private international law
-[briggs]
- Jurisdiction (a) common law (b) the (former) brussels I regulation
- application law (a) to the issue of title to land (b) to the obligation which relates to the land
- A layman or straw man is a figure not intended to have a genuine beneficial interest in a property, to whom such property is nevertheless conveyed in order to facilitate a transaction. The unity of time rule requires a joint tenancy be granted both parties at the same time. When the current owner of a property wishes to create a joint tenancy with another party, the grantor conveys the property to a strawperson (often a lawyer or the lawyer's secretary), who in turn creates a second deed conveying property to the original grantor and their desired joint tenant(s). Strawpersons sometimes engage in straw purchases to protect the privacy of the beneficial owner or to allow the beneficial owner to acquire a property when the seller's rules, policies or biases might not have allowed it. Straw purchase of property is legal as long as the strawperson is not part of an attempt to defraud a mortgage lender or other creditor. A strawperson is also "a person of no means," or one who deliberately accepts a liability or other monetary responsibility without the resources to fulfill it. This becomes illegal if the debt goes unpaid and fraud was found to be committed.
Islands, forests
- 新冠肺炎疫情下，保持社交距離已成常態，日本東京一名企業家索性買下位於伊勢志摩外海的整座無人島，希望擁有一個與世隔絕的桃花源，讓親友可在毋須擔憂染疫的情況下聚會同樂。日媒周一報道，這座面積約500平方米、坐落於東京西南方約300公里處的無人小島，島中央有約300平方米的平地，企業家綠川義久去年10月到訪後決定買下。有東京房地產業者表示，疫情爆發至今已賣出4座無人島，其中3座的買家都是個人及企業投資者。除了無人島，山中林地在疫情下亦變得炙手可熱。東京上班族清川浩司去年7月在東京東北方的茨城縣，買下一片面積約10萬平方米的林地，有如建立私人基地。不過，「私人國度」要開發和維護並不容易，如野外缺乏水電及基建，相信亦是買家裹足不前的原因之一。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210107/00180_034.html
Australia
- significant investor visa (introduced on 24nov2012) - investment of at least $5 million AUD within a prescribed group of investments (which includes property) and hold investment for 4 years
- tips on buying property in Australia hkej 11oct14 b5
- http://www.scmp.com/property/international/article/1650320/australia-set-tighten-rules-foreign-property-buyers An Australian parliamentary committee yesterday recommended strengthening rules on foreign investment in the country's booming housing market, calling enforcement of the current framework "severely lacking", singtao 28 nov 14 b6, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20141128/PDF/a22_screen.pdf,
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c12e2f04-7608-11e4-a777-00144feabdc0.html
- buying land
- 買地建屋顧名思義，是購買土地並在該地皮上興建新屋，所以買家除要與發展商簽訂土地買賣合約外，亦要與建築商簽訂房屋建造合約。要注意當發展商與買家之間的土地買賣合約完成過戶，建造合約方能正式啟動。印花稅只計算土地價值澳洲地產代理公司Ray White表示，買地建屋有着節省印花稅、初期投入較少、自由度大等多項優勢。購買不連土地的住宅物業，業主需要按物業成交金額繳付印花稅，而買地建屋只需要按土地價值繳納印花稅，房屋部分不用徵收，變相可慳掉部分印花稅。此外，買家在前期只需支付買地金額，建屋部分按照工程進度分期支付，這令買家初期投入金額較少，有更多時間準備資金。自由度方面，買家可以選擇建築公司，因應個人喜好在建築公司提供的基本設計方案上調節，建造和設計個人化居所。再者，獨立屋亦可因應未來需求拆卸再重建而不用補地價。該行指，200多萬港元已可入場購買逾2,000方呎地皮連三房獨立屋加車位，可以自選屋型設計，並擁有土地永久業權。澳洲地產投資公司Ironfish資深房地產投資策略師陳冠翹表示，視乎地區、佔地以及建築規格，買地建屋的價格可以由50萬澳元（相當於300萬港元）以下到數百萬澳元（逾千萬港元）不等。惟要留意，很多買地建屋的位置都在新開發的地區，相對偏遠。不過，有分析指，未開發的地皮有危也有機，在價格未升前買入，倘持有至開發後地價飛升，潛在回報吸引。再者，政府對新住宅地審批要求嚴厲，令供應買少見少，地皮升值潛力依然可觀。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20210607/00269_041.html
- 墨爾本公寓投資得過 http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/12/07/b03-1207.pdf
- http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-budget-2016-foreign-property-buyers-in-nsw-to-be-hit-with-stamp-duty-and-land-tax-hikes-20160613-gpiaap.html
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-21/foreigners-face-higher-property-taxes-in-australia-s-second-city
- 澳洲南部一個小鎮早前就以六萬五千澳元超低價開售，鎮上包括六間店舖、一個儲藏室、兩幢獨立屋和兩個獨立單位，而且所有物業皆已接好水電。交易乍聽之下的確划算，但原來小鎮荒廢已久，鎮民只得寥寥六人，想購入「筍盤」的買家可得花點心思打理了。科普利鎮（Copley）位於阿德萊德市以北五百八十公里；政府在一八七八年興建連接澳洲中、南部的鐵路時，該鎮曾是長程火車旅客的中轉站。該鎮最高峰時曾有達四百名居民，但自鐵路停運後，居民在近廿年間已漸漸搬走，至現時僅餘六人。地產代理威廉斯（Geoff Williams）表示，買家甚至不需要付任何的稅項或附加費，已可買下全鎮。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190728/00180_024.html
- safety incidents
- 澳洲悉尼新落成的三十八層高豪宅大廈Opal Tower，自周一（24日）平安夜當天有住客聽到破裂聲後須緊急疏散，大廈內部的照片翌日首次曝光。只見一幅位於門旁的石膏牆板碎裂，碎片跌滿一地，內部牆壁露出了一條幾乎垂直貫通牆身的裂痕。有住客疏散時門被卡住，要警方出動重型裝備破門才能逃走；大廈發展商強調樓宇結構非常安全。Opal Tower建在一幅由沼澤填平而來的地皮上，該地皮距離另一個紅樹林沼澤不足三百米。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181227/00180_014.html
- Residents of Mascot Towers in Sydney's inner-south were forced to find somewhere else to sleep on Friday night when their 10-storey building was evacuated after cracking in its beams. On Saturday morning, adjoining businesses were told not to open and huge cracks appeared in the wall of a nearby hairdressing salon. Masa Tatewaki, who has lived in the complex for 10 years, said initially he and his partner were told their apartment was not affected, so they decided to move their car from the building garage which was soon to be closed. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-15/mascot-towers-evacuation-leaves-residents-in-tears/11213422
- welfare
- Mascot Towers' building manager and strata company have been contacted for comment.https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/berejiklian-says-everyone-will-be-held-to-account-over-mascot-towers-20190616-p51y64.html
- 澳洲悉尼住宅大樓「Mascot Towers」（圖）日前發現牆身裂紋，政府上周五晚要求大樓逾百名住客緊急撤離。當局聲稱準備好臨時房屋讓居民入住，惟民眾直指不知安排。有建築工會警告或有更多問題大樓，促請政府成立獨立委員會調查，斥責業界的惰性累事。澳洲建築設計師協會主席尼里姆（Chris Knierim）呼籲當局成立獨立建築委員會調查業界，稱建築業為應付市場對住宅高樓的需求而面臨巨大壓力，形容Mascot Towers的住客是狡猾、貪婪的建築商及無能檢測程序的受害者，政府亦需負上責任。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190617/00180_018.html
- https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20210607/00269_042.html
Cambodia
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20160609/00176_137.htmlSQFT Global Properties國際銷售副總監區愷恩指，只要持有香港特區護照，即可於柬埔寨購買住宅物業，而且可享永久業權。不過，非柬埔寨居民只能購買一樓或以上層數的物業，亦需支付註冊稅及樓宇印花稅等稅項。港人一般做六成按揭，需透過當地銀行或台灣銀行承做，惟利率就會相對較高，達八至九厘。
Canada
- http://beta.realtor.ca/index.aspx?CultureId=1&
- british columbia
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/05/12/a22-0512.pdf加拿大卑詩省政府前 日公佈新規定，住宅物 業買方若要透過合約轉 手圖利，必須取得第一 手賣家同意，以遏止當 地住宅因多次轉手而導 致價格飆升。但有物業 代理質疑新規定無法堵 塞「影子轉手」的漏 洞，有政界人士亦認為 新規定難以遏止炒賣活 動。
- news
- Centrust condo developer allegedly skips town with $12M in buyers’ deposits http://www.680news.com/2014/08/22/centrust-condo-developer-allegedly-skips-town-with-12m-in-buyers-deposits/, singtao 24aug14 a16
Caribbean
- minimum required investment - USD400,000 for citizenship by investment program
China
- 土地使用權
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20160422/00275_001.html 首先，內地居民購買的商品房，按照國務院一九九○年發布的《中華人民共和國城鎮國有土地使用權出讓和轉讓暫行條例》中規定，土地使用權出讓最高年限按用途確定，其中居住用地70年、工業用地50年、商業旅遊娛樂用地40年、其他或綜合用地50年。即從這個法律文件開始，內地居民所購買的住房土地使用權絕大多數都是70年產權（佔比肯定高於99%以上），而不是低於70年產權，故國人對自己所持有的住房土地使用權使用年限不用太擔心，因低於70年產權不是居住用地的使用權。比如，綜合用地使用權是50年的產權，且購買這種住房時，不僅土地出讓金價格較低，且住房價格比一般的居民住宅價格要低，但該類商居兩用的住房到期時間也應是二○四○年，而不是現在。至於低於70年產權土地使用權的，到期之後如何處理，與絕大多數居民所購買的住宅沒有多少關係，國人不用恐慌。
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20170602/00176_140.html約八十名香港買家一三年經本地地產代理購入廣東省惠州一個樓盤樓花，原定一五年落成，至今仍是完工無期。「爛尾」樓盤估計在港已集資超過兩億元，多名買家疑墮入騙局後，才揭發他們的買樓合同、付款銀行帳戶號碼、以至收據均不盡相同甚至無法律效力。有地產人士教路買家可留意內地售樓處是否有齊「五證」及取得房地產證；內地律師提醒，買賣合同必須擁有當地房屋管理局的鑑證章及買賣雙方簽名，缺一不可。
- difference between chinese and us property http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/11/30/b03-1130.pdf
- Fund Man雲南買樓等升值http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20140821/00269_001.html
- hket 1sept14 d7 article on why chinese regulations relating to housing facilitates speculation and investment activity on houses
- 五家國有銀行本月25日將統一調整為LPR（貸款市場報價利率）房貸定價方式，分析認為，由於LPR料仍有進一步下行的空間，相信房貸期限不長的購房者選擇LPR定價更有優勢。此外，對於有不少購房者憂心下月1日將正式施行的「契稅法」或對樓市成交量價帶來影響。市場人士指出，只要「契稅法」實際執行的優惠政策不變，其對購房行為並無影響，亦不會影響樓市量價水平。此外，9月1日施行的「契稅法」明確，「契稅稅率為3%至5%」，較目前實際執行的「1%至3%」略有增加。陳霄指出，由於各省市可自行決定差別稅率，而目前各地享受「1%至3%」的稅率為優惠政策在「契稅法」中並未提及會取消，認為只要優惠政策繼續，新契稅法就不會對樓市成交量價構成影響。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200815/PDF/b2_screen.pdf
- 入市注意 毋須律師經手 買家容易中招https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20201005/00202_004.html
- 跟內地房產買賣息息相關的物權法也進行重大修改，尤其是新增了居住權，將成為壓抑二手樓市交投的重要手段，甚至左右銀行審批物業抵押時的估值。據民法典的規定，居住權人有權按照合約，對他人的住宅享有佔有和使用的用益物權，以滿足生活居住的需要。換言之，居住權是以往「房屋所有權」及「租賃權」之外的第三種房屋利用形式。完善公屋住房保障體系西北政法大學副教授王麗美解釋，居住權可令「以房養老」政策有效落實，老人可將自住物業轉讓給融資機構取得對價的同時，在該住宅上設置居住權，保證有生之年的居住權益無法剝奪。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20210114/00202_021.html
- 民法典部分房地產新規http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210404/PDF/a15_screen.pdf
- hk mortgage to finance purchase of properties in china
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190722/PDF/a14_screen.pdf
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190826/PDF/a16_screen.pdf 某一銀行與灣區母行接軌 ，幫助港人於內地置業時，可於香港 分行辦理按揭申請及批核，可謂為一 眾有興趣於內地置業人士造福。是次 該行將以深圳為試點，適用於18歲或 以上持有香港永久性居民身份證人士 申請，接受購買一手樓房或將現契套 現，貸款金額可介乎50萬元至1000 萬元，最高可貸款30年，但不設現金 回贈。
- 內地現契物業可在港套現https://orientaldaily.on.cc/content/%E7%94%A2%E7%B6%93/odn-20210917-0917_00210_064/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E6%A8%93%E8%A9%95%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E7%8F%BE%E5%A5%91%E7%89%A9%E6%A5%AD%E5%8F%AF%E5%9C%A8%E6%B8%AF%E5%A5%97%E7%8F%BE
- remittance
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210322/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- 北京市住建委近日聯合市監局、金融局、網信辦和銀保監局發布《關於規範本市住房租賃企業經營活動的通知》，訂立收取租金的新規。就監管公寓企業經營活動增設更多限制，包括出租方不得向租客預收多過3個月租金、不得收取一個月租金的押金等。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210203/00178_021.html-
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/12/09/a08-1209.pdf
- 香港及澳門人士往內地購置物業，法規上較外國人容易，前者買樓交易費用主要是契稅（類似香港印花稅）及雜費，相當於樓價約4至6%；後者則視乎不同城市有不同交易費用。至於賣樓稅項要留神，他稱，在出售樓宇時，會有增值稅及營業稅等。據悉，各省市在徵稅範圍、計稅依據、稅率、稅收優惠、徵收管理等不同。稅率難一概而論，故他指港人在內地買賣物業，一來要選一、二線具規模城市，二應找有信譽物業代理去協助辦理各項申請及繳費。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20200518/00202_006.html
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210405/PDF/a11_screen.pdf, http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/04/14/b03-0414.pdf
- 經絡按揭轉介首席副總裁曹德明稱，目前約7間港銀提供相關服務，服務查詢及申請過去一年出現倍數增長。雖然並非大灣區內所有樓盤都可做按揭，惟港銀承做按揭的息率較內銀為低，約在3厘水平，而內地房貸息率則約6至7厘，且大部分客戶可在香港辦理買賣手續，還款時又免受匯率波動影響，使港銀佔有一定優勢。不少香港銀行有提供大灣區物業按揭計劃，按揭成數上限方面，根據經絡按揭綜合資料，有關可做按揭成數普遍達五至七成。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/content/%E7%94%A2%E7%B6%93/odn-20210927-0927_00202_025/7%E6%B8%AF%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%AF%E6%89%BF%E6%8C%89-%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E7%94%B3%E8%AB%8B%E6%80%A5%E5%A2%9E
- 廣州市不動產登記中心周三證實，從本月十六日起，港澳人士在廣州各區購買房屋，毋須再提供學習、工作、居住證明，僅需提供港澳身份證和港澳居民往來內地通行證（回鄉證），並滿足廣州市內無房的條件，即可購買一套住宅。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191219/00176_043.html
- zhong shan
- Zhongshan property market hket 11dec14 d21
- 廣東中山市放寬港澳台人士在該市買樓的限制。該市的住房和城鄉建設局周日宣布，港澳台人士在當地開立公司或就業，只要提供半年以上的交稅或社會保險證明，經審核後就能在當地購買一個住宅單位。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190506/00176_042.html
- 港人南沙買樓享廣州居民同等待遇http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191214/PDF/a6_screen.pdf
- shenzhen
- 深圳市住建局29日深夜發布「7．15」《關於進一步促進我市房地產市場平穩健康發展的通知》（下稱《通知》）新政細則，對深戶社保、單身或離異等作出詳細規定。當中令香港人關注的是，港人如果購買深圳熱點樓盤，需要在該市購買社保或者納稅。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/07/31/b04-0731.pdf
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/08/08/b05-0808.pdf 為嚴控投資性購房需求，深圳市在「7．15」新政後，首次推出按積分搖號購房，以照顧剛需又符合要求的市民優先購房。首個積分搖號樓盤華強城市花園下周將開售，有購房者因積分在61分以下而無緣參與。據媒體引述指，深圳住建局領導公開肯定該辦法。
- 深圳市龍華區住建局早前公布，禁止代理銷售「小產權房」，以規範房地產市場交易秩序。惟有內媒引述相關部門指，有關規定已延伸至全市範圍。「小產權房」即在農村集體土地上建設的房屋，不獲國家房管部門頒發產權證，只由鄉村基層政府提供，故亦稱「鄉產權房」。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20210513/00202_021.html
- scam
- 內地違售「包租舖」氾濫，買家慘被「走數」逾億元！內地房地產市場活躍，惟當中「售後包租」的舖位屬禁止銷售模式，不少港人不知就裏中伏。多名港人早前在內地購買「包租舖」，按合約將舖位交由發展商經營，惟發展商其後拖欠繳付租金，當中更有樓盤涉及金額高逾億元（人民幣‧下同），有業主更慘遭斷水斷電，「舖財兩失」。內地律師直指，內地執法不足，有關違法銷售氾濫，高回報亦難以兌現，經常引起法律糾紛，投資者難作追討。有地產業內人士直言，內地有發展商藉此手法融資，籲港人北上投資前宜三思。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20180419/00176_082.html
- 中山工聯諮詢服務中心主任潘志輝昨日在記者會上表示，近年港人在內地置業遇到困難甚至騙局愈來愈常見，中心已接獲逾千求助個案，大部分與商住房、「小產權房」或無證「小產權舖」相關。「小產權房」買後不能出售潘志輝解釋，內地土地分為「國有土地」和「集體土地」。國有土地上的普通居住用地使用年限為70年，屆滿後自動續期；但商業用地上的「商住房」僅有40年使用期，而且現時尚未有相關規定，有機會屆滿後被收回，而且商住房的水電費、貸款比率和稅率等亦會高於住宅單位。而集體土地上的物業則沒有正規房產證明屬「小產權房」，不能出售亦不受法律保護。許多香港人因不了解內地購房政策，有些經紀還會提供虛假土地用途資訊或模糊說明物業用途，用以推銷，導致受害者買下並不符合需要的房產。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/09/18/a16-0918.pdf
fiji
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/07/10/b04-0710.pdf注意五大事項
- hk mortgage
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190708/PDF/a13_screen.pdf 買內地樓造香港按揭
France
- tax on capital gains from sale of a property - 75% for sellers residing in a non-cooperative state or territory, capital gains amounting to over 50,000 euros are subject to a special tax, also taken into account in determining the income tax reference which is used as the basis for calculating exceptional social security contributions on high incomes
- social security contributions - 15.5%
Germany
- http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20140725-queen-of-your-own-castle
Hong kong
- http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/1840976/luxury-hong-kong-flat-owners-squabble-over-management
- 村屋分為「舊屋地」、「舊批地」、「新批地」及「建屋牌照」（後兩者一般統稱為「丁屋」）。現時市場上最常見的村屋為丁屋，而丁屋與居屋二手市場一樣，需要補地價後，方可在市場自由買賣。因此，準買家購買丁屋前，要確保物業已補地價。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/content/%E7%94%A2%E7%B6%93/odn-20210827-0827_00210_054/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E6%A8%93%E8%A9%95%EF%BC%9A%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E6%9D%91%E5%B1%8B%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F5%E5%A4%A7%E3%80%8C%E9%99%B7%E9%98%B1%E4%BD%8D%E3%80%8D
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180702/PDF/a13_screen.pdf buying 相連單位
- height control
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180702/PDF/a13_screen.pdf buying 相連單位
- height control
- 希慎等就铜锣湾区设高度限制一事司法覆核成功后，城规会近日重新对区内高限提修订建议，放宽告士打道／波斯富街一带商业地高限至（主水平基准之上，下同）135米。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171116/PDF/a5_screen.pdf
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/12/29/b02-1229.pdf
- 臨時房屋如牌照屋及寮屋問題引起關注，但買賣未有放緩。多區有私人農地「送」臨時房屋出售，部分更疑「一開二」買賣，又有經紀教路連鄰近官地亦可霸佔。法律界人士指農地問題複雜，陷阱處處，買家隨時蒙受損失，議員批評涉及寮屋賣出向來存在灰色地帶，部門多年未有做好監管。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200607/00176_077.html
- 疫下難回港 可授權申按揭嗎？https://orientaldaily.on.cc/content/%E7%94%A2%E7%B6%93/odn-20210911-0911_00210_047/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E6%A8%93%E8%A9%95%EF%BC%9A%E7%96%AB%E4%B8%8B%E9%9B%A3%E5%9B%9E%E6%B8%AF-%E5%8F%AF%E6%8E%88%E6%AC%8A%E7%94%B3%E6%8C%89%E6%8F%AD%E5%97%8E%EF%BC%9F
- rental agreement template
- rental agreement template
- www.hkclic.org/tc/topics/DIY_Residential_Tenancy_Agreement
- discharge
- 56.Discharge of mortgage by signed receipt(1)A receipt, written on or annexed to a mortgage deed, for all money secured by that mortgage, which is executed by the mortgagee or the person in whom the mortgage is vested and who is legally entitled to give a receipt for the mortgage money, shall operate, without any surrender or release as a discharge and, where applicable, reassignment of the mortgaged property from all principal money and interest secured by, and from all claims under, that mortgage, but without prejudice to any term or other interest which is paramount to the estate or interest of the mortgagee or other person in whom the mortgage is vested.(Amended L.N. 387 of 1987; 31 of 1988 s. 19)(2)Upon performance of the terms of a mortgage, a mortgagor shall be entitled, at his cost and charge, to a receipt mentioned in subsection (1).(3)In a receipt mentioned in subsection (1), there shall be implied, unless the contrary intention is expressed, a covenant by the person who executes the receipt that such person has not executed or done, or knowingly suffered, or been party or privy to, any deed or thing, whereby or by means whereof the mortgaged property or any part thereof is or may be impeached, charged, affected or incumbered in title, estate or otherwise.(4)Where the mortgage is contained in more than one deed, a receipt may, for the purposes of this section, refer to all those deeds and be written on or annexed to one of those deeds.(5)A receipt under this section need not be under seal.(6)This section applies to the discharge of any mortgage by deed, whether that deed was executed before or after the commencement of this section, but only to discharges effected after the commencement* of this section.
- hk legal practice manuals conveyancing by nigel bacon 2nd edition HK347.2 BAC
- relevant pages - p99 letter to existing mortgagee r their solicitors re title deeds; chapter 8 on mortgages
- https://www.hkmc.com.hk/files/page/84/1_%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%8C%89%E6%8F%AD%E5%A5%91%E6%93%9A.pdf
- https://www.midland.com.hk/property-news/%E7%BD%AE%E6%A5%AD%E8%B2%BC%E5%A3%AB/%E3%80%90%E7%B5%82%E8%BA%AB%E5%8F%97%E7%94%A8%E3%80%91%E8%B4%96%E5%A5%91%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E4%BA%8B%E9%A0%85/
- https://www.ros.gov.uk/services/discharge-a-mortgage-deed
- https://www.thelawshop.co.nz/news/should-you-discharge-a-mortgage-when-the-loan-is-paid-off
- An "all monies" mortgage is one where there is no limit on the amount of the indebtedness secured by the mortgage and the property mortgaged is security for all indebtedness outstanding and payable by the mortgagor under the mortgage. A "fixed sum" mortgage is one where the amount of the loan secured by the mortgage is fixed and stated in the mortgage and the mortgaged property is only security for the loan outstanding up to the stated amount.http://www.eaa.org.hk/en-us/Information-Centre/Publications/Monograph-Conveyancing/-6-Mortgage
- 被美國制裁的警務處處長鄧炳強，於2017年以600多萬元買入置富花園富華苑一個單位，並向一間外資銀行以「不限額按揭的方式」（all monies）承按。直至今年8月初，即被制裁前3日，他向外資銀行還清按揭，並於同日向一間中資銀行承按，外界猜測事件疑與美方制裁有關https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20201111/00176_023.html
- bvi company? http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20181001/PDF/a15_screen.pdf
- 銀主盤 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20181008/PDF/a15_screen.pdf
- industrial buildings https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190706/00205_007.html
- 根據現時金管局規定，若物業是由空殼公司持有，可承造按揭的貸款成數最高為五成，較以個人或聯名申請為低http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190719/PDF/b2_screen.pdf
- 銀行一般可接納親人（毋須直系親屬），甚至未婚夫婦成為按揭擔保人。不過，要明白須承受一定程度的風險，第一，因為當借款人未能供款時，擔保人便須履行還款的責任。第二，一旦成為擔保人，就難以單方面剔除此身份，需要由借款人向銀行提交新的入息證明，以通過壓測後才可剔除。第三，若未來擔保人申請按揭，除了須通過較高標準的供款與入息比率及壓力測試外，按揭成數須下降一成，更不能申請按揭保險。因此，為他人物業按揭作擔保前務必三思。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190803/00205_006.html
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190819/PDF/a13_screen.pdf楼花
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190902/PDF/a13_screen.pdf reasons for bank to turn down mortgage自僱人士如何借樓按https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20200727/00275_002.html
- retired persons http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200817/PDF/a13_screen.pdf
- 房協樓按揭與居屋有別https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20210605/00210_003.html
- 買樓冇入息證明 點做按揭？客戶起初聽信坊間傳言，叫做生意的丈夫聘請她作助手，以作入息證明交予銀行作審批。不過，由於客戶要做50%按揭，月入要有逾15萬元才能通過入息要求，而她長年都沒有工作，也沒有任何專業資格證書，銀行難免會懷疑其入息的合理性，所以按揭遲遲都沒有批核結果，客戶找我們求助時，已經非常徬徨。可轉用資產審批申請經過了解之後，我們發現她的丈夫本身持有多個物業，也有不少資產，故我們建議客戶轉用「資產審批」方式去作按揭申請，由丈夫作擔保人，最終順利批出40%按揭，年期30年，息率H+1.3厘，現金回贈1.2%。這個案要注意幾點，首先用資產審批，最多只可以借40%，而且持有的資產必須要高於買入的物業價值，例如要買入3,000萬元物業，持有的資產就不能夠少於3,000萬元，而銀行對資產的定義包括有物業、活期及定期存款、股票、基金、債券、車位及保險等都可作計算；另外，要注意古董、名錶及珠寶鑽飾等收藏品是不會被視為資產，而大部分銀行都是以最近3個月平均資產淨值去計算。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20210625/00210_054.html
- 俗稱「林鄭Plan」的新按保計劃推出後，由於只適用於「現樓」物業，多了新盤買家選用建期付款，希望可以借盡最高九成按揭。不過，發展商付款方法中，一般是「即供計劃」有較高樓價折扣，要樓價低一點，還是要首期低一點，常常會令買家左右為難。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/content/%E7%94%A2%E7%B6%93/odn-20211016-1016_00210_049/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E6%A8%93%E8%A9%95%EF%BC%9A%E8%B2%B7%E6%96%B0%E7%9B%A4%E6%85%8E%E9%98%B2%E4%BB%98%E6%AC%BE%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E9%99%B7%E9%98%B1
- loan
- bridging loan http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200615/PDF/a13_screen.pdf
- conveyancing
- https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap219
- https://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/items/show/2892
- https://clic.org.hk/en/topics/saleAndPurchaseOfProperty/completing_the_sale_and_purchase_transaction
- https://www.lexisnexis.com.hk/products-and-services/print-publication/looseleaf/hk-conveyancing
- https://store.lexisnexis.com.hk/products/a-guide-to-hong-kong-conveyancing-eighth-edition-student-skuSKUHKSTU010/details
- https://hoa.org.uk/advice/guides-for-homeowners/i-am-buying/much-conveyancing-fees-cost/
- https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202101/20/P2021012000299.htm
- https://www.which.co.uk/money/mortgages-and-property/first-time-buyers/buying-a-home/conveyancing-ag3rw2q052kz
- a guide to hk conveyancing (7th edition) by judith sihombing and michael wilkinso
- where the property has been mortgaged or charged during the chain of title period, the vendor should produce the mortgage or charge and evidence, in an appropriate case, of its proper reassignment or discharge. Legal mortgages may either be discharged by deed in accordance with section 4(1) of the conveyancing and property ordinance or by a receipt annexed to or written on the mortgage deed in accordance with section 56(1) of the ordinance.
- the vendor should produce any deed of mutual covenant in respect of property held by co-owners by way of a tenancy in common since such is a document of title. The deed of mutual covenant should be registered.
- a certificate of compliance is a document affecting title to land since it constitutes evidence that the lessee holds a legal estate. It must, therefore, be produced by the vendor where the vendor has agreed to show good title in accordance with section 13 of the conveyancing and property ordinance.
- the occuption permit is important to the purchaser since it will confirm that the statutory requirements of buildings ordinance have been complied with and will also show the permitted use of the building. It must be produced by the vendor as being necessary to prove good title.
- It is a vexed question whether a vendor is obliged to produce, by way of showing his title, all the sale and purchase agreements relating to the property within the chain of title period. There is no doubt that compliance with such an obligation would certainly be a burdensome and costly exercise for the parties. The law society agreements must be produced as they may contain provisions which have survived completion and not merged into the assignment. The doctrine of merger is not, of course, absolute and obligations may arise by virtue of the sale and purchase agreement which continue to be enforceable notwithstanding the executiion of the assignment. It can, therefore, be argued that sale and purchase agreements must be produced to enable the purchaser to ascertain whether any such obligations do still exist.
- Unless otherwise agreed, a vendor has a duty by way of showing title under section 13(2) of the conveyancing and property ordinance to produce either the original title deed or a certified or, in an appropriate case, an attested copy. According to s13(2), where a document must be produced as proof of title, the document itself or a certified copy will suffice. Attested copies are only permitted where the document was attested before the ordinance came into force on 1 november 1984. The certified coy must be a certified copy of the original or of a certified copy of a property attested copy; a certified copy of a plain copy will not suffice. Further, a certified copy of the memorial registered in the land registry, rather than a certified copy of the actual deed, will not suffice. Copies of title deeds need not be certified on each and every page and a copy of an entire deed need only be certified once. According to law society circular no 338 of 1993, where a power of attorney is produced for the purpose of section 13 of the conveyancing and property ordinance - proof of title - it can be certified either in accordance with s13(2) of the conveyancing and property ordinance or in the manner prescribed by section 3(1) or 3(2) of the powers of attorney ordinance.
- recitals, although forming part of the non-operative part of a deed, constitute a useful aid to proof of title where, e.g., pre-intermediate root documents, containing important information affecting the early chain of title, are missing. s13(3) and (4) are relevant.
- missing title documents - if the vendor does not have the original or a certified copy of a title document which he is required to supply to the purchaser by way of showing good title, he will usually be able to secure a certified copy from the land registry on payment of a fee, provided that the document has been registered.
- as an integral part of the process of proof of title, the vendor must show that the root document or documents and all other documents which must be produced by way of showing title have been properly executed.
- stamp duty ordinance (cap117) provides that certain documents must be stamped.
- http://www.mwal.com.hk/
- 黃開基拍賣行昨日推出部分銀主物業，包括上述鄰近大網仔的兩幅無契農地，土地面積共約871.2方呎，呎價約92元。據了解，其中一幅位處山邊，與其他農地相連。而另一幅位於河流中間，估計難作耕種用途，買家料為附近居民。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190627/00202_006.html
- 若死者生前是以聯名方式擁有物業，要留意業權是屬於分權共有（Tenancyincommon）還是聯權共有（Jointtenancy）。分權共有，即當其中一方身故，死者的業權將會成為其遺產的一部分，分配給遺產受益人。相反，如物業屬於聯權共有，死者的權益將自動轉移至其他在生的聯權共有人中。作為遺產物業受益人，務必要到銀行辦理轉名手續，否則銀行是不能賦予任何權力給繼承人，當遺產物業完成所有手續及轉名後，就可以按正常按揭程序辦理物業貸款或出售物業。作為買家，如物色屬於遺產物業，由於遺產問題比較複雜，數年後亦有可能出現爭產、官司等情況，銀行有可能不願承造有關單位的按揭，買家要小心衡量風險。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/01/11/b06-0111.pdf
- 物業成交前離世怎麼辦？http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/01/18/b04-0118.pdf
- loan from employer
- 所以話，如果有公司肯免息借200萬元畀你做首期，係咪好過升職加薪先？講緊嘅係海通國際(00665)為香港員工推出「管理培訓生首次置業貸款資助計劃」，每個合資格員工仲可以免經濟審查，最多申請200萬元嘅免息貸款，用嚟買香港物業，今年二月一日正式生效。不過，海通講明，呢個計劃係要幫大學畢業即加入公司做M.T.嘅員工，如果離職就要按細則本利歸還。仲有仲有，如果申請後做滿五年先離職嘅員工，仍然可以免息，只需要還本金。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190126/00202_025.html
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/08/09/b05-0809.pdf 一班裝修行家於 2017年底成立香港工 程裝飾商會，銳意提升行業專業化，提升公信力。香港工程裝飾商會副會長余錦雄表示，希望政府能 夠設立監管部門或機構、訂立標準合約、推出發牌制度，長遠將一班「裝修佬」升級為「工匠」，甚 至是「裝飾營造師」。
- insurance
- 家居保險、火險及全險等不同產品的特點及不受保事項http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/08/05/b03-0805.pdf
- De Agrarische wet werd in 1870 ingevoerd onder minister Engelbertus de Waal (minister van Koloniën) als reactie op het koloniale beleid van de Nederlanders in Java. De liberale politici, die destijds de overhand hadden in Nederland, waren het niet eens met het cultuurstelsel in Java en wilde de Javanen helpen en tegelijkertijd de economische voordelen van de kolonie behouden door meer particulier initiatief toe te staan.De Agrarische wet zorgde ervoor dat de eigendomsrechten van de grond op Java werd vastgelegd. Het grondbezit van de inlandse bevolking werd gewaarborgd. Javanen konden hun dorpsgronden in eigendom krijgen, en verhuren aan Europeanen. Europeanen konden woeste grond in erfpacht krijgen. Deze wet maakte de vestiging van particuliere ondernemingen in Nederlands-Indië mogelijk. Vanuit landen als Zwitserland, Duitsland, België, Frankrijk, Groot-Brittanië, maar ook Singapore, China en de Verenigde Staten kwamen ondernemers naar Nederlands-Indië.Melindungi hak milik petani atas tanahnya dari penguasa dan pemodal asing.Memberi peluang kepada pemodal asing untuk menyewa tanah dari penduduk Indonesia seperti dari Inggris, Belgia, Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Cina, dan lain-lain.Membuka kesempatan kerja kepada penduduk untuk menjadi buruh perkebunan.
- https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/09/16/090000379/undang-undang-agraria-1870--isi-tujuan-pengaruh-dan-pelanggaran?page=all
- scmp 17oct2021 "going dutch" colonial govt decreed that europeans and "foreign orientals (chinese, indians and arabs)" could only lease land classified as "non-indigenous"
- scmp 17oct2021 "going dutch" under a resurrected colonial-era law, the semi-autonomous indonesian sultanate of yogyakarta allows its ethnic chinese residents only to lease, not own freehold land.
Japan
- economist 17mar18 "situation: vacant", "nobody's home"
- not suitable for short term investment hket 20oct14 d3
- 買賣日本樓宇的「脫手期」較長，因為日本當地人很少會在市中心置業，大部分年輕時到東京等地工作，十數年後回鄉成家立室，所以日本樓宇一般能夠錄得不俗的租金回報；但若要沽售的話，年期可能會較長。準備作海外置業的朋友，記得要特別留意。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20150921/00269_003.html
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201509/0922/HA06922CEMA.pdf things to note
- rule on home run hostel hket 4jun18 d5
- Jojo解釋表示，香港及日本有不少銀行都願意為港人買日本物業承造按揭：「主要有兩個條件，第一係喺1983年後興建嘅樓，因為嗰年新訂立防震建樓標準，第二係樓價係3,000萬日圓(215萬港元)以上，做埋環球信貸報告，係基本要求。」
她又指出，一般需付樓價一半做首期，按揭年期為15年，息率約2.6至2.8%。https://hk.finance.appledaily.com/finance/daily/article/20180624/20430038
- hkej 6jul19 c1
Korea
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/HA05A02CEMA.pdf things to note
- https://www.scmp.com/property/hong-kong-china/article/3011061/south-korean-property-boom-fizzles-out-investors-balk-plan Local and foreign investment in South Korean real estate dropped by nearly a third in the first three months of the year as Seoul announced plans to remove tax perks granted to the most common investment vehicles used by institutional investors. In the first quarter of the year, total foreign and local investment declined 31 per cent to US$4.44 billion from US$6.47 billion in the same period last year, data from Real Capital Analytics showed. Under the country’s current tax regime, real estate funds (REF) and private real estate investment trusts (Reits) enjoy a flat property tax on land of 0.24 per cent per annum, lower than an incremental tax rate of up to 0.48 per cent for regular companies. REFs and Reits are also exempted from paying aggregate real estate tax, while regular companies pay an incremental tax rate of up to 0.84 per cent.Under the new proposal, private REFs and Reits will have the same tax rates applied to regular companies for certain taxes. The property tax on land of up to 0.48 per cent per annum will have an additional 0.14 per cent added if the property is in a city area. The amendments are expected to be confirmed and promulgated into law following a public notification period that will end on May 29.
Myanmar
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20170106/00204_008.html 政府為壓止樓價升勢過急，去年四月起，緬甸居民購買住宅須繳付15至30%不等的銷售交易稅，惟外國人購買物業則只收取5%稅款。緬甸聯邦議會去年一月開始，允許外籍人士在當地購買六層或以上樓層的分層公寓
new zealand
- The government on Wednesday passed legislation that allows only New Zealand residents to buy homes as it attempts to improve housing affordability and increase the rate of home ownership. There are some exceptions to the new rules. Foreigners who live in New Zealand and have residency status will still be able to buy homes, as will people from Australia and Singapore thanks to existing free-trade agreements. Foreigners who already own homes in New Zealand won't be affected. Opposition lawmakers say the bill is unnecessary.
singapore
Japan
- economist 17mar18 "situation: vacant", "nobody's home"
- not suitable for short term investment hket 20oct14 d3
- 買賣日本樓宇的「脫手期」較長，因為日本當地人很少會在市中心置業，大部分年輕時到東京等地工作，十數年後回鄉成家立室，所以日本樓宇一般能夠錄得不俗的租金回報；但若要沽售的話，年期可能會較長。準備作海外置業的朋友，記得要特別留意。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20150921/00269_003.html
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201509/0922/HA06922CEMA.pdf things to note
- rule on home run hostel hket 4jun18 d5
- Jojo解釋表示，香港及日本有不少銀行都願意為港人買日本物業承造按揭：「主要有兩個條件，第一係喺1983年後興建嘅樓，因為嗰年新訂立防震建樓標準，第二係樓價係3,000萬日圓(215萬港元)以上，做埋環球信貸報告，係基本要求。」
她又指出，一般需付樓價一半做首期，按揭年期為15年，息率約2.6至2.8%。https://hk.finance.appledaily.com/finance/daily/article/20180624/20430038
- hkej 6jul19 c1
Korea
- http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/HA05A02CEMA.pdf things to note
- https://www.scmp.com/property/hong-kong-china/article/3011061/south-korean-property-boom-fizzles-out-investors-balk-plan Local and foreign investment in South Korean real estate dropped by nearly a third in the first three months of the year as Seoul announced plans to remove tax perks granted to the most common investment vehicles used by institutional investors. In the first quarter of the year, total foreign and local investment declined 31 per cent to US$4.44 billion from US$6.47 billion in the same period last year, data from Real Capital Analytics showed. Under the country’s current tax regime, real estate funds (REF) and private real estate investment trusts (Reits) enjoy a flat property tax on land of 0.24 per cent per annum, lower than an incremental tax rate of up to 0.48 per cent for regular companies. REFs and Reits are also exempted from paying aggregate real estate tax, while regular companies pay an incremental tax rate of up to 0.84 per cent.Under the new proposal, private REFs and Reits will have the same tax rates applied to regular companies for certain taxes. The property tax on land of up to 0.48 per cent per annum will have an additional 0.14 per cent added if the property is in a city area. The amendments are expected to be confirmed and promulgated into law following a public notification period that will end on May 29.
Myanmar
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20170106/00204_008.html 政府為壓止樓價升勢過急，去年四月起，緬甸居民購買住宅須繳付15至30%不等的銷售交易稅，惟外國人購買物業則只收取5%稅款。緬甸聯邦議會去年一月開始，允許外籍人士在當地購買六層或以上樓層的分層公寓
new zealand
- The government on Wednesday passed legislation that allows only New Zealand residents to buy homes as it attempts to improve housing affordability and increase the rate of home ownership. There are some exceptions to the new rules. Foreigners who live in New Zealand and have residency status will still be able to buy homes, as will people from Australia and Singapore thanks to existing free-trade agreements. Foreigners who already own homes in New Zealand won't be affected. Opposition lawmakers say the bill is unnecessary.
singapore
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200621/PDF/a17_screen.pdf
Thailand
- condominium act be 2522 (1979)
- https://www.sansiri.com/en/news/freehold-in-thailand-own-your-property-for-the-long-run-285/
- You and all occupants of the flat will need to move out by the resale completion date. From this day, the buyers, will be the new owners of the flat. If you have committed to buy a completed property in Singapore and need more time to move out, you can arrange with the buyers for a temporary extension of stay in the flat for up to 3 months after the resale completion. We advise that you discuss this with the buyers while negotiating the sale of the flat.https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/residential/selling-a-flat/procedures/temporary-extension-of-stay-for-sellers
spain
- 西班牙北部加利西亞自治區一條佔地約5公頃的村莊，近日全村推出市場發售。買家僅需付出43萬歐元（約395萬港元），即可擁有全村12幢古色建築，價錢比英國倫敦一間公寓更便宜。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210325/00180_043.html
Thailand
- condominium act be 2522 (1979)
- https://www.sansiri.com/en/news/freehold-in-thailand-own-your-property-for-the-long-run-285/
- 二百五十七名港人於一七年透過本港地產商購買位於泰國曼谷的公寓樓花，已付訂金總數高達四千八百多萬元，惟相關發展商今年疑因財政問題被申請破產並清盤，令公寓工程恐沒法完成，買家或血本無歸。擔任中介的中原地產回應表示，會盡力為買家通過各種可行渠道爭取合理的權益，並及時向買家交代。相關地產商三年前以該公寓首期只需廿多萬元作招徠，並多次在香港舉行展銷會發售。網上資料所見，公寓原定有兩幢住宅大樓，共提供一千三百多個單位，設泳池及豪華會所，單位售價介乎六十二萬至一百四十六萬元。據報發展商今年年初陷入財政問題，至上月更被一間公司以債權人身份追債，但發展商無力還債而被申請破產即清盤，公寓工程或無疾而終，買家已付的訂金恐無法收回。中原地產指，中原地產接受出售方公司Kanokkorn Pattana Co., Ltd. （即KNK）的委託非獨家銷售有關項目，有二百五十七位香港買家經中原地產購入單位，涉及總樓價一億九千萬元，香港買家已支付的訂金達四千八多萬元，當中中原地產員工亦認購約十二個單位。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200712/00176_040.html
turkey
- article 35 of land registry law 2644
UK
turkey
- article 35 of land registry law 2644
- [guide published by JLL] a foreign real person may acquire properties and restricted real rights of up to 30 hectares maximum. The president may increase this size up to two times. Total are of properties acquired by foreign real persons and independent and continuous limited real rights may not exceed ten percent (10%) of the surface area of the subject district of private property.
UK
-classes of registered title
- freehold absolute title
- freehold possessory title
- freehold qualified title (very rare)
- leasehold absolute title
- leasehold possessory title
- leasehold qualified title
- good leasehold title
- freehold
- [r abbey and m richards] absolute title is the best class of title available, is the registered equivalent of classic fee simple absolute in possession. Almost all freehold titles are registered with absolute title.
- s9(2) of lra2002
- Since 1967, tenants of houses under long leases have had the right either to acquire the freehold or to extend the lease by 50 years.The right to an extension is seldom used - as such the FAQs below concentrate on the right to acquire the freehold. https://www.penningtonslaw.com/expertise/business/real-estate/property-entrepreneurs/property-entrepreneurs-faqs/faqs-buying-the-freehold-of-a-leasehold-house
- leasehold
- A landlord holds a property under a superior lease and is granting an underlease of the property. The freeholder is providing its consent by way of a licence to sublet. The underlease only has the landlord and tenant as parties to it. All three parties are party to the licence to sublet. The underlease contains a provision requiring the tenant to covenant with the superior landlord to comply with the obligations under the superior lease.https://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/legal/guidance/a-landlord-holds-a-property-under-a-superior-lease-is-granting-an-underlease-of-the-property-the
- [r abbey & m richards] an owner of a house on a long lease may be entitled to claim the freehold or extension of lease term as a result of leasehold reform act 1967
- difference between freehold and leasehold hket 4nov14 d5
- ft article 12feb18 "englishman castle can be an attractive little nest egg"
英國物業分為租賃業權（Leasehold）和永久業權（Freehold），永久業權的物業意味該塊土地和土地上的物業皆由業主擁有，所以不用繳交地租和物業管理費，但業主要負責該土地和物業的所有問題。不少英國獨立屋都是永久業權的物業。要先查明租賃業權年期而購買租賃業權的物業，買家只是購買這塊土地上的物業和土地使用權的一段時間，並不擁有該土地，因此業主需每年繳交地租。一般香港物業都是租賃業權，香港政府擁有土地權。英國的分層單位普遍也是租賃業權。她表示，英國房屋有關租賃業權或永久業權的資訊透明度低，要找律師小心檢查清楚，特別留意租賃業權的剩餘年期，以免影響敍做按揭貸款以至將來物業的放售價值。另外，屋內可否安裝冷氣機也要事前檢查清楚，因很多地區的樓宇不允許安裝冷氣機。樓宇加建申請程序更是繁複。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20210208/00269_004.html
- Commonhold is a system of property ownership in England and Wales. It involves the indefinite freehold tenure of part of a multi-occupancy building (typically a flat) with shared ownership of and responsibility for common areas and services. It has features of the strata title and the condominium systems, which exist in Australia and the United States respectively. It was introduced by the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 as an alternative to leasehold, and was the first new type of legal estate to be introduced in English law since 1925.An important difference between commonholds on the one hand and leaseholds (leases) on the other is that commonholds do not depreciate towards the end of their term (term of years or in extraneous documents sometimes existence).In the years since the 2002 Act became law, only a handful of commonholds have been registered, whilst hundreds of thousands of long leases have been granted during the same period. As of 3 June 2009, there were 12 commonhold residential developments comprising 97 units (homes) in England and one commonhold residential development comprising 30 units (homes) in Wales.Where freehold houses should be subjected to positive covenants which force their owners contribute to communal maintenance, such as in garden squares, as few such duties can attach to freeholds, access to such areas can be physically restricted to those who own that area, commonly through a residents' management company. Such a company, if the land was owned by the original landlord such as a developer, may come into the hands of the lessees (tenants) through a statutory process leading to legal agreements or a court order which creates a limited liability right to manage (also known as an RTM) company. A common alternative has been rentcharges where truly necessary services or contributions need to be made which cannot devolve to a local authority or statutory undertaker through adoption.
- [r abbey & m richards] the commonhold and leasehold reform act 2002 intended that there will be another way in which an owner may hold a freehold estate. Called commonhold land (actually deals with freeholds), the purpose is to address the current deficiencies in relation to enforceability of covenants and other lease provisions between lessees. (for the same reason it also addresses the related problems with freehold flats, ie flying freeholds). There will be a commonhold association that will own and manage the common parts. It will be a company limited by guarantee where all members will be unit-holders. Thus unit-holders will have a duality of ownership (their own units and a share of commonhold association and thus indirectly the common parts). It can apply to both residential and commercial developments.Where units are already occupied by long leaseholders application can be made to convert the freehold reversion to commonhold (s9). However, all leaseholders and their mortgagees must consent. You cannot mix and match commonhold and long leases.
- title upgrade, conversation
- s11 lra 1986, s77 lra1925, s62 lra 2002
After the Land Registry Act 1862 and further attempts in 1875 and 1897 failed, as they either tried to register everything or largely relied on voluntary registration, the 1925 Act was drafted to ensure a more complete, but progressive system.The LRA 1925 was passed along with a package of reforms of the land and settlement system, including the Law of Property Act 1925, the Trustee Act 1925, the Settled Land Act 1925 and the Land Charges Act 1925. The Act was amended by the Land Registration Act 1936.The subsequent Commons Registration Act 1965 made reference to the Land Registration Acts 1925 and 1936.The basic premise of the Act was that interests in registered land had to be registered in order to bind future purchasers of the property. One of the most important provisions was that if someone had not registered the interests listed in section 70, these would nevertheless "override" the rights of a future purchaser. In particular under section 70(1)(g), a person who had an equitable interest under a trust, and who was in actual occupation of the home, would be able to claim an overriding interest. The occupant would have priority over future purchases without his consent, as if his interest had been in fact registered.
The Land Registration Act 2002 was introduced in response to the Law Commission and HM Land Registry report, Land Registration for the Twenty-first Century (2001).Section 4 stipulates that registration of an estate in land is compulsory when one of the following events occurs:Freehold estate is transferred, whether under a sale, gift or other circumstances;Legal lease for more than seven years is granted;Legal lease with more than seven years to run is transferred; orGrant of a first legal charge (mortgage).
On first registration, the registrar awards a grade of title to each registered estate.
In the case of freehold estates, one of the following grades of title may be awarded according to s. 11 of the Act:
- Absolute title – This shows there is nothing dubious about the title. The estate is vested in the proprietor and is subject only to entries on the register and unregistered interests which override (commonly called an overriding interest). Title does not have to be perfect – if the registrar believes that any defect will "not cause the holding under the title to be disturbed", absolute title will be given – s.9(3) LRA.
- Possessory freehold title – there is no documentary evidence of title (e.g. lost title deeds). Title depends on adverse possession. It conveys no guarantee of title at the time of registration, but subsequent problems (e.g. forgery of proprietor's signature) will be covered by the guarantee. It can be upgraded into absolute title after being in possession as proprietor for 12 years (s.62(1), (4)).
- Qualified freehold title – the title is subject to a fundamental defect. There is no guarantee in respect of the specified defect. It may be upgraded to absolute title if registrar is satisfied as to the title – s.62 LRA.
In the case of leasehold estates, one of the following grades of title may be awarded according to s. 12 of the Act:
- Absolute leasehold title – same as absolute freehold except the proprietor is also subject to covenants in the lease
- Good leasehold title – same as absolute leasehold except the right of the landlord to grant the lease is not guaranteed
- Possessory leasehold title – same as possessory freehold
- Qualified leasehold title – same as qualified freehold
- An Article 4 direction is made by a local planning authority in the United Kingdom and exceptionally may be subject to intervention by the government. It serves to restrict permitted development rights, which means that a lot of the things people do to their land or houses without planning permission and often take for granted, are brought into the realms of planning consent. It does not in itself prohibit any action but means that a landowner is required to seek planning consent whereas without the direction this would not be necessary.
- Submarine land - lra2002 s127
- s2 of the law of property (miscellaneous provisions) act 1989 lays down the requirements for the creation of land contracts created on or after 27sept1989. For land contracts created before this date, the relevant statutory provision was s 40 of the law of property act 1925 (now repealed by the 1989 act)
- The Tenant Fees Act 2019 commences from 1 June 2019 and applies to England only (for the time being as it has the ability to extend to Wales). The Act controls what payments a landlord or letting agent may require “in connection with a tenancy of housing in England.” and restricting what third-party contracts a tenant or guarantor may be required to be bound by for services and insurance. The starting point to understand is that ALL payments are essentially prohibited unless the payment is expressly “permitted” under the Act. For example, rent and deposits are permitted under the Act but even they have restrictions (yes, even rent has some restrictions).https://www.landlordsguild.com/understanding-the-tenant-fees-act-2019/
- Rent registration - rent act 1977
- Agricultural land - agricultural credits act 1928
- Administration of estates act 1925
- Land charges act 1972
- Settled land act 1925
- infrastructure act 2015 provides for the transfer of responsibility for local land charges (llc) from local authorities to land registry
- local land charges act 1975
- land charges act 1925
- https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/en/topics/property/conveyancing-protocol
- Chancel repair liability is a legal obligation on some property owners in England and Wales to pay for certain repairs to a church which may or may not be the local parish church.Where people own property within land that was once rectorial (part of a rectory or glebe), they may have wittingly or unwittingly acquired a responsibility to fund repairs to the chancel of the medieval-founded Church of England parish church or Church in Wales church which that glebe land supported. This can still be invoked by the church council of some parishes.It is currently common practice for purchasers of land to check whether the local parish includes a church where such a liability may apply, and if so to take out chancel liability insurance.From pre-Reformation times, churches in England and Wales have been ministered by either a vicar, who received a stipend (salary), or a rector or parson who received tithes from the parish.[4] The rectors (of around 5,200 churches) were responsible for the repairs of the chancel of their church, while the parish members were responsible for the rest of the building. Monasteries and Oxford and Cambridge colleges could buy or receive rectorships, and thus become liable for chancel repairs. When Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries and sold their rectory (with land), or the relevant university college sold this, the chancel repair liability passed with that land and persists today, even after subdivision. The owners of such land are thus equally called lay impropriators or lay rectors.As far as spiritual rectors are concerned, their liability transferred to parochial church councils by the Ecclesiastical Dilapidations Measure 1923.The recovery of funds from lay rectors is governed by the Chancel Repairs Act 1932.
- "let the buyers beware" (caveat emptor)
- searches prior to an exchange of contracts: local authority search and enquries; common registration search; coal mining search; index map search (in 2014, the land registry launched a free mapsearch service, a searchable online version of the index map. It allows business customers to locate any registered property in england and wales without having to apply to the registry for the info); land charges search; company search; other searches dependent upon the location of the property; physical search or inspection of the property; environmental searches; water and drainage search (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/flood-risk-maps-for-surface-water-how-to-use-the-map)
- The National Land Information Service (NLIS) provides a single point of electronic access to a variety of sources of land and property information, including every local authority in England and Wales, HMLR, water companies and other organisations that provide official sources of data. No other land and property data hub connects to every single local authority in England and Wales. https://www.nlis.org.uk/
- enquiries to seller - boundaries and fences, disputes, notices, services, guarantees, exclusive facilities, shared facilities, occupiers, user, fixtures and fittings, flooding, green deal, easements (2002 act, pre-contract enquiries), assets of community value; leasehold (relevant names, ground rent, service charges, insurance arrangements, covenants
- conveyancing from lpe1 issued by law society
- Commercial property standard enquiries by London property support lawyers
- deduction and investigation of title
- buyer identity- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160513/PDF/a23_screen.pdf 英國首相卡梅倫12日主持國際反貪峰會，並宣布房地產領域的反貪措施，要求在英國持有物業的離岸公司，必須公開註冊其幕後的最終所有人。
- a contract race - outcome 11.3 of the code of conduct
- occupiers- spouse or civil partner - statutory right of occupation - family law act 1996, amended by civil partnership act 2004; releasing rights; equitable interests and overriding interests
- tax
- http://www.scmp.com/property/international/article/1734408/year-major-change-british-property-taxes
- hket 2jul15 d5 new tax for non-resident buyer
- Hket 4aug15 英國近兩年新增或調整了地產稅項，影響外國買家，包括今年4月6日起需付資本增值稅（Capital Gains Tax），稅務專家明言對新買家或以離岸公司買賣的港人影響較大。以往外國賣家出售英國住宅，毋須繳資本增值稅，但自今年4月6日或之後出售，不管是個人、還是以離岸公司、信託持有，均要繳交資本增值稅，非英國居民和非英國居民受託人的適用稅率最高為28%，非英國居民企業的稅率最高為20%。會計顧問公司Buzzacott合夥人兼香港辦事處主管Carlo Gray稱，對於持有英國住宅多年的業主，資本增值稅影響相對不大，因為以倫敦物業來說，已升值不少，他建議有關業主為物業估值，盡量以接近4月6日為佳，作為日後出售時計算增值的基礎。幸資本增值稅可獲寬免，有關人士只需於課稅年度內在相關住宅居留90日，就可獲界定為唯一或主要住所（Principal Private Residence，簡稱PPR），Gray稱，毋須連續居住90日，業主可以機票、登機證、護照出入境蓋章等作證明。但他提醒，業主若在英國逗留90日，要留意會否危及其非英國戶籍，以致有更廣泛的英國稅務影響，故必須留意各個細節，善用新稅制下的豁免渠道。以往很多港人透過離岸公司買英國住宅，因為這不但可避稅，亦可保密身份，但2013年起，此調難奏，因為英國開徵年度住宅物業稅（Annual Tax on Enveloped Dwellings，簡稱ATED），防止個人買家透過企業工具如離岸公司買賣而避開各種英國稅項，起初規定200萬英鎊（約2,422萬港元）或以上的住宅才需繳交，但本年4月1日起，降低至100萬英鎊（約1,211萬港元）便須繳交，而到明年4月1日起，進一步降低至50萬英鎊（約605萬港元）。如果沒有取得寬免，需根據住宅價值按比例交年費，目前徵稅額在3,500英鎊（約42,374萬港元）至218,200英鎊（約264萬港元）之間。Gray直言，若用離岸公司來買價值50萬英鎊（約605萬港元）或以下的住宅，從而免繳ATED，並不划算，因為離岸公司運作都要成本。
- http://topick.hket.com/article/659592/?r=mcsdfb 港人買英國樓 新增稅項3大須知
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/074fc82a-6376-11e5-9846-de406ccb37f2.html High-end 'enveloped' properties start to look more attractive
- land registration
- traditional system (lra1862)
- Since 1dec1990 all of england and wales is an area of compulsory registration
- registered land (lra2002) - underpin the drive for the complete registration of land throughout england and wales; registration accompanied by a state guarantee of title that is guaranteed by and thru land registry
- compulsory first registration - sectiion 4(1) of lra2002 (replicate lra 1925 and lra 1927)
- leases: reversionary lease (https://www.forsters.co.uk/news/blog/concurrent-overriding-and-reversionary-leases-if-youre-gonna-say-it-say-it-right), right to buy lease
- The Community Infrastructure Levy (the ‘levy’) is a charge which can be levied by local authorities on new development in their area. It is an important tool for local authorities to use to help them deliver the infrastructure needed to support development in their area.The levy only applies in areas where a local authority has consulted on, and approved, a charging schedule which sets out its levy rates and has published the schedule on its website.Most new development which creates net additional floor space of 100 square metres or more, or creates a new dwelling, is potentially liable for the levy.Some developments may be eligible for relief or exemption from the levy. This includes residential annexes and extensions, and houses and flats which are built by ‘self-builders’. There are strict criteria that must be met, and procedures that must be followed, to obtain the relief or exemption.https://www.gov.uk/guidance/community-infrastructure-levy
- mortgage
- A legal mortgage must be made by deed (lpa 1925 s85), nonprescribed form
- Mortgage by demise or sub demise
- https://lendershandbook.ukfinance.org.uk/lenders-handbook/englandandwales/
- Building societies association standing mortgage instructions https://www.bsa.org.uk/information/mortgage-instructions
- 英國物業重按 資金用途受限https://orientaldaily.on.cc/content/%E7%94%A2%E7%B6%93/odn-20210830-0830_00269_045/%E5%90%91%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%8C%A2%E9%80%B2%EF%BC%9A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%89%A9%E6%A5%AD%E9%87%8D%E6%8C%89-%E8%B3%87%E9%87%91%E7%94%A8%E9%80%94%E5%8F%97%E9%99%90
- 有港人分享6月時買入一個逾1,000方呎的英國倫敦新盤單位，其售樓書列出每年管理費約4,583英鎊（約4.87萬港元），但是當他近日準備前往英國收樓之際，收到發展商的信件，管理費竟被大幅加至每年約6,633英鎊（約7.05萬港元），3個月內的加幅超過44%，買家被殺個措手不及。涉事發展商稱售樓書上的管理費只是初步估算，不代表最終價格，但由於買家認為發展商未有交代管理費大幅上調原因，引起不滿。雖然事件最終在雙方協商後告一段落，但海外物業管理費「海鮮價」的問題值得大家探討。海外置業及物業代理公司Sakura Global行政總裁張明珠表示，英國新盤在預售時提供的管理費參考，與落成後真正收取的管理費相差大，情況並不罕見，例如近期也有英國物業項目在沒有事前通知的情況下，把原本一年720英鎊（約7,650港元）的管理費，加至一年920多英鎊（約9,770港元），加幅27.7%。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/content/%E7%94%A2%E7%B6%93/odn-20210927-0927_00269_045/%E5%90%91%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%8C%A2%E9%80%B2%EF%BC%9A%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%95%86%E7%AA%81%E7%8B%82%E5%8A%A0%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E8%B2%BB-%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%94%B6%E6%A8%93%E5%A4%B1%E9%A0%90%E7%AE%97
- FENSA is a government-authorised scheme that monitors building regulation compliance for replacement windows and doors.https://www.fensa.org.uk/homeowners
- council for licensed conveyancers www.clc-uk.org
- established under the Administration of Justice Act 1985
- http://topick.hket.com/article/670478/?r=mcsdfb 隔山買英國平樓 收租「中伏」實錄
- hket 13dec16 d5
- jordans limited www.jordans.co.uk
- https://www.searchflow.co.uk/
- www.landmark.co.uk
USA
- tax
- 中國買家海外買樓另一熱門地——紐約卻未有類似安排，只有購買百萬美元（約780萬港元）豪宅才須支付1%的「府邸稅（Mansion Tax）」。衛達士律師事務所美國個人所得稅業務地區業務組組長康巴（William Kambas）稱，海外買家來紐約買樓並沒有額外的稅項，只有購買的物業售價在100萬美元或以上時，才須支付1%的府邸稅，紐約客亦要支付此稅項。除府邸稅外，在紐約買樓時另一筆較大的開支是產權保險（Title Insurance），樓價每10萬美元須支付約675美元，即10萬美元以上的單位，費率約0.675%。舉例來說，購買一間100萬美元的單位，內地買家在港須支付22.5%印花稅，即22.5萬美元（約176萬港元），而在紐約，計及產權保險僅付13萬港元；相比之下，香港置業成本較紐約貴逾10倍。如港人在兩地初次置業，在港須支付3.75%或29萬港元印花稅，紐約則為13萬港元。如果在紐約需要借按揭買樓，則須額外支付「按揭登記稅（Mortgage Recording Tax）」及「按揭產權保險（Mortgage Title Insurance）」。康巴介紹，按揭登記稅約2%水平，而按揭保險則為每10萬美元借款，支付500美元。但利布曼說：「我們談論的是高端買家，他們大多是全現金支付。」。住宅若不是自用，港人將紐約樓盤出租或出售獲利，將涉及不同稅收。租金收入方面，個人或信託須支付的稅率為39.6%；而出售物業的投資若獲利超過40萬美元，則須支付20%稅率。康巴提醒，租金是淨收入繳稅，可先扣除物業日常維護開支。「以不同方式持有物業所要支付的稅率亦不同，任何個人所得稅律師都能妥善處理。」
- useful sites
- Zillow.com
- neighbourhoodscout.com
- homefacts.com
- census.gov
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20160609/00176_137.html
至於在越南買樓的條款較多，當地由去年起開放市場，外籍人士可在當地置業，惟不享永久業權，而是以長期租賃形式持有，限期為五十年，可以續約。而根據當地傳媒報道，置業外籍人士亦要符合五大條件，包括直接在當地投資、對越南有突出貢獻並得到總統或政府表彰、掌握越南需要的專業知識和技術，與越南居民結婚，而在越南營運的有外資入股的公司，亦可以為外籍員工購買住房。
mortgage
- 海外買樓 按揭大不同https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20200527/00269_002.html
tips
- hkcd 2jul14 9
- pitfalls in buying overseas properties hket 9oct14 d5
- things to note when buying overseas properties hket 10nov14 a12 a19
- one of 2014 issues of SME BOSS on water seepage
- 新盤收樓前工夫多籮籮http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20141122/18943084, http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20141122/18943086
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20150109/00269_001.html 今時今日的投資致富方法多到數不完，偏偏有人獨愛買入海外「磚頭」，難度真係「隔籬飯香」？兩位來自港、台的物業投資「達人」，買「磚頭」經驗豐富，既為興趣，也為投資。今期由他們教你如何揀選優質外國樓，換取更高的投資回報
- 有海外置業經驗的人士都會知道，買樓前要清楚項目所在是「永久業權地」或「租賃地」。許畯森坦言自己傾向永久業權地，「買咗個單位，就唔需要續租地權」。同時，有些國家所有土地都是租賃地，有些則兩者都有，買家在置業前要了解條款，不少英聯邦國家或前英治地區，都有永久地權地段或較長的地權。以香港為例，不少地段地權長達999年。有些國家的業權及地權關係較複雜，如越南、柬埔寨等國家等，「業主的業權僅限於地面上的建築物，卻不包括土地，一旦上蓋無咗就乜都無。」許畯森解釋，有些國家立國時政局未穩，無法承諾永久業權。「東南亞之中，我只有投資馬來西亞，因為以前係英治地區，地權簡單，有永久地權。」至於澳洲有些物業售價較平，可能是由於位處租賃地，期滿後業主需繳補價。無論在各地置業，難免要交稅，本港享有簡單稅制及相對較低的稅率，然而在海外買樓則要精打細算、打好算盤了。許畯森指，以美國為例，付出的樓價並沒繳付未來的地稅，而任何美國房屋的業主要得到土地使用權，都必須於每年繳交地稅才行，「假設物業造價100萬元，每年就要畀萬幾銀稅，都幾貴。」另邊廂，成為近年港人海外置業新寵的日本，其稅制亦不對投資者「友善」。「日本政府會向業主收取利得稅，並採取累進方式，最高達45%，幾乎佔租金收入一半，所以買日本樓一般不會博升值。」許畯森指，其他地方也有類似的高稅制，不要輕易被中介游說而多買幾伙，「有時買一個單位，利得稅會好低，但買多幾間就會好高。」http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/01/24/a07-0124.pdf
- 海外買樓 按揭大不同https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20200527/00269_002.html
tips
- hkcd 2jul14 9
- pitfalls in buying overseas properties hket 9oct14 d5
- things to note when buying overseas properties hket 10nov14 a12 a19
- one of 2014 issues of SME BOSS on water seepage
- 新盤收樓前工夫多籮籮http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20141122/18943084, http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20141122/18943086
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20150109/00269_001.html 今時今日的投資致富方法多到數不完，偏偏有人獨愛買入海外「磚頭」，難度真係「隔籬飯香」？兩位來自港、台的物業投資「達人」，買「磚頭」經驗豐富，既為興趣，也為投資。今期由他們教你如何揀選優質外國樓，換取更高的投資回報
- 有海外置業經驗的人士都會知道，買樓前要清楚項目所在是「永久業權地」或「租賃地」。許畯森坦言自己傾向永久業權地，「買咗個單位，就唔需要續租地權」。同時，有些國家所有土地都是租賃地，有些則兩者都有，買家在置業前要了解條款，不少英聯邦國家或前英治地區，都有永久地權地段或較長的地權。以香港為例，不少地段地權長達999年。有些國家的業權及地權關係較複雜，如越南、柬埔寨等國家等，「業主的業權僅限於地面上的建築物，卻不包括土地，一旦上蓋無咗就乜都無。」許畯森解釋，有些國家立國時政局未穩，無法承諾永久業權。「東南亞之中，我只有投資馬來西亞，因為以前係英治地區，地權簡單，有永久地權。」至於澳洲有些物業售價較平，可能是由於位處租賃地，期滿後業主需繳補價。無論在各地置業，難免要交稅，本港享有簡單稅制及相對較低的稅率，然而在海外買樓則要精打細算、打好算盤了。許畯森指，以美國為例，付出的樓價並沒繳付未來的地稅，而任何美國房屋的業主要得到土地使用權，都必須於每年繳交地稅才行，「假設物業造價100萬元，每年就要畀萬幾銀稅，都幾貴。」另邊廂，成為近年港人海外置業新寵的日本，其稅制亦不對投資者「友善」。「日本政府會向業主收取利得稅，並採取累進方式，最高達45%，幾乎佔租金收入一半，所以買日本樓一般不會博升值。」許畯森指，其他地方也有類似的高稅制，不要輕易被中介游說而多買幾伙，「有時買一個單位，利得稅會好低，但買多幾間就會好高。」http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/01/24/a07-0124.pdf
- 搬屋有攻略 移民煩少樣https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20210517/00269_001.html
Pitfalls
- 海外置業字眼陷阱 http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/08/08/b08-0808.pdf
news
- http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21614165-house-prices-europe-are-losing-touch-reality-again-deflating-bubbles
- overseas properties not suitable for chinese buyers hket 4dec14 d7
court cases
- seepage
companies
- http://www.propgoluxury.com/tc/about-us/
忠誠拍賣推拍銅鑼灣匯創大廈低層連平台銀主單位，實用面積約306方呎，平台面積約439方呎，開價520萬元，呎價約16,993元，去年10月單位以550萬元推拍。今年該廈一個高層同面積單位以595萬元沽，呎價約19,444元。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20210118/00204_003.html
Pitfalls
- 海外置業字眼陷阱 http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/08/08/b08-0808.pdf
- https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190411/00202_015.html, https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20190411/00269_002.html
news
- http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21614165-house-prices-europe-are-losing-touch-reality-again-deflating-bubbles
- overseas properties not suitable for chinese buyers hket 4dec14 d7
court cases
- seepage
- 港島半山寶雲道十二號豪宅峰景花園一名業主入稟高院，聲稱其單位出現滲水的問題，起因懷疑是樓上單位未經屋宇署批准設置按摩浴缸，要求法庭下令樓上業主拆除按摩浴缸，並就此向該業主索償約六百七十二萬元。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20181214/00176_074.html
companies
- http://www.propgoluxury.com/tc/about-us/
忠誠拍賣推拍銅鑼灣匯創大廈低層連平台銀主單位，實用面積約306方呎，平台面積約439方呎，開價520萬元，呎價約16,993元，去年10月單位以550萬元推拍。今年該廈一個高層同面積單位以595萬元沽，呎價約19,444元。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20210118/00204_003.html
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