Overseas territories
- Guadeloupe (/ɡwɒdəˈluːp/; French pronunciation: [ɡwadəlup]; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an insular region of France located in the Leeward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. Administratively, it is an overseas region consisting of a single overseas department. Guadeloupe, like the other overseas departments, is an integral part of France. As a constituent territory of the European Union and the Eurozone, the euro is its official currency and any European Union citizen is free to settle and work there indefinitely. As an overseas department, however, it is not part of the Schengen Area. The prefecture (regional capital) of Guadeloupe is the city of Basse-Terre, which lies on the island of the same name. The official language is French and Antillean Creole is spoken virtually by the entire population except recent arrivals from metropolitan France.
- Saint-Barthélemy (French: Saint-Barthélemy, French pronunciation: [sɛ̃baʁtelemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy), is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies. Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French, or St. Barts or St. Barths in English, the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao. St. Barthélemy lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles. Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. In 2003, the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France. The collectivity is one of four territories among the Leeward Islands in the northeastern Caribbean that comprise the French West Indies, along with Saint Martin, Guadeloupe (200 kilometres (120 mi) southeast), and Martinique. Saint Barthélemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 9,279 (Jan. 2013 census). Its capital is Gustavia, which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French.
****** 昂古莱姆 Angoulême (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ɡulɛm] ; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Engoulaeme; Occitan: Engoleime) is a commune, the capital of the Charente department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Angoumoisins or Angoumoisines.Angoulême is an Acropolis city located on a hill overlooking a loop of the Charente limited in area upstream by the confluence of the Touvre and downstream by the Anguienne and Eaux Claires.Since Antiquity and through the Middle Ages, the name of the town has been attested in many forms in Latin and Old French:
昂蒂布Antibes was founded by Phocaeans from Massilia. As a Greek colony (and Roman) settlement, it was known as Antipolis (Ἀντίπολις, Antípolis, lit. "Cross-City") from its position close to Nice (anc. Nikaia).
- http://rivieraradio.mc/news/yellow-vest-block-access-to-carrefour-in-antibes
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁdɛʃ]; Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. It is named after the Ardèche River. The area has been inhabited by humans at least since the Upper Paleolithic, as attested by the famous cave paintings at Chauvet Pont d'Arc. The plateau of the Ardèche river has extensive standing stones (dolmens and menhirs), erected thousands of years ago.The Vivarais, as the Ardèche is still called, takes its name and coat-of-arms from Viviers, which was the capital of the Gaulish tribe of Helvii, part of Gallia Narbonensis, after the destruction of their previous capital at Alba-la-Romaine. Saint Andéol, a disciple of Polycarp, is supposed to have evangelized the Vivarais during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, and was supposedly martyred in 208. Legend tells of Andéol's burial by Amycia Eucheria Tullia.[1] In 430, Auxonius transferred the see to Viviers as a result of the problems suffered at its previous site in Alba Augusta.The area of the Vivarais suffered greatly in the 9th century with raids from Magyar and Saracen slavers operating from the coast of Provence resulting in an overall depopulation of the region.
- 法國東南阿代什地區一名警員上周三自殺身亡，令警隊今年的自殺人數增至六十四人，超過執勤死亡人數。對於自殺警察來自全國各地和不同年齡層，當局至今仍未找出主因。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190820/00180_022.html
Aubusson (French pronunciation: [o.by.sɔ̃]; Occitan auvergnat: Le Buçon, formerly Aubuçon) is a commune in the Creuse departmentregion in central France.Local lore previously held that the community was settled by defeated Berbers following the 8th-century Battle of Tours,[1] but it is now established that Aubusson has existed at least since the Gallo-Roman period.[2] The Camp des Châtres, within the town’s boundaries, for a long time considered a Roman fort, actually dates back a little further, to the Iron Age. The town was known as Albuciensis in 936 and under the name Albuconis in 1070. The name possibly originates from a name of a man, Albucius [3] Other scholars claim the name is from a Celtic word meaning craggy. In the Middle Ages the town was ruled by viscounts. The vicecomital family also produced a troubadour named Joan d'Aubusson. Aubusson is well known for its tapestry and carpets, which have been famous throughout the world since the 14th century. Its origins were born with the arrival of weavers from Flanders, who took refuge in Aubusson around 1580. There is a famous collection of Aubusson tapestries at Vallon-Pont-d'Arc.
Avignon
- Between 1309 and 1377, during theAvignon Papacy, seven successive popes resided in Avignon and in 1348 Pope Clement VI bought the town from Joanna I of Naples. Papal control persisted until 1791 when, during the French Revolution, it became part of France. The town is now the capital of the Vaucluse department and one of the few French cities to have preserved its ramparts.
Biarritz (UK: /bɪəˈrɪts,
- very detailed french wiki version
- In 1957, the American film director Peter Viertel was in Biarritz with his wife Deborah Kerr working on the film The Sun Also Rises. One of his Californian friends came for a visit, and his use of a surfboard off Biarritz is recognized as the first time surfing was practised in Europe. Biarritz eventually became one of the most popular European surfing spots.
- 此次的G7峰會舉辦地點是法國南部海濱小鎮比亞里茨，整個小鎮被黃金海灘環繞，是歐洲著名的度假勝地，此次峰會地點「宮殿酒店」就毗鄰海灘，風景優美。另外，可能讓美國總統特朗普開心的是，比亞里茨是高爾夫球運動的發源地，以該鎮為中心的100公里範圍內就有16個高爾夫球場，或許馬克龍也會與特朗普上演一場「高爾夫外交」。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190823/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
Bonnieux
- Le nom du lieu-dit la Canorgue est formé sur le provençal canorguia, féminin de canorgue : chanoine. Il fait référence soit à une collégiale, soit à un bien appartenant à un chapitre de chanoines7. La dénomination occitane de Bonnieux est Bonius.
- - 57 000 ans : occupation moustérienne de l’abri du Pont de la Combette8. En 3 av. J.-C., le Pont Julien (voie Domitienne) est édifié. On a la trace, au vie siècle, de la fondation d'un monastère sur l'emplacement du temple païen de Mithra. En 972, le village a déjà une forteresse et des murailles.
Bordeaux
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-12/26/content_19171569.htm Buying from China is underpinning a nascent recovery in Bordeaux wine-estate prices, boosting demand for mid-level vineyards while top properties have rebounded to levels last seen in 2000, according to broker Michael Baynes. Investors from China have bought about 100 Bordeaux estates since starting to focus on the area in 2010, helping reverse a slide in land values set in motion 15 years ago by the onslaught of New World competition in the global wine market, Baynes said in an interview at his offices near Saint Emilion.
Bourges (French pronunciation: [buʁʒ]) is a city in central France on the Yèvre river. It is the capital of the department of Cher, and also was the capital of the former province of Berry.The name of the city derives either from the Bituriges, the name of the original inhabitants, or from the Germanic Burg (French: bourg. Spanish: burgo. English, others: burgh, berg, or borough), for "hill/village". The Celtscalled it Avaricon; Latin-speakers: Avaricum. In 52 BC, the sixth year of the Gallic Wars the Gauls were practicing a scorched earth policy to try to deny Caesar's forces supplies, but the inhabitants of Avaricum begged not to have their city burned. It was temporarily spared due to its good defences provided by the surrounding marshes, a river that nearly encircled it, and a strong southern wall. Julius Caesar's forces, nevertheless, captured and destroyed the city, killing all but 800 of its inhabitants. Rome reconstructed Avaricum as a Roman city, with a monumental gate, aqueducts, thermae and an amphitheatre, reaching a greater size than it would attain during the Middle Ages. The massive walls surrounding the late Roman city, enclosing 40 hectares, were built in part with stone re-used from earlier public buildings. The third-century AD Saint Ursinus, also known as Saint Ursin, is considered[by whom?] the first bishop of the city. Bourges is the seat of an archbishopric. During the 8th century Bourges lay on the northern fringes of the Duchy of Aquitaine and was therefore the first town to come under Frankish attacks when the Franks crossed the Loire. The Frankish Charles Martel captured the town in 731, but Duke Odo the Great of Aquitaine immediately re-took it. It remained under the rule of counts who pledged allegiance to the Aquitanian dukes up to the destructive siege by Frankish King Pepin the Short on independent Aquitaine in 762, when Basquetroops are found defending the town along with its count. During the Middle Ages, Bourges served as the capital of the Viscounty of Bourges until 1101. In the fourteenth century it became the capital of the Duchy of Berry. The future king of France, Charles VII (reigned 1422-1461), sought refuge there in the 1420s during the Hundred Years' War. His son, Louis XI, was born there in 1423. In 1438, Charles VII decreed the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. During this period, Bourges was also a major capital of alchemy.
Brest (French pronunciation: [bʁɛst] ; Breton pronunciation: [bʀest]) is a city in the Finistère département in Brittany. Brest’s history has always been linked to the sea: the Académie de Marine (Naval Academy) was founded in 1752 in this city. The aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle was built there. Every four years, Brest hosts the international festival of the sea, boats and sailors: it is a meeting of old riggingsfrom around the world (Les Tonnerres de Brest).The advantages of Brest's situation as a seaport town were first recognized by Cardinal Richelieu, who in 1631 constructed a harbor with wooden wharves. This soon became a base for the French Navy. Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister under Louis XIV, rebuilt the wharves in masonry and otherwise improved the harbour. The meaning of the coat of arms of Brest is half France (the three fleurs-de-lis of the former kingdom of France), half Brittany (semé d'hermine of Brittany). These arms were used for the first time in a register of deliberations of the city council dated the 15 July 1683.
- Brest is best known for its Pont de Recouvrance (Recouvrance Bridge, a massive drawbridge 64 m/210 ft high), the military arsenal and the rue de Siam (Siam Street). The castle and the Tanguy tower are the oldest monuments of Brest.
Caen (/kɑːn/; French pronunciation: [kɑ̃]; Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department. The metropolitan area of Caen is the second largest in Normandy. Caen is located in the centre of its northern region, and it is a centre of political, economic and cultural power. Located a few miles from the coast, the landing beaches, the bustling resorts of Deauville and Cabourg, Norman Switzerland and Pays d'Auge, Caen is often considered the archetype of Normandy. Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William the Conqueror, who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen—heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city. The city has now preserved the memory by erecting a memorial and a museum dedicated to peace, the Memorial de Caen. Today, Caen has no motto, but it used to have one, which did not survive the French Revolution.
- hosted the exhibition of nanjing massacre
****Château-Chinon (French pronunciation: [ʃɑto ʃinɔ̃]; the official name is Château-Chinon (Ville), with a space[1]) is a commune in the Nièvre department in France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. The villages around the town are grouped in another commune named Château-Chinon (Campagne). François Mitterrand (1916-1996), President of France from 1981 to 1995, was the mayor of Château-Chinon from 1959 to 1981. Au Moyen Âge, on note les appellations suivantes sous la forme latinisée Castellania de Castro Canino en 1193 et sous la forme française Chasteaul-Chignon en 13721,2.Durant l'Ancien Régime, des documents et textes officiels (notamment des chartes établies par le roi Louis XIH 1,H 2 ou une lettre écrite par Louis XIVH 3) utilisent l'appellation Chastel-Chinon ; d'autres mentionnent ChâteauChinonH 4. Sous la Révolution française, la commune (encore couplée à sa voisine, l'actuelle Château-Chinon (Campagne)) prend le nom révolutionnaire de Chinon-la-Montagne. Après la Révolution, la commune est divisée en deux, et Château-Chinon (Ville) s'appelle alors Château-Chinon Intra-Muros, avant de prendre ensuite le nom de Château-Chinon(Ville) ou Château-Chinon (Ville).
Cherbourg-Octeville
- https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3009456/footsteps-coco-chanel-colette-and-simone-de-beauvoir
Dole (French: [dɔl], sometimes pronounced [dol],) is a commune in the Jura department in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France, of which it is a subprefecture (sous-préfecture).
- Au VIIIe siècle, les bénédictins fondent un monastère, à Jouhe, et un oratoire, sous le vocable de Notre-Dame, sur le Mont-Roland. Au IXe siècle, une église, placée sous le patronage de Saint-Hilaire, est édifiée à Saint-Ylie, à l'endroit où avaient été posées un peu plus tôt, les reliques dudit saint ; ainsi qu'un prieuré à Saint-Vivant. Dans le même temps, une horde de normands, menée par Hasting, ravage la région19.
- En 986, le comté de Bourgogne est fondé. Il faut attendre le XIe siècle et Conrad II le Salique, pour que les comtes, circulant entre Gray, Poligny et Quingey, se fixent, développent et érigent en capitale Dole. En 1092, la chapelle de Saint-Ylie est reconstruite.
- Dole was the capital of Franche-Comté until Louis XIV conquered the region; he shifted the parlement from Dole to Besançon. The university, founded by Duke Philippe le Bon of Burgundy in 1422, was also transferred to Besançon at that time.
- coat of arms has a sun
Le Dorat (Occitan: Le Daurat) is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is considered to be the traditional capital of the Basse Marche. Inhabitants are known as Dorachons. Some say that Le Dorat owes its name to the gilded angel located at the summit of the "Lou Dora" bell tower.In the year 950, missionaries reconstructed a church dedicated to the Saint Michel. 20 years later, the Saint Pierre chapel and the chapitre du Dorat were founded near the church Saint Michel. Le Dorat was a town of nobility and property owners. In 1356, the town was besieged by the Prince of Wales and during the European wars of religion from 1524 to 1648, the town was badly damaged.
- 法國北部市鎮勒多拉將於周四至周日，首次舉辦世界馬拉松剪羊毛比賽，來自約三十國參賽者連續二十四小時，不眠不休地剃光數千多隻綿羊，而剃下最多羊毛的人則成為大贏家。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190704/00180_030.html
******Éragny (sometimes unofficially called Éragny-sur-Oise) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 26.3 km (16.3 mi) from the center of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise, created in the 1960s.Situated on the Oise river, Éragny remained a small village until the 20th century. Its original inhabitants probably settled around the town's fountain during the Roman period and named the place Heriniacus or Areniacus. The site changed names several times over the following centuries - Eraisgny, Eraigny, Erargny, and finally settling on Éragny by the 10th century.
聖伊天（法語：Saint-Étienne，法語發音：[sɛ̃.t‿e.ˈtjɛn]），又譯聖埃蒂安或聖太田
Saint-Étienne (French: [sɛ̃t‿etjɛn]; Arpitan: Sant-Etiève; English: Saint Stephen)Named after Saint Stephen, the city first appears in the historical record in the Middle Ages as Saint-Étienne de Furan(after the River Furan, a tributary of the Loire). In the 13th century, it was a small borough around the church dedicated to Saint Etienne. On the upper reaches of the Furan, near the Way of St. James, the Abbey of Valbenoîte had been founded by the Cistercians in 1222. In the late 15th century, it was a fortified village defended by walls built around the original nucleus. From the 16th century, Saint-Étienne developed an arms manufacturing industry and became a market town. It was this which accounted for the town's importance, although it also became a centre for the manufacture of ribbons and passementerie starting in the 17th century. Later, it became a mining centre of the Loire coal mining basin, and more recently, has become known for its bicycle industry. 聖伊天早在高盧-羅馬時期就已出現人類活動，最初為羅馬人塞古西亞維的一個村莊，名為「富拉努姆」（Furanum），後來逐漸衍變成為「富拉尼亞」（Furania）。「聖伊天」一名則來源於十二世紀這一地區的一個紀念基督教殉難者聖斯德旺的教堂，這個教堂坐落於菲朗河畔的聖巴爾布山（Colline Sainte-Barbe）腳下，「聖伊天」即為聖斯德望的法語稱呼
gironde
- macau
Hauts-de-France (French pronunciation: [o d(ə) fʁɑ̃s], translates to "Upper France" in English) is a region of France created by the territorial reform of French Regions in 2014, from a merger of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy. The new region came into existence on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections in December 2015. France's Conseil d'État approved Hauts-de-France as the name of the region on 28 September 2016, effective 30 September 2016.
Le Havre (UK: /lə
Lagrasse (en occitan La Grassa) est
L'histoire du village se confond avec celle de l'abbaye Sainte-Marie de Lagrasse qui débute par l'installation, dans la vallée, de Nimfridius avec quelques compagnons. Ils construisent alors un monastère. Charlemagne, par une charte datée de 778, reconnaît la nouvelle fondation et Nimfridius prend la direction de la communauté. L'abbaye de Lagrasse deviendra plus tard l'une des plus importantes de France. À la Révolution, l'abbaye est séparée en deux lots vendus comme Bien national, dont Barthélemy Darnis achète alors une bonne partie. Victor Hannuic, agent général, fait détruire à cette époque-là toutes les statues de l'abbaye. Aujourd'hui, une partie de l'établissement est publique (Conseil général de l'Aude) et l'autre privée avec la présence de chanoines. Le village héberge de nombreux artistes et artisans d'art qui le font vivre et attirent de nombreux visiteurs.
Lagrasse fut, de 1790 à 1800, chef-lieu de district. une commune française, située dans le département de l'Aude en région Occitanie.
******** 拉萨尔 Lasalle is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. The historian and epigrapher William Seston (1900–1980) was born in Lassale.Lasalle, en occitan La Sala, est une commune française située dans le département du Gard en région Occitanie, au cœur des Cévennes.
利穆赞大区 Limousin (French pronunciation: [limuzɛ̃] ; Occitan: Lemosin) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.Limousin is an essentially rural region. Famed for some of the best beef farming in the world, herds of Limousin cattle—a distinctive chestnut red—are a common sight in the region. The region is also a major timber producing area.Due to its rural locality, it is also famed for its groves of French Oak, so prized for its distinct characters and flavors in wine fermentation that vintner Rémy Martin has exclusive rights to its oak groves.
Limoges is known for its medieval and Renaissance enamels (Limoges enamels) on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain (Limoges porcelain) and for its oak barrels which are used for Cognac and Bordeaux production. Some are even exported to wineries in California.The city proper was founded as Augustoritum by the Romans, around 10 BC: "rito-" is Gaulish for "ford". The foundation was part of the reorganization of the province by the emperor Augustus, hence the new name. The Roman city included an amphitheatre measuring 136 x 115 metres, a theatre, a forum, baths and several sanctuaries. According to tradition, a temple consecrated to Venus, Diana, Minerva and Jupiter was located near the modern cathedral. The city was on the typical Roman square plan, with two main streets crossing in the centre. It had a Senate and a currency of its own, a sign of its importance in the imperial age. Later, like many towns and cities in Gaul, it was renamed after the tribe (here the Lemovices) whose chief town it was; "Lemovices" subsequently evolved into "Limoges", and "Lemovicinus" for the area around changed into "Limousin". Limoges was evangelized by Saint Martial, who came to the city around 250 with two companions, Alpinianus and Austriclinienus. However, in the late 3rd century it was increasingly abandoned, due to unsafe conditions created by the invasions of various Germanic tribes.
- In 1370, Limoges was occupied by Edward, the Black Prince, who massacred some 300 residents, "perhaps a sixth of the normal population", with another 60 members of the garrison of 140 dead as well.
- The city and castle were united in 1792 to form the single city of Limoges. During the French Revolution several religious edifices, considered symbols of the Ancien Régime, were destroyed by the population: these included the Abbey of St. Martial itself.
- Some years later the porcelain industry started to develop, favoured by the presence of kaolinite which was discovered near Limoges in 1768[4] (near St Yrieix, south-west of Limoges). Many of the inhabitants became employed in the new sector or in connected activities (including the lumbering of wood needed for firing the porcelain) in manufacture and exporting needed for European distribution of Limoges Boxes, dinnerware, and other porcelain wares. Because the Limousin region has had a long history of breeding (Baronet sheep and Limousine cows), the leather industry also settled in and around Limoges along the banks of the Vienne–the river providing the necessary water and power. Factories in Limoges and St Junien still produce luxury leather shoes, gloves, and bags. In the 19th century Limoges saw strong construction activity, which included the destruction and rebuilding of much of the city centre. The unsafe conditions of the poorer population is highlighted by the outbreak of several riots, including that of July–November 1830; April 1848. In early 1905 strikes began in another local industry, shoe factories soon followed in the porcelain factories. Barricades were built, the army intervened. There would be two casualties: a horse and a young porcelain worker, Camille Vardelle. The first French confederation of workers, Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) (General Confederation of Labour), was created in Limoges in 1895. During the World War II, many Jews from Alsace were evacuated to and around Limoges.
- caskets
Lisieux (French pronunciation: [lizjø]) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It is the capital of the Pays d'Auge area, which is characterised by valleys and hedged farmland. The name of the town derives from the Latin: Noviomagus Lexoviorum ("Noviomagus of the Lexovii"). The town was originally known in Celtic as Novio Magos ("New Field", "New Market"), which was Latinized as Noviomagus. Owing to the large number of similarly-named cities, however, it was necessary to specify where this one was located. The local French demonym Lexoviens derives from the Latin as well.Lisieux was the capital of the Lexovii. In his work, Commentaries on the Gallic War, Caesar mentions a Gallic oppidum, a term which refers to Celtic towns located on the tops of hills. The oppidum has been pinpointed to a place referred to as le Castellier,[1] located 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) to the southwest of the town. However the Gallo-Roman city was in fact located where Lisieux is to be found today.
- [pamphlet of st teresa church kowloon explaining the statue of st teresa] note that st teresa of lisieux, who belonged to the carmelite french paris lisieux convent, joined the convent when she was only 15 and died at the age of 24.
Le Loudunais est une région naturelle de France située dans la région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, au nord du département de la Vienne. Ce pays traditionnel correspond à l'ancienne Sénéchaussée de Loudun.Sous l'Ancien Régime la sénéchaussée de Loudun était une circonscription administrative, financière et judiciaire qui dépendait de l'Anjou. Elle était située à la limite de deux autres provinces, la Touraine et le Poitou. Du Moyen Âge à la révolution française le Loudunais constitua un bailliage (ou sénéchaussée) dépendant du gouvernement de Saumur et de la Généralité de Tours.
- The Château de la Mothe-Chandeniers is a former stronghold of the Bauçay family, lords of Loudun. The stronghold dates to the thirteenth century and was originally called Motte Bauçay (or Baussay). The Motte Baussay was taken twice by the English in the Middle Ages and devastated during the French Revolution. It was bought in 1809 by François Hennecart, a wealthy businessman. In 1857 it was sold to Baron Joseph Lejeune. In 1932, a major fire destroyed most of the buildings in the castle. In December 2017, 18,600 members of an online community raised €1,600,000, by paying at least €50 each, to purchase the castle with the aim of restoring it.
Lyon
- Le musée Guimet est né du grand projet d’un industriel lyonnais, Émile Guimet (1836-1918), de créer un musée des religions de l’Égypte, de l’antiquité classique et des pays d’Asie. Des voyages en Égypte, en Grèce, puis un tour du monde en 1876, avec des étapes au Japon, en Chine et en Inde lui permirent de réunir d’importantes collections qu’il présenta à Lyon à partir de 1879. Il devait par la suite transférer ses collections dans un musée qu’il fit construire à Paris et qui fut inauguré en 1889. Du vivant même d’Emile Guimet cette institution se consacra de plus en plus à l’Asie, tout en conservant une section sur les religions de l’ancienne Égypte, à la suite des expéditions dans diverses régions de l’Extrême-Orient.
- china
- ***********Le Huatian Chinagora est un hotel d'Alfortville décoré dans le style chinois1.Anciennement Chinagora, le complexe a été construit en 1992 sur les plans de l'architecte chinois Liang Kunhao en s'inspirant de la Cité interdite de Pékin2. Il a été repris en 2012 par le groupe hôtelier de luxe Huatian, société de droit privé à capital public détenu par la province chinoise du Hunan, qui l’a complètement rénové3.
marseille
- Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia (Greek: Μασσαλία, Massalía),[5][page needed][6] Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region and the main commercial port of the French Republic.
- Marseille was originally founded circa 600 BC as the Greek colony of Massalia and populated by settlers from Phocaea (modern Foça, Turkey). It became the preeminent Greek polis in the Hellenized region of southern Gaul. The city-state sided with the Roman Republic against Carthage during the Second Punic War (218-201 BC), retaining its independence and commercial empire throughout the western Mediterranean even as Rome expanded into Western Europe and North Africa. However, the city lost its independence following the Roman Siege of Massilia in 49 BC, during Caesar's Civil War, in which Massalia sided with the exiled faction at war with Julius Caesar. Marseille continued to prosper as a Roman city, becoming an early center of Christianity during the Western Roman Empire. The city maintained its position as a premier maritime trading hub even after its capture by the Visigoths in the 5th century AD, although the city went into decline following the sack of 739 AD by the forces of Charles Martel. It became part of the County of Provence during the 10th century, although its renewed prosperity was curtailed by the Black Death of the 14th century and sack of the city by the Crown of Aragon in 1423. The city's fortunes rebounded with the ambitious building projects of René of Anjou, Count of Provence, who strengthened the city's fortifications during the mid-15th century. During the 16th century the city hosted a naval fleet with the combined forces of the Franco-Ottoman alliance, which threatened the ports and navies of Genoa and the Holy Roman Empire. Marseille lost a significant portion of its population during the Great Plague of Marseille in 1720, but the population had recovered by mid century. In 1792 the city became a focal point of the French Revolution and was the birthplace of France's national anthem, La Marseillaise. The Industrial Revolution and establishment of the French Empire during the 19th century allowed for further expansion of the city, although it was captured and heavily damaged by Nazi Germany during World War II. The city has since become a major center for immigrant communities from former French colonies, such as French Algeria.
- coat of arms include caduceus, trident, bull, lion
- detailed arabic and spanish wikipedia versions
- La fonction de maire de Marseille est créée en 1766 par un règlement de Louis XV. - The Palais Longchamp is a monument in the 4th arrondissement of Marseille, France. It houses the city's musée des beaux-arts and natural history museum. The surrounding park (the Parc Longchamp) is listed by the French Ministry of Culture as one of the Notable Gardens of France.The Palais Longchamp was created to celebrate the construction of the Canal de Marseille, which was built to bring water from the Durance River to Marseille. Although the foundation stone was laid by the Duke of Orleans on 15 November 1839, the building took 30 years to complete, partly because of the enormous expense and partly because of difficulties with local regulations.
- Mazan est citée en 982 sous le nom de "Villa Madazano", puis "Maazano" en 1302. La tradition veut que Bénézet d'Avignon soit passé trois fois à Mazan. Alors que généralement le constructeur du pont d'Avignon ne buvait pas de vin, une intervention miraculeuse changea à chaque fois l'eau en vin pour lui et ses compagnons[4]. Co-seigneurie divisée en deux parties : l'une aux Retronchin, puis aux Sade, l'autre aux d'Astouaud, puis aux Vincens de Causans. En 1357, l’arrivée de l’archiprêtre dans la région provoque une vague de constructions de fortifications : Mazan commence à construire un mur d’enceinte en mars 1359.
- ****the coat of arms resembles drawings found on chaco canyon https://phys.org/news/2016-10-salt-secret-success-ancient-chaco.html
- Moudon (Suisse) dans le canton de Vaud, depuis le [8]. En plus des échanges traditionnels entre communes, sont organisés des échanges entre écoles, des rencontres théâtrales et sportives.
- chinese name is 馬藏
芒通 Menton (French pronunciation: [mɑ̃tɔ̃]; Occitan: [meˈta], written Menton in classical norm or Mentan in Mistralian norm; Italian: Mentone [menˈtoːne]) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Situated on the French Riviera, along the Franco-Italian border, it is nicknamed perle de la France ("Pearl of France").The Menton area has been inhabited since the paleolithic era, and is the site of the original "Grimaldi Man" find of early modern humans, as well as remains of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. In Roman times, the Via Julia Augusta, a road connecting Placentia (now Piacenza) with Arelates (now Arles) passed through Menton, running along the Rue Longue in the old town. The first major settlement occurred during the 11th century CE, when the Count of Ventimiglia constructed the Château de Puypin (Podium Pinum) on the Pépin hill, north and west of the modern town centre. During the 13th century, the seigneury of Puypin fell to the Vento family of Genoa who built a new castle along the Roman road, now the site of the Vieux-Château cemetery, providing the core around which the current town grew. Menton was thus incorporated into the Republic of Genoa. The first mention of Menton dates from 21 July 1262, in the peace treaty between Charles of Anjou and Genoa. Its position on the border between the Angevin-ruled Provence and the Republic of Genoa, which at the time claimed Monaco as its western limit, made it a coveted location. Acquired in 1346 by Charles Grimaldi, Lord of Monaco, Menton was ruled by the Princes of Monaco until the French Revolution. Annexed during the Revolution, Menton remained part of France through the First Empire. It belonged to the district of Sanremo in the department of Alpes-Maritimes, which at the time included Monaco and Sanremo. In 1814, Menton was included in a reconstituted principality of Monaco which, after Napoleon's Hundred Days in 1815, became a protectorate of the King of Sardinia. The Princes of Monaco were obliged to do homage to the King for Menton, although not for Monaco itself.In 1848, Menton, along with its neighbour Roquebrune, seceded from Monaco, due at least in part to a tax imposed on lemon exports. They proclaimed themselves a "free city" during the 1848 revolutions related to the Italian Risorgimento, then two years later placed themselves under the protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia where they were administered by the House of Savoy for ten years. The Treaty of Turin concluded on 24 March 1860 between the Kingdom of Sardinia and Napoleon III's France called for the annexation of the County of Nice to France, subject to a plebiscite, as a reward for French assistance in Italy's war against Austria. The plebiscite, with universal adult male suffrage, was held on April 15 and 16, 1860, and resulted in an overwhelming vote in favour of annexation (833 for versus 54 against in Menton and Roquebrune), despite complaints of rigged elections from, among others, Nice-born Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi[citation needed]. The county of Nice was thus annexed to France that June, and Napoleon III paid 4 million francs in compensation to the prince of Monaco, who renounced his rights in perpetuity on 2 February 1861.
- Although the name's spelling and pronunciation in French are identical to those for the word that means "chin", there does not seem to be any link with this French word. According to the French geographer Ernest Nègre, the name Menton comes from the Roman name Mento. However, it is possible that the name of the city comes from Mons Ottonis (reconstituted) from the name of Otton II, the Count of Ventimiglia from 1162-1200. In Mentonasc, the city's name is Mentan (pronounced [mẽˈtã]), and in Italian Mentone ([menˈtoːne]).
- la fete du citron
Metz has a rich 3,000-year-history,[5] having variously been a Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city,[6] the Merovingiancapital of Austrasia,[7] the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty,[8] a cradle of the Gregorian chant,[9] and one of the oldest republics in Europe.[10] The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history.In ancient times, the town was known as "city of Mediomatrici", being inhabited by the tribe of the same name.[28] After its integration into the Roman Empire, the city was called Divodurum Mediomatricum, meaning Holy Village or Holy Fortress of the Mediomatrici,[29] then it was known as Mediomatrix.[28] During the 5th century AD, the name evolved to "Mettis", which gave rise to Metz.
- The Local Law (French: droit local) applied in Metz is a legal system that operates in parallel with French law. Created in 1919, it preserves the French laws applied in France before 1870 and maintained by the Germans during the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, but repealed in the rest of France after 1871. It also maintains German laws enacted by the German Empire between 1871 and 1918, specific provisions adopted by the local authorities, and French laws that have been enacted after 1919 to be applicable only in Alsace-Lorraine. This specific local legislation encompasses different areas including religion, social work and finance.
- home to many powerful members of the guise family
- described as episcopal by wayne brake when referring to the peace of westphalia
meuse
- verdun (Verodunum, a latinisation of a place name meaning "strong fort") was founded by the Gauls.[citation needed]It has been the seat of the bishop of Verdunsince the 4th century, with interruptions.[6]In 486, following the decisive Frankishvictory at the Battle of Soissons, the city (amongst several other nearby cities) refused to yield to the Franks and was thus besieged by King Clovis I. The 843 Treaty of Verdun divided Charlemagne's empire into three parts.At around this time Verdun was the centre of a Europe-wide thriving trade selling young boys to be enslaved eunuchs to the Islamic emirates of Iberia.Verdun is also famous for its Dragées or sugared almonds from 1200 onward; they were distributed at the baptism of French princes.
Montargis is the second largest city in the Loiret, after Orléans. It is near a large forest, and contains light industry and farming, including saffron. Due to its numerous canals and bridges, Montargis sometimes bills itself as the "Venice of the Gâtinais." Though quite modern, it retains a medieval charm in its downtown area.
- Though the town is known to date to ancient times, during the Renaissance fanciful etymologies were invented to account for the place name Montargis, whether as mons argi, Mount of Argus, the place where the jealous goddess Juno charged Argus Panoptes with guarding her rival Io, or connected with the chieftain Moritas mentioned by Julius Caesar, in his Gallic Wars. Numerous Gallo-Roman artifacts have been found in the area, and many are in the town's Gâtinais Museum. Later, the town was a stronghold of the Frankish king Clovis I. Montargis was originally a seat of the house of Courtenay, who fortified a château on a hill overlooking the town. The town was ceded to the king of France in 1188. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was a royal residence.
- In the 1880s, a rubber factory was built in Châlette, a district of Montargis. It today employs 2000 workers to produce tires and parts for vehicles and appliances.Pralines, the crunchy confection made from almonds in cooked sugar, were first confected in Montargis in the time of Louis XIII. The original shop is still in business on Place Mirabeau.
- china
- The Battle of Nancy was the final and decisive battle of the Burgundian Wars, fought outside the walls of Nancy on 5 January 1477 by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, against René II, Duke of Lorraine, and the Swiss Confederacy. René's forces won the battle, and Charles' mutilated body was found three days later. René II built the church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours on the site of the battle, and the church of St-François-des-Cordeliers in Nancy itself. He furthermore built the basilique of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port to recognize the help of St. Nicholas in the battle. The city adopted the motto of non inultus premor ("I cannot be touched with impunity") and the heraldic device of a thistle as its coat of arms to commemorate the defeat of Charles the Bold. René II also erected a cross to mark the spot where the body of Charles was found. The nearby étang Saint-Jean was drained in the 19th century, freeing the area of what is now Place de la Croix-de-Bourgogne in Nancy. The original cross was moved to the Lorraine museum. The current monument is a design by Victor Prouvé (1928). Pierre de Blarru, canon of Saint-Dié, composed a vast poem called la Nancéide, in 5,044 Latin verses, on the war between Burgundy and Lorraine, culminating in the battle of Nancy (first printed in 1518). In La Malgrange (Jarville), a tower was erected in 1877 to commemorate the attack of René II.
Nice
- 法國尼斯嘉年華創辦於18世紀，是全球最盛大、最著名、歷史最悠久的嘉年華之一，被列入聯合國教科文組織非物質文化遺產，至今已有近150年的歷史。它與神秘高貴、以面具為代表的的威尼斯嘉年華，以及舞動全城、以桑巴為代表的巴西嘉年華一起，並稱世界三大嘉年華。今年，法國尼斯的友好城市-中國廈門將首次引進尼斯嘉年華，為遊客帶來一場視覺盛宴。5月11日至14日，2017廈門尼斯國際嘉年華將在廈門集美新城市民廣場隆重舉辦。遊客無需出國即可欣賞到一場集花車巡遊、舞蹈、音樂、燈光、美食與一體的狂歡盛宴，感受原汁原味的法國尼斯嘉年華，領略法蘭西文化的獨特韻味和風情，共同見證中法建交半個多世紀以來的最美麗歷史篇章。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/05/11/a27-0511.pdf
Orange (French pronunciation: [ɔʁɑ̃ʒ]; Provençal Occitan: Aurenja in classical norm or Aurenjo in Mistralian norm) is a commune in the Vaucluse Department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France, about 21 km (13 mi) north of Avignon. It has a primarily agricultural economy. Roman Orange was founded in 35 BC by veterans of the second legion[citation needed] as Arausio (after the local Celtic water god), or Colonia Julia Firma Secundanorum Arausio in full, "the Julian colony of Arausio established by the soldiers of the second legion." The name was originally unrelated to that of the orange fruit, but was later conflated with it (see Orange (word)).
A previous Celtic settlement with that name existed in the same place, and a major battle, which is generally known as the Battle of Arausio, had been fought in 105 BC between two Roman armies and the Cimbri and Teutones tribes. Arausio covered an area of some 170 acres (69 ha) and was well-endowed with civic monuments; in addition to the theatre and arch, it had a monumental temple complex and a forum.
- The sovereign Carolingian counts of Orange had their origin in the eighth century, and passed into the family of the lords of Baux. From the 12th century, Orange was raised to a minor principality, the Principality of Orange, as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. During this period, the town and the principality of Orange belonged to the administration and province of Dauphiné. When William the Silent, count of Nassau, with estates in the Netherlands, inherited the title Prince of Orange in 1544, the principality was incorporated into the holdings of what became the House of Orange-Nassau. This pitched it into the Protestant side in the Wars of Religion, during which the town was badly damaged. In 1568, the Eighty Years' War began with William as stadtholder leading the bid for independence from Spain. William the Silent was assassinated in Delft in 1584. His son, Maurice of Nassau (Prince of Orange after his elder brother died in 1618), with the help of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, solidified the independence of the Dutch republic. The United Provinces survived to become the Netherlands, which is still ruled by the House of Orange-Nassau. William, Prince of Orange, ruled England as William III of England. Orange gave its name to other Dutch-influenced parts of the world, such as the Oranges (West Orange, South Orange, East Orange, Orange) in New Jersey and the Orange Free State in South Africa. The city remained part of scattered Nassau holdings until it was captured by the forces of Louis XIV in 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War, again captured in August 1682 and was finally ceded to France in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht that ended the wars of Louis XIV. Following the French Revolution of 1789, Orange was absorbed into the French département of Drôme, then Bouches-du-Rhône, then finally Vaucluse. However, the title remained with the Dutch princes of Orange.
- Orange was also home to the French Foreign Legion's armored First Foreign Cavalry Regiment. The regiment officially moved to Carpiagne (fr:Camp de Carpiagne) on July 10, 2014.
Orléans ([ɔ.ʁle.ˈɑ̃]) est une commune française, du centre de la France, chef-lieu du département du Loiret et de la région Centre-Val de Loire. Orléans est aussi la capitale de l'ancienne province historique de l'Orléanais.Cenabum was a Gallic stronghold, one of the principal towns of the tribe of the Carnutes where the Druids held their annual assembly.
L’île de Quéménès est une petite île bretonne, située au large du Finistère. Elle fait partie de l’archipel de Molène, en mer d’Iroise, et du territoire de la commune du Conquet.Le nom en breton de l'île est Kemenez.Comme les îles voisines, Quéménès a probablement été occupée dès le Néolithique, comme en témoignent des menhirs et des chambres mégalithiques1. Une tombe a été découverte par la tempête du 10 mars 2008 sur le Lédénes de Quéménès et a été datée entre 4300 et 4500 ans av. J.-C. lors d’une fouille par l’INRAP en septembre 2010, ce qui en fait le monument le plus ancien recensé dans l’archipel de Molène2.Des fouilles archéologiques ont également permis de mettre au jour des pièces de monnaie datant du Moyen Âge. À la fin de cette période, l'île appartient à l'abbaye de Saint-Mathieu1.
- no english wiki version
- https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/2324075-20180822-bretagne-devient-couple-aventuriers-installe-depuis-six-mois-ile-quemenes
兰日斯 Rungis (French pronunciation: [ʁœ̃ʒis]) is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France, in the département of Val-de-Marne. It is best known as the location of the large wholesale food market serving the Paris metropolitan area and beyond, the Marché d'Intérêt National de Rungis, said to be the largest food market in the world.The name Rungis was recorded for the first time in a royal charter of 1124 as Rungi Villa. Rungis is the home base for the headquarters of the Système U supermarket cooperative,[2] Corsair International (previously Corsairfly) and HOP! airlines,[3][4][5] and MGA Entertainment's France division.Prior to its disestablishment, Air Liberté was headquartered in Rungis.[7] Airlinair previously had its head office in Rungis.[8] In 2013 Airlinair merged into HOP!
Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat
- the town was known to the ancient Greeks as Anao, the site of present days Cap Ferrat was first settled by Celto-Ligurian tribes, then by the Lombards at the end of the 6th century. Sant Ospizio (or Saint Hospice), a hermit friar, is said to have inhabited a tower on the Eastern part of the peninsula.
- Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat had once been known as Cap-Saint-Sospir after a sixth-century monk who had lived in the area.[1] In the 8th century, the history of Saint Jean Cap Ferrat changed when the Saracens occupied the site and used it as a base for pirating until the 11th century. By 1388, the territory of Saint Jean Cap Ferrat with the entire County of Nice was given by treaty to theDukes of Savoy (see also History of Villefranche-sur-Mer). The history of Saint Jean Cap Ferrat tells that Duke Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy built a fort at Saint-Hospice in 1561 in an effort to secure the coastline from invaders. The fort was destroyed in 1706 by the Duke of Berwick when Nice was occupied by the French armies of King Louis XIV.
- During the 18th century, the history of Saint Jean Cap Ferrat changed when the area - officially part of the Kingdom of Sardinia - was occupied off and on by the French. It was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1814 after Napoleon's abdication. In 1860, the County of Nice was finally ceded by treaty to France and the peninsula became a magnet for kings and wealthy visitors, a new era in the history of Saint Jean Cap Ferrat. The small fishing village of Saint Jean developed and by 1904 was established as a self-standing commune with the rest of the peninsula, separated from nearby Villefranche-sur-Mer.
Touraine (French pronunciation: [tuʁɛn]) is one of the traditional provinces of France. Its capital was Tours. During the political reorganization of French territory in 1790, Touraine was divided between the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher and Indre. Touraine takes its name from a Celtic tribe called the Turones, who inhabited the region about two thousand years ago. In 1044, the control of Touraine was given to the Angevins, who (as the House of Plantagenet) became kings of England in 1154, the castle of Chinon being their greatest stronghold. In 1205, Philip II Augustus of France regained Touraine. At this time, Touraine was made into a royal duchy. In 1429, Saint Joan of Arc had a historic meeting with the future King of France Charles VII at Chinon. Throughout the late 15th and 16th centuries, Touraine was a favorite residence of French kings, and the dark and gloomy castles were converted to Renaissance châteaux; for this reason the region was titled "The Garden of France". These same châteaux became popular tourist attractions in modern times. The royal duchy became a province in 1584, and was divided into departments in 1790.
La Tremblade is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department and Nouvelle-Aquitaineregion in south-western France.The name of the town probably derives from the presence of aspen trees (French: tremblers) in the forests of the region during the Middle Ages. In the sixteenth century, Protestantism took hold in the provinces of Aunis and Saintonge. Men like Philibert Hamelin (founder of the Reformed Churches in the municipalities of Arvert and Oléron)[2] organised the nascent communities.In the seventeenth century and eighteenth century, the Port of La Tremblade was a hub for the provisioning of ships bound for New France. It was also the base for ships fishing the Newfoundland banks" (Colbert album). Several shipyards were located there, including those of the French Royal Navy. Ships such as "La Renommé" of Commondant Foran (1662) or "Le Grand" of Captain Jehan Lestrille (1675) were refitted there, and François de Vendôme, Duke of Beaufort, prepared his ships for his expeditions to Africa at La Tremablade. Louis XIV wanted to establish an arsenal in the area, but dangerous currents at Oléron caused Colbert to choose another site: a small village in the middle of the marsh, about twenty kilometres to the north, which ultimately became the city of Rochefort.Oyster farming was established in 1650 by Charles and Blanche Chapeleine. Green oysters from the Isles of Arvert became a delicacy. Eaten raw or marinated, they were prized by King Louis XIV and the French nobility.[3] This activity remains restricted to the port and salt marshes. An order in 1681 to close Protestant temples (churches) opened the way for further persecution of Protestants. Solemn processions were held in the presence of local officials (and the Intendant of Aunis, that same year). The faithful of the "RPR" (Reformed Religion) were urged to convert to the "true faith." Many refused and were exiled. The exodus was such that Fenelon was sent to the area to try to reason with the "lost sheep". His mission, which began on 6, ended in total failure. The authorities decided to employ a more radical tactic: sending dragoons (Dragonnades) to harass and intimidate Protestants into converting to Catholicism or leaving France.
- 接二連三有食肆懷疑發生食物中毒，當中有三宗懷疑進食生蠔後不適的個案，涉及佐敦的三軍會、九龍灣Mr.Steak，以及位於K11商場的Baby K Bora Seafood。食物環境衞生署食物安全中心發現，三間餐廳都曾出售由兩個供應商提供、產自法國Huitres Geay的生蠔。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20171230/00176_058.html
***** 于泽斯 Uzès (Occitan: Usès) is a small town and a commune in the Gard department in southern France.Originally Ucetia or Eutica in Latin, Uzès was a small Gallo-Roman oppidum, or administrative settlement. The civilized and tolerant urban life of 5th-century Uzès contrasted with the Frankish north. Jews were apparently settled there as early as the 5th century. Saint Ferréol, Bishop of Uzès, allegedly admitted them to his table; on this account complaint was made of him to King Childebert I, whereupon the bishop was obliged to change his attitude toward the Jews, compelling all those who would not become Christians to leave Uzès. After his death (581) many who had received baptism returned to Judaism.[3] Jews were expelled from the region in 614. In early 8th century, Uzès was a fortified civitas and bishopric under the Archbishop of Narbonne. During the Umayyad conquest of Gothic Septimania, Uzès became the northernmost stronghold of Muslim Spain circa 725. Charles Martel went on to lay siege to the stronghold in 736, but it remained in Gothic-Andalusian hands up to 752, when counts loyal to Ansemund of Nîmes handed over a large number of strongholds to the Frankish Pepin the Short. In 753 the stronghold rebelled against the Franks after Ansemund's assassination, but the uprising was suppressed and a Frankish trustee of Pepin imposed. In the 13th century, Uzès hosted a small community of Jewish scholars, as well as a community of Cathars.Like many cloth-manufacturing centers (Uzès was known for its serges), the city and the surrounding countryside were strongly Protestant during the Wars of Religion in the 16th century, which wreaked havoc in Languedoc. Numerous of the city's churches were trashed and burned by furious Protestants: only two remain today.
Verdun (/vɛərˈdʌn, vɜːr-/;[1] French pronunciation: [vɛʁ.dœ̃] official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a small city in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeastern France.Verdun is the biggest city in Meuse, although the capital of the department is the slightly smaller city of Bar-le-Duc. Verdun (Verodunum, a latinisation of a place name meaning "strong fort") was founded by the Gauls. It has been the seat of the bishop of Verdun since the 4th century, with interruptions. The 843 Treaty of Verdun divided Charlemagne's empire into three parts.
Bibliotheque Nationale de France www.bnf.fr
External
- monetary
- http://www.qualite.fr/en/
shop opening hours/working hours
- http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/06/french-pm-sunday-trading-economic-plans
Economics schools of thought
- http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21632506-tale-two-french-economists-and-their-rival-schools-toulouse-v-paris
Immigration
-法國國會終審通過備受爭議的移民法案，為居住在法國的合法移民創造便利條件，最突出的是設立多年期身分證。在周四通過的法案，另一方面要強化了打擊非法移民措施，遣返非法移民的時間大大縮短。移民法案規定，為外國移民創立有效期兩年至四年的居留證。獲得合法居留證一年的移民有權獲得這一居留證。設立這一居留證的目的是方便移民，避免移民每年都要去警察局延續身分證。為獲取這一居留證，外國人必須證明自己認真參加法國當局規定的培訓，這一培訓的主要目的是學習法語，為融入法國社會做準備。獲取多年期身分證的外國人一旦被法院判決威脅公眾秩序，身分證將被撤銷。在多年期居留證到期後，移民可以申請10年居留證，條件是法語水準達致A2，能讀以及能夠理解簡單的試題。父母是法國人的孩子或者法國人配偶三年後即可得到十年證，老年移民也可以在三年後得到。移民法案預訂設立「才能護照」，有效期四年。這一證件針對的主要對像是科學工作者丶藝術人才丶投資人，或者被創新企業招聘的剛獲取文憑的外國青年，涉及人士每年大約一萬人。生病的外國人如果確證無法在本國獲得治療，而且有可能對本人身體健康造成重大後果時，可來法國享受醫療。但首先要經過移民局醫生研究申請材料，而不是由法國地區健康局的醫生來研究申請。另外，遭受家庭暴力或面臨強迫婚姻的受害者延長身分將提供便利。移民法案在為合法移民提供便利的同時強化了反非法移民措施。該法案建議加強省長權力，旨在強化打擊偽造身分證件。這一措施遭到保護移民組織，比如西瑪德與愛瑪鈕力組織的強烈反對。https://www.facebook.com/singtaodailyeu/photos/pcb.472216409644801/472216202978155/?type=3&theater
- ft 7nov19 france tightens policy on migration
public housing
- 法國巴黎市政府日前公布數據指，今年有三千五百三十四名公屋中籤者拒絕獲派單位，佔分派總數量的三分之一。申請人拒絕單位原因眾多，如間隔不合適、所在地段太嘈及沒有露台等。負責房屋部門的巴黎副市長布魯薩指，情況令人關注。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171229/00180_029.html
Horse race course
- http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/29/sport/paris-longchamp-futuristic-stand it hosts one of the most glamorous days on the sporting calendar, but Paris' Longchamp racecourse has long been in need of a makeover. Next month, following the conclusion of Sunday's Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, work will start on a project that owner France Gallop hopes will transform the appearance of the historic horse racing venue and secure its financial future.
Traditional music
- http://per.kentel.pagesperso-orange.fr
official language
- The language spoken by the kings of France, mainly a Touraine version of it, became the official language of the kingdom in 1539 with the Ordinance of Villers-Côterets passed by François 1er.
language
- arabic
Ball
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161130/00180_036.html 法國第廿四屆巴黎名媛舞會上周六晚舉行，今年首次有華人女孩參加
Naturalist
- Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon( 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788)
- catholicism
- calvinism/huguenot vs catholism
- conflicts
- http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/12149441/France-pushes-ahead-with-plan-to-strip-terrorists-of-citizenship.html President François Hollande's plan to strip French citizenship from people convicted of terrorism passed a first hurdle on Tuesday when the lower house of parliament backed controversial proposals introduced after Islamic terrorists killed 130 people in Paris last November.The National Assembly voted by 162-148 late on Tuesday to write a passport-stripping clause into the constitution, despite misgivings by opponents that it was too extreme.The vote appeared to only partially defuse concerns of a rebellion scuttling a proposal that some, notably members of the ruling Socialist Party, consider an ineffective, symbolic measure in France's battle against terrorism.
Travel
- http://www.consulfrance-hongkong.org/IMMERSION-FRANCE（深入法國）手機應用程式
ethnic groups
- Pied-Noir (French pronunciation: [pjenwaʁ], Black-Foot), plural Pieds-Noirs, is a term referring to Christian and Jewish people whose families had migrated from all parts of the Mediterranean to French Algeria, the French protectorate in Morocco, or the French protectorate of Tunisia, where many had lived for several generations, and who were expelled at the end of French rule in North Africa between 1956 and 1962. The term sometimes includes the North African Jews, who had been living there for many centuries but were awarded French citizenship by the 1870 Crémieux Decree. More specifically, the term "pied-noir" is used for those of European ancestry who "returned" to mainland France as soon as Algeria gained independence, or in the months following. From the French invasion on 18 June 1830 until its independence, Algeria was administratively part of France and its European population was simply called Algerians or colons (colonists), whereas the Muslim people of Algeria were called Arabs, Muslims or Indigenous. The term "pied-noir" began to be commonly used shortly before the end of the Algerian War in 1962. As of the last census in Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians (mostly Catholic, but including 130,000 Algerian Jews) in Algeria, 10 percent of the total population. During the Algerian War the Pieds-Noirs overwhelmingly supported colonial French rule in Algeria and were opposed to Algerian nationalist groups such as the Front de libération nationale (English: National Liberation Front) (FLN) and Mouvement national algérien (English: Algerian National Movement) (MNA). The roots of the conflict reside in political and economic inequalities perceived as an "alienation" from the French rule as well as a demand for a leading position for the Berber, Arab, and Islamic cultures and rules existing before the French conquest. The conflict contributed to the fall of the French Fourth Republic and the mass exodus of Algerian Europeans and Jews to France. After Algeria became independent in 1962, about 800,000 Pieds-Noirs of French nationality were evacuated to mainland France while about 200,000 chose to remain in Algeria. Of the latter, there were still about 100,000 in 1965 and about 50,000 by the end of the 1960s. Those who moved to France suffered ostracism from the Left for their perceived exploitation of native Muslims and some blamed them for the war, thus the political turmoil surrounding the collapse of the French Fourth Republic.[3] In popular culture, the community is often represented as feeling removed from French culture while longing for Algeria.[3][5] Thus, the recent history of the Pieds-Noirs has been imprinted with a theme of double alienation from both their native homeland and their adopted land. Though the term rapatriés d'Algérie implies that they once lived in France, most Pieds-Noirs were born in Algeria. Many families had lived there for generations, and the Algerian Jews, who were considered Pieds-Noirs, were as indigenous to Algeria as its Muslim population.
Jews
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/expulsionfromfrance.shtml
- people
Usa
- cultural exception
- 法國國會周二通過具爭議性的歐盟-加拿大經濟貿易協定（CETA）。協定取消加拿大和歐洲之間的98％貨品和服務的關稅。法國政壇擔心此舉會引入危險物質，過去七年來一直為此爭辯。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190726/00180_031.html
cuba
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161128/00180_006.html 法國總統奧朗德前日出席峰會時，呼籲懲罰古巴的貿易禁運應永久解除，古巴應完全被確認為國際社會的一員。奧朗德續指，法國一直視古巴為夥伴，縱使他多次批評古巴的人權狀況，他向來認為禁運不能接受。奧朗德於去年成為首位訪問古巴的西方領袖。
Chile
- http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/chili/la-france-et-le-chili/infographie-france-chili-un-partenariat-privilegie/
EU
- https://www.quora.com/If-France-is-democratic-why-are-they-avoiding-an-EU-referendum
uk
- 法國北部諾曼第塞納灣海域周二早上有兩批英法漁民就搶捕帶子問題發生爭執，期間有人出言侮辱，甚至投擲汽油彈，有英國漁船起火，另有船隻發生碰撞。最終其中兩艘漁船被迫提早折返英國，並要求政府甚至海軍提供保護。諾曼第漁業會長羅格夫堅稱事件中無人受傷，未有造成任何財物損失，又指不是要阻止英國漁民捕撈，但應該至少有待十月一日、即雙方均可捕撈的時段進行。蘇格蘭白魚生產商協會總監帕克則形容事件為「明顯的海盜行為」，強調英國漁船有權在該海域捕魚作業。今次並非英法兩方首次因撈捕帶子問題爆發衝突，雙方五年前起每年達成同一協議，容許英國漁民可以全年在該水域捕魚作業，惟漁船只能維持在有限數目。相反法國漁船則只能在十月一日至翌年五月十五日期間有權捕撈，惟法國當局對協議感不滿，今年拒絕簽署。
http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180830/00180_017.html
spain
- Count Cellamare, Spanish Ambassador to France in 1718, who was expelled for serious violations of law to state
italy
- https://www.ft.com/content/76119b1e-71eb-11e7-93ff-99f383b09ff9 An industrial spat between Paris and Rome deepened on Wednesday after France’s economy minister promised to nationalise a French shipyard unless Italy agreed to split ownership of the asset. In threats that point to the limits of the French government’s liberalism, at least where foreign takeovers are concerned, Bruno Le Maire said they would take control of the STX France shipyard and find another buyer. “If our Italian friends say ‘this deal does not work for us, we don’t agree with 50/50’, the state will exercise its pre-emption rights on STX,” the minister, who took up his role in May, told Franceinfo radio. If the nationalisation went ahead, even if temporarily, it would mark the first big state intervention in the corporate world by Emmanuel Macron’s government, which was elected with a pro-business agenda. Under an existing deal, the French state has a pre-emption right to buy out all the shareholders in the company that runs until the end of the month. Mr Le Maire said Italy had until Thursday to accept the 50/50 offer. But Italian officials rejected the proposal, which was offered on Tuesday, saying they wanted the state-owned Fincantieri shipbuilder to keep control of the board and the company’s operations. “This is a good test to understand whether those who speak of pro-Europeanism and liberal values then also apply them,” said Carlo Calenda, Italy’s economic development minister.
Saudi arabia
- http://www.businessinsider.com/afp-anger-as-saudi-king-takes-over-entire-french-beach-2015-7?IR=T Beach lovers on the French Riviera expressed their anger Sunday over the imminent arrival of the Saudi royal family, who have ordered a long stretch of beach to be closed off to the public. "Looking after their security is fine, but they should at least let us go for a swim," said Mohamed, a disgruntled fishing enthusiast. Nestled in the rocks between the coastal railway and the translucent waters of the Mediterranean, the grounds of the royal family's immense villa stretches across a kilometre of Riviera coastline between Antibes and Marseille.
israel
- 法國著名兒童月刊《妙趣》（Youpi）在最新一期中，寫上「以色列並非真正國家」內容，引來當地猶太團體強烈抗議。出版社事後承認這是「愚昧的錯誤」，周二宣布停售有問題的雜誌，以避免向年幼讀者灌輸錯誤觀念。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171228/00180_021.html
syria
- France has launched a judicial inquiry into the Syrian activities of French-Swiss cement and construction giant LafargeHolcim, Paris prosecutors said on Tuesday. Three judges - one dealing with anti-terrorism matters and two financial judges - would handle the probe, which was opened on June 9 and would look into the "financing of a terrorist enterprise" and "endangering lives," the prosecutors said.Earlier this year, LafargeHolcim admitted that it had resorted to "unacceptable practices" to continue operations at one of its now-closed factories in Syria, and an internal probe had confirmed that finding. http://www.enca.com/money/france-launches-probe-into-lafargeholcims-syrian-activities
India
- leader visit
Indochina
- Paul Veysseyre, né le à Noirétable(Loire), mort en 1963 à Tours, (Indre-et-Loire) est un architecte français connu pour ses nombreuses constructions style Art déco durant l'entre-deux-guerres, actif en Chine (Concession française de Shanghai), Vietnam, Cambodge (ex-Indochine française). Membre de la Société centrale des architectes de Paris (future Académie d'architecture) en 1937, décoré de la Croix de Guerre 1914-1918, nommé à l'ordre de la Légion d'honneur en 1960 (refusé par lui même).
vietnam
- The Plum Village Monastery (Vietnamese: Làng Mai, French: Village des pruniers) is a Buddhist monastery of the Plum Village Tradition in the Dordogne, southern France. It was founded by two Vietnamese monastics, Thích Nhất Hạnh (a Zen master and Buddhist monk) and Chân Không (a Buddhist nun), in 1982.After being refused the right to return to Vietnam, Thích Nhất Hạnh formed a small mindfulness community 100 miles southeast of Paris at the village of Fontvannes[3] called "the Sweet Potato" after the food that poor Vietnamese people eat. Following Thích Nhất Hạnh's expulsion from Singapore following illegal attempts to rescue Vietnamese boat people, he settled in France and began to lead mindfulness retreats.
Event
- http://www.aperitifalafrancaise.com/en (location including hk)
Tourism
- fr.franceguide.com
- www.tourisme.fr
Expatriate
- etrangers en France http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/particuliers/N20306.xhtml
- Guadeloupe (/ɡwɒdəˈluːp/; French pronunciation: [ɡwadəlup]; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an insular region of France located in the Leeward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. Administratively, it is an overseas region consisting of a single overseas department. Guadeloupe, like the other overseas departments, is an integral part of France. As a constituent territory of the European Union and the Eurozone, the euro is its official currency and any European Union citizen is free to settle and work there indefinitely. As an overseas department, however, it is not part of the Schengen Area. The prefecture (regional capital) of Guadeloupe is the city of Basse-Terre, which lies on the island of the same name. The official language is French and Antillean Creole is spoken virtually by the entire population except recent arrivals from metropolitan France.
- The island was called "Karukera" (or "The Island of Beautiful Waters") by the Arawak people, who settled on there in 300 AD/CE. During the 8th century, the Caribs inhabited the island.
- hkej 21dec17 shum article
- hkej 21dec17 shum article
- Saint-Barthélemy (French: Saint-Barthélemy, French pronunciation: [sɛ̃baʁtelemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy), is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies. Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French, or St. Barts or St. Barths in English, the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao. St. Barthélemy lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles. Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. In 2003, the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France. The collectivity is one of four territories among the Leeward Islands in the northeastern Caribbean that comprise the French West Indies, along with Saint Martin, Guadeloupe (200 kilometres (120 mi) southeast), and Martinique. Saint Barthélemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 9,279 (Jan. 2013 census). Its capital is Gustavia, which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French.
- There was a very brief takeover by the British in 1758. The island was given to Sweden in 1784 in exchange for trade rights in Gothenburg. It was only after 1784, when King Louis XVI traded the island to Sweden, that the island's fortunes changed for the better. This change of control saw progress and prosperity as the Swedes declared Gustavia a free port, convenient for trading by the Europeans for goods, including contraband material.
- Slavery was practiced in St. Barthélemy under the "Ordinance concerning the Police of Slaves and free Coloured People"[ of 1787. The last legally-owned slaves in the Swedish colony of St. Barthélemy were granted their freedom by the state on 9 October 1847. Since the island was not a plantation area, the freed slaves suffered economic hardships due to lack of opportunities for employment. In 1852, a devastating hurricane hit the island and this was followed by a fire. Following a referendum in 1877, Sweden gave the island back to France in 1878, after which it was administered as part of Guadeloupe.
- The island was populated from neighbouring East Africa with later arrival of Arabs, who brought Islam. A sultanate was established in 1500. In the 19th century, Mayotte was conquered by Andriantsoly, former king of Iboina on Madagascar, and later by the neighbouring islands Mohéli and then Anjouan before being purchased by France in 1841. The people of Mayotte voted to remain politically a part of France in the 1974 referendum. Mayotte became an overseas department on 31 March 2011 and became an outermost region of the European Union on 1 January 2014, following a 2009 referendum with an overwhelming result in favour of the department status.
- https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21740002-protests-over-illegal-migration-have-brought-mayotte-standstill-frances-leakiest-border The Comoros islands, including Mayotte, were a single French colony until the 1970s, when the people of Mayotte, known as Mahorais, voted to split off and become a French overseas territory. Political turbulence and poverty in the other three islands, which became the independent Union of the Comoros, have since led thousands to flee to Mayotte. Comorians now make up 42% of Mayotte’s population. Some have legal status; many do not. The rate of immigration has risen since Mayotte became France’s newest overseas department (DOM) in 2011.
****** 昂古莱姆 Angoulême (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ɡulɛm] ; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Engoulaeme; Occitan: Engoleime) is a commune, the capital of the Charente department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Angoumoisins or Angoumoisines.Angoulême is an Acropolis city located on a hill overlooking a loop of the Charente limited in area upstream by the confluence of the Touvre and downstream by the Anguienne and Eaux Claires.Since Antiquity and through the Middle Ages, the name of the town has been attested in many forms in Latin and Old French:
- Iculisma[13] and Eculisna[14] from the 4th century
- civitas Engolismensium around 400AD[14][15]
- Ecolisima (Merovingian currency)[16]
- Ecolisina and Aquilisima in 511[14]
- Ecolisna in the 6th century[16]
- Egolisma[17]
- Egolisina in the 10th century
- Equalisma, Engolma, Egolesma, and Engolisma
- Engolesme at the end of the 12th century.
昂蒂布Antibes was founded by Phocaeans from Massilia. As a Greek colony (and Roman) settlement, it was known as Antipolis (Ἀντίπολις, Antípolis, lit. "Cross-City") from its position close to Nice (anc. Nikaia).
- http://rivieraradio.mc/news/yellow-vest-block-access-to-carrefour-in-antibes
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁdɛʃ]; Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. It is named after the Ardèche River. The area has been inhabited by humans at least since the Upper Paleolithic, as attested by the famous cave paintings at Chauvet Pont d'Arc. The plateau of the Ardèche river has extensive standing stones (dolmens and menhirs), erected thousands of years ago.The Vivarais, as the Ardèche is still called, takes its name and coat-of-arms from Viviers, which was the capital of the Gaulish tribe of Helvii, part of Gallia Narbonensis, after the destruction of their previous capital at Alba-la-Romaine. Saint Andéol, a disciple of Polycarp, is supposed to have evangelized the Vivarais during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, and was supposedly martyred in 208. Legend tells of Andéol's burial by Amycia Eucheria Tullia.[1] In 430, Auxonius transferred the see to Viviers as a result of the problems suffered at its previous site in Alba Augusta.The area of the Vivarais suffered greatly in the 9th century with raids from Magyar and Saracen slavers operating from the coast of Provence resulting in an overall depopulation of the region.
- 法國東南阿代什地區一名警員上周三自殺身亡，令警隊今年的自殺人數增至六十四人，超過執勤死亡人數。對於自殺警察來自全國各地和不同年齡層，當局至今仍未找出主因。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190820/00180_022.html
Aubusson (French pronunciation: [o.by.sɔ̃]; Occitan auvergnat: Le Buçon, formerly Aubuçon) is a commune in the Creuse departmentregion in central France.Local lore previously held that the community was settled by defeated Berbers following the 8th-century Battle of Tours,[1] but it is now established that Aubusson has existed at least since the Gallo-Roman period.[2] The Camp des Châtres, within the town’s boundaries, for a long time considered a Roman fort, actually dates back a little further, to the Iron Age. The town was known as Albuciensis in 936 and under the name Albuconis in 1070. The name possibly originates from a name of a man, Albucius [3] Other scholars claim the name is from a Celtic word meaning craggy. In the Middle Ages the town was ruled by viscounts. The vicecomital family also produced a troubadour named Joan d'Aubusson. Aubusson is well known for its tapestry and carpets, which have been famous throughout the world since the 14th century. Its origins were born with the arrival of weavers from Flanders, who took refuge in Aubusson around 1580. There is a famous collection of Aubusson tapestries at Vallon-Pont-d'Arc.
Aveyron (French pronunciation: [avɛʁɔ̃]; Occitan: Avairon [avajˈɾu]) is a department located in the north of the Occitanie region of southern France named after the Aveyron River. The inhabitants of the department are known as Aveyronnais or Aveyronnaises. The inhabitants of Rodezare called Ruthénois, based on the first Celtic settlers, the rutenii. Aveyron is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. The first known historical inhabitants of the region were the Rutenii tribe, but the area was inhabited previously to this, boasting many prehistoric ruins including over 1,000 Dolmens - more than any other department in France. During the medieval and early modern periods, and until the 1790s, the territory covered by Aveyron was a province known as Rouergue. In 1797, Victor of Aveyron (the Feral child of Aveyron) was found wandering the woods in the area. The story of Victor is told in the film The Wild Child.
- En 1808, il est amputé du canton de Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val pour créer le département de Tarn-et-Garonne.
- In 1817, a local prosecutor Antoine Bernardin Fualdès was assassinated. The sordid circumstances of his death, following which his body was found floating in the Aveyron River, led to the matter becoming publicised as a cause célèbre. Recent studies have indicated that he met his end at the initiative of a right wing royalist organisation known as the Chevaliers de la Foi (Knights of the Faith).
- En 1808, il est amputé du canton de Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val pour créer le département de Tarn-et-Garonne.
- In 1817, a local prosecutor Antoine Bernardin Fualdès was assassinated. The sordid circumstances of his death, following which his body was found floating in the Aveyron River, led to the matter becoming publicised as a cause célèbre. Recent studies have indicated that he met his end at the initiative of a right wing royalist organisation known as the Chevaliers de la Foi (Knights of the Faith).
Avignon
- Between 1309 and 1377, during theAvignon Papacy, seven successive popes resided in Avignon and in 1348 Pope Clement VI bought the town from Joanna I of Naples. Papal control persisted until 1791 when, during the French Revolution, it became part of France. The town is now the capital of the Vaucluse department and one of the few French cities to have preserved its ramparts.
Biarritz (UK: /bɪəˈrɪts,
- very detailed french wiki version
- In 1957, the American film director Peter Viertel was in Biarritz with his wife Deborah Kerr working on the film The Sun Also Rises. One of his Californian friends came for a visit, and his use of a surfboard off Biarritz is recognized as the first time surfing was practised in Europe. Biarritz eventually became one of the most popular European surfing spots.
- 此次的G7峰會舉辦地點是法國南部海濱小鎮比亞里茨，整個小鎮被黃金海灘環繞，是歐洲著名的度假勝地，此次峰會地點「宮殿酒店」就毗鄰海灘，風景優美。另外，可能讓美國總統特朗普開心的是，比亞里茨是高爾夫球運動的發源地，以該鎮為中心的100公里範圍內就有16個高爾夫球場，或許馬克龍也會與特朗普上演一場「高爾夫外交」。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190823/PDF/a24_screen.pdf
Bonnieux
- Le nom du lieu-dit la Canorgue est formé sur le provençal canorguia, féminin de canorgue : chanoine. Il fait référence soit à une collégiale, soit à un bien appartenant à un chapitre de chanoines7. La dénomination occitane de Bonnieux est Bonius.
- - 57 000 ans : occupation moustérienne de l’abri du Pont de la Combette8. En 3 av. J.-C., le Pont Julien (voie Domitienne) est édifié. On a la trace, au vie siècle, de la fondation d'un monastère sur l'emplacement du temple païen de Mithra. En 972, le village a déjà une forteresse et des murailles.
Cité en 1103 Castrum Bonils, le village de Bonnieux relevait du comté de Forcalquier au xiie siècle. Lorsque ce comté perd son indépendance en 1209, à la mort de Guillaume II, un de ses neveux, Guillaume de Sabran tente de le relever. Après une lutte de dix ans, il passe un accord à Meyrargues le 29 juin 1220 avec Raimond Bérenger IV, comte de Provence et lui aussi héritier du comté de Forcalquier. Par cet accord, la moitié sud du comté, dont Bonnieux, lui est donnée. Guillaume de Sabran conserve sa moitié de comté jusqu'à sa mort, vers 12509. Le village est abandonné au xiiie siècle, les habitants se réfugiant sous le château des Agoult.
Bordeaux
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2014-12/26/content_19171569.htm Buying from China is underpinning a nascent recovery in Bordeaux wine-estate prices, boosting demand for mid-level vineyards while top properties have rebounded to levels last seen in 2000, according to broker Michael Baynes. Investors from China have bought about 100 Bordeaux estates since starting to focus on the area in 2010, helping reverse a slide in land values set in motion 15 years ago by the onslaught of New World competition in the global wine market, Baynes said in an interview at his offices near Saint Emilion.
Bourges (French pronunciation: [buʁʒ]) is a city in central France on the Yèvre river. It is the capital of the department of Cher, and also was the capital of the former province of Berry.The name of the city derives either from the Bituriges, the name of the original inhabitants, or from the Germanic Burg (French: bourg. Spanish: burgo. English, others: burgh, berg, or borough), for "hill/village". The Celtscalled it Avaricon; Latin-speakers: Avaricum. In 52 BC, the sixth year of the Gallic Wars the Gauls were practicing a scorched earth policy to try to deny Caesar's forces supplies, but the inhabitants of Avaricum begged not to have their city burned. It was temporarily spared due to its good defences provided by the surrounding marshes, a river that nearly encircled it, and a strong southern wall. Julius Caesar's forces, nevertheless, captured and destroyed the city, killing all but 800 of its inhabitants. Rome reconstructed Avaricum as a Roman city, with a monumental gate, aqueducts, thermae and an amphitheatre, reaching a greater size than it would attain during the Middle Ages. The massive walls surrounding the late Roman city, enclosing 40 hectares, were built in part with stone re-used from earlier public buildings. The third-century AD Saint Ursinus, also known as Saint Ursin, is considered[by whom?] the first bishop of the city. Bourges is the seat of an archbishopric. During the 8th century Bourges lay on the northern fringes of the Duchy of Aquitaine and was therefore the first town to come under Frankish attacks when the Franks crossed the Loire. The Frankish Charles Martel captured the town in 731, but Duke Odo the Great of Aquitaine immediately re-took it. It remained under the rule of counts who pledged allegiance to the Aquitanian dukes up to the destructive siege by Frankish King Pepin the Short on independent Aquitaine in 762, when Basquetroops are found defending the town along with its count. During the Middle Ages, Bourges served as the capital of the Viscounty of Bourges until 1101. In the fourteenth century it became the capital of the Duchy of Berry. The future king of France, Charles VII (reigned 1422-1461), sought refuge there in the 1420s during the Hundred Years' War. His son, Louis XI, was born there in 1423. In 1438, Charles VII decreed the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. During this period, Bourges was also a major capital of alchemy.
Brest (French pronunciation: [bʁɛst] ; Breton pronunciation: [bʀest]) is a city in the Finistère département in Brittany. Brest’s history has always been linked to the sea: the Académie de Marine (Naval Academy) was founded in 1752 in this city. The aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle was built there. Every four years, Brest hosts the international festival of the sea, boats and sailors: it is a meeting of old riggingsfrom around the world (Les Tonnerres de Brest).The advantages of Brest's situation as a seaport town were first recognized by Cardinal Richelieu, who in 1631 constructed a harbor with wooden wharves. This soon became a base for the French Navy. Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister under Louis XIV, rebuilt the wharves in masonry and otherwise improved the harbour. The meaning of the coat of arms of Brest is half France (the three fleurs-de-lis of the former kingdom of France), half Brittany (semé d'hermine of Brittany). These arms were used for the first time in a register of deliberations of the city council dated the 15 July 1683.
- Brest is best known for its Pont de Recouvrance (Recouvrance Bridge, a massive drawbridge 64 m/210 ft high), the military arsenal and the rue de Siam (Siam Street). The castle and the Tanguy tower are the oldest monuments of Brest.
Caen (/kɑːn/; French pronunciation: [kɑ̃]; Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department. The metropolitan area of Caen is the second largest in Normandy. Caen is located in the centre of its northern region, and it is a centre of political, economic and cultural power. Located a few miles from the coast, the landing beaches, the bustling resorts of Deauville and Cabourg, Norman Switzerland and Pays d'Auge, Caen is often considered the archetype of Normandy. Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William the Conqueror, who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen—heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city. The city has now preserved the memory by erecting a memorial and a museum dedicated to peace, the Memorial de Caen. Today, Caen has no motto, but it used to have one, which did not survive the French Revolution.
- hosted the exhibition of nanjing massacre
*******Chinon (French pronunciation: [ʃinɔ̃]) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department[2] in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. The regional area is called the Touraine, which is known as the "garden of France".It is well known for its wine, castle, and historic town. Chinon played an important and strategic role during the Middle Ages, having served both French and English kings.The historic town of Chinon is on the banks of the Vienne River about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from where it joins the Loire. Settlement in Chinon dates from prehistoric times, with a pronounced importance for both French and English history in the Middle Ages. At this period rivers were the main trade routes,[4] and the Vienne River joins both the fertile regions of the Poitou and the city of Limoges, and is a tributary of the Loire, which acted as a traffic thoroughfare.[5] The site was fortified early on, and by the 5th century a Gallo-Roman castrum had been established there.
- uk
****Château-Chinon (French pronunciation: [ʃɑto ʃinɔ̃]; the official name is Château-Chinon (Ville), with a space[1]) is a commune in the Nièvre department in France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. The villages around the town are grouped in another commune named Château-Chinon (Campagne). François Mitterrand (1916-1996), President of France from 1981 to 1995, was the mayor of Château-Chinon from 1959 to 1981. Au Moyen Âge, on note les appellations suivantes sous la forme latinisée Castellania de Castro Canino en 1193 et sous la forme française Chasteaul-Chignon en 13721,2.Durant l'Ancien Régime, des documents et textes officiels (notamment des chartes établies par le roi Louis XIH 1,H 2 ou une lettre écrite par Louis XIVH 3) utilisent l'appellation Chastel-Chinon ; d'autres mentionnent ChâteauChinonH 4. Sous la Révolution française, la commune (encore couplée à sa voisine, l'actuelle Château-Chinon (Campagne)) prend le nom révolutionnaire de Chinon-la-Montagne. Après la Révolution, la commune est divisée en deux, et Château-Chinon (Ville) s'appelle alors Château-Chinon Intra-Muros, avant de prendre ensuite le nom de Château-Chinon(Ville) ou Château-Chinon (Ville).
Cherbourg-Octeville
- At the instigation of Colbert, the guild of drapers was founded on 16 April 1668, the manufacture of cloth produced two thousand pieces per year. Two years earlier, Colbert had also promoted the introduction of the glass factory in the forest of Tourlaville. In the 18th century, the economic resources came mainly through maritime trade, the preparation of cured meats and the harbour and breakwater works, plus a moribund textile industry. On the eve of the French Revolution, salt was imported from Le Croisic along with British grain, and Littry coal. Exports were mainly to Britain (sheets and cloths) and the West Indies (cattle and mules, fat and salted butter, salted meats, cod, linens and canvas), but also to Le Havre and La Rochelle for wood and coal. Lawful or otherwise exchanges also took place with the Channel Islands (tanbark, grain and wool). Cherbourg shipowners were absent from significant fishing, including that of cod on the banks of Newfoundland, which was a specialty of Granville. 361 workers (1764) and 69 skilled workers (1778) of the factory annually produced (1760) 2,000 fine linens in green and white strip. Cherbourg also had seven producers of starch. Opened in 1793 at the location of the current Lawton-Collins Wharf, the arsenal was moved in 1803 on a decision by Napoleon, within the project of the military port. Sailing ships were built, the first, the brig La Colombe, was launched on 27 September 1797, and then screw-propelled vessels up to the end of the 19th century. From 1898, the Arsenal specialised in the construction of submarines. The first were Le Morse and Le Narval. Since then, more than 91 vessels have been built there.L'Annuaire de la Manche [The Yearbook of Manche] in 1829 mentioned several slate quarries in the agglomeration whose product was sometimes exported to Le Havre, two printers, two soda refineries (properties of Mr. Le Couturier and Messrs. Crenier and Co. producing approximately 600 tonnes for Ostend, Dunkirk, Rouen and Paris, Germany and Russia), a sugar refinery (Mr. Despréaux) whose 50 tonnes were sold in the English Channel, a lace factory run by four nuns on behalf of Messrs. Blod and Lange and several tanners. It is indicated that the port trade was based on exportation of mules to Réunion and the Antilles, salted meat of pigs and eggs in Britain, wine and brandies, and the import of Scandinavian, Polish and Russian wood, linseed, and hemp.[74] But its use as a place of war hampered the development of Cherbourg as major commercial port, compared to Le Havre. Ten years later, for these exchanges, Jean Fleury counted 225 to 230 both French and foreign, from 30 to 800 tons, ships each carrying 6 to 18 crew. He added the maritime buildings and armaments and the export of butter of La Hague, and the total annual trade was estimated at between 4 or 5 million francs, of which one million for the export of eggs to the United Kingdom, and 850 tons of salted meat. At the beginning of the 20th century, Cherbourg was primarily a military port. The commercial port was modest, always exporting mules to the West Indies and Réunion and local food products to Britain (butter, meats, eggs, cattle, etc.), but also chemical products of soda extracted from kelp, granite from nearby quarries, and important wood and iron from Nord, tar, hemp, and food from the colonies. At this time the port embraced the transatlantic epic. Cherbourg's industry was then specialised in shipbuilding, as well as in lace-making and the manufacture of rope. The late 19th century also saw Cherbourg develop an aviation industry, through the company of Félix du Temple, taken over in 1938 by Félix Amiot, another aviation pioneer for the aerospace company of Normandy. Gradually, workers developed a particular skill in metalwork, both for the submarines of the Arsenal, for aircraft and ships of the Amiot shipyards or Babcock-Wilcox boilers. In 1916, Nestlé introduced its first French factory in Cherbourg.
- note battle of cherbourg in ww2, film umbrellas of cherbourg
- 我來到了 瑟堡（Cherbourg），法國諾曼第海邊的一個 小城市。這裏沒有巴黎的林蔭大道，沒有耀眼 的名牌店舖，沒有大都市的塵囂喧鬧。寂靜的 街道，驕陽下奇花異卉點綴兩旁。 上世紀歌舞電影《瑟堡的雨傘》裏出現過 的大街小巷依舊眼熟，路上的行人還是那麼悠 閒，瀰漫着海水味道的空氣，仍感熟悉。那一 年初夏 「La Bohème」 餐廳開張，我與朋友 特地來到瑟堡，分享流浪子阿城在異鄉創業的 喜悅。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200526/PDF/b12_screen.pdf
- 我來到了 瑟堡（Cherbourg），法國諾曼第海邊的一個 小城市。這裏沒有巴黎的林蔭大道，沒有耀眼 的名牌店舖，沒有大都市的塵囂喧鬧。寂靜的 街道，驕陽下奇花異卉點綴兩旁。 上世紀歌舞電影《瑟堡的雨傘》裏出現過 的大街小巷依舊眼熟，路上的行人還是那麼悠 閒，瀰漫着海水味道的空氣，仍感熟悉。那一 年初夏 「La Bohème」 餐廳開張，我與朋友 特地來到瑟堡，分享流浪子阿城在異鄉創業的 喜悅。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200526/PDF/b12_screen.pdf
Corrèze (French pronunciation: [kɔʁɛz]; Occitan: Corresa) is a department in south-western France, named after the river Corrèze which runs though it. Its capital is Tulle, and its most populated town is Brive-la-Gaillarde. The inhabitants of the department are called Corréziens.Corrèze is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It includes part of the former province of Limousin (the Bas-Limousin).The President of the General Council was François Hollande of the Socialist Party until 2012 when he was elected President of the Republic. Jacques Chirac also served as a Deputy of the National Assembly from here for many years.
- *****no french wiki version; there is an occitan version and it seems the city name's from that language- https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3009456/footsteps-coco-chanel-colette-and-simone-de-beauvoir
Corsica (/ˈkɔːrsɪkə/; French: Corse [kɔʁs]; Corsica in Corsican and Italian, pronounced [ˈkorsiga] and [ˈkɔrsika] respectively) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is located southeast of the French mainland and west of the Italian Peninsula, with the nearest land mass being the Italian island of Sardinia to the immediate south. A single chain of mountains makes up two-thirds of the island.The island is an administrative region of France (with the regional capital being Ajaccio), divided in two administrative departments, Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud. The corresponding regional and departmental territorial collectivities, however, merged on 1 January 2018, forming the single territorial collectivity of Corsica. As a single territorial collectivity, Corsica enjoys a greater degree of autonomy than other French regional collectivities; for example, the Corsican Assembly is able to exercise limited executive powers. Bastia, the prefecture city of Haute-Corse, is the second largest town in Corsica.After being ruled by the Republic of Genoa since 1284, in 1755 Corsica became a self-proclaimed Italian-speaking Republic, until it was officially ceded by Genoa to Louis XV as part of a pledge for debts and subsequently annexed to France in 1769. Napoleon Bonaparte was born the same year in Ajaccio, and his ancestral home (Maison Bonaparte) is today a significant visitor attraction and museum. Due to Corsica's historical ties with the Italian peninsula, the island retains many Italian cultural elements, and the native tongue is recognized as a regional language by the French government.
- famous people
- napoleon https://www.quora.com/Was-Napoleon-Bonaparte-born-Nabulione-as-a-Corsican-more-Italian-than-French-Are-there-other-notable-Corsican-or-Italian-generals-who-commanded-French-troops-during-Napoleons-reign
- *****Filippo Antonio Pasquale de' Paoli FRS (Italian: [fiˈlippo anˈtɔːnjo paˈskwaːle de ˈpaːoli]; French: Pascal Paoli; 6 April 1725 – 5 February 1807) was a Corsican patriot, statesman and military leader who was at the forefront of resistance movements against the Genoese and later French rule in the island. He became the president of the Executive Council of the General Diet of the People of Corsica, and also designed and wrote the Constitution of the state. The Corsican Republic was a representative democracy asserting that the elected Diet of Corsican representatives had no master. Paoli held his office by election and not by appointment. It made him commander-in-chief of the armed forces as well as chief magistrate. Paoli's government claimed the same jurisdiction as the Republic of Genoa. In terms of de facto exercise of power, the Genoese held the coastal cities, which they could defend from their citadels, but the Corsican republic controlled the rest of the island from Corte, its capital.Following the French conquest of Corsica in 1768, Paoli oversaw the Corsican resistance. Following the defeat of Corsican forces at the Battle of Ponte Novu he was forced into exile in Britain where he was a celebrated figure. He returned after the French Revolution, of which he was initially supportive. He later broke with the revolutionaries and helped to create the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom which lasted between 1794 and 1796. After the island was re-occupied by France he again went into exile in Britain where he died in 1807.
- [1776 chron] while exiled in uk, dined with james boswell
Dole (French: [dɔl], sometimes pronounced [dol],) is a commune in the Jura department in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France, of which it is a subprefecture (sous-préfecture).
- Au VIIIe siècle, les bénédictins fondent un monastère, à Jouhe, et un oratoire, sous le vocable de Notre-Dame, sur le Mont-Roland. Au IXe siècle, une église, placée sous le patronage de Saint-Hilaire, est édifiée à Saint-Ylie, à l'endroit où avaient été posées un peu plus tôt, les reliques dudit saint ; ainsi qu'un prieuré à Saint-Vivant. Dans le même temps, une horde de normands, menée par Hasting, ravage la région19.
- En 986, le comté de Bourgogne est fondé. Il faut attendre le XIe siècle et Conrad II le Salique, pour que les comtes, circulant entre Gray, Poligny et Quingey, se fixent, développent et érigent en capitale Dole. En 1092, la chapelle de Saint-Ylie est reconstruite.
- Dole was the capital of Franche-Comté until Louis XIV conquered the region; he shifted the parlement from Dole to Besançon. The university, founded by Duke Philippe le Bon of Burgundy in 1422, was also transferred to Besançon at that time.
- coat of arms has a sun
Le Dorat (Occitan: Le Daurat) is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is considered to be the traditional capital of the Basse Marche. Inhabitants are known as Dorachons. Some say that Le Dorat owes its name to the gilded angel located at the summit of the "Lou Dora" bell tower.In the year 950, missionaries reconstructed a church dedicated to the Saint Michel. 20 years later, the Saint Pierre chapel and the chapitre du Dorat were founded near the church Saint Michel. Le Dorat was a town of nobility and property owners. In 1356, the town was besieged by the Prince of Wales and during the European wars of religion from 1524 to 1648, the town was badly damaged.
- 法國北部市鎮勒多拉將於周四至周日，首次舉辦世界馬拉松剪羊毛比賽，來自約三十國參賽者連續二十四小時，不眠不休地剃光數千多隻綿羊，而剃下最多羊毛的人則成為大贏家。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190704/00180_030.html
******Éragny (sometimes unofficially called Éragny-sur-Oise) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 26.3 km (16.3 mi) from the center of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise, created in the 1960s.Situated on the Oise river, Éragny remained a small village until the 20th century. Its original inhabitants probably settled around the town's fountain during the Roman period and named the place Heriniacus or Areniacus. The site changed names several times over the following centuries - Eraisgny, Eraigny, Erargny, and finally settling on Éragny by the 10th century.
聖伊天（法語：Saint-Étienne，法語發音：[sɛ̃.t‿e.ˈtjɛn]），又譯聖埃蒂安或聖太田
Saint-Étienne (French: [sɛ̃t‿etjɛn]; Arpitan: Sant-Etiève; English: Saint Stephen)Named after Saint Stephen, the city first appears in the historical record in the Middle Ages as Saint-Étienne de Furan(after the River Furan, a tributary of the Loire). In the 13th century, it was a small borough around the church dedicated to Saint Etienne. On the upper reaches of the Furan, near the Way of St. James, the Abbey of Valbenoîte had been founded by the Cistercians in 1222. In the late 15th century, it was a fortified village defended by walls built around the original nucleus. From the 16th century, Saint-Étienne developed an arms manufacturing industry and became a market town. It was this which accounted for the town's importance, although it also became a centre for the manufacture of ribbons and passementerie starting in the 17th century. Later, it became a mining centre of the Loire coal mining basin, and more recently, has become known for its bicycle industry. 聖伊天早在高盧-羅馬時期就已出現人類活動，最初為羅馬人塞古西亞維的一個村莊，名為「富拉努姆」（Furanum），後來逐漸衍變成為「富拉尼亞」（Furania）。「聖伊天」一名則來源於十二世紀這一地區的一個紀念基督教殉難者聖斯德旺的教堂，這個教堂坐落於菲朗河畔的聖巴爾布山（Colline Sainte-Barbe）腳下，「聖伊天」即為聖斯德望的法語稱呼
Fives is a former commune in the Nord department in northern France, since 1858 part of Lille. It gave its name to an engineering group founded in the nineteenth century, the Compagnie de Fives-Lille.Fives est un quartier populaire de l'est de Lille comptant environ 19 000 habitants1 et souffrant d'un taux de chômage important. Faubourg industriel qui a donné son nom à une entreprise, Fives a perdu de nombreux emplois avec la fermeture de ses usines et peine à se reconvertir. Mais il attire de plus en plus les classes moyennes en raison de la présence de maisons avec jardin à prix raisonnable pour la métropole lilloise. Une ligne de métro traverse le quartier, qui reste essentiellement résidentiel.
- Selon Hippolyte-Romain-Joseph Duthillœul, l'étymologie de Fives serait « fif », signifiant « cinq » et de « es », signifiant « eau, fontaine ou source »2.
gironde
- macau
- chateau cantemerle belonged to villeneuve (1576-1892) and dubos (1892-1980) families, then acquired by smabtp (mutual insurance company in construction and civil engineering sector.
Hauts-de-France (French pronunciation: [o d(ə) fʁɑ̃s], translates to "Upper France" in English) is a region of France created by the territorial reform of French Regions in 2014, from a merger of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy. The new region came into existence on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections in December 2015. France's Conseil d'État approved Hauts-de-France as the name of the region on 28 September 2016, effective 30 September 2016.
Le Havre (UK: /lə
Lagrasse (en occitan La Grassa) est
L'histoire du village se confond avec celle de l'abbaye Sainte-Marie de Lagrasse qui débute par l'installation, dans la vallée, de Nimfridius avec quelques compagnons. Ils construisent alors un monastère. Charlemagne, par une charte datée de 778, reconnaît la nouvelle fondation et Nimfridius prend la direction de la communauté. L'abbaye de Lagrasse deviendra plus tard l'une des plus importantes de France. À la Révolution, l'abbaye est séparée en deux lots vendus comme Bien national, dont Barthélemy Darnis achète alors une bonne partie. Victor Hannuic, agent général, fait détruire à cette époque-là toutes les statues de l'abbaye. Aujourd'hui, une partie de l'établissement est publique (Conseil général de l'Aude) et l'autre privée avec la présence de chanoines. Le village héberge de nombreux artistes et artisans d'art qui le font vivre et attirent de nombreux visiteurs.
Lagrasse fut, de 1790 à 1800, chef-lieu de district. une commune française, située dans le département de l'Aude en région Occitanie.
******** 拉萨尔 Lasalle is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. The historian and epigrapher William Seston (1900–1980) was born in Lassale.Lasalle, en occitan La Sala, est une commune française située dans le département du Gard en région Occitanie, au cœur des Cévennes.
利穆赞大区 Limousin (French pronunciation: [limuzɛ̃] ; Occitan: Lemosin) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.Limousin is an essentially rural region. Famed for some of the best beef farming in the world, herds of Limousin cattle—a distinctive chestnut red—are a common sight in the region. The region is also a major timber producing area.Due to its rural locality, it is also famed for its groves of French Oak, so prized for its distinct characters and flavors in wine fermentation that vintner Rémy Martin has exclusive rights to its oak groves.
Limoges is known for its medieval and Renaissance enamels (Limoges enamels) on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain (Limoges porcelain) and for its oak barrels which are used for Cognac and Bordeaux production. Some are even exported to wineries in California.The city proper was founded as Augustoritum by the Romans, around 10 BC: "rito-" is Gaulish for "ford". The foundation was part of the reorganization of the province by the emperor Augustus, hence the new name. The Roman city included an amphitheatre measuring 136 x 115 metres, a theatre, a forum, baths and several sanctuaries. According to tradition, a temple consecrated to Venus, Diana, Minerva and Jupiter was located near the modern cathedral. The city was on the typical Roman square plan, with two main streets crossing in the centre. It had a Senate and a currency of its own, a sign of its importance in the imperial age. Later, like many towns and cities in Gaul, it was renamed after the tribe (here the Lemovices) whose chief town it was; "Lemovices" subsequently evolved into "Limoges", and "Lemovicinus" for the area around changed into "Limousin". Limoges was evangelized by Saint Martial, who came to the city around 250 with two companions, Alpinianus and Austriclinienus. However, in the late 3rd century it was increasingly abandoned, due to unsafe conditions created by the invasions of various Germanic tribes.
- In 1370, Limoges was occupied by Edward, the Black Prince, who massacred some 300 residents, "perhaps a sixth of the normal population", with another 60 members of the garrison of 140 dead as well.
- The city and castle were united in 1792 to form the single city of Limoges. During the French Revolution several religious edifices, considered symbols of the Ancien Régime, were destroyed by the population: these included the Abbey of St. Martial itself.
- Some years later the porcelain industry started to develop, favoured by the presence of kaolinite which was discovered near Limoges in 1768[4] (near St Yrieix, south-west of Limoges). Many of the inhabitants became employed in the new sector or in connected activities (including the lumbering of wood needed for firing the porcelain) in manufacture and exporting needed for European distribution of Limoges Boxes, dinnerware, and other porcelain wares. Because the Limousin region has had a long history of breeding (Baronet sheep and Limousine cows), the leather industry also settled in and around Limoges along the banks of the Vienne–the river providing the necessary water and power. Factories in Limoges and St Junien still produce luxury leather shoes, gloves, and bags. In the 19th century Limoges saw strong construction activity, which included the destruction and rebuilding of much of the city centre. The unsafe conditions of the poorer population is highlighted by the outbreak of several riots, including that of July–November 1830; April 1848. In early 1905 strikes began in another local industry, shoe factories soon followed in the porcelain factories. Barricades were built, the army intervened. There would be two casualties: a horse and a young porcelain worker, Camille Vardelle. The first French confederation of workers, Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) (General Confederation of Labour), was created in Limoges in 1895. During the World War II, many Jews from Alsace were evacuated to and around Limoges.
- caskets
- https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/relics/Reliquary-Chasse-with-the-Adoration-of-the-Magi.php The journey of the Magi is shown on the roof of this casket; on the front panel the three Wise Men present their gifts to the Christ Child, held in his mother's arms. The relics originally contained in this casket are lost, and the identities of the saints in question are not known. Depictions of the three Wise Men are found on a number of Limoges caskets, ranking with St. Thomas Becket and St. Valerie among the most popular subjects. Many enameled caskets from Limoges have small doors that give access to the relics contained within, sometimes placed on the end panels, underneath the casket, or, as here, on the back panel. In this example, the door is complete with lock and key.
Lisieux (French pronunciation: [lizjø]) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It is the capital of the Pays d'Auge area, which is characterised by valleys and hedged farmland. The name of the town derives from the Latin: Noviomagus Lexoviorum ("Noviomagus of the Lexovii"). The town was originally known in Celtic as Novio Magos ("New Field", "New Market"), which was Latinized as Noviomagus. Owing to the large number of similarly-named cities, however, it was necessary to specify where this one was located. The local French demonym Lexoviens derives from the Latin as well.Lisieux was the capital of the Lexovii. In his work, Commentaries on the Gallic War, Caesar mentions a Gallic oppidum, a term which refers to Celtic towns located on the tops of hills. The oppidum has been pinpointed to a place referred to as le Castellier,[1] located 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) to the southwest of the town. However the Gallo-Roman city was in fact located where Lisieux is to be found today.
- [pamphlet of st teresa church kowloon explaining the statue of st teresa] note that st teresa of lisieux, who belonged to the carmelite french paris lisieux convent, joined the convent when she was only 15 and died at the age of 24.
Le Loudunais est une région naturelle de France située dans la région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, au nord du département de la Vienne. Ce pays traditionnel correspond à l'ancienne Sénéchaussée de Loudun.Sous l'Ancien Régime la sénéchaussée de Loudun était une circonscription administrative, financière et judiciaire qui dépendait de l'Anjou. Elle était située à la limite de deux autres provinces, la Touraine et le Poitou. Du Moyen Âge à la révolution française le Loudunais constitua un bailliage (ou sénéchaussée) dépendant du gouvernement de Saumur et de la Généralité de Tours.
- The Château de la Mothe-Chandeniers is a former stronghold of the Bauçay family, lords of Loudun. The stronghold dates to the thirteenth century and was originally called Motte Bauçay (or Baussay). The Motte Baussay was taken twice by the English in the Middle Ages and devastated during the French Revolution. It was bought in 1809 by François Hennecart, a wealthy businessman. In 1857 it was sold to Baron Joseph Lejeune. In 1932, a major fire destroyed most of the buildings in the castle. In December 2017, 18,600 members of an online community raised €1,600,000, by paying at least €50 each, to purchase the castle with the aim of restoring it.
Lyon
- Le musée Guimet est né du grand projet d’un industriel lyonnais, Émile Guimet (1836-1918), de créer un musée des religions de l’Égypte, de l’antiquité classique et des pays d’Asie. Des voyages en Égypte, en Grèce, puis un tour du monde en 1876, avec des étapes au Japon, en Chine et en Inde lui permirent de réunir d’importantes collections qu’il présenta à Lyon à partir de 1879. Il devait par la suite transférer ses collections dans un musée qu’il fit construire à Paris et qui fut inauguré en 1889. Du vivant même d’Emile Guimet cette institution se consacra de plus en plus à l’Asie, tout en conservant une section sur les religions de l’ancienne Égypte, à la suite des expéditions dans diverses régions de l’Extrême-Orient.
- china
- The second Sino-French cultural forum was held on Tuesday in the southern French city of Lyon. The two-day event, under the theme of "The Cultural Silk Road, the Franco-Chinese Confluences", had participants sharing their insights and experiences in various fields, including culture, art and education.Lyon was one of the final stops of the ancient Silk Road trade routes. Known for its gastronomy, the city was historically an important area for silk production and it was also the birthplace of cinema.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017-09/28/content_32586629.htm
- ***********Le Huatian Chinagora est un hotel d'Alfortville décoré dans le style chinois1.Anciennement Chinagora, le complexe a été construit en 1992 sur les plans de l'architecte chinois Liang Kunhao en s'inspirant de la Cité interdite de Pékin2. Il a été repris en 2012 par le groupe hôtelier de luxe Huatian, société de droit privé à capital public détenu par la province chinoise du Hunan, qui l’a complètement rénové3.
marseille
- Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia (Greek: Μασσαλία, Massalía),[5][page needed][6] Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region and the main commercial port of the French Republic.
- Marseille was originally founded circa 600 BC as the Greek colony of Massalia and populated by settlers from Phocaea (modern Foça, Turkey). It became the preeminent Greek polis in the Hellenized region of southern Gaul. The city-state sided with the Roman Republic against Carthage during the Second Punic War (218-201 BC), retaining its independence and commercial empire throughout the western Mediterranean even as Rome expanded into Western Europe and North Africa. However, the city lost its independence following the Roman Siege of Massilia in 49 BC, during Caesar's Civil War, in which Massalia sided with the exiled faction at war with Julius Caesar. Marseille continued to prosper as a Roman city, becoming an early center of Christianity during the Western Roman Empire. The city maintained its position as a premier maritime trading hub even after its capture by the Visigoths in the 5th century AD, although the city went into decline following the sack of 739 AD by the forces of Charles Martel. It became part of the County of Provence during the 10th century, although its renewed prosperity was curtailed by the Black Death of the 14th century and sack of the city by the Crown of Aragon in 1423. The city's fortunes rebounded with the ambitious building projects of René of Anjou, Count of Provence, who strengthened the city's fortifications during the mid-15th century. During the 16th century the city hosted a naval fleet with the combined forces of the Franco-Ottoman alliance, which threatened the ports and navies of Genoa and the Holy Roman Empire. Marseille lost a significant portion of its population during the Great Plague of Marseille in 1720, but the population had recovered by mid century. In 1792 the city became a focal point of the French Revolution and was the birthplace of France's national anthem, La Marseillaise. The Industrial Revolution and establishment of the French Empire during the 19th century allowed for further expansion of the city, although it was captured and heavily damaged by Nazi Germany during World War II. The city has since become a major center for immigrant communities from former French colonies, such as French Algeria.
- coat of arms include caduceus, trident, bull, lion
- detailed arabic and spanish wikipedia versions
- La fonction de maire de Marseille est créée en 1766 par un règlement de Louis XV. - The Palais Longchamp is a monument in the 4th arrondissement of Marseille, France. It houses the city's musée des beaux-arts and natural history museum. The surrounding park (the Parc Longchamp) is listed by the French Ministry of Culture as one of the Notable Gardens of France.The Palais Longchamp was created to celebrate the construction of the Canal de Marseille, which was built to bring water from the Durance River to Marseille. Although the foundation stone was laid by the Duke of Orleans on 15 November 1839, the building took 30 years to complete, partly because of the enormous expense and partly because of difficulties with local regulations.
- Jean-François Honnorat né à Toulon le 12 avril 1802, décédé à Paris le 21 novembre 1877, enterré à Marseille le 23 novembre 1877 était avocat, négociant et maire de Marseille. En 1847 la ville commande à l’architecte marseillais Pascal Coste un projet de muséum et d'un château d'eau. Ce projet restera à l'état d'esquisse, les événements de 1848 ne permettant pas d'aller au-delà5. En 1850, sur les conseils de Franz Mayor de Montricher, l'ingénieur concepteur et réalisateur du canal de Marseille, la ville fait appel à Jean-Charles Danjoy. Cet architecte prévoit la réalisation, sous un arc de triomphe, d’une allégorie de la Durance accompagnée de figures féminines symbolisant la vigne et le blé. Il ne semble pas que Danjoy ait également effectué des dessins pour le muséum. Ce projet n’aura pas de suite. Au début de 1859, le maire de Marseille, Jean-François Honnorat, demande au sculpteur Auguste Bartholdi de réaliser un projet de château d’eau. Bartholdi ne songea tout d'abord qu'à une fontaine monumentale. Après plusieurs entretiens avec le conseil municipal, il associe un muséum divisé en deux corps isolés avec un château d'eau central6. Il présente un troisième projet en reliant les bâtiments par une vaste galerie ayant son entrée dans l'axe du monument. Devant les hésitations de plusieurs de ses membres, le conseil municipal s'adresse pour juger ce projet à une commission composée de spécialistes : Henri Labrouste et Léon Vaudoyer, inspecteurs généraux des édifices diocésains, et Victor Baltard, architecte de la ville de Paris. Cette commission critique le projet qui ne sera pas retenu. La ville de Marseille règle ses honoraires à Bartholdi et s’adresse à Espérandieu en 1861. Les premières revendications de Bartholdi datent de 1863 en affirmant que la colonnade semi circulaire est de son invention. Il soutient également que le projet proposé à la municipalité était sa propriété car la ville en lui payant ses honoraires n’était pas devenue propriétaire des plans. Un procès s’ensuivit mais le tribunal de première instance de Marseille débouta Bartholdi. Après l'inauguration du palais Longchamp, Bartholdi demande que son nom soit inscrit sur le château d'eau, ce qui est refusé. Faisant preuve d'une grande persévérance, il intente en 1901 un autre procès à la ville, sans succès, puis saisit la cour d’appel d'Aix qui le condamne à une amende et au paiement des frais.
- hkej 2aug17
- Mazan est citée en 982 sous le nom de "Villa Madazano", puis "Maazano" en 1302. La tradition veut que Bénézet d'Avignon soit passé trois fois à Mazan. Alors que généralement le constructeur du pont d'Avignon ne buvait pas de vin, une intervention miraculeuse changea à chaque fois l'eau en vin pour lui et ses compagnons[4]. Co-seigneurie divisée en deux parties : l'une aux Retronchin, puis aux Sade, l'autre aux d'Astouaud, puis aux Vincens de Causans. En 1357, l’arrivée de l’archiprêtre dans la région provoque une vague de constructions de fortifications : Mazan commence à construire un mur d’enceinte en mars 1359.
- ****the coat of arms resembles drawings found on chaco canyon https://phys.org/news/2016-10-salt-secret-success-ancient-chaco.html
- Moudon (Suisse) dans le canton de Vaud, depuis le [8]. En plus des échanges traditionnels entre communes, sont organisés des échanges entre écoles, des rencontres théâtrales et sportives.
- chinese name is 馬藏
芒通 Menton (French pronunciation: [mɑ̃tɔ̃]; Occitan: [meˈta], written Menton in classical norm or Mentan in Mistralian norm; Italian: Mentone [menˈtoːne]) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Situated on the French Riviera, along the Franco-Italian border, it is nicknamed perle de la France ("Pearl of France").The Menton area has been inhabited since the paleolithic era, and is the site of the original "Grimaldi Man" find of early modern humans, as well as remains of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. In Roman times, the Via Julia Augusta, a road connecting Placentia (now Piacenza) with Arelates (now Arles) passed through Menton, running along the Rue Longue in the old town. The first major settlement occurred during the 11th century CE, when the Count of Ventimiglia constructed the Château de Puypin (Podium Pinum) on the Pépin hill, north and west of the modern town centre. During the 13th century, the seigneury of Puypin fell to the Vento family of Genoa who built a new castle along the Roman road, now the site of the Vieux-Château cemetery, providing the core around which the current town grew. Menton was thus incorporated into the Republic of Genoa. The first mention of Menton dates from 21 July 1262, in the peace treaty between Charles of Anjou and Genoa. Its position on the border between the Angevin-ruled Provence and the Republic of Genoa, which at the time claimed Monaco as its western limit, made it a coveted location. Acquired in 1346 by Charles Grimaldi, Lord of Monaco, Menton was ruled by the Princes of Monaco until the French Revolution. Annexed during the Revolution, Menton remained part of France through the First Empire. It belonged to the district of Sanremo in the department of Alpes-Maritimes, which at the time included Monaco and Sanremo. In 1814, Menton was included in a reconstituted principality of Monaco which, after Napoleon's Hundred Days in 1815, became a protectorate of the King of Sardinia. The Princes of Monaco were obliged to do homage to the King for Menton, although not for Monaco itself.In 1848, Menton, along with its neighbour Roquebrune, seceded from Monaco, due at least in part to a tax imposed on lemon exports. They proclaimed themselves a "free city" during the 1848 revolutions related to the Italian Risorgimento, then two years later placed themselves under the protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia where they were administered by the House of Savoy for ten years. The Treaty of Turin concluded on 24 March 1860 between the Kingdom of Sardinia and Napoleon III's France called for the annexation of the County of Nice to France, subject to a plebiscite, as a reward for French assistance in Italy's war against Austria. The plebiscite, with universal adult male suffrage, was held on April 15 and 16, 1860, and resulted in an overwhelming vote in favour of annexation (833 for versus 54 against in Menton and Roquebrune), despite complaints of rigged elections from, among others, Nice-born Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi[citation needed]. The county of Nice was thus annexed to France that June, and Napoleon III paid 4 million francs in compensation to the prince of Monaco, who renounced his rights in perpetuity on 2 February 1861.
- Although the name's spelling and pronunciation in French are identical to those for the word that means "chin", there does not seem to be any link with this French word. According to the French geographer Ernest Nègre, the name Menton comes from the Roman name Mento. However, it is possible that the name of the city comes from Mons Ottonis (reconstituted) from the name of Otton II, the Count of Ventimiglia from 1162-1200. In Mentonasc, the city's name is Mentan (pronounced [mẽˈtã]), and in Italian Mentone ([menˈtoːne]).
- la fete du citron
- https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/feb/19/the-lemon-festival-in-menton-in-pictures started in 1933, strong buddhist influence
Metz has a rich 3,000-year-history,[5] having variously been a Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city,[6] the Merovingiancapital of Austrasia,[7] the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty,[8] a cradle of the Gregorian chant,[9] and one of the oldest republics in Europe.[10] The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history.In ancient times, the town was known as "city of Mediomatrici", being inhabited by the tribe of the same name.[28] After its integration into the Roman Empire, the city was called Divodurum Mediomatricum, meaning Holy Village or Holy Fortress of the Mediomatrici,[29] then it was known as Mediomatrix.[28] During the 5th century AD, the name evolved to "Mettis", which gave rise to Metz.
- The Local Law (French: droit local) applied in Metz is a legal system that operates in parallel with French law. Created in 1919, it preserves the French laws applied in France before 1870 and maintained by the Germans during the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, but repealed in the rest of France after 1871. It also maintains German laws enacted by the German Empire between 1871 and 1918, specific provisions adopted by the local authorities, and French laws that have been enacted after 1919 to be applicable only in Alsace-Lorraine. This specific local legislation encompasses different areas including religion, social work and finance.
- home to many powerful members of the guise family
- described as episcopal by wayne brake when referring to the peace of westphalia
meuse
- verdun (Verodunum, a latinisation of a place name meaning "strong fort") was founded by the Gauls.[citation needed]It has been the seat of the bishop of Verdunsince the 4th century, with interruptions.[6]In 486, following the decisive Frankishvictory at the Battle of Soissons, the city (amongst several other nearby cities) refused to yield to the Franks and was thus besieged by King Clovis I. The 843 Treaty of Verdun divided Charlemagne's empire into three parts.At around this time Verdun was the centre of a Europe-wide thriving trade selling young boys to be enslaved eunuchs to the Islamic emirates of Iberia.Verdun is also famous for its Dragées or sugared almonds from 1200 onward; they were distributed at the baptism of French princes.
- La verdunisation est un procédé de désinfection de l'eau mis au point par Philippe Bunau-Varilla. Il a lieu par chloration et fut d'abord testé dans la région de Verdun et plus particulièrement lors du siège de Verdun en , et pendant et après la Première Guerre mondiale dans une zone particulièrement vulnérable aux épidémies en raison du siège de Verdun, de la guerre et de la présence d'une multitude de cadavres humains et animaux dans les cours d'eau et sur les points d'eau.
- famous people
- mark meadows
Montargis is the second largest city in the Loiret, after Orléans. It is near a large forest, and contains light industry and farming, including saffron. Due to its numerous canals and bridges, Montargis sometimes bills itself as the "Venice of the Gâtinais." Though quite modern, it retains a medieval charm in its downtown area.
- Though the town is known to date to ancient times, during the Renaissance fanciful etymologies were invented to account for the place name Montargis, whether as mons argi, Mount of Argus, the place where the jealous goddess Juno charged Argus Panoptes with guarding her rival Io, or connected with the chieftain Moritas mentioned by Julius Caesar, in his Gallic Wars. Numerous Gallo-Roman artifacts have been found in the area, and many are in the town's Gâtinais Museum. Later, the town was a stronghold of the Frankish king Clovis I. Montargis was originally a seat of the house of Courtenay, who fortified a château on a hill overlooking the town. The town was ceded to the king of France in 1188. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was a royal residence.
- In the 1880s, a rubber factory was built in Châlette, a district of Montargis. It today employs 2000 workers to produce tires and parts for vehicles and appliances.Pralines, the crunchy confection made from almonds in cooked sugar, were first confected in Montargis in the time of Louis XIII. The original shop is still in business on Place Mirabeau.
- china
- 從1912年李石曾等人發起組織「留法儉學會」，到現在已經整整過去了100多年。一個多世紀的滄桑巨變，當年處於半殖民地半封建社會的中國，也如鳳凰涅槃般，從深重苦難中站了起來，走出了一條鏗鏘有力的復興之路。凝聚了幾代人的夙願，就要夢想成真。在中國共產黨成立95周年之際，當年李石曾位於法國蒙達爾紀市雷蒙特列街15號的故居，被歷史的流水沖刷出來，以一種新的姿態呈現在世人面前：中國赴法勤工儉學紀念館(暫定名)。2016年6月12日，中共湖南省委副書記、省人民政府省長杜家毫在《湖南日報》撰文，深情回憶了自己一年多前到法國考察訪問的難忘場景，詳細講述了湖南買下李石曾在法故居、將其闢為紀念館的經過。原來，李石曾等人發起的留法勤工儉學運動，與毛澤東、蔡和森、蕭子升等人於1918年發起的新民學會有著很深的淵源。新民學會作為我國在俄國十月革命以後成立的一個影響最大的革命團體，在湖南地區的革命運動中起著核心領導作用，為湖南地區的建黨建團工作作了思想上和組織上的準備。新民學會成立後，為了尋求救國圖強、改造社會的道路，積極倡導贊助赴法勤工儉學，組織會員和湖南青年參加。這一時期，在全國赴法勤工儉學的1600人中，湖南就有346人。新民學會中的蔡和森、向警予就是於1920在法國蒙達爾紀自由結婚，寫就了「向蔡同盟」的歷史佳話。原文網址：https://kknews.cc/history/z6g4npq.html
- 法国蒙达尔纪法中友好协会http://www.chinemontargis.fr/doc/cn/lassociation.php
- 8月27日下午，在有着“中国共产主义摇篮”之称的法国中央大区蒙达尔纪市的“中国旅法勤工俭学纪念馆”正式开馆，并对社会免费开放。中国全国人大常委会委员、中共党史学会会长、中共党史人物研究会会长欧阳淞，中国驻法大使翟隽，湖南省人民政府省长杜家毫代表——长沙市人民政府市长胡衡华，中国驻法使馆教育公参马燕生，湖南省委宣传部常务副部长李发美，法国中央大区行政长官梅达、中央大区政府主席博诺、蒙达尔纪市长多尔、法国驻武汉总领事马天宁等中法政府官员以及旅法勤工俭学先辈后人代表李英男等、法国华侨华人会主席池万升等旅法侨界代表、中国留法学生代表等出席揭幕式。http://www.oushinet.com/wap/ouzhong/ouzhongnews/20160829/241210.html
- http://phtv.ifeng.com/a/20150209/40976794_0.shtml在法国巴黎的南郊坐落着一座美丽的小城蒙达尔纪，2014年9月19日这座小城火车站前的广场被正式命名为“邓小平广场”，中国国务院副总理刘延东亲赴法国为广场路牌揭幕，邓小平与蒙达尔纪的渊源开始于上个世纪20年代左右，当时一批中国的有志青年远赴法国，开创了勤工俭学的留学模式，这其中就有邓小平、周恩来，陈毅、聂荣臻等一大批后来中国革命的领导人物，而蒙达尔纪则是容纳了最多中国留学生的城市之一。
- The Battle of Nancy was the final and decisive battle of the Burgundian Wars, fought outside the walls of Nancy on 5 January 1477 by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, against René II, Duke of Lorraine, and the Swiss Confederacy. René's forces won the battle, and Charles' mutilated body was found three days later. René II built the church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours on the site of the battle, and the church of St-François-des-Cordeliers in Nancy itself. He furthermore built the basilique of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port to recognize the help of St. Nicholas in the battle. The city adopted the motto of non inultus premor ("I cannot be touched with impunity") and the heraldic device of a thistle as its coat of arms to commemorate the defeat of Charles the Bold. René II also erected a cross to mark the spot where the body of Charles was found. The nearby étang Saint-Jean was drained in the 19th century, freeing the area of what is now Place de la Croix-de-Bourgogne in Nancy. The original cross was moved to the Lorraine museum. The current monument is a design by Victor Prouvé (1928). Pierre de Blarru, canon of Saint-Dié, composed a vast poem called la Nancéide, in 5,044 Latin verses, on the war between Burgundy and Lorraine, culminating in the battle of Nancy (first printed in 1518). In La Malgrange (Jarville), a tower was erected in 1877 to commemorate the attack of René II.
- note that the Monument to the Battle of Nancy, Place de la Croix-de-Bourgogne bear the crux vera
Its first recorded name was by the Greek writer Ptolemy, who referred to the settlement as Κονδηούινκον (Kondēoúinkon) and Κονδιούινκον (Kondioúinkon)[A]—which might be read as Κονδηούικον (Kondēoúikon)—in his treatise, Geography.In Breton, Nantes is known as Naoned or an Naoned,[21] the latter of which is less common and reflects the more-frequent use of articles in Breton toponyms than in French ones.Nantes' historical nickname was "Venice of the West" (French: la Venise de l'Ouest), a reference to the many quays and river channels in the old town before they were filled in during the 1920s and 1930s.[23] The city is commonly known as la Cité des Ducs "the City of the Dukes [of Brittany]" for its castle and former role as a ducal residence.
- sugar
- At the end of the 18th century, France was the leading sugar trader in Europe and the port of Nantes played an important role in the processing of the cane as it arrived from the islands.
La Perruche is the fruit of a family saga based in Nantes: the delicious secret recipe was invented in 1828 in André Cossé's confectionery workshop. In 1856, two Cossé sons took up the torch and created a refinery in Nantes. They continued to manufacture the traditional sugars with the authentic flavours and fragrances of the tropical islands, without changing their father's original recipe.https://www.laperruche.fr/?lng=en
Nice
- 法國尼斯嘉年華創辦於18世紀，是全球最盛大、最著名、歷史最悠久的嘉年華之一，被列入聯合國教科文組織非物質文化遺產，至今已有近150年的歷史。它與神秘高貴、以面具為代表的的威尼斯嘉年華，以及舞動全城、以桑巴為代表的巴西嘉年華一起，並稱世界三大嘉年華。今年，法國尼斯的友好城市-中國廈門將首次引進尼斯嘉年華，為遊客帶來一場視覺盛宴。5月11日至14日，2017廈門尼斯國際嘉年華將在廈門集美新城市民廣場隆重舉辦。遊客無需出國即可欣賞到一場集花車巡遊、舞蹈、音樂、燈光、美食與一體的狂歡盛宴，感受原汁原味的法國尼斯嘉年華，領略法蘭西文化的獨特韻味和風情，共同見證中法建交半個多世紀以來的最美麗歷史篇章。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/05/11/a27-0511.pdf
Orange (French pronunciation: [ɔʁɑ̃ʒ]; Provençal Occitan: Aurenja in classical norm or Aurenjo in Mistralian norm) is a commune in the Vaucluse Department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France, about 21 km (13 mi) north of Avignon. It has a primarily agricultural economy. Roman Orange was founded in 35 BC by veterans of the second legion[citation needed] as Arausio (after the local Celtic water god), or Colonia Julia Firma Secundanorum Arausio in full, "the Julian colony of Arausio established by the soldiers of the second legion." The name was originally unrelated to that of the orange fruit, but was later conflated with it (see Orange (word)).
A previous Celtic settlement with that name existed in the same place, and a major battle, which is generally known as the Battle of Arausio, had been fought in 105 BC between two Roman armies and the Cimbri and Teutones tribes. Arausio covered an area of some 170 acres (69 ha) and was well-endowed with civic monuments; in addition to the theatre and arch, it had a monumental temple complex and a forum.
- The sovereign Carolingian counts of Orange had their origin in the eighth century, and passed into the family of the lords of Baux. From the 12th century, Orange was raised to a minor principality, the Principality of Orange, as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. During this period, the town and the principality of Orange belonged to the administration and province of Dauphiné. When William the Silent, count of Nassau, with estates in the Netherlands, inherited the title Prince of Orange in 1544, the principality was incorporated into the holdings of what became the House of Orange-Nassau. This pitched it into the Protestant side in the Wars of Religion, during which the town was badly damaged. In 1568, the Eighty Years' War began with William as stadtholder leading the bid for independence from Spain. William the Silent was assassinated in Delft in 1584. His son, Maurice of Nassau (Prince of Orange after his elder brother died in 1618), with the help of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, solidified the independence of the Dutch republic. The United Provinces survived to become the Netherlands, which is still ruled by the House of Orange-Nassau. William, Prince of Orange, ruled England as William III of England. Orange gave its name to other Dutch-influenced parts of the world, such as the Oranges (West Orange, South Orange, East Orange, Orange) in New Jersey and the Orange Free State in South Africa. The city remained part of scattered Nassau holdings until it was captured by the forces of Louis XIV in 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War, again captured in August 1682 and was finally ceded to France in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht that ended the wars of Louis XIV. Following the French Revolution of 1789, Orange was absorbed into the French département of Drôme, then Bouches-du-Rhône, then finally Vaucluse. However, the title remained with the Dutch princes of Orange.
- Orange was also home to the French Foreign Legion's armored First Foreign Cavalry Regiment. The regiment officially moved to Carpiagne (fr:Camp de Carpiagne) on July 10, 2014.
Orléans ([ɔ.ʁle.ˈɑ̃]) est une commune française, du centre de la France, chef-lieu du département du Loiret et de la région Centre-Val de Loire. Orléans est aussi la capitale de l'ancienne province historique de l'Orléanais.Cenabum was a Gallic stronghold, one of the principal towns of the tribe of the Carnutes where the Druids held their annual assembly.
- The Carnutes were massacred and the city was destroyed by Julius Caesar in 52 BC,[5] then a new city was built on its ruins under the Roman Empire. The emperor Aurelian possibly built urbs Aurelianorum, or civitas Aurelianorum, "city of the Aurelii" (cité des Auréliens),[6] which evolved into Orléans. In 442 Flavius Aetius, the Roman commander in Gaul, requested Goar, head of the Iranian tribe of Alans in the region to come to Orleans and control the rebellious natives and the Visigoths. Accompanying the Vandals, the Alans crossed the Loire in 408. One of their groups, under Goar, joined the Roman forces of Flavius Aetius to fight Attila when he invaded Gaul in 451, taking part in the Battle of Châlons under their king Sangiban. Goar established his capital in Orléans. His successors later took possession of the estates in the region between Orléans and Paris. Installed in Orléans and along the Loire, they were unruly (killing the town's senators when they felt they had been paid too slowly or too little) and resented by the local inhabitants. Many inhabitants around the present city have names bearing witness to the Alan presence – Allaines. Also many places in the region bear names of Alan origin. Accompagnés des Vandales, les Alains franchissent la Loire en 408. Un de leurs groupes, dirigé par Goar, accepte de se joindre aux forces armées romaines. Aetius l'installe sur la Loire et à Orléans. Mais ces Alains, turbulents, sont très mal perçus par les autochtones. Un jour, estimant ne pas être payés assez vite ou suffisamment, ils n'hésitent pas à tuer des sénateurs d'Orléans. À Orléans toujours, sous le roi Sangiban, les Alains se joignent aux forces d'Aetius qui s'opposent à Attila qui avait envahi la Gaule vers 450. Attila assiège Orléans en 451, et y est défait par la coalition d'Aetius, de Mérovée et de Théodoric. Ils prennent part à la bataille des champs Catalauniques. Une centaine de localités de l'Orléanais se souviennent de l'installation de ce peuple : Allaines, Allainville, etc. La bataille d'Orléans se déroula en 463 entre les forces de l'Empire romain du magister militum Ægidius, soutenu par Childéric Ier, et les troupes du royaume wisigoth. Frédéric, le frère du roi wisigoth Euric, y est tué selon la chronique d'Hydace de Chaves.
- In the Merovingian era, the city was capital of the Kingdom of Orléans following Clovis I's division of the kingdom, then under the Capetians it became the capital of a county then duchy held in appanage by the house of Valois-Orléans. The Valois-Orléans family later acceded to the throne of France via Louis XII then Francis I. In 1108, one of the few consecrations of a French monarch to occur outside of Reims occurred at Orléans, when Louis VI of France was consecrated in Orléans cathedral by Daimbert, archbishop of Sens. Once the Hundred Years' War was over, the city recovered its former prosperity. The bridge brought in tolls and taxes, as did the merchants passing through the city. King Louis XI also greatly contributed to its prosperity, revitalising agriculture in the surrounding area (particularly the exceptionally fertile land around Beauce) and relaunching saffron farming at Pithiviers. Later, during the Renaissance, the city benefited from its becoming fashionable for rich châtelains to travel along the Loire valley (a fashion begun by the king himself, whose royal domains included the nearby châteaus at Chambord, Amboise, Blois, and Chenonceau). The University of Orléans also contributed to the city's prestige. Specializing in law, it was highly regarded throughout Europe. John Calvin was received and accommodated there (and wrote part of his reforming theses during his stay), and in return Henry VIII of England (who had drawn on Calvin's work in his separation from Rome) offered to fund a scholarship at the university. Many other Protestants were sheltered by the city. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, better known by his pseudonym Molière, also studied law at the University, but was expelled for attending a carnival contrary to university rules.
- When France colonised America, the territory it conquered was immense, including the whole Mississippi River (whose first European name was the River Colbert), from its mouth to its source at the borders of Canada. Its capital was named la Nouvelle-Orléans in honour of Louis XV's regent, the duke of Orléans, and was settled with French inhabitants against the threat from British troops to the north-east. The Dukes of Orléans hardly ever visited their city since, as brothers or cousins of the king, they took such a major role in court life that they could hardly ever leave. The duchy of Orléans was the largest of the French duchies, starting at Arpajon, continuing to Chartres, Vendôme, Blois, Vierzon, and Montargis. The duke's son bore the title duke of Chartres. Inheritances from great families and marriage alliances allowed them to accumulate huge wealth, and one of them, Philippe Égalité, is sometimes said to have been the richest man in the world at the time. His son, Louis-Philippe I, inherited the Penthièvre and Condé family fortunes. 1852 saw the creation of the Compagnies ferroviaires Paris-Orléans and its famous gare d'Orsay in Paris. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the city again became strategically important thanks to its geographical position, and was occupied by the Prussians on 13 October that year. The armée de la Loire was formed under the orders of General d'Aurelle de Paladines and based itself not far from Orléans at Beauce.
Quatzenheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It grew up along an old Roman road leading from Strasbourg to Saverne.
- 法國東部市鎮卡茨奈姆一個猶太人墓園，周二有逾八十塊墓碑被人畫上德國納粹標誌，其中有墓碑上寫有分離組織「阿爾薩斯黑狼」的名字，它被視為是上世紀七十年代與新納粹有聯繫的組織。法國總統馬克龍將前往墓園視察，巴黎同日發起示威活動，抗議近期反猶太塗鴉及仇恨言論急增。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190221/00180_024.html L’île de Quéménès est une petite île bretonne, située au large du Finistère. Elle fait partie de l’archipel de Molène, en mer d’Iroise, et du territoire de la commune du Conquet.Le nom en breton de l'île est Kemenez.Comme les îles voisines, Quéménès a probablement été occupée dès le Néolithique, comme en témoignent des menhirs et des chambres mégalithiques1. Une tombe a été découverte par la tempête du 10 mars 2008 sur le Lédénes de Quéménès et a été datée entre 4300 et 4500 ans av. J.-C. lors d’une fouille par l’INRAP en septembre 2010, ce qui en fait le monument le plus ancien recensé dans l’archipel de Molène2.Des fouilles archéologiques ont également permis de mettre au jour des pièces de monnaie datant du Moyen Âge. À la fin de cette période, l'île appartient à l'abbaye de Saint-Mathieu1.
- no english wiki version
- https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/2324075-20180822-bretagne-devient-couple-aventuriers-installe-depuis-six-mois-ile-quemenes
兰日斯 Rungis (French pronunciation: [ʁœ̃ʒis]) is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France, in the département of Val-de-Marne. It is best known as the location of the large wholesale food market serving the Paris metropolitan area and beyond, the Marché d'Intérêt National de Rungis, said to be the largest food market in the world.The name Rungis was recorded for the first time in a royal charter of 1124 as Rungi Villa. Rungis is the home base for the headquarters of the Système U supermarket cooperative,[2] Corsair International (previously Corsairfly) and HOP! airlines,[3][4][5] and MGA Entertainment's France division.Prior to its disestablishment, Air Liberté was headquartered in Rungis.[7] Airlinair previously had its head office in Rungis.[8] In 2013 Airlinair merged into HOP!
Sarlat-la-Canéda, communément appelée Sarlat, est une commune du sud-ouest de la France. Sous-préfecture et bureau centralisateur de canton du département de la Dordogne, en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
- Sarlat est une cité médiévale qui s'est développée autour d'une grande abbaye bénédictine d'origine carolingienne. Seigneurie monastique, elle atteint son apogée au xiiie siècle. L'origine de l'abbaye se perd dans les légendes. Elle existe au ixe siècle, faisant partie des six grandes abbayes du Périgord (avec Paunat, Belvès, Saint Front de Périgueux, Brantôme et Terrasson). L'abbaye carolingienne de Sarlat est placée sous sa protection par l'empereur Charles le Gros, en 8862. Elle est la seule à avoir été épargnée par les Vikings car située à l'écart de la Dordogne et de ses affluents. Elle a su demeurer indépendante et s'est placée en 1153 sous la protection directe du Saint-Siège à Rome. Elle est reconstruite à l'époque romane entre 1125 et 1160. En 1318, l'abbaye est le siège du nouvel évêché créé par le pape Jean XXII. L'église abbatiale devient la cathédrale du diocèse de Sarlat. Les évêques, remplaçant les abbés, commencent sa transformation architecturale qui est achevée seulement à la fin du xviie siècle. À partir du xive siècle, évêques et consuls se partagent le pouvoir jusqu'à la Révolution. Devenue cité épiscopale, Sarlat joue un rôle prééminent lors de la guerre de Cent Ans. Réserve d'hommes d'armes, de munitions et de vivres, la ville fortifiée est également défendue par les châteaux situés aux alentours : Beynac, Castelnaud..., et peut porter secours à d'autres villes assiégées par les Anglais : Belvès, Domme, Montignac. Elle devient cependant anglaise par le Traité de Brétigny en 1360. Elle se rallie au roi de France dix ans plus tard lorsque le connétable Du Guesclin repousse les Anglais. La ville, tout en jouant le même rôle que précédemment, doit se rendre deux fois et souffre des exactions du capitaine de Vivans et du vicomte de Turenne. La Fronde met fin à cette période favorable en 1652. Sarlat est de nouveau occupée par les troupes de Condé. Elle s'en délivre dans le sang. En 1793, la commune de Temniac est rattachée à Sarlat.
- known for Rougie foie gras brand hkej 5apr17
- known for Rougie foie gras brand hkej 5apr17
- note the coat of arms
Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat
- the town was known to the ancient Greeks as Anao, the site of present days Cap Ferrat was first settled by Celto-Ligurian tribes, then by the Lombards at the end of the 6th century. Sant Ospizio (or Saint Hospice), a hermit friar, is said to have inhabited a tower on the Eastern part of the peninsula.
- Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat had once been known as Cap-Saint-Sospir after a sixth-century monk who had lived in the area.[1] In the 8th century, the history of Saint Jean Cap Ferrat changed when the Saracens occupied the site and used it as a base for pirating until the 11th century. By 1388, the territory of Saint Jean Cap Ferrat with the entire County of Nice was given by treaty to theDukes of Savoy (see also History of Villefranche-sur-Mer). The history of Saint Jean Cap Ferrat tells that Duke Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy built a fort at Saint-Hospice in 1561 in an effort to secure the coastline from invaders. The fort was destroyed in 1706 by the Duke of Berwick when Nice was occupied by the French armies of King Louis XIV.
- During the 18th century, the history of Saint Jean Cap Ferrat changed when the area - officially part of the Kingdom of Sardinia - was occupied off and on by the French. It was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1814 after Napoleon's abdication. In 1860, the County of Nice was finally ceded by treaty to France and the peninsula became a magnet for kings and wealthy visitors, a new era in the history of Saint Jean Cap Ferrat. The small fishing village of Saint Jean developed and by 1904 was established as a self-standing commune with the rest of the peninsula, separated from nearby Villefranche-sur-Mer.
Touraine (French pronunciation: [tuʁɛn]) is one of the traditional provinces of France. Its capital was Tours. During the political reorganization of French territory in 1790, Touraine was divided between the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher and Indre. Touraine takes its name from a Celtic tribe called the Turones, who inhabited the region about two thousand years ago. In 1044, the control of Touraine was given to the Angevins, who (as the House of Plantagenet) became kings of England in 1154, the castle of Chinon being their greatest stronghold. In 1205, Philip II Augustus of France regained Touraine. At this time, Touraine was made into a royal duchy. In 1429, Saint Joan of Arc had a historic meeting with the future King of France Charles VII at Chinon. Throughout the late 15th and 16th centuries, Touraine was a favorite residence of French kings, and the dark and gloomy castles were converted to Renaissance châteaux; for this reason the region was titled "The Garden of France". These same châteaux became popular tourist attractions in modern times. The royal duchy became a province in 1584, and was divided into departments in 1790.
La Tremblade is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department and Nouvelle-Aquitaineregion in south-western France.The name of the town probably derives from the presence of aspen trees (French: tremblers) in the forests of the region during the Middle Ages. In the sixteenth century, Protestantism took hold in the provinces of Aunis and Saintonge. Men like Philibert Hamelin (founder of the Reformed Churches in the municipalities of Arvert and Oléron)[2] organised the nascent communities.In the seventeenth century and eighteenth century, the Port of La Tremblade was a hub for the provisioning of ships bound for New France. It was also the base for ships fishing the Newfoundland banks" (Colbert album). Several shipyards were located there, including those of the French Royal Navy. Ships such as "La Renommé" of Commondant Foran (1662) or "Le Grand" of Captain Jehan Lestrille (1675) were refitted there, and François de Vendôme, Duke of Beaufort, prepared his ships for his expeditions to Africa at La Tremablade. Louis XIV wanted to establish an arsenal in the area, but dangerous currents at Oléron caused Colbert to choose another site: a small village in the middle of the marsh, about twenty kilometres to the north, which ultimately became the city of Rochefort.Oyster farming was established in 1650 by Charles and Blanche Chapeleine. Green oysters from the Isles of Arvert became a delicacy. Eaten raw or marinated, they were prized by King Louis XIV and the French nobility.[3] This activity remains restricted to the port and salt marshes. An order in 1681 to close Protestant temples (churches) opened the way for further persecution of Protestants. Solemn processions were held in the presence of local officials (and the Intendant of Aunis, that same year). The faithful of the "RPR" (Reformed Religion) were urged to convert to the "true faith." Many refused and were exiled. The exodus was such that Fenelon was sent to the area to try to reason with the "lost sheep". His mission, which began on 6, ended in total failure. The authorities decided to employ a more radical tactic: sending dragoons (Dragonnades) to harass and intimidate Protestants into converting to Catholicism or leaving France.
- 接二連三有食肆懷疑發生食物中毒，當中有三宗懷疑進食生蠔後不適的個案，涉及佐敦的三軍會、九龍灣Mr.Steak，以及位於K11商場的Baby K Bora Seafood。食物環境衞生署食物安全中心發現，三間餐廳都曾出售由兩個供應商提供、產自法國Huitres Geay的生蠔。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20171230/00176_058.html
***** 于泽斯 Uzès (Occitan: Usès) is a small town and a commune in the Gard department in southern France.Originally Ucetia or Eutica in Latin, Uzès was a small Gallo-Roman oppidum, or administrative settlement. The civilized and tolerant urban life of 5th-century Uzès contrasted with the Frankish north. Jews were apparently settled there as early as the 5th century. Saint Ferréol, Bishop of Uzès, allegedly admitted them to his table; on this account complaint was made of him to King Childebert I, whereupon the bishop was obliged to change his attitude toward the Jews, compelling all those who would not become Christians to leave Uzès. After his death (581) many who had received baptism returned to Judaism.[3] Jews were expelled from the region in 614. In early 8th century, Uzès was a fortified civitas and bishopric under the Archbishop of Narbonne. During the Umayyad conquest of Gothic Septimania, Uzès became the northernmost stronghold of Muslim Spain circa 725. Charles Martel went on to lay siege to the stronghold in 736, but it remained in Gothic-Andalusian hands up to 752, when counts loyal to Ansemund of Nîmes handed over a large number of strongholds to the Frankish Pepin the Short. In 753 the stronghold rebelled against the Franks after Ansemund's assassination, but the uprising was suppressed and a Frankish trustee of Pepin imposed. In the 13th century, Uzès hosted a small community of Jewish scholars, as well as a community of Cathars.Like many cloth-manufacturing centers (Uzès was known for its serges), the city and the surrounding countryside were strongly Protestant during the Wars of Religion in the 16th century, which wreaked havoc in Languedoc. Numerous of the city's churches were trashed and burned by furious Protestants: only two remain today.
Verdun (/vɛərˈdʌn, vɜːr-/;[1] French pronunciation: [vɛʁ.dœ̃] official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a small city in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeastern France.Verdun is the biggest city in Meuse, although the capital of the department is the slightly smaller city of Bar-le-Duc. Verdun (Verodunum, a latinisation of a place name meaning "strong fort") was founded by the Gauls. It has been the seat of the bishop of Verdun since the 4th century, with interruptions. The 843 Treaty of Verdun divided Charlemagne's empire into three parts.
The city has been famous for dragées or sugared almonds from 1200 onwards; they were distributed at the baptism of French princes. Verdun was part of the middle kingdom of Lotharingia, and in 1374 it became a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. The Bishopric of Verdun formed together with Tull (Toul) and Metz the Three Bishoprics, which were annexed by France in 1552 (recognized in 1648 by the Peace of Westphalia). From 1624 to 1636, a large bastioned citadel was constructed on the site of the Abbey of Saint Vanne. In 1670, Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban visited Verdun and drew up an ambitious scheme to fortify the whole city. Although much of his plan was built in the following decades, some of the elements were not completed until after the Napoleonic Wars. Despite the extensive fortifications, Verdun was captured by the Prussians in 1792 during the War of the First Coalition, but abandoned by them after the Battle of Valmy. During the Napoleonic War, the citadel was used to hold British prisoners of war.In the Franco-Prussian War, Verdun was the last French fortress to surrender in 1870. Shortly afterwards, a new system of fortification was begun.
Bibliotheque Nationale de France www.bnf.fr
External
- monetary
- french franc zone https://www.banque-france.fr/en/eurosystem-international/franc-zone-and-development-financing/presentation-of-the-franc-zone.html
- http://www.qualite.fr/en/
shop opening hours/working hours
- http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/06/french-pm-sunday-trading-economic-plans
Economics schools of thought
- http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21632506-tale-two-french-economists-and-their-rival-schools-toulouse-v-paris
Immigration
-法國國會終審通過備受爭議的移民法案，為居住在法國的合法移民創造便利條件，最突出的是設立多年期身分證。在周四通過的法案，另一方面要強化了打擊非法移民措施，遣返非法移民的時間大大縮短。移民法案規定，為外國移民創立有效期兩年至四年的居留證。獲得合法居留證一年的移民有權獲得這一居留證。設立這一居留證的目的是方便移民，避免移民每年都要去警察局延續身分證。為獲取這一居留證，外國人必須證明自己認真參加法國當局規定的培訓，這一培訓的主要目的是學習法語，為融入法國社會做準備。獲取多年期身分證的外國人一旦被法院判決威脅公眾秩序，身分證將被撤銷。在多年期居留證到期後，移民可以申請10年居留證，條件是法語水準達致A2，能讀以及能夠理解簡單的試題。父母是法國人的孩子或者法國人配偶三年後即可得到十年證，老年移民也可以在三年後得到。移民法案預訂設立「才能護照」，有效期四年。這一證件針對的主要對像是科學工作者丶藝術人才丶投資人，或者被創新企業招聘的剛獲取文憑的外國青年，涉及人士每年大約一萬人。生病的外國人如果確證無法在本國獲得治療，而且有可能對本人身體健康造成重大後果時，可來法國享受醫療。但首先要經過移民局醫生研究申請材料，而不是由法國地區健康局的醫生來研究申請。另外，遭受家庭暴力或面臨強迫婚姻的受害者延長身分將提供便利。移民法案在為合法移民提供便利的同時強化了反非法移民措施。該法案建議加強省長權力，旨在強化打擊偽造身分證件。這一措施遭到保護移民組織，比如西瑪德與愛瑪鈕力組織的強烈反對。https://www.facebook.com/singtaodailyeu/photos/pcb.472216409644801/472216202978155/?type=3&theater
- ft 7nov19 france tightens policy on migration
public housing
- 法國巴黎市政府日前公布數據指，今年有三千五百三十四名公屋中籤者拒絕獲派單位，佔分派總數量的三分之一。申請人拒絕單位原因眾多，如間隔不合適、所在地段太嘈及沒有露台等。負責房屋部門的巴黎副市長布魯薩指，情況令人關注。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171229/00180_029.html
Horse race course
- http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/29/sport/paris-longchamp-futuristic-stand it hosts one of the most glamorous days on the sporting calendar, but Paris' Longchamp racecourse has long been in need of a makeover. Next month, following the conclusion of Sunday's Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, work will start on a project that owner France Gallop hopes will transform the appearance of the historic horse racing venue and secure its financial future.
Traditional music
- http://per.kentel.pagesperso-orange.fr
official language
- The language spoken by the kings of France, mainly a Touraine version of it, became the official language of the kingdom in 1539 with the Ordinance of Villers-Côterets passed by François 1er.
This ordinance defined French language as the official administrative one. It didn't make illegal the use of dialects or regional languages like Basque, Briton, Picard, Alsacian, Occitan, Privençal or Corsican to name just a few of them. These dialects and regional languages are still being spoken right now and there is a revival movement in those regions to maintain the linguistic heritage aside with the national French language. https://www.quora.com/What-were-the-most-spoken-languages-of-France-before-the-revolution
language
- arabic
- economist 22sep18 article ""word games" on teaching arabic in france
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161130/00180_036.html 法國第廿四屆巴黎名媛舞會上周六晚舉行，今年首次有華人女孩參加
Naturalist
- Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon( 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788)
- a French naturalist,mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopedic author. His works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Georges Cuvier. Buffon published thirty-six quarto volumes of his Histoire Naturelle during his lifetime; with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death.[1] It has been said that "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century". Buffon held the position of intendant(director) at the Jardin du Roi, now called the Jardin des Plantes; it is the French equivalent of Kew Gardens.
- catholicism
- The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, signed on 15 July 1801 in Paris.[1] It remained in effect until 1905. It sought national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics and solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France, with most of its civil status restored. The hostility of devout French Catholics against the state had then largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized upon during the revolution and sold off. Catholic clergy returned from exile, or from hiding, and resumed their traditional positions in their traditional churches. Very few parishes continued to employ the priests who had accepted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of the Revolutionary regime. While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances.Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. During the French Revolution, the National Assembly had taken Church properties and issued the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which made the Church a department of the State, effectively removing it from papal authority. At the time, the nationalized Gallican Church was the official church of France, but it was essentially Catholicism. The Civil Constitution caused hostility among the Vendeans towards the change in the relationship between the Catholic Church and the French government. Subsequent laws abolished the traditional Gregorian calendar and Christian holidays.The Concordat was drawn up by a commission with three representatives from each party. Napoleon Bonaparte, who was First Consul of the French Republic at the time, appointed Joseph Bonaparte, his brother, Emmanuel Crétet, a counselor of state, and Étienne-Alexandre Bernier, a doctor in theology. Pope Pius VII appointed Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, Cardinal Giuseppe Spina,[6] archbishop of Corinth, and his theological adviser, Father Carlo Francesco Maria Caselli. The French bishops, whether still abroad or returned to their own country, had no part in the negotiations. The concordat as finally arranged practically ignored them.While the Concordat restored some ties to the papacy, it was largely in favor of the state; it wielded greater power vis-à-vis the Pope than previous French regimes had, and church lands lost during the Revolution would not be returned. Napoleon understood the utility of religion as an important factor of social cohesion. His was a utilitarian approach.[9] He could now win favor with French Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon once told his brother Lucien in April 1801, "Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them."[10] As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles.The Concordat was abrogated by the law of 1905 on the separation of Church and state. However, some provisions of the Concordat are still in effect in the Alsace-Lorraine region under the local law of Alsace-Moselle, as the region was controlled by the German Empire at the time of the 1905 law's passage.
- https://www.quora.com/What-became-of-the-Huguenots After Louis XIV revoked the edict of Nantes in 1685, the Huguenots had various fates.Many of them nevertheless stayed in France, and among those, many converted to Catholicism. However, it was half-hearted, and the converts would attend mass once a year in order to avoid suspicion.The rest went to Protestant nations. Interestingly enough, I’ve observed that many Huguenots joined the Prussian army. We can see, up until World War I, many German generals with French last names. General l’Estocq was a Prussian general of Huguenot descent during the Napoleonic Wars. During World War I, General Hermann von François played a decisive role at Tannenberg, and Vice-Admiral Lothar de la Perière was an influential figure in the navy. General de la Motte Fouqué was a close friend of Frederick the Great who fought well during the Seven Years’ War.There are many Huguenot influences in nations such as the Netherlands (South Africa), England, and eventually the United States. Charlize Theron was born in South Africa and apparently has Huguenot ancestors.Another Huguenot was American farmer, plantation owner, and businessman Peter Manigault, born in South Carolina. When he died in 1773, he was the wealthiest individual in the thirteen colonies. Also, Paul Revere was of Huguenot descent.
- calvinism/huguenot vs catholism
- famous huguenots
- Jean du Quesne, the elder also known as Jan or Jehan (dec. 1624) was a particularly well-documented Huguenot refugee from Flanders[1] reported to be from Ath in Hainaut, the son of Jean Du Quesne, native of Valenciennes. Of noble extraction, Du Quesne escaped to England in 1568 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I following the low country persecutions of Protestants under the Duke of Alva. A historical record of Du Quesne's flight and of the sale of his goods and furniture in 1569, as well as the letting of his 'maison, chambre, estatte et jardin' is contained in the Belgian Archives. Du Quesne originally settled in Canterbury where he served as an elder of the French Church.[8] He was married to Judith Millon (dec. 2 May 1627) and they had three children: Jean du Quesne, the younger, David and Marie. The family soon migrated to London, settling in Old Jewry. They became active in the French Church on Threadneedle Street. Of the same Huguenot family that produced the famous French Admiral, Marquis Abraham Duquesne, Jean Du Quesne was also the patriarch of its English branch, which came to be known as "Du Cane" (an early 17th-century anglicization of the original family name) and included several prominent men of business and politics. The Du Cane family played a prominent role in the founding of the Bank of England and the East India Company, as well as in British politics of the 18th and 19th centuries. His descendants include John Houblon, first Governor of the Bank of England, Peter Du Cane, the elder, an Alderman of the City of London in 1666, several Members of Parliament including Sir Richard Du Cane in the 18th century and Sir Charles Du Cane in the 19th century who also served as Royal Governor of Tasmania from 1868 to 1874. Others of his direct descendants became senior British military officers, including Major-General Sir Edmund Frederick Du Cane (1830-1903) and General Sir John Philip Du Cane (1865-1947), who was also Aide-de-Camp General to the King from 1926 to 1930. During the 18th Century, the family became landed in Essex with estates in Coggeshall and Great Braxted.
- conflicts
- St bartholomew's day 1572 aug 23-4
- http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/12149441/France-pushes-ahead-with-plan-to-strip-terrorists-of-citizenship.html President François Hollande's plan to strip French citizenship from people convicted of terrorism passed a first hurdle on Tuesday when the lower house of parliament backed controversial proposals introduced after Islamic terrorists killed 130 people in Paris last November.The National Assembly voted by 162-148 late on Tuesday to write a passport-stripping clause into the constitution, despite misgivings by opponents that it was too extreme.The vote appeared to only partially defuse concerns of a rebellion scuttling a proposal that some, notably members of the ruling Socialist Party, consider an ineffective, symbolic measure in France's battle against terrorism.
Travel
- http://www.consulfrance-hongkong.org/IMMERSION-FRANCE（深入法國）手機應用程式
The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; French: Normands) are an ethnic group that arose in Normandy, a northern region of France, from contact between indigenous Franks and Gallo-Romans, and Norse Viking settlers.[1] The settlements followed a series of raids on the French coast from Denmark, Norway, and Iceland, and they gained political legitimacy when the Viking leader Rollo agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia.[2] The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries. The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and the Near East.[4][5] The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Catholic piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy of the Romance community into which they assimilated.[2] They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language which is still spoken today in parts of Normandy and the nearby Channel Islands. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was a great fief of medieval France, and under Richard I of Normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure. The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers played a role in founding the Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II after briefly conquering southern Italy and Malta from the Saracens and Byzantines, during an expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, which also led to the Norman conquest of England at the historic Battle of Hastings in 1066.[8] In the ninth century, the Normans captured Seville in Southern Spain,[9] and Norman and Anglo-Norman forces contributed to the Iberian Reconquista from the early eleventh to the mid-thirteenth centuries. Norman cultural and military influence spread from these new European centres to the Crusader states of the Near East, where their prince Bohemond I founded the Principality of Antioch in the Levant, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, to Ireland, and to the coasts of north Africa and the Canary Islands. The legacy of the Normans persists today through the regional languages and dialects of France, England, Spain, and Sicily, as well as the various cultural, judicial, and political arrangements they introduced in their conquered territories.
- The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant,[12] modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman"[13] or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century) to mean "Norseman, Viking".
ethnic groups
- Pied-Noir (French pronunciation: [pjenwaʁ], Black-Foot), plural Pieds-Noirs, is a term referring to Christian and Jewish people whose families had migrated from all parts of the Mediterranean to French Algeria, the French protectorate in Morocco, or the French protectorate of Tunisia, where many had lived for several generations, and who were expelled at the end of French rule in North Africa between 1956 and 1962. The term sometimes includes the North African Jews, who had been living there for many centuries but were awarded French citizenship by the 1870 Crémieux Decree. More specifically, the term "pied-noir" is used for those of European ancestry who "returned" to mainland France as soon as Algeria gained independence, or in the months following. From the French invasion on 18 June 1830 until its independence, Algeria was administratively part of France and its European population was simply called Algerians or colons (colonists), whereas the Muslim people of Algeria were called Arabs, Muslims or Indigenous. The term "pied-noir" began to be commonly used shortly before the end of the Algerian War in 1962. As of the last census in Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians (mostly Catholic, but including 130,000 Algerian Jews) in Algeria, 10 percent of the total population. During the Algerian War the Pieds-Noirs overwhelmingly supported colonial French rule in Algeria and were opposed to Algerian nationalist groups such as the Front de libération nationale (English: National Liberation Front) (FLN) and Mouvement national algérien (English: Algerian National Movement) (MNA). The roots of the conflict reside in political and economic inequalities perceived as an "alienation" from the French rule as well as a demand for a leading position for the Berber, Arab, and Islamic cultures and rules existing before the French conquest. The conflict contributed to the fall of the French Fourth Republic and the mass exodus of Algerian Europeans and Jews to France. After Algeria became independent in 1962, about 800,000 Pieds-Noirs of French nationality were evacuated to mainland France while about 200,000 chose to remain in Algeria. Of the latter, there were still about 100,000 in 1965 and about 50,000 by the end of the 1960s. Those who moved to France suffered ostracism from the Left for their perceived exploitation of native Muslims and some blamed them for the war, thus the political turmoil surrounding the collapse of the French Fourth Republic.[3] In popular culture, the community is often represented as feeling removed from French culture while longing for Algeria.[3][5] Thus, the recent history of the Pieds-Noirs has been imprinted with a theme of double alienation from both their native homeland and their adopted land. Though the term rapatriés d'Algérie implies that they once lived in France, most Pieds-Noirs were born in Algeria. Many families had lived there for generations, and the Algerian Jews, who were considered Pieds-Noirs, were as indigenous to Algeria as its Muslim population.
- hkej 19jul17 shum article
Jews
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/expulsionfromfrance.shtml
- people
- Théophile Bader (24 April 1864 – 16 March 1942) was a French businessman. He was the co-founder of Galeries Lafayette. Théophile Bader was born to Jewish merchants Cerf Bader and Adèle Hirstel.[1] His family were vineyard owners and sold livestock. The family name, "Bader," resulted from 1808 napoleonic decree from which required Jews to choose a fixed surname for themselves and their children. One of his ancestors, Jacques Lévy, chose Bader. It is possible that he borrowed the name from a non-Jewish friend. After the 1870 defeat and the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine to Prussia, the Baders, very attached to France, moved to Belfort where Théophile continued his studies. At the age of 14 years his parents sent him to Paris to work in clothing manufacturing. In 1893, Bader and his cousin Alphonse Kahn opened a 70 square meter haberdashery called Les Galeries. On December 21, 1895, they acquired an entire building at 1 Rue La Fayette. They incorporated the Galeries Lafayette on September 1, 1899. During this period, the Galeries had their own studios where they manufactured clothing. These studios remained open until Ready-to-wear fashion entered the market in the 1960s.
- Ginette Moulin is a French businesswoman. She is the chairman and majority shareholder of Galeries Lafayette.[2][3] She also owns 11,5% of Carrefour as well as a stake in Château Beauregard.[3] As of 2016, Moulin and her family were worth an estimated €3 billion.
Usa
- cultural exception
- In the late 80s, France coined the notion of "cultural exception" which has since morphed into the less arrogant-sounding "cultural diversity", a principle adopted in October 2005 by Unesco as a legally binding convention passed by 185 states against two. The naysayers were the US and Israel. Twenty years later, we're back at it with the opening of talks for a new transatlantic trade agreement. The problem is, this time Europe is in a weaker state. France may have warned this week (paywalled link) that it will not start negotiation if cultural industries are not excluded from trade talks, making its point with a letter signed by 16 European culture ministers, but will it prevail once again? Nothing is less sure. To make the situation even trickier than in 1993, it seems that the EU commission supremo, José Manuel Barroso, is playing a double game. Eager to please Washington – he is said to want to succeed Ban Ki-moon at the UN, he is telling the Europeans to, as we say in French, put water in their wine, ie pacify the Americans. However, Barroso risks appearing incoherent, saying last month, "we should not exclude the audio-visual sector in negotiations with the US," before adding, "at the same time, we must make it clear that the cultural exception is not negotiable." Go figure.http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/07/france-culture-war-united-states
- 法國國會周二通過具爭議性的歐盟-加拿大經濟貿易協定（CETA）。協定取消加拿大和歐洲之間的98％貨品和服務的關稅。法國政壇擔心此舉會引入危險物質，過去七年來一直為此爭辯。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190726/00180_031.html
cuba
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161128/00180_006.html 法國總統奧朗德前日出席峰會時，呼籲懲罰古巴的貿易禁運應永久解除，古巴應完全被確認為國際社會的一員。奧朗德續指，法國一直視古巴為夥伴，縱使他多次批評古巴的人權狀況，他向來認為禁運不能接受。奧朗德於去年成為首位訪問古巴的西方領袖。
Chile
- http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/chili/la-france-et-le-chili/infographie-france-chili-un-partenariat-privilegie/
EU
- https://www.quora.com/If-France-is-democratic-why-are-they-avoiding-an-EU-referendum
uk
- 法國北部諾曼第塞納灣海域周二早上有兩批英法漁民就搶捕帶子問題發生爭執，期間有人出言侮辱，甚至投擲汽油彈，有英國漁船起火，另有船隻發生碰撞。最終其中兩艘漁船被迫提早折返英國，並要求政府甚至海軍提供保護。諾曼第漁業會長羅格夫堅稱事件中無人受傷，未有造成任何財物損失，又指不是要阻止英國漁民捕撈，但應該至少有待十月一日、即雙方均可捕撈的時段進行。蘇格蘭白魚生產商協會總監帕克則形容事件為「明顯的海盜行為」，強調英國漁船有權在該海域捕魚作業。今次並非英法兩方首次因撈捕帶子問題爆發衝突，雙方五年前起每年達成同一協議，容許英國漁民可以全年在該水域捕魚作業，惟漁船只能維持在有限數目。相反法國漁船則只能在十月一日至翌年五月十五日期間有權捕撈，惟法國當局對協議感不滿，今年拒絕簽署。
http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180830/00180_017.html
- https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/end-of-the-scallop-wars-french-and-uk-fishermen-agree-truce-1.771289 French and British fishermen agreed on Monday to end their battle over access to scallop-rich waters in the English Channel, three weeks after the long-simmering conflict flared into a high-seas confrontation. The new deal will hopefully bring to a close the years-long ‘Scallop Wars’ over fishing the prized molluscs in the fertile waters off the Baie de Seine area of Normandy in northwest France.
spain
- Count Cellamare, Spanish Ambassador to France in 1718, who was expelled for serious violations of law to state
italy
- https://www.ft.com/content/76119b1e-71eb-11e7-93ff-99f383b09ff9 An industrial spat between Paris and Rome deepened on Wednesday after France’s economy minister promised to nationalise a French shipyard unless Italy agreed to split ownership of the asset. In threats that point to the limits of the French government’s liberalism, at least where foreign takeovers are concerned, Bruno Le Maire said they would take control of the STX France shipyard and find another buyer. “If our Italian friends say ‘this deal does not work for us, we don’t agree with 50/50’, the state will exercise its pre-emption rights on STX,” the minister, who took up his role in May, told Franceinfo radio. If the nationalisation went ahead, even if temporarily, it would mark the first big state intervention in the corporate world by Emmanuel Macron’s government, which was elected with a pro-business agenda. Under an existing deal, the French state has a pre-emption right to buy out all the shareholders in the company that runs until the end of the month. Mr Le Maire said Italy had until Thursday to accept the 50/50 offer. But Italian officials rejected the proposal, which was offered on Tuesday, saying they wanted the state-owned Fincantieri shipbuilder to keep control of the board and the company’s operations. “This is a good test to understand whether those who speak of pro-Europeanism and liberal values then also apply them,” said Carlo Calenda, Italy’s economic development minister.
- https://www.ft.com/content/ea80060a-a38e-11e7-9e4f-7f5e6a7c98a2 Emmanuel Macron and Paolo Gentiloni have reached a compromise to preserve the takeover of STX, owner of a naval shipyard on the French Atlantic coast, by Italy’s Fincantieri, in an agreement that defuses a potentially damaging industrial stand-off between Paris and Rome. The French president and Italian prime minister unveiled the deal at a summit in Lyon on Wednesday evening, with the Mr Macron calling it a “win-win” that would benefit both sides. “After some misunderstandings, we worked very very well together,” said Mr Gentiloni. Under the terms of the deal, Fincantieri will own 51 per cent of STX, giving it operational control and a casting vote on the board of the shipyard based in Saint-Nazaire, in the Loire region of western France.
Saudi arabia
- http://www.businessinsider.com/afp-anger-as-saudi-king-takes-over-entire-french-beach-2015-7?IR=T Beach lovers on the French Riviera expressed their anger Sunday over the imminent arrival of the Saudi royal family, who have ordered a long stretch of beach to be closed off to the public. "Looking after their security is fine, but they should at least let us go for a swim," said Mohamed, a disgruntled fishing enthusiast. Nestled in the rocks between the coastal railway and the translucent waters of the Mediterranean, the grounds of the royal family's immense villa stretches across a kilometre of Riviera coastline between Antibes and Marseille.
israel
- 法國著名兒童月刊《妙趣》（Youpi）在最新一期中，寫上「以色列並非真正國家」內容，引來當地猶太團體強烈抗議。出版社事後承認這是「愚昧的錯誤」，周二宣布停售有問題的雜誌，以避免向年幼讀者灌輸錯誤觀念。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171228/00180_021.html
syria
- France has launched a judicial inquiry into the Syrian activities of French-Swiss cement and construction giant LafargeHolcim, Paris prosecutors said on Tuesday. Three judges - one dealing with anti-terrorism matters and two financial judges - would handle the probe, which was opened on June 9 and would look into the "financing of a terrorist enterprise" and "endangering lives," the prosecutors said.Earlier this year, LafargeHolcim admitted that it had resorted to "unacceptable practices" to continue operations at one of its now-closed factories in Syria, and an internal probe had confirmed that finding. http://www.enca.com/money/france-launches-probe-into-lafargeholcims-syrian-activities
India
- leader visit
- http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20160124-why-french-president-hollande-india Hollande is accompanied by about 50 French business leaders, most of them involved in energy, transport and urban infrastructure. India is Asia's third largest economy and, with predicted growth of 7.5 per cent in 2015-2016 hopes to overtake China, so there are other items on Hollande's agenda:
- The CEO Forum: after being greeted by Modi and a tour of Chandigarh's renowned rock garden, Hollande was to address the meeting, the occasion for discussions between India's business community and the large French business delegation travelling with the president;
- Infrastructure: France estimates India's needs in this field over the next 20 years are worth 680 billion euros - Modi has plans to build 100 "smart cities". France has decided to invest in three of them - Chandigarh, Pondicherry and Nagpur;
- Nuclear power: On Monday Hollande and Modi are expected to announce a roadmap for French companies building six nuclear reactors in western Maharashtra state - more than five years after a bilateral civil nuclear cooperation agreement was signed, according to the Times of India;
- International Solar Alliance (ISA): Announced by Modi during the Cop21 climate summit in Paris, the ISA brings together 121 countries lying between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Hollande and Modi will inaugurate its interim secretariat in Delhi on Monday;
- Politics: Hollande is to meet Indian President Pranab Mukherjee, Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansar and Sonia Gandhi, the leader of the opposition Congress party;
- tax exemption
- Terrorism: Fighting terror will be one of the two leaders' main points to discuss, French diplomats say. The two countries face "similar threats" from "religious fundamentalists who attack us", Hollande told the Press Trust of India, referring to last year's Paris attacks. Pro-Pakistani Islamists attacked an airbase in Pathankot, near the Pakistani border at the beginning of the month, one of a series of terror attacks the country has faced, along with communal violence and tension.
- India on Saturday said a French media report linking a tax exemption given to a French subsidiary of India’s Reliance Group and an $8.7 billion fighter jet deal between the two countries was “totally inaccurate.”French newspaper Le Monde reported on Saturday that France waived a tax demand of 143.7 million euros on a French subsidiary of Reliance Communications in 2015 when it was negotiating to sell the jets to India. The longstanding tax dispute was resolved between February and October that year, Le Monde said. India’s Ministry of Defence said on Saturday the report was drawing a conjectural connection between the tax relief and the jet deal.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-dassault-reliance/india-says-no-link-between-reliance-tax-relief-in-france-and-jet-deal-idUSKCN1RP0FJ
Indochina
- Paul Veysseyre, né le à Noirétable(Loire), mort en 1963 à Tours, (Indre-et-Loire) est un architecte français connu pour ses nombreuses constructions style Art déco durant l'entre-deux-guerres, actif en Chine (Concession française de Shanghai), Vietnam, Cambodge (ex-Indochine française). Membre de la Société centrale des architectes de Paris (future Académie d'architecture) en 1937, décoré de la Croix de Guerre 1914-1918, nommé à l'ordre de la Légion d'honneur en 1960 (refusé par lui même).
vietnam
- The Plum Village Monastery (Vietnamese: Làng Mai, French: Village des pruniers) is a Buddhist monastery of the Plum Village Tradition in the Dordogne, southern France. It was founded by two Vietnamese monastics, Thích Nhất Hạnh (a Zen master and Buddhist monk) and Chân Không (a Buddhist nun), in 1982.After being refused the right to return to Vietnam, Thích Nhất Hạnh formed a small mindfulness community 100 miles southeast of Paris at the village of Fontvannes[3] called "the Sweet Potato" after the food that poor Vietnamese people eat. Following Thích Nhất Hạnh's expulsion from Singapore following illegal attempts to rescue Vietnamese boat people, he settled in France and began to lead mindfulness retreats.
- Plum Village is made up of four major residential hamlets. Upper Hamlet houses approximately 65 monks and laymen. Lower Hamlet houses over 40 nuns and laywomen. Son Ha Temple houses approximately 20 monks and the New Hamlet, 20 minutes away by bus, houses approximately 40 nuns and laywomen. Non-residential hamlets include Middle Hamlet and West Hamlet, which are used as expansion housing for lay guests during the Summer Opening retreat. Plum Village has one sister monastery in Europe, the European Institute of Applied Buddhism (EIAB) in Waldbröl, Germany, and three in the United States: Blue Cliff Monastery in Pine Bush, New York, Deer Park Monastery (Tu Viện Lộc Uyển) in Escondido, California, and Magnolia Grove Monastery in Batesville, Mississippi. There are also branches in Thailand and Hong Kong.
- 28apr19 issue of jiaoxing mentioned its cooperation with taize and sheng kung hui
- The Plum Village Tradition is a school of Buddhism named after the Plum Village Monastery in France, the first monastic practice center founded by Thich Nhat Hanh. It is an approach to Engaged Buddhism mainly from a Mahayana perspective, that draws elements from Zen and Theravada. Its governing body is the Plum Village Community of Engaged Buddhism. It is characterized by the application of mindfulness to everyday activities (sitting, walking, eating, speaking, listening, working, etc.). These practices are integrated with lifestyle guidelines called the Five Mindfulness Trainings, which bring an ethical and spiritual dimension to decision making and are an integral part of community life.
- 釋一行禪師（越南語：Thích Nhất Hạnh，1926年10月11日－），俗名阮春寶（Nguyễn Xuân Bảo），出生於越南中部的承天順化省Thích Nhất Hạnh (/ˈtɪk
ˈnjʌt ˈhʌn/; Vietnamese: [tʰǐk̟ ɲə̌t hâjŋ̟ˀ]; born as Nguyễn Xuân Bảo[2] on October 11, 1926[3]) At the age of 16 he entered the monastery at nearby Từ Hiếu Temple, where his primary teacher was Zen Master Thanh Quý Chân Thật.[13][14][15] A graduate of Báo Quốc Buddhist Academy in Central Vietnam, Thích Nhất Hạnh received training in Vietnamese traditions of Mahayana Buddhism, as well as Vietnamese Thiền, and received full ordination as a Bhikkhu in 1951. In the following years he founded Lá Bối Press, the Vạn Hanh Buddhist University in Saigon, and the School of Youth for Social Service (SYSS); a neutral corps of Buddhist peaceworkers who went into rural areas to establish schools, build healthcare clinics, and help rebuild villages. On May 1, 1966 at Từ Hiếu Temple, he received the "lamp transmission", making him a dharmacharya, from Zen Master Chân Thật.[13] Nhất Hạnh is now recognized as a dharmacharya (teacher), and as the spiritual head of the Từ Hiếu Pagoda and associated monasteries. In 1961 Nhất Hạnh went to the US to teach comparative religion at Princeton University,[18] and was subsequently appointed lecturer in Buddhism at Columbia University.[18]By then he had gained fluency in French, Chinese, Sanskrit, Pali, Japanese and English, in addition to his native Vietnamese. In 1963, he returned to Vietnam to aid his fellow monks in their non-violent peace efforts.
Event
- http://www.aperitifalafrancaise.com/en (location including hk)
Tourism
- fr.franceguide.com
- www.tourisme.fr
Expatriate
- etrangers en France http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/particuliers/N20306.xhtml
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