in Russia in 1863 when 13 families settled in the Russian province. Slowly that number grew. By 1866, there were about 100 families ― all "very poor" and provided cattle and seed by the Russian government. It isn't clear when Koreans started emigrating but Korean documents indicate that in the winter of 1866-67 there were several incidents along the short Russian-Korean border. "Bandits" ― believed to be Koreans ― crossed the Tuman River from Russia and carried away women, children, livestock and family possessions. A group of several hundred bandits ― trying to flee into Russia ― were forced to leave behind a large number of livestock, some 30 cooking stoves, grain and 20 carts. The Joseon government tried to prevent a mass exodus to Russia by fortifying its border. A large number of guard posts were built ― each manned with three or five soldiers ― and a wooden barrier, with small alarm bells that would ring if someone tried to cross, was erected along the banks of the river. According to one of the reports, the defenses were so secure that "even little creatures like flying birds and leaping rabbits could not avoid them." Heungseon Daewongun, the Korean regent and father of the king, proclaimed that he felt alarmed and grieved that the people of the northern province would "abandon the home of their fathers and mothers and flee to a land where the customs and language are strange." He ordered that some of the taxes be abolished or reduced and granted relief aid."During 1869, a year of very great scarcity in Northern Korea, 4,500 Koreans migrated, hunger-driven, into Primorsk, some 3,800 of them being absolutely destitute. These had to be supported, no easy thing, as the territory, only ceded to Russia a few years before, was but a thinly peopled wilderness, and was also suffering from a bad harvest." Russia, at least in the beginning, welcomed the immigrants. The Koreans from the northern provinces were seen as "keen of character," coarse and rough, but honest. They were hard workers and practical. They did not blindly follow orders but tended to question things they did not understand or agree with ― even to the point of becoming obstinate and argumentative. These qualities were appreciated in a frontier environment. It is interesting to note that the Koreans of Seoul were not viewed in a similar manner. They were described as being soft, easily distracted, smooth-tongued and dull-witted. The Koreans in Russia flourished. They quickly learned Russian. It is said that one of the first words they learned was khleb (bread) because of their great fondness for it. When Bishop visited Russia in the mid-1890s, she claimed there were between 16,000 and 18,000 Koreans. Those who had arrived before 1884 could claim Russian citizenship. She was very impressed and noted that on the Russian side of the border: "There are Korean villages, of which prosperity in greater or less degree is a characteristic. The houses are large and well built, and the farmlands are well stocked with domestic animals, the people and children are well clothed, and the village lands carefully cultivated."http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.asp?newsIdx=269848
indonesia
- The Ombilin Coal Mine (formerly PT Tambang Batubara Ombilin (TBO)) is a coal mine near Sawahlunto, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located located in a narrow valley along the Bukit Barisan mountains, among the Polan, Pari and Mato hills, approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Padang. Coal was discovered in the mid-19th century by Ir. de Greve, and mining was pioneered in the area in 1876. The mine is known as the oldest coal mining site in Southeast Asia[1]. Coal was discovered in this area by Dutch engineer WH. De Gereve in 1868. Mining started at the open-pit mine in 1892 after the construction of a railway. In the pre-independence period, coal production peaked in 1930, at more than 620,000 tonnes a year. Prisoners/Ketingganger (Dutch for people in chains) from Java and Sumatra who were transported to the mining site with their legs, hands and necks in chained up, were the main laborers of the mine[3].Coal production in this mining area was able to fulfill 90 percent of the Dutch East Indies’ energy needs. In 1942–1945, the mine was controlled by Japan, and the glory of the mine declined also. In 1945–1958, the mine was managed by the directorate of mining and in 1958–1968, by the bureau of state mining companies. In 1968, it became the Ombilin production unit of the state coal mining company. Production peaked in 1976 at 1,201,846 tonnes per year. Until 2002 it operated as an open-pit mine. After that, only underground mine continues operating.[5] In recent times, CNTIC has invested $100 million to the mine.[6] By 2008, the mine had estimated reserves about 90.3 million tonnes of coking coal, of which 43 million tonnes was mineable.[4] The mine is owned by PT Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam (PTBA) and operated by the China National Technology Import-Export Corporation (CNTIC).
china
- the first museum in china was the xujiahui museum formed by the french missionaries in shanghai in 1868. The museum mainly collected plant specimens. The first public museum set up by the chinese was the nantong museum in jiangsu province, which was funded and built by zhang jian himself
- 紀念甲骨文被發現120年「冷學」迎熱潮http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/10/30/a17-1030.pdf
hk
- built in 1850s; tower added in 1942 when house was used as japanese hq
- banks
- utilities
- notable early settlement
- central market
- western market
- Jamia Mosque (些利街清真寺, lit. Shelley Street Mosque, or 回教清真禮拜總堂) is a mosque at Mid-levels, Hong Kong, China. The mosque is the oldest mosque in Hong Kong. The neighboring streets Mosque Street and Mosque Junction are named after this mosque. Mufti Abdul Zaman is the main Imam of this Mosque and he leads prayers and taraveeh in the month of Ramadan. The mosque was built in 1890 on a piece of land leased by the British Hong Konggovernment.[2][4] The treaty for the land was granted on 23 December 1850. Initially, the mosque was named Mohammedan Mosque. Extension of the building took place in 1915 which made the mosque into a larger building. After World War II, the mosque was renamed Jamia Mosque.[5] It is also known as Lascar Temple.
- the first museum in hk can be dated back to the 1870s when it was established within the city hall (the present sites of the headquarters of hsbc and bank of china building in central). It was financed and managed by forieign merchants, with a collection of books, pictures as well as plant and animal specimens.
- language
reference period/past examples
- edo period 1603-1868
- industrial revolution in uk in 18th and 19th century
- The Ombilin Coal Mine (formerly PT Tambang Batubara Ombilin (TBO)) is a coal mine near Sawahlunto, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located located in a narrow valley along the Bukit Barisan mountains, among the Polan, Pari and Mato hills, approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Padang. Coal was discovered in the mid-19th century by Ir. de Greve, and mining was pioneered in the area in 1876. The mine is known as the oldest coal mining site in Southeast Asia[1]. Coal was discovered in this area by Dutch engineer WH. De Gereve in 1868. Mining started at the open-pit mine in 1892 after the construction of a railway. In the pre-independence period, coal production peaked in 1930, at more than 620,000 tonnes a year. Prisoners/Ketingganger (Dutch for people in chains) from Java and Sumatra who were transported to the mining site with their legs, hands and necks in chained up, were the main laborers of the mine[3].Coal production in this mining area was able to fulfill 90 percent of the Dutch East Indies’ energy needs. In 1942–1945, the mine was controlled by Japan, and the glory of the mine declined also. In 1945–1958, the mine was managed by the directorate of mining and in 1958–1968, by the bureau of state mining companies. In 1968, it became the Ombilin production unit of the state coal mining company. Production peaked in 1976 at 1,201,846 tonnes per year. Until 2002 it operated as an open-pit mine. After that, only underground mine continues operating.[5] In recent times, CNTIC has invested $100 million to the mine.[6] By 2008, the mine had estimated reserves about 90.3 million tonnes of coking coal, of which 43 million tonnes was mineable.[4] The mine is owned by PT Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam (PTBA) and operated by the China National Technology Import-Export Corporation (CNTIC).
china
- the first museum in china was the xujiahui museum formed by the french missionaries in shanghai in 1868. The museum mainly collected plant specimens. The first public museum set up by the chinese was the nantong museum in jiangsu province, which was funded and built by zhang jian himself
- 紀念甲骨文被發現120年「冷學」迎熱潮http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/10/30/a17-1030.pdf
hk
- built in 1850s; tower added in 1942 when house was used as japanese hq
- banks
- 建行（亞洲）百年館藏的史料中，就保存着一份一九四二年四月十六日，廣東銀行向分支機構發送的信函，通告十二處街道更名。其中，建行（亞洲）前身廣東銀行香港總部所在的「德輔道中」更名為東昭和通；彼時洋行雲集的皇后大道中更名為「東明治通」。公函寫道：「本港街名自本月二十日起實行」……「嗣後通信務須依用新街名。」這些珍貴的史料清晰地記錄了二十世紀四十年代，日本侵佔對香港的影響。老街的故事就是一部鮮活的金融發展史。一八四五年東方銀行（The Oriental Bank Corporation）成為第一家進入香港的外資銀行，開設分行的地點就設在德己立街。一九一二年，廣東銀行在德輔道中六號開業，可謂當時最具選址眼光和魄力的中資銀行。緊接着渣打銀行在一九三三年購入德輔道中地盤，建成當時香港最高的建築物渣打銀行大廈；以及滙豐銀行在Wardley Street（編者註：獲多利街，現為「銀行街」Bank Street）營業……這使得港島中環維多利亞城，東以昃臣道（Jackson Road）為界，西至畢打街（Pedder Street），成為香港著名的銀行區。為了不影響各銀行正常運作，當時政府特許，凡是進入這個區域的車輛不能任意鳴笛。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190501/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
- utilities
- hk and china gas was founded in 1862
- 話說大坑明渠簡稱大坑渠，在銅鑼灣南部的大坑，源於畢拿山及渣甸山一帶的溪流，向北流進銅鑼灣海灣；此條水道即為大坑地名來源，然而經歷城市發展及填海工程，大部分水道於上世紀60年代轉為暗渠，僅餘銅鑼灣道至高士威道長約200米的一段屬人工露天渠道，毗鄰銅鑼灣運動場及皇仁書院；渠道上方有一條很窄的橋，俗稱「桂河橋」。此一明渠上游早於上世紀60年代已覆蓋為浣紗街，僅餘大坑明渠亦於2009年11月起，由渠務署投資2,400萬港元改善計劃，包括明渠覆蓋、擴闊行人通道及綠化園境等；2013年8月工程完成，解決大坑明渠所帶來氣味問題，亦成為大坑的新地標火龍徑（Fire Dragon Path），為大坑添置具有特色的休閒空間；於中秋節舞火龍為大坑傳統，且此項活動於2011年獲得列為中國國家級非物質文化遺產，成為標誌性文化活動，新行人通道命名為火龍徑。開埠早期的銅鑼灣道原為筲箕灣道其中一段，對出乃銅鑼灣海面，原為一條有水由山上流至山下的溪流，匯合南面的畢拿山各條支流，流進維多利亞港；由於下游聚集不少洗衣工人清洗衣物，溪流將石塊移走，放在一旁，遂形成大坑；開埠初期大水坑兩旁聚居過千名客家；住在大坑村逾80年的老婦，早於二戰前就在水坑旁賣糯米飯；在浣紗街近光明台，上世紀40至50年代為大水坑上游，有多個番衣氹水流急速，上有瀑布飛瀉，村民乃至附近洗衣工場在此洗衣；逢夏日有不少村民到來游泳，常有泳客遇溺死亡。從1899年港府工務局報告可一窺往昔情狀：大坑河道底部多年來，為洗衣工人之用，他們建造粗糙盛水缸，將河道的石塊移至旁邊，水缸建在河道，污水由上向下流，下層聚集污水，清水未流到最底層，港府在河上的水堤下建造水堤，以下設有一列建造清洗池，水堤以上嚴禁清洗物件，以確保清水可供應清洗池；清洗池共20個，由石與磚組成，再加水泥建造，去水亦有安排，上世紀60年代港府築路，一直有人在洗衣物，稱為浣紗街；初期浣紗街仍有水溝，後密封成如今模樣；皇仁書院旁後巷為一石橋懸於大坑，自2011年渠務處作渠務工程才圍封，大坑歷史憑證亦消失。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/06/15/b09-0615.pdf
- notable business
- [g chambers] lane crawford was established on the waterfront in 1850.
- Tsang Tai Uk (曾大屋), also known as Shan Ha Wai ("Walled Village at the Mountain's Foot"), is a Hakka walled village in Hong Kong,[1] and one of the best preserved. The complex is located in Sha Tin close to the south of Pok Hong Estate, near Lion Rock Tunnel Road.
- central market
- [central and western heritage trail map published by antiquities and monument office] as early as 1842, a market was already opened by the chinese living in the neighbourhood. The well-equipped central market, built in bauhaus style between 1938 and 1939, became the most modern market that time.
- western market
- [central and western heritage trail map published by antiquities and monument office] initially a very shabby market, the western market came into business in sept 1844. It was leased from the government by merchants in central and sheung wan districts. The south block of the western market was built in 1858. In 1906 a new block called the north block (built in gothic and baroque styles, with red bricks and a granite foundation) was annexed to the market when the harbour office on the waterfront to the north of the market was relocated. The south block of the western market was replaced by sheung wan complex in 1981.
- did not receive any special support from colonial government, being subject to land taxes and relying on its own resources to build its mission house and its first church on wellington street
- it was only toward the end of 1860s that the mission succeeded in having their land tax reduced from $280 to $50.
- Jamia Mosque (些利街清真寺, lit. Shelley Street Mosque, or 回教清真禮拜總堂) is a mosque at Mid-levels, Hong Kong, China. The mosque is the oldest mosque in Hong Kong. The neighboring streets Mosque Street and Mosque Junction are named after this mosque. Mufti Abdul Zaman is the main Imam of this Mosque and he leads prayers and taraveeh in the month of Ramadan. The mosque was built in 1890 on a piece of land leased by the British Hong Konggovernment.[2][4] The treaty for the land was granted on 23 December 1850. Initially, the mosque was named Mohammedan Mosque. Extension of the building took place in 1915 which made the mosque into a larger building. After World War II, the mosque was renamed Jamia Mosque.[5] It is also known as Lascar Temple.
- according to the central and western heritage trail map published by antiquities and monument office, the mosque was built in 1849
- the first museum in hk can be dated back to the 1870s when it was established within the city hall (the present sites of the headquarters of hsbc and bank of china building in central). It was financed and managed by forieign merchants, with a collection of books, pictures as well as plant and animal specimens.
- language
- 罗存德，Wilhelm Lobscheid（1822年-1893年），基督教中华传道会传教士，德国籍。罗存德在1848年到香港传福音，于1853年成为香港的中国福音传道会的主要负责人。他曾编写过《英话文法小引》及《英华行箧便览》。1866年，罗存德在香港出版一部两卷本的《英华字典》，可算是香港最早的双语字典。
reference period/past examples
- edo period 1603-1868
- industrial revolution in uk in 18th and 19th century
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