etymology
- We should not confuse the modern notion of the state with the ancient notion of the fatherland (patris - πατρίς in ancient Greek). The modern state is defined as a space that possesses the following: a permanent population, a defined territory and a government that is capable of maintaining effective control over the corresponding territory and of conducting International relations with other states (Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 1933) The ancient Greek term πατρίς (patris) literally means “fatherland, country” and is used numerous times in ancient Greek texts to describe the country of the Greeks: Perseus Search Results for “πατρίς”. Ελλάς (Hellas) is the ancient general name for all lands inhabited by the Έλληνες (Hellenes), including mainland Greece, Ionia (modern western Turkey), Strabo: “The Aegean Sea waters two sides of Greece” (Strabo, “Geography”, 7.7) etc., Hdt.1.92, Th.1.3, X. An. 6.5.23, etc.; “οὔθ᾽Ἑλλάς οὔτ᾽ ἄγλωσσος” S. Tr. 1060: hence ἡ ἀρχαία Ἑλλάς, (Old Greece), Plu.Tim.37; ἡ μεγάλη Ἑλλάς, Magna Graecia (Southern Italy and Sicily), Plb.2.39.1, Ath.12.523e, Str. 6.1.2, and including Epirus and Macedonia: Strabo, "Geography", VII, Frg. 9: “Macedonia, of course, is a part of Greece.” Modern Greece is significantly smaller than ancient Greece, having lost Ionia which is modern western Turkey, northern Epirus which is modern southern Albania and Magna Graecia which is now southern Italy.https://www.quora.com/Why-do-we-have-the-term-ancient-Greece-if-Greece-does-not-exist-like-a-country-until-the-XIX-century
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-terms-Greece-and-Greeks-used-by-the-ancients-in-ancient-history-when-Greece-didn-t-exist-as-a-unified-republic-until-1832-A-D
- https://www.quora.com/What-do-we-call-the-last-period-of-Ancient-Greece-before-they-were-conquered-by-the-Romans
Akrotiri (Greek: Ακρωτήρι, pronounced Greek: [akroˈtiri]) was a Cycladic Bronze Age settlement on the volcanic Greek island of Santorini (Thera).The settlement was destroyed in the Theran eruption sometime in the 16th century BC and buried in volcanic ash, which preserved the remains of fine frescoes and many objects and artworks. The settlement has been suggested as a possible inspiration for Plato's story of Atlantis. Akrotiri has been excavated since 1967.
Asine (/ˈæsɪniː/; Ancient Greek: Ἀσίνη) was an ancient Greek city of ancient Argolis, located on the coast. It is mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad as one of the places subject to Diomedes, king of Argos. It is said to have been founded by the Dryopes, who originally dwelt on Mount Parnassus. In one of the early wars (740 BCE) between the Lacedaemonians and the Argives, the Asinaeans joined the former when they invaded the Argive territory under their king Nicander; but as soon as the Lacedaemonians returned home, the Argives laid siege to Asine and razed it to the ground, sparing only the temple of the Pythaëus Apollo. The Asinaeans escaped by sea; and the Lacedaemonians gave to them, after the end of the First Messenian War, a portion of the Messenian territory, where they built a new town (also named Asine). Nearly ten centuries after the destruction of the city its ruins were visited by Pausanias, who found the temple of Apollo still standing.Its site is located near the modern Tolon. Excavations made from 1922 by Swedish archaeologists led by Axel W. Persson (and involving the then Crown Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden) found the acropolis of ancient Asine surrounded by a Cyclopean wall (much modified in the Hellenistic era) and a Mycenaean era necropolis with many Mycenaean chamber tombs containing skeletal remains and grave goods. Excavations have continued since the 1920s almost continuously under the Swedish Institute at Athens. The site was last used as a fortified position by Italian troops during the second world war when machine gun nests were built.
- the panagia asinou church, nikitari village, cyprus got its name from the 11th BC greek city asine
- Ostracism comes from the Greek noun ὀστρακισμός (ostrakismos), which comes from the verb ὀστρακίζειν (ostrakizein) and the suffix -ισμός (-ismos). Ὀστρακίζειν comes from ὄστρακον (ostrakon), a noun of uncertain origin that denoted clay vessels, their fragments/shards, and the shells of various animals (tortoises, snails). Ostracism was an annual public vote in ancient Athens. Each citizen cast a vote with the name of the person he considered dangerous for the democratic regime, and the “winner” got banished from the city for 10 years. The details of ostracism (election threshold etc.) are not clear, but the procedure was obviously a preemptive measure intending to pluck potential tyrants before it was too late — not a punishment.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-etymology-of-ostracism
- The ancient Agora of Athens (also called the Classical Agora) is the best-known example of an ancient Greek agora, located to the northwest of the Acropolis and bounded on the south by the hill of the Areopagus and on the west by the hill known as the Agoraios Kolonos, also called Market Hill. The Agora's initial use was for a commercial, assembly, or residential gathering place.
- 考古學家早年在希臘古雅典阿哥拉（Ancient Agora of Athens）遺址，出土一個外層刻滿銘文的陶瓷罐，歷史可追溯至2,321年前。美國耶魯大學的專家近日發表研究報告，指容器上的銘文中包含55個人名，而容器內藏有鐵釘及遭肢解幼雞的骨頭，相信是要詛咒名列當中的人。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210603/00180_065.html
- people
- Solon (Greek: Σόλων Sólōn [só.lɔːn]; c. 630 – c. 560 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short-term, yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy. He wrote poetry for pleasure, as patriotic propaganda, and in defence of his constitutional reforms. Modern knowledge of Solon is limited by the fact that his works only survive in fragments and appear to feature interpolations by later authors and by the general paucity of documentary and archaeological evidence covering Athens in the early 6th century BC.[6] Ancient authors such as Herodotus and Plutarch are the main sources, but wrote about Solon long after his death. 4th-century orators, such as Aeschines, tended to attribute to Solon all the laws of their own, much later times.Solon was born in Athens around 630 BC. His family was distinguished in Attica as they belonged to a noble or Eupatrid clan, although they possessed only moderate wealth.[8] Solon's father was probably Execestides. If so his lineage could be traced back to Codrus, the last King of Athens. According to Diogenes Laërtius, he had a brother named Dropides who was an ancestor (six generations removed) of Plato.[10] According to Plutarch, Solon was related to the tyrant Peisistratos, for their mothers were cousins. Solon was eventually drawn into the unaristocratic pursuit of commerce.When Athens and Megara were contesting the possession of Salamis, Solon was made leader of the Athenian forces. After repeated disasters, Solon was able to improve the morale of his troops through a poem he wrote about the island. Supported by Peisistratos, he defeated the Megarians either by means of a cunning trick or more directly through heroic battle around 595 BC. The Megarians, however, refused to give up their claim. The dispute was referred to the Spartans, who eventually awarded possession of the island to Athens on the strength of the case that Solon put to them.According to Diogenes Laertius, in 594 BC, Solon was chosen archon, or chief magistrate. As archon, Solon discussed his intended reforms with some friends. Knowing that he was about to cancel all debts, these friends took out loans and promptly bought some land. Suspected of complicity, Solon complied with his own law and released his own debtors, amounting to 5 talents (or 15 according to some sources). His friends never repaid their debts.After he had finished his reforms, he travelled abroad for ten years, so that the Athenians could not induce him to repeal any of his laws. His first stop was Egypt. There, according to Herodotus, he visited the Pharaoh of Egypt, Amasis II. According to Plutarch, he spent some time and discussed philosophy with two Egyptian priests, Psenophis of Heliopolis and Sonchis of Sais.[21] According to Plato's dialogues, Timaeus and Critias, he visited Neith's temple at Sais and received from the priests there an account of the history of Atlantis. Next, Solon sailed to Cyprus, where he oversaw the construction of a new capital for a local king, in gratitude for which the king named it Soloi.Solon's travels finally brought him to Sardis, capital of Lydia. According to Herodotus and Plutarch, he met with Croesus and gave the Lydian king advice, which Croesus failed to appreciate until it was too late. Croesus had considered himself to be the happiest man alive and Solon had advised him, "Count no man happy until he be dead." The reasoning was that at any minute, fortune might turn on even the happiest man and make his life miserable. It was only after he had lost his kingdom to the Persian king Cyrus, while awaiting execution, that Croesus acknowledged the wisdom of Solon's advice.After his return to Athens, Solon became a staunch opponent of Peisistratos. In protest, and as an example to others, Solon stood outside his own home in full armour, urging all who passed to resist the machinations of the would-be tyrant. His efforts were in vain. Solon died shortly after Peisistratos usurped by force the autocratic power that Athens had once freely bestowed upon him.[24] Solon died in Cyprus at the age of 80 and, in accordance with his will, his ashes were scattered around Salamis, the island where he was born. The travel writer Pausanias listed Solon among the seven sages whose aphorisms adorned Apollo's temple in Delphi. Stobaeus in the Florilegium relates a story about a symposium where Solon's young nephew was singing a poem of Sappho's; Solon, upon hearing the song, asked the boy to teach him to sing it. When someone asked, "Why should you waste your time on it?" Solon replied ἵνα μαθὼν αὐτὸ ἀποθάνω, "So that I may learn it before I die." Ammianus Marcellinus, however, told a similar story about Socrates and the poet Stesichorus, quoting the philosopher's rapture in almost identical terms: "ut aliquid sciens amplius e vita discedam", meaning "in order to leave life knowing a little more".
- Solon's laws were inscribed on large wooden slabs or cylinders attached to a series of axles that stood upright in the Prytaneion. These axones appear to have operated on the same principle as a Lazy Susan, allowing both convenient storage and ease of access. Originally the axones recorded laws enacted by Draco in the late 7th Century (traditionally 621 BC). Nothing of Draco's codification has survived except for a law relating to homicide, yet there is consensus among scholars that it did not amount to anything like a constitution. Solon repealed all Draco's laws except those relating to homicide. During his visit to Athens, Pausanias, the 2nd century AD geographer reported that the inscribed laws of Solon were still displayed by the Prytaneion.Before Solon's reforms, the Athenian state was administered by nine archons appointed or elected annually by the Areopagus on the basis of noble birth and wealth. The Areopagus comprised former archons and it therefore had, in addition to the power of appointment, extraordinary influence as a consultative body. The nine archons took the oath of office while ceremonially standing on a stone in the agora, declaring their readiness to dedicate a golden statue if they should ever be found to have violated the laws.[63][64]There was an assembly of Athenian citizens (the Ekklesia) but the lowest class (the Thetes) was not admitted and its deliberative procedures were controlled by the nobles.[65] There therefore seemed to be no means by which an archon could be called to account for breach of oath unless the Areopagus favoured his prosecution. According to the Constitution of the Athenians, Solon legislated for all citizens to be admitted into the Ekklesia[66] and for a court (the Heliaia) to be formed from all the citizens. The Heliaia appears to have been the Ekklesia, or some representative portion of it, sitting as a jury. By giving common people the power not only to elect officials but also to call them to account, Solon appears to have established the foundations of a true republic. However some scholars have doubted whether Solon actually included the Thetes in the Ekklesia, this being considered too bold a move for any aristocrat in the archaic period. Ancient sources credit Solon with the creation of a Council of Four Hundred, drawn from the four Athenian tribes to serve as a steering committee for the enlarged Ekklesia. However, many modern scholars have doubted this also. There is consensus among scholars that Solon lowered the requirements – those that existed in terms of financial and social qualifications – which applied to election to public office. The Solonian constitution divided citizens into four political classes defined according to assessable property a classification that might previously have served the state for military or taxation purposes only. The standard unit for this assessment was one medimnos (approximately 12 gallons) of cereals and yet the kind of classification set out below might be considered too simplistic to be historically accurate. 按財産的擁有量將公民分爲4個等級，其政治權力按照財産來決定。五百桶戶：意指有五百「模底」（medimnoi）的人，即其地產可生產五百個模底以上農產品的人。hippeis：意指騎士，即有能力飼養一隻馬的人，其地產可生產三百至五百個模底農產品的人，他們在戰爭時擔當騎兵。以上兩階層的人有資格擔任城邦執政官。zeugitai：套軛的人，即有軛牲的階級，意指可套上雙軛，穿上裝甲擔當步兵的人，又或者代表可提供一對上軛公牛的人，其地產可生產二百至三百個模底的農產品，他們在戰爭時擔當重甲步兵（Hoplite）。這一階層的人可以參選四百人會議。thetes：意指僱工階級，其收入不足二百個模底，至少有半數以上的公民隸屬於此一階級，在戰爭時擔當輕裝步兵及艦隊槳手。這一階層的人參與公民大會。廢除德拉古制定的殘酷法律，只保留關於謀殺的部分。在戰神山會議之外設立四百人會議管理城邦。每一個階級的公民皆可任陪審員。
- Solon's reforms can thus be seen to have taken place at a crucial period of economic transition, when a subsistence rural economy increasingly required the support of a nascent commercial sector. The specific economic reforms credited to Solon are these:Fathers were encouraged to find trades for their sons; if they did not, there would be no legal requirement for sons to maintain their fathers in old age; Foreign tradesmen were encouraged to settle in Athens; those who did would be granted citizenship, provided they brought their families with them; Cultivation of olives was encouraged; the export of all other fruits was prohibited; competitiveness of Athenian commerce was promoted through revision of weights and measures, possibly based on successful standards already in use elsewhere, such as Aegina or Euboia or, according to the ancient account but unsupported by modern scholarship, Argos.
- Anytus (/ˈænɪtəs/; Greek: Ἄνυτος Ánytos; c. 5th–4th century BCE), son of Anthemion, was anancient Athenian politician. He served as a general in the Peloponnesian War, and was later a leading supporter of the democratic movements in Athens opposed to the oligarchic forces behind the Thirty Tyrants. He is best remembered as one of the prosecutors of the philosopher Socrates, and is depicted as an interlocutor in Plato's Meno.
Demosthenes (/dɪˈmɒs.θəniːz/; Greek: Δημοσθένης, romanized: Dēmosthénēs; Attic Greek: [dɛːmosˈtʰenɛːs]; 384 – 12 October 322 BC) was a Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and provide an insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC. Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators. He delivered his first judicial speeches at the age of 20, in which he argued effectively to gain from his guardians what was left of his inheritance. For a time, Demosthenes made his living as a professional speech-writer (logographer) and a lawyer, writing speeches for use in private legal suits.Demosthenes grew interested in politics during his time as a logographer, and in 354 BC he gave his first public political speeches. He went on to devote his most productive years to opposing Macedon's expansion. He idealized his city and strove throughout his life to restore Athens' supremacy and motivate his compatriots against Philip II of Macedon. He sought to preserve his city's freedom and to establish an alliance against Macedon, in an unsuccessful attempt to impede Philip's plans to expand his influence southward by conquering all the other Greek states.After Philip's death, Demosthenes played a leading part in his city's uprising against the new king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great. However, his efforts failed and the revolt was met with a harsh Macedonian reaction. To prevent a similar revolt against his own rule, Alexander's successor in this region, Antipater, sent his men to track Demosthenes down. Demosthenes took his own life, to avoid being arrested by Archias of Thurii, Antipater's confidant.
- [the cambridge encyclopedia 4th ed 2000] thoroughly defeated at chaeronea (338bc)
比提尼亞 Bithynia (/bɪˈθɪniə/; Koine Greek: Βιθυνία, Bithynía) was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine Sea. Bithynia was an independent kingdom from the 4th century BC. Its capital Nicomediawas rebuilt on the site of ancient Astacus in 264 BC by Nicomedes I of Bithynia. Bithynia was bequeathed to the Roman Republic in 74 BC, and became united with the Pontus region as the province of Bithynia et Pontus. In the 7th century it was incorporated into the Byzantine Opsikion theme. It became a border region to the Seljuk Empire in the 13th century, and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turksbetween 1325 and 1333.Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara): Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Ciusand Apamea. Bithynia also contained Nicaea, noted for being the birthplace of the Nicene Creed. The valleys towards the Black Sea abound in fruit trees of all kinds, such as oranges, while the valley of the Sangarius and the plains near Bursa and Iznik (Nicaea) are fertile and well cultivated. Extensive plantations of mulberry trees supply the silk for which Bursa has long been celebrated, and which is manufactured there on a large scale.
- Damalis (Ancient Greek: Δάμαλις) was a coastal town of ancient Bithynia located on the Bosphorus near Chrysopolis. Polybius calls the town Bus or Bous (Βοῦς). According to Greek mythology, Io landed when she crossed the strait. The name Damalis means 'heifer', and Arrian, quoted by Eustathius, has a story about it. Its site is located at Kızkule in Asiatic Turkey.
- The red heifer (Hebrew: פָּרָה אֲדֻמָּה; para adumma) (female bovine which is never pregnant or milked or yoked), also known as the red cow, was a cow brought to the priests as a sacrifice according to the Torah, and its ashes were used for the ritual purification of Tum'at HaMet ("the impurity of the dead"), that is, an Israelite who had come into contact with a corpse.The red heifer ritual is described in the Book of Numbers. 按照犹太传统，从摩西时代直到第二圣殿被毁灭，实际上只有9只红小母牛被屠宰。摩西预备了第一只，以斯拉预备了第二只。这种动物绝对罕见，又与神秘的仪式相结合，红色小母牛在犹太传统中具有特殊地位。希望重建圣殿的现代的犹太人努力找到洁净仪式所需要的红色的母牛并重新仪式。
- note that Damalis Δάμαλις means heifer 小母牛 - mentioned in hebrews ch9 v13
- heifer 小母牛 is also a charity patroned by among others, antony
維奧蒂亞州Boeotia, sometimes alternatively Latinised as Boiotia or Beotia (/biːˈoʊʃ(i)ə/ bee-OH-sh(ee-)ə; Greek: Βοιωτία, Modern: [vi.oˈti.a], Ancient: [bojjɔːtí.a]; modern transliteration Voiotía or Viotía), formerly known as Cadmeis, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its largest city is Thebes.Boeotia was also a region of ancient Greece, from before the 6th century BC.The origin of the name "Boeotians" may lie in the mountain Boeon in Epirus.The earliest inhabitants of Boeotia, associated with the city of Orchomenus, were called Minyans. Pausanias mentions that Minyans established the maritime Ionian city of Teos, and occupied the islands of Lemnos and Thera. The Argonauts were sometimes referred to as Minyans. Also, according to legend the citizens of Thebes paid an annual tribute to their king Erginus.[3] The Minyans may have been proto-Greek speakers. Although most scholars today agree that the Myceneans descended from the Minyans of the Middle Helladic period, they believe that the progenitors and founders of Minyan culture were an indigenous people.[4] The early wealth and power of Boeotia is shown by the reputation and visible Mycenean remains of several of its cities, especially Orchomenus and Thebes.Some toponyms and the common Aeolic dialect indicate that the Boeotians were related to the Thessalians. Traditionally, the Boeotians are said to have originally occupied Thessaly, the largest fertile plain in Greece, and to have been dispossessed by the north-western Thessalians two generations after the Fall of Troy (1200 BC). They moved south and settled in another rich plain, while others filtered across the Aegean and settled on Lesbos and in Aeolis in Asia Minor. Others are said to have stayed in Thessaly, withdrawing into the hill country and becoming the perioikoi, ("dwellers around").[5] Boeotia was an early member of the oldest Amphictyonic League (Anthelian), a religious confederacy of related tribes, despite its distance from the League's original home in Anthela.Although they included great men such as Pindar, Hesiod, Epaminondas, Pelopidas, and Plutarch, the Boeotian people were portrayed as proverbially dull by the Athenians (cf. Boeotian ears incapable of appreciating music or poetry and Hog-Boeotians, Cratinus.310).Many ancient Greek legends originated or are set in this region. The older myths took their final form during the Mycenean age (1600–1200 BC) when the Mycenean Greeks established themselves in Boeotia and the city of Thebes became an important centre. Many of them are related to the myths of Argos, and others indicate connections with Phoenicia, where the Mycenean Greeks and later the Euboean Greeks established trading posts.
- Thespiae (/ˈθɛspi.iː/ THESP-ee-ee; Ancient Greek: Θεσπιαί, romanized: Thespiaí) was an ancient Greek city (polis) in Boeotia. It stood on level ground commanded by the low range of hills which run eastward from the foot of Mount Helicon to Thebes, near modern Thespies.In the history of ancient Greece, Thespiae was one of the cities of the federal league known as the Boeotian League. Several traditions agree that the Boeotians were a people expelled from Thessaly some time after the mythical Trojan War, and who colonised the Boeotian plain over a series of generations, of which the occupation of Thespiae formed a later stage.[2](pp76-78) Other traditions suggest that they were of Mycenean origin.
- Citizens of Thespiae are called Thespians. The common noun thespian meaning "actor" comes from the legendary first actor named Thespis, and not the city. Both Thespis and Thespiae, however, are derived from the noun θέσπις (théspis, "divine inspiration").
Caryae or Karyai (Ancient Greek: Καρυαί) was a town in ancient Laconia, near the border with Arcadia. It was situated on the road from Tegea to Sparta. Caryae had a sanctuary of Artemis, where the Lacedaemonian maidens held chorus dances.[6] The caryatids, sculpted female figures used in architecture, were probably named after these maidens from Caryae. The modern village Karyes was named after this ancient town.
- A caryatid (/ˌkæriˈætɪd/ KARR-ee-AT-id; Greek: Καρυάτις, plural: Καρυάτιδες) is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head. The Greek term karyatides literally means "maidens of Karyai", an ancient town of Peloponnese. Karyai had a temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis in her aspect of Artemis Karyatis: "As Karyatis she rejoiced in the dances of the nut-tree village of Karyai, those Karyatides, who in their ecstatic round-dance carried on their heads baskets of live reeds, as if they were dancing plants".
An atlas or telamon is a male version of a caryatid, i.e. a sculpted male statue serving as an architectural support of a column. Some of the earliest known examples were found in the treasuries of Delphi, including that of Siphnos, dating to the 6th century BC. However, their use as supports in the form of women can be traced back even earlier, to ritual basins, ivory mirror handles from Phoenicia, and draped figures from archaic Greece.The best-known and most-copied examples are those of the six figures of the Caryatid Porch of the Erechtheion on the Acropolis at Athens. One of those original six figures, removed by Lord Elgin in the early 19th century, is now in the British Museum in London. The Acropolis Museum holds the other five figures, which are replaced onsite by replicas. The five originals that are in Athens are now being exhibited in the new Acropolis Museum, on a special balcony that allows visitors to view them from all sides. The pedestal for the Caryatid removed to London remains empty. From 2011 to 2015, they were cleaned by a specially constructed laser beam, which removed accumulated soot and grime without harming the marble's patina. Each Caryatid was cleaned in place, with a television circuit relaying the spectacle live to museum visitors.女像柱該原文的術語──Καρυάτις──其目前起源尚不清楚。這一希臘字彙首先由羅馬建築師維特魯威以拉丁語形態caryatides所記錄的；其後輾轉進入英文轉變成為了Caryatid這樣的寫法。維特魯威在他於西元前一世紀的作品《建築十書》（第一卷·第一章·第五節）中就陳述說厄瑞克忒翁神廟的女性形像柱子代表了卡里埃女性的懲罰，這是一座於拉科尼亞境內靠近斯巴達的一個小鎮，這些女孩會被遭受到懲處緣故是在波希戰爭之中，這座小鎮與波斯站在同一陣線而背叛雅典，其後他們被判處以奴隸制。
- hkej 13nov19 picture xi jin ping beside the caryatid statue during his visit to greece in nov19
- 據史料記載，中國出現公共浴池的年 代應在北宋初年，似乎距讓恩格斯讚嘆的希臘 文明遙遠了些，那應該是人類文明的起源，至 今仍讓我們感到心靈的震撼和由衷的嘆服。 在古希臘文明起源最早的克里特島上，考 古發掘發現了至今五千年左右的科羅索斯王宮 的遺址，在這個王宮遺址中發現了人類最早的 城市供水系統，包括從引水渠到城市供水的分 水管網，儲存水、污水與雨水的排水設施。其 中最能體現人類文明發展的是超過一千三百間 房間內，發現了浴室和水沖廁所，這是人類迄 今為止發現最早的浴室和水沖廁所，也是世界 城市水利追溯最早的源頭。 引水渠、水井、收集利用雨水的蓄水池， 作為城市供水末端設置的噴泉以及公共浴池， 沖水廁所，是古希臘文明的重要內容。 古希臘人為什麼那麼重視洗浴文化？至今 未有明確的定論，但浴場文化實實在在地凝聚 了古希臘人的聰明才智和創造力。 從雅典驅車向北，穿越蒼山翠嶺，綠樹城 鎮，再往西北行是阿爾巴尼亞，這裏有座古希 臘時期的古城──布特林特，依山傍水，恬靜 悠閒，那一座座白色的古老建築不是現代房 舍，而是幾千年前遺留下來的歷史印記，古希 臘、古羅馬時代的石頭文化。很難想像，公元 前八百年前後，這個現在看着偏僻甚至有些冷 清的小城，從前是何等繁榮興旺？可惜沒能留 下一張 「清明上河圖」 來佐證，但它卻留下了 一片 「石頭圖」 、 「石頭城」 。布特林特遺留 下古羅馬時代的三處公共浴室，最大的一處公 共浴室，四面用白條石砌起，呈長方形；觀其 留下的柱礎，很可能是一處室內浴池。每隔十 米左右就有一個粗大的灰石羅馬柱，有的柱礎 上還刻有花紋和圖案。那座浴池砌得中規中 矩，像一個標準的游泳池，讓我驚訝的是浴池 的池底呈一邊高一邊低，由高逐漸向低延伸， 放上水後，自然分出深水區、淺水區，深水區 下竟然設有石階石櫈，淺水區中設有平躺搓澡 用的平台，這真是二千八百年前的公共浴池？http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210319/PDF/b6_screen.pdf
- people
- people
- In Greek mythology, Idomeneus (/aɪˈdɒmɪniəs/; Greek: Ἰδομενεύς) was a Cretan commander, father of Orsilochus, Cleisithyra and Iphiclus, son of Deucalion and Cleopatra, grandson of Minos and king of Crete. He led the Cretan armies to the Trojan War and was also one of Helen's suitors as well as a comrade of the Telamonian Ajax. Meriones was his charioteer and brother-in-arms.
- Idomeneo, re di Creta ossia Ilia e Idamante (Italian for Idomeneus, King of Crete, or, Ilia and Idamante; usually referred to simply as Idomeneo, K. 366) is an Italian language opera seria by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The libretto was adapted by Giambattista Varesco from a French text by Antoine Danchet, based on a 1705 play by Crébillion père, which had been set to music by André Campra as Idoménée in 1712. Mozart and Varesco were commissioned in 1780 by Karl Theodor, Elector of Bavaria for a court carnival. He probably chose the subject, though it may have been Mozart. The work premiered on 29 January 1781 at the Cuvilliés Theatre in Munich, Germany
Ephesus (/ˈɛfəsəs/; Greek: Ἔφεσος Ephesos; Turkish: Efes; may ultimately derive from Hittite Apasa) was an ancient Greekcity on the coast of Ionia, three kilometres southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey. It was built in the 10th century BC on the site of the former Arzawan capital by Attic and Ionian Greek colonists. During the Classical Greek era it was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League. The city flourished after it came under the control of the Roman Republic in 129 BC. The city was famed for the nearby Temple of Artemis (completed around 550 BC), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Among many other monumental buildings are the Library of Celsus, and a theatre capable of holding 25,000 spectators. Ephesus was one of the seven churches of Asia that are cited in the Book of Revelation. The Gospel of John may have been written here. The city was the site of several 5th century Christian Councils (see Council of Ephesus). The city was destroyed by the Goths in 263, and although rebuilt, the city's importance as a commercial centre declined as the harbour was slowly silted up by the Küçükmenderes River. It was partially destroyed by an earthquake in 614 AD.
- The Basilica of St. John was a basilica in Ephesus. It was constructed by Justinian I in the 6th century. It stands over the believed burial site of John the Apostle. It was modeled after the now lost Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.
- temple of artemis
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-most-interesting-historical-fact-you-know-off-the-top-of-your-head
- A pesar de varias revueltas (1854, 1878), la turcocracia en Epiro terminó el 21 de febrero de 1913 con la toma de la ciudad de Ioánina y la anexión de la región por Grecia. Esta región ha sufrido particularmente de la guerra civil que es se prolongó hasta 1949, entre monárquicos y comunistas.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Troy-not-called-Ilium-in-the-Iliad In the Iliad — i.e. in the original Greek — the city, in fact, is always referred to as Ilium (in more direct transliteration: Ilion). The people who live in Ilium are the Troes, i.e.”Trojans”. The territory of the Troes is called Troia (in English normally written “Troy”.There is a bit of a problem here, as this is not something poetic invented by the ancient Greeks just to bedevil modern readers. Troes is the name of a tribe or, to use the Greek term, an ethnos; and Troia is the territory of the ethnos and, as it happens, the territory is named after the ethnos. Thus from the classical period the ethnos of the Boiotoi lives in Boiotia; and the Thessaloi(Petthaloi for the purists) live in Thessalia (Petthalia); and so on. So much is in order then. The Troes are a tribe, and the territory which they hold is named Troia after them. And this is a so-called “tribe-state” or “league-state” or “federal-league” or however you wish to translate ethnos into English. A classical ethnos is one type of Greek state; the other basic type is the polis.So, the fight is about a city, a polis, namely Ilion. It is mildly incongruous that the poets keep singing of an ethnos called the Troes who inhabit the polis of Ilion, but there you have it. It’s the sort of incongruous compromise that you get when poets keep reworking material for many centuries. English, however, resolved the problem by calling the city “Troy” and then naming the people the “Trojans” after the city. That brought matters into line with “Corinth” and “Corinthians” or “Athens” and “Athenians”.
- https://www.quora.com/Were-the-Trojans-from-Homeric-Troy-ethnic-Greeks
Illyria (/ɪˈlɪəriə/; Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυρία, Illyría or Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís; Latin: Illyria, see also Illyricum) was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by the Illyrians. At least most of them spoke Illyrian languages, a group of Indo-European languages, which in ancient times perhaps had speakers in southern Italy. The prehistory of Illyria and the Illyrians is known from archaeological evidence. The Romans conquered the region in 168 BC in the aftermath of the Illyrian Wars. The Roman term Illyris (distinct from Illyria) was sometimes used to define an area north of the Aous valley, most notably Illyris proper. In Greek mythology, the name of Illyria is aetiologically traced to Illyrius, the son of Cadmus and Harmonia, who eventually ruled Illyria and became the eponymous ancestor of the Illyrians.[6] A later version of the myth identifies Polyphemus and Galatea as parents of Celtus, Galas, and Illyrius. Ancient Greek writers used the name "Illyrian" to describe peoples between the Liburnians and Epirus.[8] Fourth-century BC Greek writers clearly separated the people along the Adriatic coast from the Illyrians, and only in the 1st century AD was "Illyrian" used as a general term for all the peoples across the Adriatic.[9] Writers also spoke of "Illyrians in the strict sense of the word"; Pomponius Mela (43 AD) the stricto sensu Illyrians lived north of the Taulantii and Enchele, on the Adriatic shore;[10] Pliny the Elder used "properly named Illyrians" (Illyrii proprii/proprie dicti) for a small people south of Epidaurum, or between Epidaurum (now Cavtat) and Lissus (now Lezhë).[10] In the Roman period, Illyricum was used for the area between the Adriatic and Danube.
- note the fictional coat of arms (star and crescent (arcs upwards)
- language- https://www.quora.com/What-language-did-the-Illyrians-speak-Is-there-anything-that-proves-this
- Aphrodite Pandemos (Ancient Greek: Πάνδημος, Pándēmos; "common to all the people"), occurs as an epithet of the Greek goddess Aphrodite. This epithet can be interpreted in different ways. Plato and Pausanias describe Aphrodite Pandemos (Venus vulgivaga or popularis) as the goddess of sensual pleasures, in opposition to Aphrodite Urania, or "the heavenly Aphrodite". At Elis, she was represented as riding on a ram by Scopas.[2] Another interpretation is that of Aphrodite uniting all the inhabitants of a country into one social or political body. In this respect she was worshipped at Athens along with Peitho (persuasion), and her worship was said to have been instituted by Theseus at the time when he united the scattered townships into one great body of citizens.[3] According to some authorities, it was Solon who erected the sanctuary of Aphrodite Pandemos, either because her image stood in the agora, or because the hetairai had to pay the costs of its erection.[4] The worship of Aphrodite Pandemos also occurs at Megalopolis in Arcadia,[5] and at Thebes.[6] A festival in honour of her is mentioned by Athenaeus.[7] The sacrifices offered to her consisted of white goats.[8] Pandemos occurs also as a surname of Eros.[9]According to Harpocration, who quotes Apollodorus, Aphrodite Pandemos has very old origins, "the title Pandemos was given to the goddess established in the neighborhood of the Old Agora because all the Demos (people) gathered there of old in their assemblies which they called agorai."[10] To honour Aphrodite's and Peitho's role in the unification of Attica, the Aphrodisia festival was organized annually on the fourth of the month of Hekatombaion (the fourth day of each month was the sacred day of Aphrodite). The Synoikia that honoured Athena, the protectress of Theseus and main patron of Athens, also took place in the month of Hekatombaion.
miletus
- [tr berg] city situated in modern turkey, within range of babyloniannmathematics and astronomy - these played an important role in the development of greek philosophy and science, which started here. Around year 600bc, neighbouring kingdom of lydia attempted to destroy miletus, whike at the same time the city's ruler abolished aristocracy. This resulted innthe city's two communitues, the aeinautes and the cheiromaches, coming to blows inna revolt that lasted for two generations. Aristagoras, ruler of miletus, once came to sparta around year 500bc to use maps in the war against persians. He mentioned the cissian land which, onnthe choaspes, lies that susa where the king lives and where the storehouses of his wealth are located.
Nemea (/ˈniːmiə/; Ancient Greek: Νεμέα; Ionic Greek: Νεμέη) is an ancient site in the northeastern part of the Peloponnese, in Greece. Formerly part of the territory of Cleonae in ancient Argolis, it is today situated in the regional unit of Corinthia. The small village of Archaia Nemea (formerly known as "Koutsoumadi" and then "Iraklion") is immediately southwest of the archaeological site, while the new town of Nemea lies to the west.Here in Greek mythology Heraclesovercame the Nemean Lion of the Lady Hera, and here during Antiquity the Nemean Games were played, in three sequence, ending about 235 BC, celebrated in the eleven Nemean odes of Pindar.
- no chinese but jap and korean wiki versions
island of samos
- [tr berg] pythagoras came from this island; island was an arch enemy of miletus
sicily
- https://www.quora.com/Why-was-Sicily-so-important-to-the-ancient-Greeks
Sparta (Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, Spártā; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, Spártē) was a prominent city-statein ancient Greece. In antiquity the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (Λακεδαίμων, Lakedaímōn), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece. Given its military pre-eminence, Sparta was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars. Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy of Athensduring the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged victorious, though at a great cost of lives lost. Sparta's defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Sparta's prominent role in Greece. However, it maintained its political independence until the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC. It then underwent a long period of decline, especially in the Middle Ages, when many Spartans moved to live in Mystras. Modern Sparta is the capital of the Greek regional unit of Laconia and a center for the processing of goods such as citrus and olives. Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which configured their entire society to maximize military proficiency at all costs, and completely focused on military training and excellence. Its inhabitants were classified as Spartiates (Spartan citizens, who enjoyed full rights), mothakes (non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans), perioikoi (free residents, literally "dwellers around"), and helots (state-owned serfs, enslaved non-Spartan local population). Spartiates underwent the rigorous agogetraining and education regimen, and Spartan phalanges were widely considered to be among the best in battle. Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical antiquity.
- Lacedaemon (Greek: Λακεδαίμων) was a mythical king of Laconia. The son of Zeus by the nymph Taygete, he married Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he became the father of Amyclas, Eurydice, and Asine. He named the country after himself and the city after his wife. He was believed to have built the sanctuary of the Charites, which stood between Sparta and Amyclae, and to have given to those divinities the names of Cleta and Phaenna. A shrine was erected to him in the neighborhood of Therapne.
- According to Byzantine sources, some parts of the Laconian region remained pagan until well into the 10th century AD. Doric-speaking populations survive today in Tsakonia. In the Middle Ages, the political and cultural center of Laconia shifted to the nearby settlement of Mystras, and Sparta fell further in even local importance. Modern Sparti was re-founded in 1834, by a decree of King Otto of Greece.
- Sparta was an oligarchy. The state was ruled by two hereditary kings of the Agiad and Eurypontid families,[50] both supposedly descendants of Heracles and equal in authority, so that one could not act against the power and political enactments of his colleague.
- helots
- *****https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-the-Helots-in-Sparta-after-the-fall-of-the-city-state After the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC. The Thebans liberated the Messenians. Who had been enslaved by the Spartans during the Greek Dark Ages before 800 BC. Apparently Sparta did not invade Messenia again. They allied with the Romans in 146 BC. They became part of the Roman Empire. It became some sort of “dude ranch” for rich Romans to pretend they were Spartan. Note the following cities in the map showing messenia - corone, methone, messene, asine
- spartan is victorinox's brand for army life
- https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-Sparta
- https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-the-Spartans-after-Rome-conquered-Greece Sparta was finally sacked by the Visgoths in 396AD led by Alaric ist who sold the survivors as slaves. There are still some Doric speaking parts of the region showing that some of their culture and traditions survived probably due to the harsh environment and terrain. Modern Sparta was refounded in 1834 by Royal Decree from the king of Greece.
- army
- https://www.quora.com/In-490-BC-a-Spartan-army-marched-220-km-in-three-days-for-the-Battle-of-Marathon-It-is-over-70-kilometers-per-day-without-roads-socks-and-boots-Do-we-know-more-about-the-march-and-the-condition-they-arrived-at-the The Spartans apparently remained shoeless for life, even when marching over rough terrain; they didn’t just forget their shoes when they went to Marathon. As a result (we can only assume) their feet were so toughened that the exertion of such a hard march was not crippling.
- https://www.quora.com/Which-ancient-army-could-defeat-Spartans-with-same-numbers-of-soldiers
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Immortals-lose-to-Sparta
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-most-disturbing-facts-about-Ancient-Sparta-that-most-people-do-not-know
- any relations?
- [situationist int] karl liebknecht was one of the few german socialist to oppose ww1. He and rosa luxemburg founded the spartakus league in 1916; they were both killed following the crushing of the spartakus insurrection in jan1919.
thebes
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Thebes-largely-forgotten-when-discussing-Ancient-Greece
troy
- apart from their nobility , the people of Troy were probably multiethnic. Yes, some Trojan nobbles had Greek names such as Alexander and could obviously speak Greek, but they have also Luwian ones such as Priamos (< Luwian Priamua ‘courageous, brave’). The whole NW Turkey region was multiethnic. How many ethic groups beside Luwians and Greeks were there is hard to say, but judging from later inscriptional material and personal names, we can safely say that Lydians and Phrygians were inhabiting that region. Not to mention of the people who lived there before the coming of Indo-European speakers such as the Luwians, Phrygians, Lydians and Greeks. https://www.quora.com/Why-are-Trojans-usually-considered-non-Greeks
- city of Troy was a real city that existed during the Bronze Age. We know this because the archaeological remains of the city have been extensively excavated by numerous archaeologists over the past century and a half since the site was first identified at Hisarlik in modern-day Turkey in 1865 by the English archaeologist Frank Calvert (lived 1828–1908).https://www.quora.com/Was-the-Trojan-War-a-real-historical-event-What-archaeological-evidence-exists-if-any
- https://www.quora.com/What-language-did-Homeric-Trojans-speak If we follow the archaeological evidence, however, there’s a strong candidate with at least some concrete support from the field. Luwian is an Indo-European language that was important in Bronze Age Anatolia. The written language is found as far away as Syria. The only textual find from Bronze Age Troy is a seal inscribed with Luwian hieroglyphs.
- https://www.quora.com/Were-the-original-Greeks-the-black-Minoans-originally-Egyptian Minoans were not Greeks. They did not speak Greek. They were simply the first civilization that we know about to flourish in the area that is today Greece. Minoans were not black, neither were they Egyptians. I will not go into detail but I will note that all Mediterraneans produce melanin under the bright summer sun, that Minoan women’s depiction bear great similarity to modern Cretan women and that men are depicted as darker to denote masculinity and exposure to the elements, that being true for ancient Greeks too.
- ******https://www.quora.com/What-did-the-Minoans-call-themselves The Egyptians called them Keftui, the islands in the middle of the sea. Those on the Levant called them Caphtor. Giota Detsi suggests this is more specifically Crete. These are some of the names other city-states used to refer to Minoans, which may be a geographic reference (an island) or even a geographical region of an island such as Crete. An important point to note, the mainland city-states knew little about the Minoans as this is asymmetric trade, the islands traded throughout the Aegean and wider Mediterranean, mainland city-states do not undertake high sea navigations to the islands! What they understand of these people is ‘fancy’ white hulled ships came to port loaded with metal ingots and precious commodities (ivory, glass [from Egypt], resins, honey, saffron, murex dyes and cloth). All Minoan ships over 10 oars appear to be white (although one is shown in copper in this fresco from Santorini). This tends to be confirmed by mythology, Zeus (from Crete) became a white bull (possibly a name for their ships) and took a Phoenician princess (Europa) away. The mainland ports understanding of ‘where’ the Minoans came from is likely less than we know today, so any label ports initially applied may have stuck.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-historians-consider-that-Minoans-were-not-Greeks Minoans are for the Greeks what Celts are for the British and French. An ancestral population with a different language and culture than the one they have today. As such, they cannot be considered any more Greeks than the Gauls can be considered French, even though their genetic material is within the latter.
The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean Islands which flourished from about 2600 to 1600 BC, before a late period of decline, finally ending around 1100. It preceded the Mycenaean civilization of ancient Greece. The civilization was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Arthur Evans. It has been described as the earliest of its kind in Europe, with historian Will Durant calling the Minoans "the first link in the European chain". The term "Minoan", which refers to the mythical King Minos, originally described in the pottery of the period. Minos was associated in Greek mythology with the labyrinth and the Minotaur, which Evans identified with the site at Knossos (the largest Minoan site). According to Homer, Crete once had 90 cities. The Minoan period saw trade between Crete, Aegean and Mediterranean settlements, particularly the Near East. Through their traders and artists, the Minoan cultural influence reached beyond Crete to the Cyclades, the Old Kingdom of Egypt, copper-bearing Cyprus, Canaan and the Levantine coast and Anatolia. Some of its best art is preserved in the city of Akrotiri on the island of Santorini, which was destroyed by the Minoan eruption.
- https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium.MAGAZINE-ancient-tablets-may-reveal-what-destroyed-minoan-civilization-1.7809371
- https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium.MAGAZINE-ancient-tablets-may-reveal-what-destroyed-minoan-civilization-1.7809371
- an important aspect of minoan religion involved the giving of gifts and offerings to gods.
- many artifacts associated with the cult were found in caves. These objects include votive terra cottas of animals, horns of consecration (resemble horns of the altar in semitic religion), and bell-shaped sculptural objects. Most likely, the minoan people used caves as their burial grounds and cult centers. At the bottom of many sculptural representations of gods, a snake is wound around the god. Numerous sculptures of snake-goddess have been discovered. Similar objects have been found in cyprus and palestine.
- image of tree often appeared in many minoan cultic scenes
- statues of god holding a spear or shield
- image of bird is frequently employed to represent god or epiphanies of the gods, appearing on sarcophaguses where they perch on double axes.
- female goddesses appear more frequently than male deities
- frequent mention of priestess of the winds
- drawings about minoans and their culture https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-first-European-civilization-emerge-in-Crete- https://www.quora.com/Were-the-original-Greeks-the-black-Minoans-originally-Egyptian Minoans were not Greeks. They did not speak Greek. They were simply the first civilization that we know about to flourish in the area that is today Greece. Minoans were not black, neither were they Egyptians. I will not go into detail but I will note that all Mediterraneans produce melanin under the bright summer sun, that Minoan women’s depiction bear great similarity to modern Cretan women and that men are depicted as darker to denote masculinity and exposure to the elements, that being true for ancient Greeks too.
- ******https://www.quora.com/What-did-the-Minoans-call-themselves The Egyptians called them Keftui, the islands in the middle of the sea. Those on the Levant called them Caphtor. Giota Detsi suggests this is more specifically Crete. These are some of the names other city-states used to refer to Minoans, which may be a geographic reference (an island) or even a geographical region of an island such as Crete. An important point to note, the mainland city-states knew little about the Minoans as this is asymmetric trade, the islands traded throughout the Aegean and wider Mediterranean, mainland city-states do not undertake high sea navigations to the islands! What they understand of these people is ‘fancy’ white hulled ships came to port loaded with metal ingots and precious commodities (ivory, glass [from Egypt], resins, honey, saffron, murex dyes and cloth). All Minoan ships over 10 oars appear to be white (although one is shown in copper in this fresco from Santorini). This tends to be confirmed by mythology, Zeus (from Crete) became a white bull (possibly a name for their ships) and took a Phoenician princess (Europa) away. The mainland ports understanding of ‘where’ the Minoans came from is likely less than we know today, so any label ports initially applied may have stuck.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-historians-consider-that-Minoans-were-not-Greeks Minoans are for the Greeks what Celts are for the British and French. An ancestral population with a different language and culture than the one they have today. As such, they cannot be considered any more Greeks than the Gauls can be considered French, even though their genetic material is within the latter.
- https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-Minoan-civilization-of-Crete-How-was-this-civilization-different-from-the-civilization-of-Bronze-Age-Greece-elsewhere In Minoan Crete, the major city was Knossos which had earlier settlements in the Neolithic by so-called Aegean Farmers (from around Anatolia), some refer to Kura–Araxes culture also. The previous culture to the Minoans was the Cycladic culture. My own view, is this should be considered in a wider Mediterranean context, they were early metallurgists. The islands all traded together in tool materials, which set the scene for the Minoans. There is a general change in the material culture around 2800 BCE which defines the Minoans, myth suggests that the Minoan founders were the Dactyls and their sisters the Hecaterides that likely became the Minoan Priestess. They influenced the local population and brought organisation and administration resulting in so-called Palaces such as Knossos, but are now generally considered administration building (that do have some private apartments). The city itself may have supported a population of up to 100,000 which is very large for the time.They had superb hydroengineering which is comparable with 18th century CE Europe. Hot and cold water fountains ran to the so-called Queen’s chamber (likely the Mother Superior’s bathroom), flushing toilets, interlocking sealed clay pipes with injectors to remove debris, aqueducts and sewers. The architecture although a little rambling is technically superb using timbers good in tension and masonry strong in compression to build multistory buildings that are reasonable earthquake resistant. Where one could consider the Egyptian early Chemists, the Minoans were early material scientists and engineers. They created some truly breathtaking art, the previous culture is the inspired modern-art.The Griffon warrior seal shows the use of a calliper (compass) and I include a 1mm section below, note the milling holes of ca. 0.06mm diameter, but then again, they did have precision ground optical lenses which have been found in mountain caves. A seal of this precision will not be seen again until the Enlightenment.Closer study shows they are actually preserving a hugely old belief system of Sky Father and Earth Mother which they develop into a complete model of the inner solar systems, it does not seem to me based on superstition but very early science and Astronomy, the Great Year is shown below to 26 (thousand) years precision, by the marks on the Griffons collar flanking I-DA-MA-TE (the embodiment of Earth - the Mother Superior). One can actually trace some of the symbols and conventions being used to Gobekli Tepe . What makes them different from Mycenae (Greece) is the architecture (the Mycenaen building are more utilitarian and fortified), production (Minoa is starting to explore industrial processes such as Murex dye and batch production using formers), a culture of trade rather than conquest (to grow the economy), instruments of trade (there are examples of gold-token being employed for payment) and for the time sophisticated technology (astronomical calculators, white-hulled ships, lodestone compass, devices for timekeeping, dividing callipers for improved precision are examples and at least according to myth machines, such as doors opening using fire (steam), automaton and catapults).
- maritime know-how
邁錫尼文明 Mycenaean Greece (or Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase of the Bronze Age in Ancient Greece (c. 1600–1100 BC). It represents the first advanced civilization in mainland Greece, with its palatial states, urban organization, works of art and writing system. Among the centers of power that emerged, the most notable were those of Pylos, Tiryns, Midea in the Peloponnese, Orchomenos, Thebes, Athens inCentral Greece and Iolcos in Thessaly. The most prominent site was Mycenae, in Argolid, to which the culture of this era owes its name. Mycenaean and Mycenaean-influenced settlements also appeared in Epirus, Macedonia, on islands in the Aegean Sea, on the coast ofAsia Minor, the Levant, Cyprus and Italy. The Mycenaean Greeks introduced several innovations in the fields of engineering, architecture and military infrastructure, while trade over vast areas of the Mediterranean was essential for the Mycenaean economy. Their syllabic script, the Linear B, offers the first written records of theGreek language and their religion already included several deities that can also be found in the Olympic Pantheon. Mycenaean Greece was dominated by a warrior elite society and consisted of a network of palace states that developed rigid hierarchical, political, social and economic systems. At the head of this society was the king, known as wanax. Mycenaean Greece perished with the collapse of Bronze Age culture in the eastern Mediterranean, to be followed by the so-called Greek Dark Ages, a recordless transitional period leading to Archaic Greece where significant shifts occurred from palace-centralized to de-centralized forms of socio-economic organization (including the extensive use of iron). Various theories have been proposed for the end of this civilization, among them the Dorian invasion or activities connected to the “Sea Peoples”. Additional theories such as natural disasters and climatic changes have been also suggested. The Mycenaean period became the historical setting of much ancient Greek literature and mythology, including theTrojan Epic Cycle.
- one important difference between mycenaean culture and minoan culture was that mycenaean people built strong fortifications on hilltops (absent from minoan culture)
- mycenaean society was divided into different independent provinces, each of which was ruled by the king. Mycenaean king was given the title wanax, a term used in later greek history to refer to the gods
- there is a distinct class structure consisting of a warrior class, a class of artisans and farmers, a slave class and a priestly class
- shortly after mycenaean civilization became established in southern greece, it began to challenge the minoans for control of aegean sea. Following the destruction of knossos by earthquakes in 1400 bce, the mycenaeans began their rise to power in the area of eastern mediterranean for two hundred years.
- in about 1450 bce, the mycenaeans launched attacks against the hittites and the egyptians. Towards the end of this period, the legendary king agamemnon led his troops against the trojans and the trojan war took place. Also during this time, the dorians, who may have migrated into greece from the north prior to this time, began to engage in several battles against the mycenaeans. By 1200 bce, most of mycenaean civilisation had been destroyed by the doric invaders.
- https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-the-Mycenaeans-after-the-Bronze-Age-collapsed-Where-did-they-all-go-What-is-their-fate
- https://www.quora.com/In-Ancient-Greece-where-did-the-Mycenaeans-emigrate-from-into-the-Balkan-Peninsula The Mycenaeans did not emigrate to the Balkan Peninsula from anywhere. Mycenaean civilization arose in Greece itself and never existed outside of Greece. The people you are thinking of who migrated into the Balkan Peninsula are the Proto-Greeks, who came long before the Mycenaeans. The Proto-Greeks probably came to Greece from the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula, the area just north of Greece, around 2,000 BC or thereabouts. When the Proto-Greeks arrived in Greece, the land was already inhabited by various Pre-Greek peoples who spoke at least one language that was not a form of Greek. In classical times, some of these Pre-Greek peoples still existed in small, isolated, rural populations. The Greeks referred to them as “Pelasgoi” (Πελασγοί; Pelasgoi).
- maritime know-how
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-most-interesting-example-of-technology-used-by-an-ancient-civilization
邁錫尼文明 Mycenaean Greece (or Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase of the Bronze Age in Ancient Greece (c. 1600–1100 BC). It represents the first advanced civilization in mainland Greece, with its palatial states, urban organization, works of art and writing system. Among the centers of power that emerged, the most notable were those of Pylos, Tiryns, Midea in the Peloponnese, Orchomenos, Thebes, Athens inCentral Greece and Iolcos in Thessaly. The most prominent site was Mycenae, in Argolid, to which the culture of this era owes its name. Mycenaean and Mycenaean-influenced settlements also appeared in Epirus, Macedonia, on islands in the Aegean Sea, on the coast ofAsia Minor, the Levant, Cyprus and Italy. The Mycenaean Greeks introduced several innovations in the fields of engineering, architecture and military infrastructure, while trade over vast areas of the Mediterranean was essential for the Mycenaean economy. Their syllabic script, the Linear B, offers the first written records of theGreek language and their religion already included several deities that can also be found in the Olympic Pantheon. Mycenaean Greece was dominated by a warrior elite society and consisted of a network of palace states that developed rigid hierarchical, political, social and economic systems. At the head of this society was the king, known as wanax. Mycenaean Greece perished with the collapse of Bronze Age culture in the eastern Mediterranean, to be followed by the so-called Greek Dark Ages, a recordless transitional period leading to Archaic Greece where significant shifts occurred from palace-centralized to de-centralized forms of socio-economic organization (including the extensive use of iron). Various theories have been proposed for the end of this civilization, among them the Dorian invasion or activities connected to the “Sea Peoples”. Additional theories such as natural disasters and climatic changes have been also suggested. The Mycenaean period became the historical setting of much ancient Greek literature and mythology, including theTrojan Epic Cycle.
- one important difference between mycenaean culture and minoan culture was that mycenaean people built strong fortifications on hilltops (absent from minoan culture)
- mycenaean society was divided into different independent provinces, each of which was ruled by the king. Mycenaean king was given the title wanax, a term used in later greek history to refer to the gods
- there is a distinct class structure consisting of a warrior class, a class of artisans and farmers, a slave class and a priestly class
- shortly after mycenaean civilization became established in southern greece, it began to challenge the minoans for control of aegean sea. Following the destruction of knossos by earthquakes in 1400 bce, the mycenaeans began their rise to power in the area of eastern mediterranean for two hundred years.
- in about 1450 bce, the mycenaeans launched attacks against the hittites and the egyptians. Towards the end of this period, the legendary king agamemnon led his troops against the trojans and the trojan war took place. Also during this time, the dorians, who may have migrated into greece from the north prior to this time, began to engage in several battles against the mycenaeans. By 1200 bce, most of mycenaean civilisation had been destroyed by the doric invaders.
- https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-the-Mycenaeans-after-the-Bronze-Age-collapsed-Where-did-they-all-go-What-is-their-fate
- https://www.quora.com/In-Ancient-Greece-where-did-the-Mycenaeans-emigrate-from-into-the-Balkan-Peninsula The Mycenaeans did not emigrate to the Balkan Peninsula from anywhere. Mycenaean civilization arose in Greece itself and never existed outside of Greece. The people you are thinking of who migrated into the Balkan Peninsula are the Proto-Greeks, who came long before the Mycenaeans. The Proto-Greeks probably came to Greece from the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula, the area just north of Greece, around 2,000 BC or thereabouts. When the Proto-Greeks arrived in Greece, the land was already inhabited by various Pre-Greek peoples who spoke at least one language that was not a form of Greek. In classical times, some of these Pre-Greek peoples still existed in small, isolated, rural populations. The Greeks referred to them as “Pelasgoi” (Πελασγοί; Pelasgoi).
- https://www.quora.com/What-led-to-the-decay-of-the-Mycaenean-civilization-Is-the-Dorian-invasion-theory-academically-accepted-as-the-main-factor-on-the-downfall
- Once upon a time, Anatolian farmers had moved on from their birth place (8000 BCE) and settled in Central Greece, Peloponnese and the Aegean islands; they were called Pelasgians, Kares, Minyes by the Greeks in the later years. They were clever and inventive, and created a remarkable civilization which is called Helladic civilization in our days. Later on, around 2000 BCE, newcomers arrived and settled in the same regions. They were hostile to the natives at the beginning but soon, they mingled with them and all together created a new nation, called Danaeans or Achaeans. We know their name, because other people like the Egyptians and the Hittites wrote it down in their archives https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/061528P.front.pdf . They also had left an oral tradition to their successors-the Greeks-with their name in it.We keep calling them with the name H. Shcliemann (the excavator of the city of Mycenae) gave them, Mycenaeans, That is, we call as Mycenaeans the Thebans, the Athenians, the Spartans etc of the late Helladic period. This creates a mess, because we tend to see only the Mycenae’s Mycenaeans as representatives of the civilization in question, although some of their great achievements were accomplished by other “Mycenaeans” like the Theban and Orchomenian “Mycenaeans” Mycenaeans were builders above all. Roads, bridges, drainage and irrigation projects, cicterns and underground water pipes, megara and cyclopian castles were found all over their lands. Of course, there were more pre-historic civilizations who left us marvellous constructions, but no one else dared to control (successfully) an aquatic environment.The drying of lake Kopais (middle 13nth century), an extra-ordinary, massive scale project allowed the Mycenaeans to be the first hydraulic civilization of Europe.Egyptian and especially Hittite archives talk about a single “great king” of the Ahhiyawa (note: great king, not just king, was a title of significance), which pursue the interest of his state in W. Asia with considerable success for almost 200 years. On the other hand, the general impression between readers is that the Mycenaeans were independent kingdoms united under a loose league, with the kingdom of Mycenae(the city) the stronger between them. Our indications about this are:The existence of many palaces and mythology.https://www.quora.com/What-was-unique-about-the-Mycenaean-civilization
- mycenae people
- mycenae people
- 自從線性文字B書寫的泥板被翻譯以來，人們認識到從前所說的「邁錫尼人」其實是希臘人。但是沒有邁錫尼文獻提示他們如何稱呼自己的。在《伊利亞特》中，希臘人通常被稱為「亞該亞人」，並且考慮到在青銅時代晚期西臺文獻中「Ahhiyawa」的稱呼，可以將「亞該亞人」的稱呼聯繫到邁錫尼人。然而，第二個論證遠未被人所承認；並且關於第一個論證應該指出，「亞該亞」這個稱呼在荷馬的詞句中可以有很多不同的指稱。
hellenistic greece
- army
- The basis for Alexander’s logistical system was the Macedonian army which he inherited from his father, king Philip. https://www.quora.com/How-did-Alexander-the-Great-feed-his-army-during-his-conquest-What-did-they-eat-How-did-they-supply-tens-of-thousands-of-soldiers-with-food [note in particular the mention of royal road]
- middle east
- [m&p] Alexander the great ordered his admiral, nearchos, to return to euphrates via the gulf after his eastern conquests in india in 326bc. Nearchos reported on existence of two strategic islands at the head of the gulf - the larger had wild goats and antelope which were sacred to goddess artemis, and alexander ordered that it be named ikaros (called failaka today and is part of kuwait) after the island after the island in aegean sea which it resembled.After his death, egypt prospered under the wise rule of early ptolemys.Alexandria, with its library and museum, become a splendid city and intellectual centre of the world.Palestine for a time once again came under egyptian rule. The rest of syria and asia minor (turkey of the present day) fell into hands of seleucus, the persian ruler of alexander's former eastern empire. He founded antioch, which he named after his father, and this became the capital of syria for next 9 centuries.Two hundred years after alexander's death, the seleucids in persia were overthrown by the parthians, a predatory nomadic tribe from caspian sea. They assimilated greek govt practice and continued to make use of greek language in addition to their own.Some greek cities of seleucid foundation continued to flourish. Hellenistic influence began to weaken only in 1stc ad.Hellenism was more lasting in syria/palestine. It was greatest to the north and west on mediterranean coast, where laodicea (modern latakia) and berytus (beirut) were typical greek cities.Hellenistic influence declined in east of mount lebanon toward the syrian desert. The whole region was a blend of hellenism and semitic aramaic culture in varying proportions. In both ptolemaic and seleucid empires the senior civil servants, leading businesssmen, scholars and intellectuals were greek.Both empires encourage immjgration from greece, but the greeks remained a minority. In their armies the greeks formed the core or phalanx bearing pikes, but archers and slingers were arabs, kurds and persians.After the defeat of carthage in 211bc, rome invaded greece and there followed more tgan 150 years of chaos and war in eastern mediterranean region.The rival seleucid and ptolemaic empires fought each other beneath the shadow of rome and went into a long decline. Local powers in syria took the opportunity to assert themselves.
非利士人（希伯來語פלשתים, plishtim），天主教譯名為培肋舍特人，又譯菲力斯丁、菲力斯丁人The Philistines were an ancient people known for their conflict with the Israelites described in the Bible. The primary source about the Philistines is the Hebrew Bible, but they are first attested in reliefs at the Temple of Ramses III at Medinet Habu, where they are called Peleset,[a] accepted as cognate with Hebrew Peleshet;[1]the parallel Assyrian term is Palastu,[b] Pilišti,[c] or Pilistu. The first reference to Philistines in the Hebrew Bible is in the Table of Nations, where they are said to descend from Casluhim, son of Mizraim (Egypt). However, the Philistines of Genesis who are friendly to Abraham are identified by rabbinic sources as distinct from the warlike people described in Deuteronomistic history.[4]Deuteronomist sources describe the "Five Lords of the Philistines" as based in five city-states of the southwestern Levant: Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath, from Wadi Gaza in the south to the Yarqon River in the north. This description portrays them at one period of time as among the Kingdom of Israel's most dangerous enemies. In contrast, the Septuagint uses the term allophuloi (Greek: ἀλλόφυλοι) instead of "Philistines", which means simply "other nations".
- The word “Philistine” comes from the Hebrew root “pleshet”, which means “invader”. The Philistines were a Mycenian Greek sea people who carved out a small kingdom between el-Arish on the northern coast of Sinai up to around Ashkelon. This kingdom disappeared from history around 800 BCE, about 1400 years before the Muslim invasion of the 7th century CE. The people themselves disappeared from the ethnic historical map somewhere between 500–600 BCE, absorbed into other ethnicities. While there may be a few “Palestinians” who might have a few Philistine genomes due to intermarriages over centuries, these would be a tiny minority. The “Palestinians” have variously claimed to be directly descended from the Philistines, Canaanites and Hittites in their attempts to legitimize their claim to being an indigenous ethnic group pre-dating the Jews. https://www.quora.com/Are-Palestinians-descendants-of-the-Philistines-by-genetics
- israel- There was a Philistine cemetery discovered in Ashkelon Israel. A genetic study was done. The earliest remains originated from the Aegean islands. The later remains showed intermarriage with local Semites. Scientists theorize they were the Peleset, one of the Sea Peoples mentioned in Egyptian records. The records stated there were massive invasions of these people c.1200 BC.https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Sea-people-that-are-mentioned-in-ancient-times-originally-from-Libya-but-then-they-settled-in-Greece
The First Sacred War or Cirraean war, was fought between the Amphictyonic League of Delphi and the city of Kirrha. In the beginning of the 6th century B.C. the attempt of the Pylaeo-Delphic Amphictyony, controlled by the Thessalians, to take hold of the Sacred Land (or Kirrhaean Plain) of Apollo ended up in this war. Its end was marked by the organization of the first Pythian Games. The conflict arose due to Kirrha's frequent robbery and mistreatment of pilgrims going to Delphi and their encroachments upon Delphic land. The war resulted in the defeat and destruction of Kirrha. The war is notable for the use of chemical warfare at the Siege of Kirrha, in the form of hellebore being used to poison the city's water supply.
The Greco-Persian Wars (also often called the Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC[i] and lasted until 449 BC. The collision between the fractious political world of the Greeks and the enormous empire of the Persians began when Cyrus the Great conquered the Greek-inhabited region of Ionia in 547 BC. Struggling to control the independent-minded cities of Ionia, the Persians appointed tyrants to rule each of them. This would prove to be the source of much trouble for the Greeks and Persians alike.The allied Greeks followed up their success by destroying the rest of the Persian fleet at the Battle of Mycale, before expelling Persian garrisons from Sestos (479 BC) and Byzantium (478 BC). Following the Persian withdrawal from Europe and the Greek victory at Mycale, Macedon and the city-states of Ionia regained their independence. The actions of the general Pausanias at the siege of Byzantium alienated many of the Greek states from the Spartans, and the anti-Persian alliance was therefore reconstituted around Athenian leadership, called the Delian League. The Delian League continued to campaign against Persia for the next three decades, beginning with the expulsion of the remaining Persian garrisons from Europe. At the Battle of the Eurymedon in 466 BC, the League won a double victory that finally secured freedom for the cities of Ionia. However, the League's involvement in the Egyptian revolt by Inaros II against Artaxerxes I (from 460–454 BC) resulted in a disastrous Greek defeat, and further campaigning was suspended. A Greek fleet was sent to Cyprus in 451 BC, but achieved little, and, when it withdrew, the Greco-Persian Wars drew to a quiet end. Some historical sources suggest the end of hostilities was marked by a peace treaty between Athens and Persia, the Peace of Callias. The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese and attempt to suppress signs of unrest in its empire. This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC, with the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, however, was soon undermined by renewed fighting in the Peloponnese. In 415 BC, Athens dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily; the attack failed disastrously, with the destruction of the entire force, in 413 BC. This ushered in the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War. In this phase, Sparta, now receiving support from Persia, supported rebellions in Athens' subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia, undermining Athens' empire, and, eventually, depriving the city of naval supremacy. The destruction of Athens' fleet at Aegospotami effectively ended the war, and Athens surrendered in the following year. Corinth and Thebes demanded that Athens should be destroyed and all its citizens should be enslaved, but Sparta refused. The Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world. On the level of international relations, Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war's beginning, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection, while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece. The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens found itself completely devastated, and never regained its pre-war prosperity. The war also wrought subtler changes to Greek society; the conflict between democratic Athens and oligarchic Sparta, each of which supported friendly political factions within other states, made civil war a common occurrence in the Greek world. Greek warfare, meanwhile, originally a limited and formalized form of conflict, was transformed into an all-out struggle between city-states, complete with atrocities on a large scale. Shattering religious and cultural taboos, devastating vast swathes of countryside, and destroying whole cities, the Peloponnesian War marked the dramatic end to the fifth century BC and the golden age of Greece.
- 提洛同盟The Delian League, founded in 478 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, with the number of members numbering between 150 and 330 under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.The League's modern name derives from its official meeting place, the island of Delos, where congresses were held in the temple and where the treasury stood until, in a symbolic gesture, Pericles moved it to Athens in 454 BC.Shortly after its inception, Athens began to use the League's funds for its own purposes, which led to conflicts between Athens and the less powerful members of the League. By 431 BC, the threat the League presented to Spartan hegemony combined with Athens's heavy-handed control of the Delian League prompted the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War; the League was dissolved upon the war's conclusion in 404 BC under the direction of Lysander, the Spartan commander.To further strengthen Athens's grip on its empire, Pericles in 450 BC began a policy of establishing kleruchiai—quasi-colonies that remained tied to Athens and which served as garrisons to maintain control of the League's vast territory. Furthermore, Pericles employed a number of offices to maintain Athens' empire: proxenoi, who fostered good relations between Athens and League members; episkopoi and archontes, who oversaw the collection of tribute; and hellenotamiai, who received the tribute on Athens' behalf.Athens's empire was not very stable and after 27 years of war, the Spartans, aided by the Persians and Athenian internal strife, were able to defeat it. However, it did not remain defeated for long. The Second Athenian League, a maritime self-defense league, was founded in 377 BC and was led by Athens. The Athenians would never recover the full extent of their power, and their enemies were now far stronger and more varied.
- note that in the magyar version, league's involvement in egypt
- hkej 12jun17 shum article
- a small band of greek soldiers fought to death against persian empire in 480bc at thermopylae. Situationist international quote them when talking about their size.
governance
- The ancient Greek poleis were states named after their capital cities, not standalone cities like Singapore or Vatican City.In Greek, there is a distinction between the asty, the urban settlement and polis, the state centred around such a settlement.In an ancient polis, one could be a citizen no matter where he lived within the boundaries of the state. He could live in the asty, the suburbs, a kṓmē (village or small town) or even an isolated farmstead. https://www.quora.com/Were-the-Greek-city-states-really-city-states-Most-of-the-land-that-they-controlled-was-rural-like-Luxembourg-and-Malta-Since-these-two-countries-aren-t-considered-city-states-does-this-mean-that-the-Greek-city
In ancient Greece the chief magistrate in various Greek city states was called eponymous archon (ἐπώνυμος ἄρχων, epōnymos archōn). Archon (ἄρχων, pl. ἄρχοντες, archontes) means "ruler" or "lord," frequently used as the title of a specific public office, while "eponymous" means that he gave his name to the year in which he held office, much like the Roman dating by consular years. In Classical Athens, a system of nine concurrent archons evolved, led by three respective remits over the civic, military, and religious affairs of the state: the three office holders were known as the eponymous archon, the polemarch (πολέμαρχος, "war ruler"), and the archon basileus (ἄρχων βασιλεύς, "king ruler"). The six others were the thesmothetai, judicial officers.
- Megacles or Megakles (Greek: Μεγακλῆς) was the name of several notable men of ancient Athens, as well as an officer of Pyrrhus of Epirus. The first Megacles was possibly a legendary archon of Athens from 922 BC to 892 BC.The second Megacles was a member of the Alcmaeonidae family, and the archon eponymous in 632 BC when Cylon made his unsuccessful attempt to take over Athens. Megacles was convicted of killing Cylon's supporters (who had taken refuge on the Acropolisas suppliants of Athena) and was exiled from the city, along with all the other members of his genos, the Alcmaeonidae. The Alcmaeonidae inherited a miasma ("stain") that lasted for generations among Megacles' descendants.
- Cylon (Greek: Κύλων Kylon) was an Athenian associated with the first reliably dated event in Athenian history, the Cylonian Affair, an attempted seizure of power in the city. Cylon, one of the Athenian nobles and a previous victor of the Olympic Games, attempted acoup in 632 BC with support from Megara, where his father-in-law, Theagenes was tyrant. The oracle at Delphi had advised him to seize Athens during a festival of Zeus, which Cylon understood to mean the Olympics. However, the coup was opposed, and Cylon and his supporters took refuge in Athena's temple on the Acropolis. Cylon and his brother escaped, but his followers were cornered by Athens' nine archons. According to Plutarch andThucydides (1.126), they were persuaded by the archons to leave the temple and stand trial after being assured that their lives would be spared. In an effort to ensure their safety, the accused tied a rope to the temple's statue and went to the trial. On the way, the rope (again, according to Plutarch) broke of its own accord. The Athenian archons, led by Megacles, took this as the goddess's repudiation of her suppliants and proceeded to stone them to death (on the other hand, Herodotus, 5.71, and Thucydides, 1.126, do not mention this aspect of the story, stating that Cylon's followers were simply killed after being convinced that they would not be harmed). Most likely, the story found in Plutarch is a later invention.Megacles and his genos, the Alcmaeonidae, were exiled from the city for violating the laws against killing suppliants. The Alcmaeonidae were cursed with a miasma ("stain" or "pollution"), which was inherited by later generations, even after the genos retook control of Athens. In April, 2016, a mass grave of 80 bodies, some shackled, found in Palaio Faliro are postulated to be supporters of Cylon, executed afterwards.
The Pythian Games (Greek: Πύθια; also Delphic Games) were one of the four Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. They were held in honour of Apollo every four years at his sanctuary at Delphi. They were held two years after each Olympic Games, and between each Nemean and Isthmian Games. The Pythian Games were founded sometime in the 6th century BC and featured competitions for art and dance. The art and dance competitions pre-dated the athletic portion of the games, and were said to have been started by Apollo after he killed Python and set up the oracle at Delphi. The winners received a wreath of bay laurel, sacred to Apollo, from the city of Tempe, in Thessaly. Smaller versions of the Pythian Games were celebrated in many other cities of the Levant and Greece.
religion
- minoan-mycenaean period (2nd millennium bce)
- historical background - dorian invasions from the north and fusion of minoan-mycenaean and indo-european religions (12th century bce) ---> greek dark ages of about three or four hundred years
- worship of great mother
- the archaic period (time of homer (8th c bce to 5th c bce))
- hellenistic period (death of alexander the great and continued up until rise of roman empire)
- https://www.quora.com/Are-there-any-black-Greek-goddesses
festival
- festival of apollo
- four basic dionysus festivals celebrated in ancient greece
social class
- historical background - economic growth and expansion period
- traditional olympian deities came into prominence
- religious movements including eleusinaian mysteries, orphic and pythagorean movements, frenzied worship of god dionysus
- in 6th c bce, pre-socratic philosophers began their investigations into the nature of the cosmos. The discipline of philosophy was born
- did not have a distinct priestly class that determined which religious teachings should followed. The concept of orthodoxy did not exist
- golden age of greece, greece as a powerful empire
- many greek philosophers (in outlying regions of eastern and western greece) such as plato and aristotle began to pursue knowledge and truth through the use of logic and reason
- social structure organised around city state (polis). Within the polis, religious worship was focused upon the temple. Many rituals associated with civic religious activities of the temple had to do with purification. Temple was considered to be a sacred place and was closed to public worship for most of the time
- civic religion was communally based. The role of individual had only secondary value. Involuntary religious associations were based on things such as birth and citizenship - demes or phratries of ancient athens. Private religious worship involved the performance of various rituals that focused upon things such as birth, marriage and death. Additional subdivisions of community as civic groups had their own cult locations and altars and may have elected religious officials
- rise of great law makers such as draco and solon. All the laws of the polis, including both profane law and sacred law, were under the prerogative of the gods. One technique for gaining insight into the will of gods was through the oracles. In his laws, plato states that the duty of legislator was to regulate the festivals and determine the nature of sacrifices that were offered there. He also mentions subjects that fall within the scope of the oracle, which included the founding of shrines, sacrifices, cult of gods, daemons, heroes and graves of the dead. In all of these instances, the lawgiver needed to consult the ancestral exegete, namely, apollo. In athenian government there were two types of interpreters or exegetes of the law - those elected by the people and those appointed by the oracle. The latter group had a higher status since they watched over purifications, interpreted the oracle and oversaw the calendar
- delphi oracle
- at delphi, members of community and political leaders would gather together and perform a complex set of religious rituals. Originally, the delphi oracle was an oracle of the earth goddess but eventually it was taken over by apollo. Usually consultation with the oracle was done through a priestess.
- oracle of zeus at dodona
- rustlling of leaves and other sounds interpreted as messages from god
- oracle of didyma (dating back to 6th c bce)
- oracle of claros (roman period)
- had a large staff and a choir
- shared religious belief in the reality and power of the gods of olympus
- due to protrayal in homer's two epic poems
- as a community of gods, the collective image of olympians resembles the characteristics of a typical human society. Within that collective divine body, each god had their own personality, the nature of which was clarified by cult practices and rituals associated with the god as well as the mythic tales told about the god and etymology of the name of god. In comparison to gods of ancient egypt and the near east (number infinite), the olympian pantheon was limited in terms of size and scope (only twelve). There are lesser gods and demi-gods. Lurking against the background of the olympian pantheon were the fates (moira)
- hero cults
- Heroes could attain their lofty status if one of their parents was divine and the other mortal. They could be immortalised as a result of their amazing deeds. e.g Heracles or achilles.
- Nilsson states that the development of hero cults may have been strengthened by the patriachal institutions of immigrating greeks and extended to a wider circle by the self-esteem of powerful families
- asclepius - mortal ultimately deified
- orpheus and orphism
- in orphism, the fleshly body was considered to be evil and corrupt. Only by means of asceticism could one hope to escape from the confines of physical body and obtain immortality
- orpheus the lyre player was first mentioned in sixth c bce by poet ibycus of rhegium. According to legend, he is from thrace. His supernatural powers are strangely reminiscent of powers of the shaman.
- from 3rd and 4th c bce, the orphic gold plates from southern italy serve as one example of later material on orphism. The gold plates reflect the growth in the belief in individual salvation during hellenistic times. In contrast with the dismal portrayal of homeric nether world, an optimistic description of afterlife is provided in the gold plates
- pythagoreanism
- similarities with orphism - both believed in immortality and transmigration of the soul; both agreed that before a soul is permitted to travel up to heavens to the join the gods, first it must suffer punishment in hades as restitution for sins it has committed while on earth; vegetarianism and asceticism were practised by both groups
- however, science, logic and mathematics were systematically integrated into pythagoreanism; pythagoras discovered that musical harmony was a function of mathematics.
- platonism
- immortality of soul; world divided into two categories- world of senses (lacks absolute certainty and permanence) and world of forms (represent truth and are eternal); reincarnation
- works- phaedo, meno, cratylus, myth of er
- hellenistic period (death of alexander the great and continued up until rise of roman empire)
- greek and roman culture intertwined during last half of the period, goddess ISIS, mysteries of cybele and attis (from phrygia) were introduced
- isis worship appeared in greek world by the end of 4th c bce, worshipped in the greek city of piraeus by egyptian residents. This has a lot to do with the high degree of prestige associated with osiris and isis during the time of egyptian new kingdom. A strong trade relationship existed between egypt and other hellenistic states ensured that the worship of isis and her new consort, sarapis would soon travel outside egypt. Sicily and the souther portion of italy had to a large degree become hellenized and ptolemaic egypt had established diplomatic and commercial relations with them. The worship of isis spread rapidly there. In early 3rd c bce, agathocles introduced the cult in greek colonies of syracuse and catana. After that, it centered italy in 2nd c bce.
- by the end of roman republic the cult of cybele and attis became one of the most popular eastern mysteries ever to be celebrated in rome
- Harpocrates (Ancient Greek: Ἁρποκράτης) was the god of silence, secrets and confidentiality in the Hellenistic religion developed in Ptolemaic Alexandria (and also an embodiment of hope, according to Plutarch). Harpocrates was adapted by the Greeks from the Egyptian child god Horus, who represented the newborn sun, rising each day at dawn. Harpocrates's name was a Hellenization of the Egyptian Har-pa-khered or Heru-pa-khered, meaning "Horus the Child".
- conquest of alexander the great --> demise of city-state and civic religion and the concomitant expansion of known world (each polis having its own patron god); age of syncretism - increased interest in foreign cults and individual salvation. Stoicism became popular substitutes for religion; heightened enthusiasm for astrology, magic and superstition which intensified in later roman times.
- zeno of citium (335-263 bce) is considered to be the founder of stoic movement; Epictetus, a former slave and exile in 2nd c ce was a stoic teacher who influenced emperor marcus aurelius (spiritual autobiography entitled meditations);
- orphic ideas emerged in the context of the mystery religions and even later during the first centuries of common era in guise of neo-platonism and neo-pythagoreanism
- belief in tyche (chance) in migration cities such as alexandria, corinth and antioch
- magic
- "greek magical papyri" (originating in egypt during greco-roman times and dating from 2nd c bce to 5th ce) contain a number of magical spells, formulas, hymns and curses
- skeptism
- euhemerus
- 2nd c bce poet ennius
- cicero's work de divinatione
- https://www.quora.com/Are-there-any-black-Greek-goddesses
festival
- festival of apollo
- celebrated in the city of athens and in ionia
- sins of community were put on the back on an individual called the pharmakos (the remedy). This individual was then subsequently forced to leave the city
- four basic dionysus festivals celebrated in ancient greece
social class
- The lowest class of citizens in ancient Athens was composed of the thetes (θῆτες; thêtes). Under the Solonian constitution, a thes was defined as any individual who could not produce 200 or more medimnoi (i.e. “bushels”) of produce. There were two major defining features of the thetes as a social class. The first characteristic was that they performed labor for others in exchange for payment. The ancient Greeks believed that a citizen should be completely self-sufficient and able to live off his own land. A person who did hired labor for others was therefore considered extremely low-class. The second characteristic of the thetes was that they could not afford their own weapons and armor. Since buying your own weapons and armor was a requirement in order to serve as a hoplite in the Athenian army, the thetes could not serve as hoplites. Instead, during times of war, they served as oarsmen in the navy, which was seen as less noble. The ancient Greeks wanted to be seen by as many people as possible when they fought because that was how you won glory on the battlefield. Hoplites fought out in the open where the enemies could see them and anyone else who might be watching. That was considered glorious. The oarsmen in the navy, on the other hand, rowed in cramped quarters below deck behind walls where no one could see them; they had little opportunity to show off their courage. Thus, they were considered less noble than hoplites. Thetes were allowed to take part in the Assembly, meaning they got to vote on all major decisions. They could also serve as jurors in the Helialia. They were not, however, permitted to serve as magistrates and they were precluded from serving on the Boule. https://www.quora.com/What-made-you-low-class-in-Ancient-Greece
trade
-https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium-ancient-greece-had-market-economy-3-000-years-earlier-than-thought-1.9345453
arts
- In the Archaic phase of ancient Greek art, the Orientalizing period (or "Orientalising") is the cultural and art historical period which started during the later part of the 8th century BCE, when there was a heavy influence from the more advanced art of the Eastern Mediterranean and Ancient Near East. The main sources were Syria and Assyria, and to a lesser extent also Phoenicia and Egypt, though motifs were adapted by the Greeks, making it rarely possible to point to a single clear source.
arts
- In the Archaic phase of ancient Greek art, the Orientalizing period (or "Orientalising") is the cultural and art historical period which started during the later part of the 8th century BCE, when there was a heavy influence from the more advanced art of the Eastern Mediterranean and Ancient Near East. The main sources were Syria and Assyria, and to a lesser extent also Phoenicia and Egypt, though motifs were adapted by the Greeks, making it rarely possible to point to a single clear source.
-bronze
- 希臘南部有考古學家在大雨後意外發現一座古時的銅製公牛像。該公牛像體積較小、完整無缺，而銅像上也有明顯燒過的痕迹，經初步檢測後，考古學家相信銅像是來自3,000年前古奧林匹亞人用來供奉天神宙斯的藝術作品。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210322/00180_035.html
- A herma (Ancient Greek: ἑρμῆς, pl. ἑρμαῖ hermai), commonly in English herm, is a sculpture with a head, and perhaps a torso, above a plain, usually squared lower section, on which male genitals may also be carved at the appropriate height. Hermae were so called either because the head of Hermes was most common or from their etymological connexion with the Greek word ἕρματα (blocks of stone), which originally had no reference to Hermes at all. The form originated in Ancient Greece, and was adopted by the Romans, and revived at the Renaissance in the form of term figures and Atlantes.
- people
- Theophrastus (/ˌθiːəˈfræstəs/; Greek: Θεόφραστος Theόphrastos; c. 371 – c. 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos, was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He came to Athens at a young age and initially studied in Plato's school. After Plato's death, he attached himself to Aristotle who took to Theophrastus in his writings. When Aristotle fled Athens, Theophrastus took over as head of the Lyceum. Theophrastus presided over the Peripatetic school for thirty-six years, during which time the school flourished greatly. He is often considered the father of botany for his works on plants. After his death, the Athenians honoured him with a public funeral. His successor as head of the school was Strato of Lampsacus. The interests of Theophrastus were wide ranging, extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics. His two surviving botanical works, Enquiry into Plants (Historia Plantarum) and On the Causes of Plants, were an important influence on Renaissance science. There are also surviving works On Moral Characters, On Sense Perception, On Stones, and fragments on Physics and Metaphysics. In philosophy, he studied grammar and language and continued Aristotle's work on logic. He also regarded space as the mere arrangement and position of bodies, time as an accident of motion, and motion as a necessary consequence of all activity.[citation needed] In ethics, he regarded happiness as depending on external influences as well as on virtue.泰奧弗拉斯托斯（希腊语：Θεόφραστος，转写：Theόphrastos，也称提奥弗拉斯特，约前371年－约前287年），公元前4世紀的古希臘哲學家和科學家，先後受敎於柏拉圖和亞里士多德，後來接替亞里士多德，領導其「逍遙學派」。Θεόφραστος解作「神樣的說話者」，並非真名，據說是亞里士多德見他口才出眾而替他起的名。泰奧弗拉斯托斯所命名的植物有紅豆杉屬植物（Taxus baccifera Theophr. ex Bubani），種小名的意思為具有漿果，是Bubani在1897年沿用泰奧弗拉斯托斯的命名而發表於《比利牛斯山植物志》。
technology
- https://www.quora.com/What-contributions-did-the-ancient-Greeks-make-to-astronomy
- greek fire
- A chiton (Greek: χιτών, khitōn) was a form of clothing. There are two forms of chiton, the Doric chiton and the later Ionic chiton.Spartan women's clothing was simple and short. They wore the Dorian peplos, with slit skirts which bared their thighs. The Dorian peplos was made of a heavier woolen material than was common in Ionia, and was fastened at the shoulder by pins called fibulae. When running races, Spartan girls wore a distinctive single-shouldered knee-length chiton.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Spartans-fight-naked-against-the-Persians-who-wore-full-armored-clothes
trivial
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-darkest-secrets-of-ancient-Greece
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-of-the-most-mind-blowing-facts-about-Ancient-Greece
barbarians
- greek fire
- https://www.quora.com/Can-Greek-fire-be-rediscovered
- A chiton (Greek: χιτών, khitōn) was a form of clothing. There are two forms of chiton, the Doric chiton and the later Ionic chiton.Spartan women's clothing was simple and short. They wore the Dorian peplos, with slit skirts which bared their thighs. The Dorian peplos was made of a heavier woolen material than was common in Ionia, and was fastened at the shoulder by pins called fibulae. When running races, Spartan girls wore a distinctive single-shouldered knee-length chiton.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Spartans-fight-naked-against-the-Persians-who-wore-full-armored-clothes
trivial
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-darkest-secrets-of-ancient-Greece
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-of-the-most-mind-blowing-facts-about-Ancient-Greece
barbarians
- https://www.quora.com/How-could-Alexander-the-Great-be-a-Greek-as-there-was-really-no-Greece-or-people-named-Greeks-during-his-time-The-word-Greek-has-been-applied-to-the-past-it-s-an-anachronism [comments section]“The Greeks used the term barbarian for all non-Greek-speaking peoples, including the Egyptians, Persians, Medes and Phoenicians, emphasizing their otherness. According to Greek writers, this was because the language they spoke sounded to Greeks like gibberish represented by the sounds "bar..bar..;" the alleged root of the word βάρβαρος, which is an echomimetic or onomatopoeic word. In various occasions, the term was also used by Greeks, especially the Athenians, to deride other Greek tribes and states (such as Epirotes, Eleans, Macedonians, Boeotians and Aeolic-speakers) and also fellow Athenians in a pejorative and politically motivated manner.
jews
- https://www.quora.com/What-were-Alexander-the-Greats-interactions-with-the-Hebrews
norway
- [tr berg]greek explorer pytheas travelled between the pillars of hercules and northbacross the atlantic towards the white part of the earth. He wrote a book on the ocean and put norway and regions on the map for the first time. He mentioned the island of thoule or thule (6 days' sail north from britain and near the frozen sea)
england
- https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Ancient-Greeks-know-about-England
sicily
- Sicily was once a part of Magna Graecia and there are temples and amphitheaters all over Sicily. It was probably also the home of the Cyclops.https://www.quora.com/Why-do-modern-Greeks-seem-to-ignore-Sicily-as-one-of-the-greatest-testimonies-of-Hellenisms-most-glorious-period
jews
- https://www.quora.com/What-were-Alexander-the-Greats-interactions-with-the-Hebrews
norway
- [tr berg]greek explorer pytheas travelled between the pillars of hercules and northbacross the atlantic towards the white part of the earth. He wrote a book on the ocean and put norway and regions on the map for the first time. He mentioned the island of thoule or thule (6 days' sail north from britain and near the frozen sea)
england
- https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Ancient-Greeks-know-about-England
sicily
- Sicily was once a part of Magna Graecia and there are temples and amphitheaters all over Sicily. It was probably also the home of the Cyclops.https://www.quora.com/Why-do-modern-Greeks-seem-to-ignore-Sicily-as-one-of-the-greatest-testimonies-of-Hellenisms-most-glorious-period
ukraine
- ********There are still Greeks in Ukraine. They’ve been there since the Archaic Period (c.800-490 BC). The northernmost colony was Olbia now Yuzhne. Tanais now Rostov-on-Don Russia was further north but it was independent.https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-northernmost-region-city-in-the-Roman-Empire-that-spoke-Greek-as-the-native-language --- note the places names in the map!!!!!
istanbul/constaninople
- https://www.quora.com/In-the-times-of-Ancient-Greece-who-controlled-the-area-of-present-day-Istanbul-formerly-known-as-Constantinople There were actually two major ancient Greek cities that were located where the modern city of Istanbul is. The older and less famous of the two cities was the city of Chalkedon, which was founded in around 685 BC as a colony by the Greek city-state of Megara on the Asian side of the Bosphoros. The founders of Chalkedon were mocked in antiquity for having built their city on the Asian side of the Bosphoros and overlooked the obviously superior spot for a city on the European side. Chalkedon was known as the “City of the Blind” because it was thought that the city’s founders must have been blind to have overlooked such a perfect spot for a city just on the opposite side of the Bosphoros. The more famous of the two cities by far, however, was the city of Byzantion, which was founded in around 657 BC or thereabouts as a Megarian colony on the European side of the Bosphoros. The city was named after its founder Byzas. These two cities of Byzantion and Chalkedon sat almost directly opposite each other on either side of the Bosphoros.
persia
- https://www.quora.com/What-did-the-Ancient-Greeks-think-of-the-ancient-Persians-Did-they-think-of-them-as-barbarians-and-inferior
- https://www.quora.com/What-would-the-world-be-like-if-the-Persians-had-won-the-Greco-Persian-wars
india
- Porus (IPA: [porus]) or Poros (from Ancient Greek: Πῶρος, Pôros), was an ancient Indian king whose territory spanned the region between the Hydaspes (River of Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab River), in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. He is credited to have been a legendary warrior with exceptional skills. Porus fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC), thought to be fought at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab, which is now part of the modern country of Pakistan. Though not recorded in any available ancient Indian source, Ancient Greek historians describe the battle and the aftermath of Alexander's victory. After the defeat and arrest of Porus in the war, Alexander asked Porus how he would like to be treated. Porus, although defeated, being a valiant, proud king, stated that he be treated like how Alexander himself would expect to be treated. Alexander was reportedly so impressed by his adversary that he not only reinstated him as a satrap of his own kingdom but also granted him dominion over lands to the south-east extending until the Hyphasis (Beas). Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC.
reference
- artefact
- https://www.quora.com/What-historical-artifact-challenges-history-as-we-know-it The Dispilio Tablet (also known as the Dispilio Scripture or the Dispilio Disk ) is a wooden tablet bearing inscribed markings (charagmata), unearthed during George Hourmouziadis’s 1993 excavations at Dispilio in Northern Greece and carbon 14-dated to about 7300 BP (5260 BC).[1]The tablet contained a set of symbols that seem to be a form or proto-writing, 2,000 years older than proto-Sumerian pictographic script from Uruk (modern Iraq) and 4,000 years older than the Cretan-Mycenean linear types of writing.
- map
- https://www.quora.com/How-similar-are-the-Albanian-and-Greek-languages
- *******https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Ancient-Greece-never-attempt-to-conquer-Western-Europe
- https://www.quora.com/Why-didnt-ancient-Greece-expand-into-the-north-of-Europe-but-instead-stayed-in-the-Mediterranean-area
- https://www.quora.com/What-would-the-ancient-Greeks-think-of-modern-Greeks-and-Greece-today-Would-they-be-proud-or-ashamed-of-them
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