Thursday, December 20, 2018

anglo saxon

The Angles (Latin: Angli) were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period. They founded several of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, and their name is the root of the name England. The name comes from Anglia (Angeln), a peninsula located on the Baltic shore of what is now Schleswig-Holstein.The name of the Angles may have been first recorded in Latinised form, as Anglii, in the Germania of Tacitus. It is thought to derive from the name of the area they originally inhabited, the Anglia Peninsula (Angeln in modern German, Angel in Danish). This name has been hypothesised to originate from the Germanic root for "narrow" (compare German and Dutch eng = "narrow"), meaning "the Narrow [Water]", i.e. the Schlei estuary; the root would be angh, "tight". Another theory is that the name meant "hook", as in angling for fish; Indo-European linguist Julius Pokorny derives it from *ang-, "bend" (see ankle). During the 5th century, all Germanic tribes who invaded Britain were referred to as Englisc, who were speakers of Old English (which was known as Englisc, Ænglisc or Anglisc). Engliscalso goes back to Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ-, meaning 'narrow'. In any case, the Angles may have been called such because they were a fishing people or were originally descended from such, and therefore England would mean 'land of the fishermen', and English would be 'the fishermen's language'. Gregory the Great in an epistle simplified the Latinised name Anglii to Angli, the latter form developing into the preferred form of the word. The country remained Anglia in Latin. Alfred the Great's translation of Orosius's history of the world uses Angelcynn (-kin) to describe England and the English people; Bede used Angelfolc (-folk); there are also such forms as Engel, Englan (the people), Englaland, Englisc, all showing i-mutation.
- According to sources such as the History of Bede, after the invasion of Britannia, the Angles split up and founded the kingdoms of Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia. H.R. Loyn has observed in this context that "a sea voyage is perilous to tribal institutions", and the apparently tribe-based kingdoms were formed in England. In early times there were two northern kingdoms (Bernicia and Deira) and two midland ones (Middle Anglia and Mercia), which had by the 7th century resolved themselves into two Angle kingdoms, viz., Northumbria and Mercia. Northumbria held suzerainty amidst the Teutonic presence in the British Isles in the 7th century, but was eclipsed by the rise of Mercia in the 8th century. Both kingdoms fell in the great assaults of the Danish Viking armies in the 9th century. Their royal houses were effectively destroyed in the fighting, and their Angle populations came under the Danelaw. Further south, the Saxon kings of Wessex withstood the Danish assaults. Then in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, the kings of Wessex defeated the Danes and liberated the Angles from the Danelaw. They united their house in marriage with the surviving Angle royalty, and were accepted by the Angles as their kings. This marked the passing of the old 'Anglo-Saxon' world and the dawn of the "English" as a new people. The regions of East Anglia and Northumbria are still known by their original titles. Northumbria once stretched as far north as what is now southeast Scotland, including Edinburgh, and as far south as the Humber Estuary. The rest of that people stayed at the centre of the Angle homeland in the northeastern portion of the modern German Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein, on the Jutland Peninsula. There, a small peninsular area is still called "Angeln" today and is formed as a triangle drawn roughly from modern Flensburg on the Flensburger Fjord to the City of Schleswig and then to Maasholm, on the Schlei inlet.
- The Angle people of Germany who settled in early Britain gave the Angland, now known as England, and English and German have many structural similarities from a linguistic perspective. As a British born son of immigrants to the UK myself, I don’t have an extensive British lineage or heritage (though I am immensely proud to be a British citizen), but it does allow me to see many similarities of the British and Germans from an almost external perspective. Both are organized pragmatic people, have deep and soulful creativity (especially in the arts) hidden underneath an unemotive exterior and both are martial in nature. The British may sometimes pretend they dislike the Germans and vice-versa, but both recognize there exist ties outside the nations they inhabit.https://www.quora.com/Which-country-in-Europe-do-most-British-people-like-and-admire-the-most
- australia
  • Anglo-Australian firm Slater & Gordon made the shock decision to close its Central London base global lawyer em 1jun2020
- china

  • China Jiangxi Corporation for International Economic and Technical Cooperation (abbreviated as CJIC or called Jiangxi International) is a Chinese construction and engineering company that operates in many countries of Anglophone Africa. Its Kenya subsidiary was selected in 2013 by the National Social Security Fund (Kenya) to build the Trade Centre, a $68 million 39-storey building set to the tallest in Nairobi.In Ghana it is building the Cape Coast Stadium, a $30 million 15,000 spectator stadium given as a gift by China.

    • https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202108/10/WS6111e00aa310efa1bd667d62.html Zambia on Monday launched a modern airport terminal, which has been built by a Chinese company. The southern African nation launched the second terminal building at the Kenneth Kaunda International Airport, which will increase the number of passengers from the current two million to four million per year. The project, financed by the Export-Import Bank of China (China Exim Bank), is designed and built by China Jiangxi Corporation for International Economic and Technical Cooperation.The construction works started in 2015. Once completed, the project will also have a hotel, cargo terminal, air traffic control building, rescue and fire station as well as a shopping mall.Zambian President Edgar Lungu said the project is a testimony of the warm bilateral relations that exist between the two countries.


The Saxons (Latin: Saxones, German: Sachsen, Old English: Seaxe, Old Saxon: Sahson, Low German: Sassen, Dutch: Saksen) were a Germanic people whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, Latin: Saxonia) near the North Sea coast of what is now Germany. Earlier, in the late Roman Empire, the name was used to refer to Germanic inhabitants of what is now England, and also as a word something like the later "Viking", as a term for raiders and pirates. In Merovingian times, continental Saxons were associated with the coast of what later became Normandy. Though sometimes described as also fighting inland, coming in conflict with the Franks and Thuringians, no clear homeland can be defined. There is possibly a single classical reference to a smaller homeland of an early Saxon tribe, but it is disputed. According to this proposal, the Saxons' earliest area of settlement is believed to have been Northern Albingia. This general area is close to the probable homeland of the Angles.
- language

  • Wassail (/ˈwɒsəl/, /-eɪl/; Old Norse "ves heil", Old English was hál, literally: be hale) is a beverage of hot mulled cider, drunk traditionally as an integral part of wassailing, a Medieval Christmastide English drinking ritual intended to ensure a good cider apple harvest the following year.The word wassail comes from Old English was hál, related to the Anglo-Saxon greeting wes þú hál , meaning "be you hale"—i.e., "be healthful" or "be healthy".
  • kiv wassail / wassailing bowl 
  • names
    • https://www.quora.com/How-come-Saxon-names-the-sort-that-begin-with-ae-never-survived-to-modern-times-Why-aren-t-they-commonplace-in-the-modern-Commonwealth

    • ‘Edinburgh’ is a direct Old English translation of the native Cumbric name, Din Eidyn (Cumbric is an old Brythonic language spoken in Southern Scotland and Northern England). Eidyn was the native name for that area, and we actually don’t know the etymology. The consensus is that it referred to a geographic area to the south of the Firth of Forth. Din, or Dun in other Brythonic languages, meant ‘fort’, so we do know that Din Eidyn meant ‘the fort of Eidyn’, or ‘Eidyn’s fort’.In Old English, the word for ‘fort’ is burgh. So when the Angles of Northumbria conquered the kingdom of Gododdin in 638CE, they simply translated the name and called it Edinburgh.https://www.quora.com/Is-Edinburgh-named-after-a-Saxon-king

- uk, britain

- switzerland
  • 萨克森小瑞士Saxon Switzerland (German: Sächsische Schweiz) is a hilly climbing area and national park around the Elbe valley south-east of Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Together with the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic it forms the Elbe Sandstone Mountains.Saxon Switzerland alone has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with local and international climbers.The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge. The fortress of Königstein is a well-known landmark.The German name for Saxon Switzerland, Sächsische Schweiz, appeared in the 18th century. Two Swiss artists, Adrian Zingg and Anton Graff, were appointed in 1766 to the Dresden Academy of Art.They felt the landscape was reminiscent of their homeland, the Swiss Jura, and reported in their exchange of letters on the difference between their homeland and "Saxon Switzerland". Previously, the Saxon part of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains had merely been referred to as the Meissen Highlands (Meißner Hochland), Meissen Oberland (Meißen Oberland) or Heath above Schandau (Heide über Schandau). During the Dark Ages, the region was settled by Slavs and was part of the Kingdom of Bohemia during the Middle Ages. About 1000 years ago Bohemian-Saxon Switzerland was the borderland of three Slavic tribes. The Nisane tribe (east of the Elbe from Dresden to Pirna), the Milzane tribe (from today's Upper Lusatia) and in the south the Dacine tribe shaped the political and economic landscape at that time.It was not until the 15th century that the area now called Saxon Switzerland came under Saxon hegemony when it became part of the Margraviate of Meissen with boundaries roughly corresponding to those of today.The development of the area for tourism began in earnest in the 19th century. This was greatly helped by the building of one of the first trolleybus lines in the world: the Biela Valley Trolleybus, which was in operation from 1901 to 1904 and was operated from Königstein.Romantic artists were inspired by the beauty of wilderness, like the painter Ludwig Richter or the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his famous opera Der Freischütz with its Wolfsschlucht ("Wolf's Gorge") scene set near the town of Rathen.In the Nazi era the description of German territories as Schweiz ("Switzerland") was officially banned. For that reason, with effect from 19 October 1938, the official term "Sächsische Schweiz" was replaced by "Amtshauptmannschaft Pirna" and from January 1939 by "Kreis Pirna" in the names of the local places of Königstein, Obervogelgesang, Ottendorf, Porschdorf, Rathen, Rathewalde, Rathmannsdorf and Reinhardtsdorf.
    • economist 29aug2021 "a visit to afd stronghjold" in saxon switzerland, a suspended cop represents the far right

- The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: Siweberjer Såksen; Romanian: Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; Hungarian: Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who were settled in Transylvania (German: Siebenbürgen) in waves starting from the mid 12th century until the late Modern Age (more specifically mid-19th century). The Transylvanian "Saxons" originally stemmed from Flanders, Hainaut, Brabant, Liège, Zeeland, Moselle, Lorraine, and Luxembourg, then situated in the north-western territories of the Holy Roman Empire around the 1140s.After 1918 and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, in the wake of the Treaty of Trianon, Transylvania was joined to the Kingdom of Romania. Consequently, the Transylvanian Saxons, together with other ethnic German sub-groups in newly enlarged Romania (namely Banat Swabians, Bessarabia Germans, Dobrujan Germans, Bukovina Germans, Sathmar Swabians] and Zipser Germans), became part of that country's broader German minority. Today, relatively few still live in Romania, where the last official census carried out in 2011 indicated 36,042 Germans, out of which 11,400 were of Transylvanian Saxon descent.

  • QThe colonization of Transylvania by Germans began under the reign of King Géza II of Hungary (1141–1162). For decades, the main task of these medieval German-speaking settlers was to defend the southeastern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary against foreign invaders stemming most notably from Central Asia(e.g. Cumans and Tatars).The first wave of settlement continued well until the end of the 13th century. Although the colonists came mostly from the western Holy Roman Empire and generally spoke Franconian dialects, they came to be collectively referred to as 'Saxons' because of Germans working for the Hungarian chancellery.[dubious – discuss]Gradually, the type of medieval German once spoken by these craftsmen, guardsmen, and workers became known locally as Såksesch. The Transylvanian Saxon population has been steadily decreasing since World War II in native Romania. Transylvanian Saxons started massively leaving the territory of present-day Romania during and after World War II, relocating initially to Austria, then predominantly to southern Germany (especially in Bavaria).The process of emigration continued during the Communist rule in Romania. After the collapse of the Ceaușescu regime in 1989, still many of them fled to the unified Germany, as result, today approx. 12,000 Saxons remained in Romania.Nowadays, the vast majority of Transylvanian Saxons live in either Germany or Austria. Nonetheless, a sizable Transylvanian Saxon population also resides today in North America, most notably in the United States (specifically in Idaho, Ohio, and Colorado), as well as in Canada (southern Ontario more precisely).
  • The initial phase of German settlement began in the expansive mid-12th century, with colonists travelling to what would become Altland or Hermannstadt Provinz, based around the city of Hermannstadt, today's Sibiu. 
  • Along with the Teutonic Order, other religious organizations important to the development of German communities were the Cistercian abbeys of Igrisch (Romanian: Igriș) in the Banatregion respectively Kerz (Romanian: Cârța) in Fogaraschland (Romanian: Țara Făgărașului). The earliest religious organization of the Saxons was the Provostship of Hermannstadt (now Sibiu), founded 20 December 1191. In its early years, it included the territories of Hermannstadt, Leschkirch (Romanian: Nocrich), and Groß-Schenk (Romanian: Cincu), the areas that were colonized the earliest by ethnic Germans in the region. Under the influence of Johannes Honterus, the great majority of the Transylvanian Saxons embraced the new creed of Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation. The first superintendent of the Saxons Evangelical Church, Paul Wiener, was elected by Saxon pastors at a synod on 6 February 1553. Almost all became Lutheran Protestants, with very few Calvinists), while other minor segments of the Transylvanian Saxon society remained staunchly Catholic (of Latin Rite, more specifically) or were converted to Catholicism later on. Nonetheless, one of the consequences of the Reformation was the emergence of an almost perfect equivalence, in the Transylvanian context, of the terms Lutheran and Saxon, with the Lutheran Church in Transylvania being de facto a "Volkskirche", i.e. the "national church" of the Transylvanian Saxons.
  • The Mongol invasion of 1241–42 devastated much of the Kingdom of Hungary. Although the Saxons did their best to resist, many settlements were destroyed. In the aftermath of the invasion, many Transylvanian towns were fortified with stone castles and an emphasis was put on developing towns economically. In the Middle Ages, about 300 villages were defended by Kirchenburgen, or fortified churches with massive walls. Though many of these fortified churches have fallen into ruin, nowadays south-eastern Transylvania region has one of the highest numbers of existing fortified churches from the 13th to 16th centuries. The rapid expansion of cities populated by the Saxons led to Transylvania being known in German as Siebenbürgen and Septem Castra in Latin, referring to seven of the fortified towns (see Historical names of Transylvania), most likely:Nösen/Bistritz (Bistrița)Hermannstadt (Sibiu)Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca)Kronstadt (Brașov)Mediasch (Mediaș)Mühlbach (Sebeș)Schässburg (Sighișoara)Other potential candidates for this list include:Broos (Orăștie)Sächsisch-Regen (Reghin)Other notable urban Saxon settlements include:Heltau (Cisnădie)Rosenau (Râșnov)Reps (Rupea)
  • Along with the largely Hungarian-Transylvanian nobility and the Székelys, the Transylvanian Saxons were members of the Unio Trium Nationum (or 'Union of the Three Nations'), which was a charter signed in 1438. This agreement preserved a considerable degree of political rights for the three aforementioned groups but excluded the largely Hungarian and Romanianpeasantry from political life in the principality.During the Protestant Reformation, most Transylvanian Saxons converted to Lutheranism. As the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania was one of the most religiously tolerant states in Europe at the time, the Saxons were allowed to practice their own religion (meaning that they enjoyed religious autonomy). However, the Habsburgs still promoted Roman Catholicism to the Saxons during the Counter Reformation, but the vast majority of them remained staunchly Lutheran.Warfare between the Habsburg Monarchy and Hungary against the Ottoman Empire from the 16th–18th centuries decreased the population of Transylvanian Saxons. All throughout this period of time, the Saxons in Transylvania served as administrators and military officers. When the Principality of Transylvania came under Austrian-Habsburg control, a smaller third phase of settlement took place in order to revitalise their demographics.This wave of settlement included exiled Protestants from Upper Austria (the Transylvanian Landlers namely), who were given land near Hermannstadt (Sibiu). The predominantly German-populated Hermannstadt was a noteworthy cultural center within Transylvania back in the day, while Kronstadt (Brașov) represented a vital political center for the Transylvanian Saxons.
  • Emperor Joseph II attempted to revoke the Unio Trium Nationum in the late 18th century. His actions were aimed at the political inequality within Transylvania, especially the political strength of the Saxons.Although the Hungarian control over Transylvania was defeated by Austrian and Imperial Russian forces in 1849, the Ausgleich compromise between Austria and Hungary in 1867 did not marry well for the political rights of the Saxons. After the end of World War I, on 8 January 1919 the representatives of the Transylvanian Saxons decided to support the unification of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania.They were promised full minority rights, but many wealthy Saxons lost part of their land in the land reform process that was implemented in the whole of Romania after World War I. Taking into account the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, many Transylvanian Saxons became staunch supporters of National Socialism, the Evangelical Lutheran Church very much losing its influence in the community.
  • Because they are considered Auslandsdeutsche ("Germans from abroad") by the German government, the Saxons have the right to German citizenship under the law of return. Numerous Saxons have emigrated to Germany, especially after the fall of the Eastern Bloc in 1989 and are represented by the Association of Transylvanian Saxons in Germany. Due to this emigration from Romania the population of Saxons is dwindling. At the same time, especially after Romania's accession into NATO and the EU, many Transylvanian Saxons are returning from Germany, reclaiming property lost to the former Communist regime and/or starting up small and medium-sized enterprises. The Saxons remaining in Romania are represented by the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (FDGR/DFDR), the political party that gave Romania its fifth president, Klaus Iohannis.

- poland


anglo-saxons
- https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-difference-between-the-Angles-and-Saxons-as-a-people

motif
- note patterns on saxon stone sculptures  
- cross
  • https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/galloway-hoard-silver-cross-scli-gbr-intl/index.html

language
- *******The written Thorn, (Þ, þ), was one of the symbols to represent the ‘th’ phoneme in Germanic languages, along with the Eth symbol, (ð). https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-long-dead-Anglo-Saxonisms-in-the-English-language
- https://www.quora.com/How-can-I-Germanize-my-English
- https://www.quora.com/Is-German-really-easier-than-English-or-thats-a-myth Some English/german mutual words from that age, when the anglo-saxons still lived in their continental homeland
- https://www.quora.com/How-difficult-is-it-for-English-speakers-to-learn-Anglo-Saxon-Is-it-like-learning-a-foreign-language-from-scratch, lord's prayer in anglo saxon - names

  • https://www.quora.com/Why-did-so-many-Anglo-Saxon-names-such-as-%C3%86lfred-%C3%86lfric-%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d-%C3%86lfwynn-%C3%86lfgifu-%C3%86lfthryth-etc-begin-with-the-word-%C3%86lf-which-meant-elf
- Eubank is a surname of Anglo-Saxon origin in use since the 13th century, derived from the phrase yew-bank, referring to those who lived near a ridge of yew. Historical spellings include Ewbanke, Ewbanck, Ewbancke, Ewbanche, Ubank, Yuebanc, and Ewbank. 
  • 緬甸軍方政變後，不少名人政客人心惶惶，擔心會遭無理拘禁，想辦法逃出國外。許多地下組織協助他們逃亡，就如電影《舒特拉的名單》中，主角協助猶太人逃離納粹德國；其中一個是由美國前特種部隊成員尤班克（David Eubank）成立的「自由緬甸守護者」。該組織已在緬甸武裝衝突地區運作25年，尤班克稱嘗試協助逃走需時數天，已幫助25至26人離開。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210504/00180_018.html

  • in den Vereinigten Staaten:

- Macca is a common nickname in some English speaking countries of Anglo-Saxon heritage (less commonly in Canada and the United States, where "Mac" is used) for somebody whose surname begins with the Gaelic prefix Mac or Mc (meaning "son"). "Macca" also widely known as variant spelling of Islamic holy city in Saudi Arabia in many languages (Makkah, Mekkah, Makkah al-Mukaramah, etc.), which officially known as Mecca in English.Other use:
- dictionary

  • https://archive.org/stream/studentsdictiona00sweerich#page/186/search/loyalty
history
- reference
  • The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annalsin Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The original manuscript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great (r. 871–899). Multiple copies were made of that one original and then distributed to monasteries across England, where they were independently updated. In one case, the Chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154.Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are of equal historical value and none of them is the original version. The oldest seems to have been started towards the end of Alfred's reign, while the most recent was written at Peterborough Abbeyafter a fire at that monastery in 1116. Almost all of the material in the Chronicle is in the form of annals, by year; the earliest are dated at 60 BC (the annals' date for Caesar's invasions of Britain), and historical material follows up to the year in which the chronicle was written, at which point contemporary records begin. These manuscripts collectively are known as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The Chronicle is biased in places: there are occasions when comparison with other medieval sources makes it clear that the scribes who wrote it omitted events or told one-sided versions of stories; there are also places where the different versions contradict each other. Taken as a whole, however, the Chronicle is the single most important historical source for the period in England between the departure of the Romans and the decades following the Norman conquest. Much of the information given in the Chronicle is not recorded elsewhere. In addition, the manuscripts are important sources for the history of the English language; in particular, the later Peterborough text is one of the earliest examples of Middle English in existence. Seven of the nine surviving manuscripts and fragments reside in the British Library. The other two are in the Bodleian Library at Oxford and the Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

any relation?
- https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/a-saxon-hardstone-and-gold-bonbonniere-by-6153224-details.aspx

diaspora
-**********https://www.quora.com/Did-any-of-the-Anglo-Saxon-nobles-survive-the-Norman-Conquest-of-1066-Are-their-descendants-a-prominent-part-of-British-Society-today The exodus of Anglo-Saxon nobles to the city is recorded in both a 13th-Century French chronicle, Chronicon universale anonymi Laudunensis [see Ciggaar, 1974] and a 14th-Century Icelandic saga, Játvarðar Saga. The arrival and welcoming of English refugee warriors at this time is also recorded in Byzantine history.The Anglo-Varangians helped Alexius in his many battles to restore the Byzantine Empire’s lost ground, fighting Seljuk Turks in the East as well as (ironically) Norman invaders in the West.
But while some of the English refugees liked the idea of joining the Varangian Guard, Siward and a number of others desired a realm of their own to rule over into old age.Thus some of the English took up the offer of establishing a ‘New England’ (or Nova Anglia) settlement across the Black Sea, evidently in the Crimea and to the south of the nearby Sea of Azov.There is evidence to support this. A hundred years later, missionaries passing through this area reported coming across a Christian people who called themselves ‘Saxi’ (Saxons).Medieval maritime charts of the area also show place names such as ‘Londina’ (London) and ‘Susaco’ (Sussex). 

uk
- https://www.quora.com/What-made-the-Anglo-Saxons-capable-of-conquering-the-Britons
- https://www.quora.com/In-medieval-England-how-rare-was-it-to-see-Knights-of-Anglo-Saxon-heritage-Did-those-of-Anglo-Norman-heritage-look-down-upon-the-Anglo-Saxons-for-their-low-birth Virtually the entire Anglo-Saxon aristocracy was eliminated following the Norman Conquest. They were either killed, or went into exile, or lost their lands and were reduced to peasants.It wasn’t an immediate process; but there were several rebellions against William’s rule, and every time one happened, he would crush the rebels, then confiscate the lands of anyone even remotely suspected of supporting the rebellion and give them to his Norman followers. By the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, of the 200 or so nobles holding lands directly from the King (tenants-in-chief) only two of them were Anglo-Saxons; all the others were French.In short, the chances of seeing knights ‘of Anglo-Saxon heritage’ in mediaeval England was virtually zero — if by ‘heritage’ you mean knights who spoke English, had Anglo-Saxon names, fought on foot using battleaxes and shields, and described themselves as cnihtas rather than chivalers.
- https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-the-English-are-not-the-indigenous-people-of-the-UK The standard, traditional narrative among historians is that Angles and Saxons reached Great Britain from the continent, precisely from the coast of what is now Denmark and northern Germany, at some point in Late Antiquity, shortly after the fall of Rome.These people arrived in large numbers and changed the DNA and the language of the Eastern half of Great Britain, well into what is now Scotland. The name of the country, England (>Englaland, land of the Angles), derives from these migrations and has nothing to do with the history of the island in ancient, pre-medieval times, as well as Anglia (latinized version of “land of the Angles”), Wessex (West Saxons) and others. Further to the West the native Britons remained speaking several variants of their Celtic language, from the Dumnonians in Cornwall all the way north to Cumbria.Native Britons, at the time, were fully aware of the threat that such invasion posed to their identity and their very existence. The perception remained that this was an alien body into the country. Germanic tribes had not yet been assimilated into the local narrative. As late as the 10th century, the “Armes Prydein”, the “Prophecy of Britain”, announced how the Celtic - speaking indigenous Britons, assisted by a confederacy of Irish, Scots and Danes, would fight and drive the Anglo-Saxons out of Britain forever.Now, mind you, this is EXACTLY the kind of things that native Christians in Spain were writing at the very same time, proclaiming how they would expel the Moors out of Spain.The difference is, native British celts failed to defeat their Germanic invaders, whereas Christians in Spain did succeed in their Reconquista.The process would start anew when the Danes pushed the Anglo-Saxons, including a tiny Anglo-Saxon “Reconquista” of their own against the Danes, and yet again when the Normans invaded in 1066, again changing the language of the country from German to French.
- 英國考古學家近日在英格蘭伯克郡馬洛山區，發現一具一千五百年前的盎格魯撒克遜戰士遺骸，以及一批精美的青銅器、衣物、利劍和鐵矛。是次發現反映當地在羅馬帝國佔領時期的地位，較現時所知的重要。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201007/00180_023.html
- 公元7世紀盎格魯撒克遜時期的文物，當時應該屬一種類似象棋的棋盤遊戲一部分https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201220/00180_039.html
- Turville is a village and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England. It is in the Chiltern Hills, 5 miles (8.0 km) west of High Wycombe, 6 miles (9.7 km) east-southeast of Watlington, 7 miles (11 km) north of Henley-on-Thames and 2 miles (3 km) from the Oxfordshire border. The name is Anglo-Saxon in origin and means 'dry field'. It was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 796 as Thyrefeld.The manor of Turville once belonged to the abbey at St Albans, but was seized by the Crown in the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1547. The manor house has since been rebuilt as Turville Park, and was held by the Hoare Nairne family for most of the 20th Century. The present incumbent of the manor is Lord Sainsbury. Turville was home to Ellen Sadler, who fell asleep in 1871, aged eleven, and purportedly did not wake for nine years, becoming known as the "Sleeping Girl of Turville". The case attracted international attention from newspapers, medical professionals and the public. Rumours persist in the region that Sadler was visited by royalty for a "laying on of hands". The local pub is the Bull and Butcher.[4] Turville Hill is a Site of Special Scientific Importance, and it includes Cobstone Windmill.
  • any relation with turkey?
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