government
- The Ministry of Electricity of Iraq is the federal government ministry concerned with electricity. It is responsible for both the policymaking and the electricity supply throughout the country. The operational functions (power generation, transmission, load dispatch and distribution) are no longer autonomous corporatized entities, but were reorganized into 18 geographically based directorates within MoE.
Baghdad
- The Ministry of Electricity of Iraq is the federal government ministry concerned with electricity. It is responsible for both the policymaking and the electricity supply throughout the country. The operational functions (power generation, transmission, load dispatch and distribution) are no longer autonomous corporatized entities, but were reorganized into 18 geographically based directorates within MoE.
Baghdad
- baldach in petrus alfonsi's the scholar's guide
Bakhdida (Syriac: ܒܓ݂ܕܝܕܐ Arabic: بخديدا) Syriac pronunciation: [bɑχdɛːdə], also known as Baghdeda, Qaraqosh, or Al-Hamdaniya, is an Assyrian[4] city in northern Iraq within the Nineveh Governorate, located about 32 km (20 mi) southeast of the city of Mosul and 60 km west of Erbil amid agricultural lands, close to the ruins of the ancient Assyrian cities Nimrud and Nineveh. It is connected to the main city of Mosul by two main roads. The first runs through the towns of Bartella and Karamles which connects to the city of Erbil as well. The second, which was gravel until being paved in the 1990s, is direct to Mosul. All of its citizens fled to Kurdistan Region after the ISIS invasion on August 6, 2014. The town was under control of ISIS until October 19, 2016 when it was liberated as part of the Battle of Mosul after which residents have begun to return.The name Bakhdida (Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܟܘܕܝܕܐ; Beth Khdeda), is of uncertain origin and when translated from the Syriac language it has two components Beth which means "house", and Khodida which could either mean "Youths" in Aramaic or actually "Baghdadak" a diminutive form of Baghdad, Old Persian meaning "God's gift". Some also believe that Bakhdida comes from the Aramaic Beth Deta, meaning "Land of the Kite".
- hkej 14dec18 shum article
Hatra (Arabic: الحضر al-Ḥaḍr) was an ancient city in the Ninawa Governorate and al-Jazira region of Iraq. It was known as al-Hadr, a name which appears once in ancient inscriptions,[citation needed] and it was in the ancient Persian province of Khvarvaran. The city lies 290 km (180 mi) northwest of Baghdad and 110 km (68 mi) southwest of Mosul. On 7 March 2015, various sources including Iraqi officials reported that the militant group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) had begun demolishing the ruins of Hatra. A video released by ISIL during the next month showed the destruction of the monuments. Some believe Hatra may have been built by the Assyrians or by the Achaemenid Empire, or possibly in the 3rd or 2nd century BC under the influence of the Seleucid Empire, but there is no reliable information on the city before the Parthian period.[4] Hatra flourished under the Parthians, during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, as a religious and trading center. Later on, the city became the capital of possibly the first Arab Kingdom in the chain of Arab cities running from Hatra, in the northeast, via Palmyra, Baalbek and Petra, in the southwest. The region controlled from Hatra was the Kingdom of Araba, a semi-autonomous buffer kingdom on the western limits of the Parthian Empire, governed by Arabian princes. Hatra became an important fortified frontier city and withstood repeated attacks by the Roman Empire, and played an important role in the Second Parthian War. It repulsed the sieges of both Trajan (116/117) and Septimius Severus (198/199).[6] Hatra defeated the Iranians at the battle of Shahrazoor in 238, but fell to the Iranian Sassanid Empire of Shapur I in 241 and was destroyed.[6]The traditional stories of the fall of Hatra tell of an-Nadira, daughter of the King of Araba, who betrayed the city into the hands of Shapur. The story tells of how Shapur killed the king and married an-Nadira, but later had her killed also. Hatra was the best preserved and most informative example of a Parthian city.
Al-Hindiya or Hindiya (Arabic: الهندية) is a city in Iraq on the Euphrates River. Al-Hindiya is located in the Kerbala Governorate and is the seat of Al-Hindiya District. The city used to be known as Tuwairij (Arabic: طويريج), which gives name to the "Tuwairij run" (Arabic: ركضة طويريج) that takes place here every year as part of the Mourning of Muharram on the Day of Ashura. The city was founded in 1793 AD by "Yahya Asif Al-Dawla Bahadur Al-Hindi" (يحيى آصف الدولة بهادر الهندي), who was a vizier of Bahadur Shah Zafar. The vizier funded digging a canal on the Euphrates to provide drinkable water for the region.
- Nouri Kamil Mohammed Hasan al-Maliki (Arabic: نوري كامل محمد حسن المالكي; born 20 June 1950), also known as Jawad al-Maliki (جواد المالكي) or Abu Esraa (أبو إسراء), is an Iraqi politician who was Prime Minister of Iraq from 2006 to 2014. He is secretary-general of the Islamic Dawa Party and a Vice President of Iraq.
- Nouri al-Maliki was born in Janaja village in Abu Gharaq, a central Iraqi town situated between Karbala and Al Hillah. He is a member of the Al-Ali Tribe, an offshoot of the Bani Malik tribe.[citation needed] He attended school in Al Hindiyah (Hindiya). Al-Maliki received his high school degree from Hindiya city and moved to Baghdad with his family.
- There are many opinions among different investigators, as to the origin of the word "Karbala". Some have pointed out that "Karbala" has a connection to the "Karbalato" language, while others attempt to derive the meaning of word "Karbala" by analyzing its spelling and language. They conclude that it originates from the Arabic word "Kar Babel" which was a group of ancient Babylonian villages that included Nainawa, Al-Ghadiriyya, Karbella (Karb Illu. as in Arba Illu [Arbil]), Al-Nawaweess, and Al-Heer. This last name is today known as Al-Hair and is where Husayn ibn Ali's grave is located.
- Ashura is an important holiday in the Islamic calendar, marking the death of Husayn ibn Ali (Imam Hussein), a grandson of prophet Muhammad. The Ashura day of mourning in Karbala was the target of a terrorist attack in 2004, when simultaneous bombings in Karbala and Najafkilled 134 people.[3] A 2005 stampede had occurred in Baghdad during a similar event, caused by word that the event might be subject to a terrorist bombing.[3] More recently, several attacks on Ashura processions have been perpetrated by Sunni extremists.One of the common events during the celebration of Ashura in Karbala, Iraq is the Tuwairij run, where pilgrims run through the streets about 2–3 kilometres (1–2 mi) to the Imam Husayn Shrine in honour of the run that maternal cousins of Husayn's half-brother Abbas did from the village of Tuwairij (today known as Al-Hindiya) to Karbala in order to aid Husayn in the Battle of Karbala. The event around noon on 10 September 2019 drew hundreds of thousands of pilgrims planning to make the run.
Mosul
- The Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Arabic: جامع النوري Jāmiʿ an-Nūrī) was a mosque in Mosul, Iraq. It was famous for its leaning minaret, which gave the city its nickname "the hunchback" (الحدباء al-Ḥadbāˈ). Tradition holds that the mosque was first built in the late 12th century, although it underwent many renovations over the years.Tradition holds that Nur ad-Din Zangi, a Turkish atabeg of the Great Seljuk Empire and sultan of its Syrian province, built the mosque in 1172–1173, shortly before his death.
- The University of Mosul is a public university located in Mosul. It is one of the largest educational and research centers in the Middle East, and the second largest in Iraq, behind the University of Baghdad. The University of Mosul was closed by the ISIL group in 2014 but reopened just after a few months with new buildings and courses.The University of Mosul was founded in April 1967, building on the foundations of the 1929 College of Medicine, under the control of the Ministry of Health.
Nimrud
- Nimrud (/nɪmˈruːd/; Arabic: النمرود) is the Arabic and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic name for the ancient Assyrian city of Kalhu (the Biblical Calah), located 30 kilometres (20 mi) south of the city of Mosul, and 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of the village of Selamiyah (Arabic: السلامية), in the Nineveh plains in northern Mesopotamia. It was a major Assyrian city between approximately 1350 BC and 610 BC. The city is located in a strategic position 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of the point that the river Tigrismeets its tributary the Great Zab.[1] The city covered an area of 360 hectares (890 acres).[2] The ruins of the city were found within one kilometre (1,100 yd) of the modern-day Assyrian village of Noomanea in Nineveh Province, Iraq. This is some 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Mosul.
Samarra
- Sāmarrā (Arabic: سامَرّاء) is a city in Iraq. It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in theSaladin Governorate, 125 kilometers (78 mi) north of Baghdad. In 2003 the city had an estimated population of 348,700. Samarra is in the Sunni Triangle. The city was once the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and the only remaining Islamic capital that retains its original plan, architecture and artistic relics.
- The Great Mosque of Samarra[1] is a ninth-century mosque located in Samarra, Iraq. The mosque was commissioned in 848 and completed in 851 by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil who reigned (in Samarra) from 847 until 861. The Great Mosque of Samarra was, for a time, the largest mosque in the world; its minaret, the Malwiya Tower, is a spiralling cone 52 meters high and 33 meters wide with a spiral ramp.
- china
- ceramic trade with 耀州窯
Tal Afar (Arabic: تلعفر), pronounced /ta.la.fer/ and also spelt Tal'Afar, Tall Afar, Tell Afar or Tel Afar, is a city and district in the Nineveh Governorate of northwestern Iraq. 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southwest of the town of Tal Afar are the mounds of Yarim Tepe which yielded remains from the Halafian culture from the Hassuna, Halaf and Ubaid periods, between 7,000 and 4,500 BC.[5][6]
From perhaps the 25th century BC through to the 7th century AD it was an integral part of Assyria.
Tal Afar has been thought to be a city mentioned in the Bible, Telassar or Thela'sar, mentioned in 2 Kings 19:12 and in Isaiah 37:12 as a city inhabited by "the children of Eden" which was at the time ruled by Sennacherib of Assyria.
Ur (Sumerian: Urim;[1] Sumerian Cuneiform: 𒋀𒀕𒆠 URIM2KI or 𒋀𒀊𒆠 URIM5KI;[2] Akkadian: Uru;[3] Arabic: أور; Hebrew: אור) was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar (Arabic: تل المقير) in south Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate.[4] Although Ur was once a coastal city near the mouth of the Euphrates on the Persian Gulf, the coastline has shifted and the city is now well inland, on the south bank of the Euphrates, 16 kilometres (9.9 miles) from Nasiriyah in modern-day Iraq. The city dates from the Ubaid period circa 3800 BC, and is recorded in written history as a city-state from the 26th century BC, its first recorded king being Mesannepada. The city's patron deity was Nanna (in Akkadian, Sin), the Sumerian and Akkadian (Assyrian-Babylonian) moon god, and the name of the city is in origin derived from the god's name, URIM2KI being the classical Sumerian spelling of LAK-32.UNUGKI, literally "the abode (UNUG) of Nanna (LAK-32)".
- Ur is likely the city of Ur Kasdim mentioned in the Book of Genesis as the birthplace of the Jewish, Christian and Muslim patriarch Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic), traditionally believed to have lived some time in the 2nd millennium BC.[20][21][22] There are however conflicting traditions and scholarly opinions identifying Ur Kasdim with the sites of Sanliurfa, Urkesh, Urartu or Kutha.
Ur is mentioned four times in the Torah or Old Testament, with the distinction "of the Kasdim/Kasdin"—traditionally rendered in English as "Ur of the Chaldees". The Chaldeans were already settled in the vicinity by around 850 BC, but were not the rulers of Ur until the late 7th century BC, around 550 BC. The name is found in Genesis 11:28, Genesis 11:31, and Genesis 15:7. In Nehemiah 9:7, a single passage mentioning Ur is a paraphrase of Genesis. (Nehemiah 9:7)
The Book of Jubilees states that Ur was founded in 1688 Anno Mundi (year of the world) by 'Ur son of Kesed, presumably the offspring of Arphaxad, adding that in this same year wars began on Earth.
"And 'Ur, the son of Kesed, built the city of 'Ara of the Chaldees, and called its name after his own name and the name of his father." (i.e., Ur Kasdim) (Jubilees 11:3).
Industry
- oil
- http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/iraq-pm-orders-legal-action-over-oil-bribery-report Senior Iraqi officials face investigation and possible prosecution after allegations that they took millions of dollars in bribes to help big companies secure oil contracts.Prime minister Haider Al Abadi on Saturday ordered Iraq’s anti-corruption commission to take legal measures and called for the judiciary to pursue prosecutions connected to the scandal. The corruption allegations were published last week by The Huffington Postand the Australian newspaper The Age after they reviewed thousands of documents from Unaoil, an oil-industry company based in Monaco but incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, a tax haven. The allegations “related to oil contracts during the period of previous governments", the prime minister’s office said. Iraq, which relies on oil exports for most of its revenue, has been plagued by corruption and mismanagement for years, ranking 161 out of 168 on Transparency International’s corruption perceptions index last year. Graft continues to eat at the government’s resources as it struggles with high spending due to the costs of the war against ISIL and a steep drop in global oil prices. The report alleges that Unaoil agreed to pay millions of dollars to influence Iraqi officials, including oil ministers Hussein Al Shahristani and Abdul Karim Luaibi, to help secure contracts for its clients. Mr Al Shahristani was also deputy prime minister for energy affairs. Unaoil clients in the Middle East included Rolls-Royce, Weatherford, Petrofac, Clyde Pumps, Cameron/Natco, FMC Technologies, Saipem, SBM Offshore, Man Turbo and Leighton Offshore, according to the report. Mr Al Shahristani, who is minister of higher education, on Saturday denied having had contact with Unaoil. A leader in Iraq’s ruling National Alliance coalition, Mr Al Shahristani urged the government to investigate everyone named in the report, including himself. He called on The Huffington Post to provide all the documents it referenced. The report on oil sector corruption has already sparked action in Europe. Authorities in Monaco searched Unaoil’s headquarters and the homes of company officials and questioned leaders of the company at the request of Britain’s serious fraud office as part of “a major corruption case with international ramifications".
- https://www.ft.com/content/695a04f0-88b2-11e7-bf50-e1c239b45787 Genel Energy and DNO of Norway, two of the big foreign oil producers in the semi-autonomous Kurdistan region of Iraq, have reached what they have described as “landmark” agreements with the local government to settle payments they were owed for exports of crude. The companies were owed sizeable sums by the Kurdistan Regional Government, dating from a period between mid-2014 and the third quarter of 2015 when officials in the region’s capital Erbil were struggling to balance the books against the crash in oil prices. At the same time, Iraq’s central government in Baghdad was withholding budget payments to the KRG, which was also having to divert resources towards the fight against Isis.
- http://www.cbsnews.com/news/for-the-first-time-in-its-history-iraq-exports-natural-gas-shipment/ Iraq on Sunday exported the first shipment of natural gas in its history, a key development for the OPEC member struggling to feed a cash-strapped economy amid an expensive fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). The move revives a long-sought ambition by Iraq to be a gas exporter, thanks to a joint venture with Anglo-Dutch Royal Dutch Shell PLC and Japan's Mitsubishi Corp. Iraq first planned to begin exporting gas in the late 1970s, but that timeline was delayed by the Iraq-Iran war when Iraqi export ports were bombed.
Trade and investment environment
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/fb32e390-2a80-11e3-ade3-00144feab7de.html Citigroup, JPMorgan and Standard Chartered have all unveiled plans to open bank branches in Iraq. The Starwood, Sheraton and Wyndham hotel groups are also venturing into the country. The staunchly Muslim nation of 33m will soon even see a $2bn casino resort, if plans hatched by Dubai’s Emaar Properties come to fruition. Yet, understandably, the news agenda is instead dominated by daily tales of tragedy, as the civilian death toll from the violence in the country rises to its highest level since 2008.
People
- The Banū Mūsā brothers ("Sons of Moses"), namely Abū Jaʿfar, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (before 803 – February 873), Abū al‐Qāsim, Aḥmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century) and Al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century), were three 9th-century scholars who lived and worked in Baghdad. They are known for their Book of Ingenious Devices on automata (automaticmachines) and mechanical devices. Another important work of theirs is theBook on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures, a foundational work ongeometry that was frequently quoted by both Islamic and European mathematicians.
- Mustafa Al-Kadhimi (Arabic: مصطفى الكاظمي; born Mustafa Abdul-Latif Mishatat)[1] is an Iraqi civil servant currently serving as the Prime Minister of Iraq, in office since May 2020.[2] He is a also a former director of the Iraqi National Intelligence Service,[3] originally appointed in June 2016. Al-Kadhimi was a vocal opponent to the dictatorship of the Saddam Husseinregime.[3] He left Iraq in 1985 to Iran then Germany and settled in United Kingdom and lived in exile for several years, yet is not affiliated with any of the Iraqi political parties.
- Zainab Salbi (Arabic: زينب سلبي) (born 1969) is an author, women's rights activist, humanitarian, social entrepreneur, and media commentator who is the founder and former CEO (1993-2011) ofWashington-based Women for Women International. Salbi was born in 1969 in Baghdad, Iraq. Her father worked as personal pilot of former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein.
- Jalal Talabani (Kurdish: جەلال تاڵەبانی Celal Tallebanî, Arabic: جلال طالباني Jalāl Ṭālabānī; 1933 – 3 October 2017)[1] was an Iraqi Kurdishpolitician who served as the sixth President of Iraq from 2005 to 2014, as well as the President of the Governing Council of Iraq (39thPrime Minister of Iraq). He was the first non-Arab president of Iraq, although Abdul Karim Qasim was of partial Kurdish heritage.[2] He is known as "Mam Jalal" meaning "uncle Jalal" among Kurdish people. Talabani is the founder and had been secretary general of one of the main Kurdish political parties, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan(PUK). He was a prominent member of the Interim Iraq Governing Council, which was established following the overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime by the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Talabani was an advocate for Kurdish rights and democracy in Iraq for more than 50 years. Apart from his native Kurdish, Talabani was fluent in Arabic, Persian, and English.
politics
- economist 1jun19 "rent-a-sheikh" with tribes settling more disputes, sheikhs are in high demand
Mosul dam
- http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692903-most-dangerous-dam-world-watery-time-bomb
Music and Ballet School
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqs-only-ballet-and-music-school-faces-funding-crisis/2016/03/17/89b6996c-ec13-11e5-a9ce-681055c7a05f_story.html Iraq’s only music and ballet school has survived decades of war, sanctions and dictatorship, but now faces a funding crisis due to low oil prices and the costly war against the Islamic State group. On a recent day boys and girls in leotards warmed up on a practice bar before a mirror-lined wall, while an orchestra worked its way up scales in the next room, with students tuning cellos and plucking notes on Middle Eastern string instruments known as ouds. The teachers are still receiving salaries, but funds for instruments and equipment are drying up, leading to the cancellation of performances and raising concerns that the school — which has always recruited based on talent alone — may one day only serve the wealthy or close altogether. Leezan Salam, 20, who studied ballet at the school as a young girl and is now an instructor, fears for the future of the arts in Iraq. “Our situation is very difficult,” she said, referring to the country’s seemingly perpetual waves of unrest. “The atmosphere around us is harsh, it makes people tough.” The Music and Ballet School was built in 1969, and was generously funded under Saddam Hussein’s secular Baath party until crippling sanctions were imposed on the country following the 1991 Gulf War. The school’s fortunes improved after the 2003 U.S.-led invasion, when the economy began to recover, and it remained open during the worst of the sectarian fighting that erupted three years later.
flag
- curious
- in 辭海published by 正業書局, flag of iraq is same as that of iran
- David Sassoon (October 1792 – November 7, 1864) was the treasurer of Baghdad between 1817 and 1829. He became the leader of the Jewish community in Bombay (now Mumbai)after Baghdadi Jews emigrated there.Sassoon was born in Baghdad, where his father, Saleh Sassoon (1750-1830), was a wealthy businessman, chief treasurer to the pashas (the governors of Baghdad) from 1781 to 1817, and president (Nasi) of the city's Jewish community. The family were Iraqi Jews. His mother was Amam Gabbai. After a traditional education in the Hebrew language, Sassoon married Hannah in 1818. They had two sons and two daughters before she died in 1826. Two years later he married Farha Hyeem (who was born in 1812 and died in 1886). The pair had six sons and three daughters. Following increasing persecution of Baghdad's Jews by Dawud Pasha,[citation needed] the family moved to Bombay via Persia. Sassoon was in business in Bombay no later than 1832, originally acting as a middleman between British textile firms and Gulf commodity merchants, subsequently investing in valuable harbour properties. His major competitors were Parsis, whose profits were built on their domination of the Sino-Indian opium trade since the 1820s. When the Treaty of Nanking opened up China to British traders, Sassoon developed his textile operations into a profitable triangular trade: Indian yarnand opium were carried to China, where he bought goods which were sold in Britain, from where he obtained Lancashire cotton products. He sent his son Elias David Sassoon to Canton, where he was the first Jewish trader (with 24 Parsi rivals). In 1845, David Sassoon & Co. opened an office in what would soon become Shanghai's British concession, and it became the firm's second hub of operations. In 1844, he set up a branch in Hong Kong, and a year later, he set up his Shanghai branch on The Bund to cash in on the opium trade. It was not until the 1860s that the Sassoons were able to lead the Baghdadi Jewish community in overtaking Parsi dominance.[citation needed] A particular opportunity was given by the American Civil War, during which turmoil American cotton exports from the South declined. Lancashire factories replaced American cotton imports with Sassoon's Indian cotton. Along with Parsi businessmen such as Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, David Sassoon continued the trade with China and from the wealth earned there he started his own business of oil. His first mill was named E.D. Sassoon Mills and he became exceedingly prosperous. Later the Sassoons were the largest mill owners and were known as Badshah of the business community of Bombay. Overall there were 17 mills, each mill having around 15,000 to 20,000 workers. Later, David Sassoon also entered the cotton, fabrics and various other industries on a large scale. David Sassoon, as an Orthodox Jew, continued his Jewish religious observances, observing the Jewish Sabbath throughout his busy life. He was also a member of the Legislative Assembly of the time. He built one of the largest and most beautiful synagogues of India, the Magen David synagogue at Byculla, Bombay. He also built the Ohel David Synagogue of Pune. Today these are well known tourist attractions and form an important part of the cultural heritage of India. Various charity trusts, which continue in existence today, were funded from his private income and named after him and other members of his family. David Sassoon funded monuments and educational institutions in Mumbai. By his enterprise Sassoon Docksat Colaba in the city were built. He soon came to live with his family at a palatial home he reconfigured and named Byculla's Bungalow, the former palace of Shin Sangoo. This was later donated to the Parsi Trust and is today's Masina Hospital. Nearby Rani Bagh (Jijamata Udyann) was also his property and was donated to the Mumbai Municipal Corporation for the construction of the Albert Museum, designed by the most prominent architect of the time. The interior is exactly like the Magen David synaguogue and the Ohel David Synagogue of Pune. It has a tall clock tower, the Victoria clock tower.
- Elias David Sassoon (27 March 1820 – 21 March 1880), an Indian merchant and banker born in Baghdad, was the second son of David Sassoon, an Iraqi-Indian philanthropist Jewish businessman involved in trade in India and the Far East, with branches at Calcutta, Shanghai, Canton, and Hong Kong; and his business, which included a monopoly of the opium-trade, extended as far as Yokohama, Nagasaki, and other cities in Japan. He was father to Jacob Elias Sassoon and Edward Elias Sassoon. He was the first of his siblings to assist the family business' expansion into China when he opened a branch of the business there in 1844. He was also involved in his father's business in Bombay, India. In 1867, Elias established his own business based in Hong Kong and Shanghai. Elias died in Colombo in 1880.
History
- The Battle of the Camel, sometimes called the Battle of Jamal or the Battle of Bassorah, took place at Basra, Iraq on 7 November 656. A'isha heard about the killing of Uthman (644-656), the third Caliph. At the time she was on a pilgrimage to Mecca. It was on this journey that she became so angered by his unavenged death, and the naming of Ali as the fourth caliph, that she took up arms against those supporting Ali. She gained support of the big city of Basra and, for the first time, Muslims took up arms against each other. This battle is now known as the First Fitna, or Muslim civil war.
- The 1941 Iraqi coup d'état (Arabic: ثورة رشيد عالي الكيلاني), also called the Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani coup or the Golden Square coup, was a nationalist and pro-Nazi[1] Coup d'état in Iraq on 1 April 1941[2] that overthrew the pro-British regime of Regent 'Abd al-Ilah and his Prime Minister Nuri al-Said and installed Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as Prime Minister.The coup was led by four Iraqi nationalist army generals, known as "the Golden Square", who intended to use the war to press for full Iraqi independence following the limited independence granted in 1932. To that end, they worked with German intelligence and accepted military assistance from Germany and Italy. The change in government led to a British invasion of Iraq and subsequent occupation until 1947.In the course of the Iraq war, minor reinforcements for the nationalists were received from first Germany and then Italy. The Vichy French authorities in the Syria and Lebanon had helped both the pro-Axis Iraqi nationalists and the German and Italian air forces, providing airfields for staging and refuelling.[citation needed] Even before the end of the Iraq campaign, this had led to RAF attacks on airbases in Syria. Within weeks these events led to British and Empire forces invading of Vichy-administered Syria and Lebanon in the Syria–Lebanon Campaign.
- The 14 July Revolution, also known as the 1958 Iraqi coup d'état, took place on 14 July 1958 in Iraq, and resulted in the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq that had been established by King Faisal I in 1921 under the auspices of the British. King Faisal II, Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said were killed during the uprising.As a result of the overthrow of the Iraqi Hashemite dynasty, the coup d'étatestablished the Iraqi Republic. The coup ended the Hashemite Arab Federationbetween Iraq and Jordan that had been established just 6 months earlier. Abd al-Karim Qasim took power as Prime Minister until 1963, when he was overthrown and killed in the Ramadan Revolution.
usa
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-17/u-s-persuades-iraq-to-quash-siemens-power-deal-in-favor-of-ge The Trump administration intervened to quash a $15 billion deal for Siemens Corp. to develop power stations in Iraq, instead persuading Baghdad to sign an agreement with General Electric Co., two administration officials said. Iraq signed a memorandum of understanding with GE on Monday, after senior U.S. officials warned Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi that the future of the U.S.-Iraq relationship would be at risk if his government accepted the deal with Siemens, according to the officials, who asked not to be identified discussing private deliberations. The Financial Times reported the U.S. move earlier Thursday.
- https://www.ft.com/content/e6678754-76f1-11e9-bbad-7c18c0ea0201 The US has ordered the departure of all non-essential staff from its diplomatic missions in Iraq, while Germany and the Netherlands suspended military training programmes in the country as tensions soar between the US and Iran. The decisions follow a series of warnings by American officials over the past 10 days about unspecified “escalatory action” by Iran, which have been accompanied by US military deployments to the region.
Russia
- http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2016-08/23/content_39147576.htm Russia and Iraq have agreed to export Russian dairy and meat products to Iraq, the Russian news agency Sputnik reported Tuesday. "The dairy and meat products, as well as beef and poultry can be exported to Iraq until Jan. 1, 2017," Rosselkhoznadzor, Russia's agricultural watchdog agency, said in a statement. According to the statement, Iraq also plans to improve its scientific and technical cooperation with Russia, as it recognizes the scientific potential of Russia's Federal Center for Animal Health (ARRIAH) and the quality of its foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. "Iraq intends to continue importing Russian biological products against foot-and-mouth disease, as well as setting up deliveries of preventive veterinary medicines against bird flu," Rosselkhoznadzor said. The two sides have also agreed to sign a technical protocol governing the delivery of pathological material samples gathered from birds and animals in Iraq.
- kurds issue
- https://www.ft.com/content/1d425216-bd8c-11e7-b8a3-38a6e068f464 Iraq has demanded that Russia’s state-owned oil company Rosneft provide “clarifications” about contracts signed with Kurdistan’s autonomous regional government, after threatening that deals made without Baghdad’s approval would be considered illegal. Rosneft has emerged as one of Kurdistan’s most important corporate backers. It has pledged more than $3bn this year in advance oil payments and deals to develop oil blocks and take control of pipeline infrastructure, despite a political crisis that has seen Iraqi troops advance into Kurdish territory and retake control of roughly half the oil-producing assets the autonomous region has relied on since 2014.
- https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-firms-help-iraqi-citizens-access-electricity-with-support-from-uk-government--2 US $620 million financing will go to support two contracts between GE and Iraq’s Ministry of Electricity to build two power stations in Samawa and Dhi Qar, located northwest of Basra, in southern Iraq. UKEF had already provided initial support for the project; this additional financing supports the main construction phase of the project involving further procurement from UK suppliers through GE sub-contractor ENKA UK. UKEF will also provide US $400 million to support a project by GE’s Grid Solutions, business to develop 14 sub-stations across Iraq. GE will build new substations on a turnkey basis and supply equipment such as transformers and other parts to rehabilitate existing substations, helping to bring power to areas with significant power shortages from the north to the south of the country. This announcement follows the agreement between the governments of the UK and Iraq signed in March 2017, which re-affirmed the UK’s commitment to Iraq’s continued economic development.
Turkey
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161017/00192_001.html 土耳其與伊拉克關係最近再度惡化。土耳其副總理柯土爾穆斯日前表示，土國在伊拉克的駐軍將會一直存在，直到回教極端組織伊斯蘭國（IS）被徹底清除出摩蘇爾及附近地區。對於土國的這個要求，伊拉克堅決說不。
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-turkey-dam/turkish-dam-project-threatens-rift-with-iraq-over-water-shortages-idUSKCN1J11YL Iraq is surprised by Turkey’s decision to start holding back water behind its Ilisu dam earlier than promised, Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi said on Tuesday, suggesting it was done to win support for the government in upcoming elections.
kurds
- http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-trump-idUSKBN143176 The Kurds, oppressed under successive Arab governments in Iraq, are perhaps the biggest victors of the new order born out of the U.S.-led invasion that toppled Saddam Hussein in 2003. While Iraqi Arabs further south have been gripped by sectarian conflict for more than a decade, Kurdistan remained relatively safe, enjoyed an economic boom and steadily developed its autonomy.
saudi arabia
- https://www.ft.com/content/ed66069c-75fa-11e7-90c0-90a9d1bc9691 Muqtada al-Sadr, the powerful Iraqi Shia cleric, has made his first official visit to Saudi Arabia in more than a decade as Riyadh seeks to bolster its influence in Iraq and counter the role of Iran, its regional rival. Mr Sadr was welcomed in Jeddah by Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia’s recently appointed crown prince who is leading the Sunni kingdom’s more interventionist foreign policy. The pair discussed “issues of mutual interest” at a meeting on Sunday, the official Saudi news agency said. The cleric rose to prominence as a firebrand who led militias that fought US troops in Iraq and were perceived to be backed by Iran. But his relationship with Tehran, which has significant influence in Iraq and supports Shia militias in the country, has been ambiguous. During the past year, he has been critical of the Iran-backed Shia militias’ role in the fight against Isis, according to Iraqi media.
Iran
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/668edf26-78cd-11e5-933d-efcdc3c11c89.html
the rise of Islamist militants Isis in Iraq has created unexpected opportunities in Khuzestan, the Iranian province hardest hit by the 1980s conflict. It borders the oil-rich and peaceful Iraqi province of Basra. “Southern Iraq has become part of Iran’s market now and will remain so,” says Majid Mohtadi, deputy head of the Iran-Iraq chamber of commerce. “The Iraqi market will need decades to stand on its feet again.” “This is a golden opportunity for Iranian traders at a time many Iraqis feel they owe Iran because it rushed to help them fight against Isis unlike the Saudis and the Turks [Iran’s trade rivals in Iraq].” Since the fall of Saddam Hussein, Iran has forged close links with the central government in Baghdad and maintained close relations with the Kurdistan Regional Government in the north. Iraq is now Iran’s second-biggest trade partner, after China, for non oil exports. And trade is rising. In the first five months of this year, Iran exported goods worth $2.4bn to Iraq, almost a fifth more than in the same period last year. These goods range from cement, tiles and ceramics to dairy products and electricity. If the value of transit goods and tourism is included, said Ali Tayebnia, Iran’s economy minister, this figure reaches $12bn and should go up to $20bn “in the near future”.
new zealand
new zealand
- 新西蘭總理阿德恩周一宣布，將於下月起逐步減少派駐伊克拉的軍隊規模，至來年六月將會全面撤兵。新西蘭現時共有九十五名非戰鬥人員，駐守在巴格達北西部的塔吉軍事基地。新西蘭國防部亦同時透露，與該國駐守同一基地的澳洲軍隊亦有意縮減駐軍規模。澳洲至今仍未就有關計劃發表正式公告。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190611/00180_003.html
China
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2015-12/23/content_22785271.htm China and Iraq agreed on Tuesday to build a strategic partnership and expand energy cooperation between the world's largest oil importer and a rising exporter. President Xi Jinping and Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi announced the decision when they met at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. Xi also said China supports measures taken by Iraq to protect national security and stability. After the meeting, Premier Li Keqiang said in his meeting with the Iraqi visitor, "China is willing to expand energy cooperation with Iraq and actively participate in oilfield exploitation and refinery buildup."
- railway
- investors from china
- iraqi in china
taiwan
- A memorandum of understanding on expanding economic collaboration and related exchanges was inked July 9 in Taipei City by Taiwan External Trade Development Council (TAITRA) and State Company for Iraqi Fairs and Commercial Services. Under the pact, the two sides will work together in identifying and cultivating mutually beneficial trade opportunities, as well as organizing and staging promotional activities in the Arab nation and throughout the Middle East.https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=6&post=137721
China
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2015-12/23/content_22785271.htm China and Iraq agreed on Tuesday to build a strategic partnership and expand energy cooperation between the world's largest oil importer and a rising exporter. President Xi Jinping and Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi announced the decision when they met at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. Xi also said China supports measures taken by Iraq to protect national security and stability. After the meeting, Premier Li Keqiang said in his meeting with the Iraqi visitor, "China is willing to expand energy cooperation with Iraq and actively participate in oilfield exploitation and refinery buildup."
- railway
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2015-12/24/content_22790891.htm Iraq is eyeing "a huge expansion" of its railway network and Baghdad is contactingleading Chinese companies to carry out the task, visiting Iraqi Prime MinisterHaider al-Abadi told China Daily on Wednesday. In an interview on the second day of his first visit to China since taking office inSeptember last year, al-Abadi also voiced confidence over increasing crude oilexports to China, as Iraq is "hoping to double oil exports in the coming years". He stressed the key role of railways in Iraq and plans to expand the network toabout 5,000 kilometers from the current 2,000 km. Iraq, after the upheaval of recent years, is in dire need of infrastructure as it beefsup economic growth. Al-Abadi confirmed that Chinese companies "are very interested" in expanding therailway network. Earlier on Wednesday, he attended a meeting of business leadersrepresenting up to 60 Chinese companies involved in sectors includingtelecommunications, infrastructure and insurance.
- china daily 2sep19 chinese air conditioners cool iraq this summer
- At the Al-Falah Agricultural Office in central Tikrit, a variety of China-made machinery and equipment are on display.Jamal Abdul Rahman, owner of the office, said that there is big demand among local farmers for light agricultural equipment from China, especially the owners of small farms."The machinery, such as plowing and sowing machines, are needed by the farmers," Abdul Rahman said.Prices for middle-sized Chinese farming machines, ranging from $400 to $800, are affordable to the Iraqi farmers, while the grass-cutters are sold at much cheaper prices at around $100 and $150.The China-Iraq ties have been flourishing in recent years, resulting in a rise in investment by Chinese companies in Iraq, most notably in the oil and electricity sectors.Also, with the growth in the China-Iraq trade, more China-made equipment are imported into Iraq to make work more efficient and life much easier.https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201910/28/WS5db647b5a310cf3e35573e78.html
- investors from china
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20160418/00202_014.html 安東油田服務（03337）與深圳上市公司合拓伊拉克市場。安東油服昨日宣布，與內地華油惠博普科技（002554.SZ）達成初步合作意向，以7億元（人民幣‧下同）出售安東油田旗下伊拉克子公司40%股份予華油惠博普，以引入華油惠博普作為伊拉克採油運行管理等業務的戰略合作夥伴。
- 安東油田服務 （3337）首席執行官皮至峰昨於傳 媒午宴上表示，目前海外市場佔集 團生意約八成，伊拉克是其中一個 重點投資國家，佔比約四成。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/03/29/b05-0329.pdf
- 伊拉克安全部隊前日表示，首都巴格達一間中國石油公司上周四遭兩枚火箭炮擊中，部分設施被毀，但沒有造成傷亡；暫時未有組織承認責任。安全部隊在聲明中稱，一間位於巴格達東南部的石油公司，遭多枚喀秋莎火箭炮擊中。一位匿名官員估計，有民兵組織為威脅對方而發射火箭炮。消息稱，涉事中國公司是振華石油（ZhenHua），屬武器裝備製造商中國北方工業公司旗下子公司。據悉，振華石油兩年前與伊拉克石油部達成協議，取得巴格達東南部廿五年石油開發權。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200420/00180_028.html
- iraqi in china
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/safea/2016-08/16/content_26496322.htm When Abbas Kdaimy made his first trip to China, his knowledge of the country was limited to what he had read in schoolbooks. But now, 18 years later, the Iraqi translator and editor, who has been working in Chinese media and the publishing industry, says China and the Arab world have developed strong cultural links.
taiwan
- A memorandum of understanding on expanding economic collaboration and related exchanges was inked July 9 in Taipei City by Taiwan External Trade Development Council (TAITRA) and State Company for Iraqi Fairs and Commercial Services. Under the pact, the two sides will work together in identifying and cultivating mutually beneficial trade opportunities, as well as organizing and staging promotional activities in the Arab nation and throughout the Middle East.https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=6&post=137721
- https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190925/00178_006.html台灣的中華民國對外貿易發展協會（下稱貿協）周一向台媒表示，該會本月十三日舉辦為期十二天的伊拉克訪問團，逾五十名台商到訪當地，惟行程翌日接獲當地政府通知，稱已取消台灣團簽證。據悉該批台商被要求在廿四小時內離開。貿協稱目前未知原因，對此表示遺憾。
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