外交照會指外交部對外國使節，或各省長官對外交領事所遞交的一種外交文書。亦即一國政府將彼此相關的某一事件的意見通知另一國政府。亦稱「通牒」、「照會」。「照會」，意指「察照知會」。 A démarche (/deɪˈmɑːrʃ/; from the French word whose literal meaning is "step" or "solicitation") has come to refer either to
- a line of action; move; countermove; maneuver, especially in diplomatic relations, or
- formal diplomatic representation (diplomatic correspondence) of the official position, views, or wishes on a given subject from one government to another government or intergovernmental organization.
Diplomatic démarches are delivered to the appropriate official of the government or organization. Démarches generally seek to persuade, inform, or gather information from a foreign government. Governments may also use a démarche to protest or object to actions by a foreign government. Informally, the word is sometimes used as a verb to describe making or receiving such correspondence.
- no french wiki version
Theories and focus
- different approaches of realism - focus on security: power, politics, conflict and war
- classical realism
- Thucydides
- Niccolo Machiavelli
- Thomas Hobbes
- Hans J Morgenthau
- ???? the Cold War broke out and suddenly, Germany was a much needed international partner again. The Nazi trials stopped and all those talks about breaking Germany apart (aka the “Morgenthau” plan”) were given up. https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Germany-so-successful
- strategic realism by Thomas Schelling
- Neorealism by Kenneth Waltz
- hkej 7sep17 shum article
- Stability theory and hegemony - John Mearsheimer
- Emancipatory theory by Andrew Linklater
- sociological liberalism
- interdependence liberalism
- institutional liberalism
- republican liberalism
- international society (English school) - focus on order and justice: shared interests, rules and institutions
- core concepts: human beings, solidarism, state sovereignty, pluralism, international structure, state system, system of states, society of states
- basic values: order, justice
- three traditions: realists (anarchy, power politics, conflict and warfare, pessimism), rationalists (society, evolutionary change, peaceful coexistence, hope without illusions), revolutionists (humanity, revolutionary change, global community, utopianism)
- mercantilism
- economic liberalism
- marxism
- state as a country
- territory, government, society
- recognition by other states
- legal, jurisdical statehood
- political institutions, economic basis, national unity
- hkej 24jul17 shum article
Research centers http://www.usip.org/publications/research-centers
Thinktank
- Carnegie Endowment
- Council on Foreign Relations
- fellowships http://www.cfr.org/thinktank/fellowships/index.html
- George C Marshall European Center for Security Studies
- Chatham House
- academy for leadership in international affairs http://www.ukcds.org.uk/funding/academy-for-leadership-in-international-affairs, http://fromoverhere.net/2014/04/chatham-house-launch-academy-for-leadership-in-international-affairs/, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/11239497/Queen-fears-malaria-comeback.html
- International Institute for Strategic Studies (UK)
- Canadian Institute of International Affairs
- Australian Institute of International Affairs
- German Council on Foreign Relations
- German Institute for International and Security Affairs
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- French Institute of International Relations
- Japanese Institute for International Policy Studies
- Netherlands Institute for International Relations (Clingendael)
- the Netherlands Cicero Foundation on European Integration
- Danish Institute for International Studies
- wrote to FT on 6aug14 on Brics bank
- Foreign Policy Institute (Turkey)
- EGMONT - The Royal Institute for International Relations, also known as the Egmont Institute, is an independent and non-profit Brussels-based think tank dedicated to interdisciplinary research on international relations. The main activities of the Egmont Institute include research, the organisation of events, and training for civil servants. The Institute is associated to the Foreign Ministry of Belgium,[1] from which it receives a substantial part of its funding. The Egmont Institute furthermore receives funding from EU Institutions, membership fees and private partners.In 1947, the Royal Institute for International Relations (the Institute’s original name) was founded by a number of distinguished Belgian politicians. Among these Belgian figures were political leaders such as Paul van Zeeland, former Prime Minister; Prof. Charles de Visscher, member of the International Court of Justice; Prof. Fernand Dehousse, member of the Belgian delegation to the Conference of San Francisco; and Prof. Henri Rolin, Senator and Barrister-at-law. In 2006, in the run up to its sixtieth anniversary, the Institute changed its name to “EGMONT – The Royal Institute for International Relations” referring to the Egmont Palace, where many of its events are held.
*** note the The Joseph H. Lauder Institute of Management & International Studies (The Lauder Institute) (part of a dual degree program at the University of Pennsylvania) publishes info on thinktanks
universities
- The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University (also referred to as The Fletcher School) is the oldest school in the United States dedicated solely to graduate studies in international affairs. The Fletcher School was founded in 1933 with the bequest of Austin Barclay Fletcher, who left over $3 million to Tufts University upon his death in 1923. A third of these funds were dedicated to a school of law and diplomacy. Fletcher did not have in mind a school "of the usual kind, which prepares men for admission to the bar and for the active practice of law." Instead, Fletcher envisioned "a school to prepare men for the diplomatic service and to teach such matters as come within the scope of foreign relations [which] embraces within it as a fundamental and thorough knowledge of the principles of international law upon which diplomacy is founded, although the profession of a diplomat carries with it also a knowledge of many things of a geographic and economic nature which affect relations between nations.The school opened in 1933 as a collaborative project between Harvard University and Tufts University. The Fletcher School is now administrated exclusively by Tufts University, but maintains close ties with Harvard. Fletcher students can register for graduate classes at Harvard, and conversely, Harvard cross registers at Fletcher. In addition, the Fletcher School has strong relationships, including joint degree programs, with several other universities around the metro Boston area and throughout the world.
- kiv alumnae who became diplomats - for instance Mr. Zhang Junsai
Institution
- A Central Authority is an agency or organization that is designated to play a key facilitating role in the implementation and operation of an international treaty in public and private international law. Prior to the Hague Evidence Convention and the Hague Service Convention's of 1965 and 1970, most treaties would designate two separate agencies to, respectively, transmit and receive treaty petitions and applications with their corresponding agencies in foreign states. The Conventions of '65 and '70 consolidated these roles into a single Central Authority. Future Conventions, such as Hague Abduction Convention also demanded that the Central Authority in each country handle two-way communications with domestic courts, administrative agencies and foreign Central Authorities. Not only did the Abduction Convention establish Central Authorities that facilitated two way communications, but it also gave a whole laundry list of additional obligations to these new authorities with language requiring Central Authorities to take "any and all actions" to secure the goals of the treaty and cooperate with other Central Authority's to do the same. All of these new obligations emphasized the need for international cooperation amongst the state parties in achieving the objectives of the Convention.In transnational criminal law, Central Authorities act as international nodes of coordination to receive and act upon mutual legal assistance and extradition requests from other countries.[2] Many UN treaties, such as the UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) and the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) expressly call upon member states to designate Central Authorities in their government for just this purpose.[2]The lack of Central Authorities in developing countries, however, can pose challenges as, where such institutional architecture is lacking, states will generally be unable to offer assistance and, thus, unable to address many of the threats posed by transnational criminal groups and terrorist organizations.
- hague tribunal
- german government accepted the convention for establishement in 1899 only after Austria-hungary had intimated her intention of signing it
Association
- The International Studies Association (ISA) has been the premier organization for connecting scholars and practitioners in fields of international studies since 1959. ISA was founded in 1959 to promote research and education in international affairs. With well over six thousand members in North America and around the world, ISA is the most respected and widely known scholarly association in this field. ISA cooperates with 57 international studies organizations in over 30 countries, is a member of the International Social Science Council, and enjoys nongovernmental consultative status with the United Nations. http://www.isanet.org/ISA/About-ISA
- Shumyukfai attended its annual convention hkej 15apr16 a26
The ius gentium or jus gentium (Latin, "law of nations") is a concept of international law within the ancient Roman legal system and Western law traditions based on or influenced by it. The ius gentium is not a body of statute law or a legal code, but rather customary law thought to be held in common by all gentes ("peoples" or "nations") in "reasoned compliance with standards of international conduct." Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire, canon law also contributed to the European ius gentium. By the 16th century, the shared concept of the ius gentium disintegrated as individual European nations developed distinct bodies of law, the authority of the Pope declined, and colonialism created subject nations outside the West. In classical antiquity, the ius gentium was regarded as an aspect of natural law (ius naturale), as distinguished from civil law (ius civile). The jurist Gaius defined the ius gentium as what "natural reason has established among all peoples":
As a form of natural law, the ius gentium was regarded as "innate in every human being," a view that was consonant with Stoic philosophy. Cicero distinguished between things that are written and those that are unwritten but upheld by the ius gentium or the mos maiorum, "ancestral custom." In his treatise De officiis, he regards the ius gentium as a higher law of moral obligation binding human beings beyond the requirements of civil law. A person driven into exile, for instance, lost his legal standing as a Roman citizen, but was supposed to retain the basic protections extended to all human beings under the ius gentium. The 2nd-century Roman jurist Ulpian, however, divided law into three branches: natural law, which existed in nature and governed animals as well as humans; the law of nations, which was distinctively human; and civil law, which was the body of laws specific to a people. Slavery, for instance, was supported by the ius gentium, even though under natural law all are born free (liberi). In this tripartite division of law, property rights might be considered a part of the ius gentium, but not of natural law. Hermogenianus, a Roman jurist of the second half of the 3rd century, described the ius gentium as comprising wars, national interests, kingship and sovereignty, rights of ownership, property boundaries, settlements, and commerce, "including contracts of buying and selling and letting and hiring, except for certain contractual elements distinguished through ius civile". The ius gentium was thus in practice important in facilitating commercial law.
Pacta sunt servanda (Latin for "agreements must be kept"), a brocard, is a basic principle of civil law, canon law, and international law. In its most common sense, the principle refers to private contracts, stressing that contained clauses are law between the parties, and implies that nonfulfillment of respective obligations is a breach of the pact. In civil law jurisdictions this principle is related to the general principle of correct behavior in commercial practice — including the assumption of good faith — is a requirement for the efficacy of the whole system, so the eventual disorder is sometimes punished by the law of some systems even without any direct penalty incurred by any of the parties. However, common law jurisdictions usually do not have the principle of good faith in commercial contracts, therefore it is inappropriate to state that pacta sunt servanda includes the principle of good faith. With reference to international agreements, "every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith." Pacta sunt servanda is related to good faith, while pacta sunt servanda does not equate with good faith. This entitles states to require that obligations be respected and to rely upon the obligations being respected. This good faith basis of treaties implies that a party to the treaty cannot invoke provisions of its municipal (domestic) law as justification for a failure to perform. However, with regards to the Vienna Convention and the UNIDROIT Principles it should be kept in mind that these are heavily influenced by civil law jurisdictions. To derive from these sources that pacta sunt servanda includes the principle of good faith is therefore incorrect. The only limit to pacta sunt servanda are the peremptory norms of general international law, called jus cogens (compelling law). The legal principle clausula rebus sic stantibus, part of customary international law, also allows for treaty obligations to be unfulfilled due to a compelling change in circumstances.
In public international law, clausula rebus sic stantibus (Latin for "things thus standing") is the legal doctrine allowing for treaties to become inapplicable because of a fundamental change of circumstances. It is essentially an "escape clause" that makes an exception to the general rule of pacta sunt servanda (promises must be kept). Because the doctrine poses a risk to the security of treaties as its scope is relatively unconfined, it requires strict regulations as to the conditions in which it may be invoked. The doctrine is part of customary international law, but is also provided for in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties under Article 62 (Fundamental Change of Circumstance), although the doctrine is never mentioned by name. Article 62 provides the only two justifications of the invocation of rebus sic stantibus: first, that the circumstances existing at the time of the conclusion of the treaty were indeed objectively essential to the obligations of treaty (sub-paragraph A) and the instance wherein the change of circumstances has had a radical effect on the obligations of the treaty (sub-paragraph B). If the parties to a treaty had contemplated for the occurrence of the changed circumstance the doctrine does not apply and the provision remains in effect. Clausula rebus sic stantibus only relates to changed circumstances that were never contemplated by the parties. This principle is clarified in the Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (United Kingdom v. Iceland, 1973). Although it is clear that a fundamental change of circumstances might justify terminating or modifying a treaty, unilateral denunciation of a treaty is prohibited; a party does not have the right to denounce a treaty unilaterally.
- Hkej 9may16 a23 shum article on 外交學院秦亞青relational theory
- Legal equality of protestant and catholic states was acknowledged
- Abolished a crowd of ecclesiastical states in germany, dependent in no small measure on the pope
- Papal protests against treaties cease henceforth to be effective and the protest of pius ix against the italian occupation of rome in 1870 met with no response from powers of europe
League of Armed Neutrality refers to one of two alliances of European naval powers (1780-1783 and 1800-1801), both intended to protect neutral shipping against the Royal Navy's wartime policy of unlimited search of neutral shipping for French contraband. Accounts of the times also refer to these alliances simply as the Armed Neutrality.
- First League of Armed Neutrality, existed from 1780 to 1783 during the American War of Independence
- Second League of Armed Neutrality, existed from 1800 to 1801 during the Napoleonic Wars
- Third League of Armed Neutrality, a proposed but never adopted alliance between Britain and France during the American Civil War
The Concert of Europe, also known as the Congress System or the Vienna System after the Congress of Vienna, was a system of dispute resolution adopted by the major powers of Europe to avoid future conflicts escalating into war, and to solidify and maintain their power in their respective controlled regions. The more conservative members of the Concert of Europe, who were also members of the Holy Alliance, used this system to oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and uphold the balance of power. Historians date its operation from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the early 1820s, although some see it playing a role until the Crimean War (1853–1856). The Concert of Europe was founded by the powers of Austria, Prussia, Russia and the United Kingdom, which were the members of the Quadruple Alliance that defeated Napoleon and his First French Empire. In time, France was established as a fifth member of the Concert, following the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy. At first, the leading personalities of the system were British foreign secretary Lord Castlereagh, Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich and Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord of France was largely responsible for quickly returning that country to its place alongside the other major powers in international diplomacy. The age of the Concert is sometimes known as the Age of Metternich, due to the influence of the Austrian chancellor's conservatism and the dominance of Austria within the German Confederation, or as the European Restoration, because of the reactionary efforts of the Congress of Vienna to restore Europe to its state before the French Revolution. It is known in German as the Pentarchie (pentarchy) and in Russian as the Vienna System (Венская система, Venskaya sistema). The Concert of Europe had no written rules or permanent institutions, but at times of crisis any of the member countries could propose a conference.[2]Meetings of the Great Powers during this period included Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), Carlsbad (1819), Troppau (1820), Laibach (1821), and Verona(1822). The Concert's effectiveness came to an end because of many factors such as the British distrust of Russia.
- hkej 24dec18 shum article
The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands. The First Hague Conference was held in 1899 and the Second Hague Conference in 1907. Along with theGeneva Conventions, the Hague Conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the body of secularinternational law. A third conference was planned for 1914 and later rescheduled for 1915, but it did not take place due to the start of World War I.The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 were the first multilateral treaties that addressed the conduct of warfare and were largely based on the Lieber Code, which was signed and issued by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to the Union Forces of the United States on 24 April 1863, during the American Civil War. The Lieber Code was the first official comprehensive codified law that set out regulations for behavior in times of martial law; protection of civilians and civilian property and punishment of transgression; deserters, prisoners of war, hostages, and pillaging; partisans; spies;truces and prisoner exchange; parole of former rebel troops; the conditions of any armistice, and respect for human life; assassination and murder of soldiers or citizens in hostile territory; and the status of individuals engaged in a state of civil war against the government. As such, the codes were widely regarded as the best summary of the first customary laws and customs of war in the 19th century and were welcomed and adopted by military establishments of other nations. The 1874 Brussels Declaration (which was never adopted by all major nations) listed 56 articles that drew inspiration from the Lieber Code. Much of the regulations in the Hague Conventions were borrowed heavily from the Lieber Code.
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) is a treaty concerning the international law on treaties between states. It was adopted on 22 May 1969 and opened for signature on 23 May 1969. The Convention entered into force on 27 January 1980. The VCLT has been ratified by 114 states as of April 2014. Some countries that have not ratified the Convention, such as the United States, recognize parts of it as a restatement of customary law and binding upon them as such.
Bretton Woods Agreements
- http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21606280-both-west-and-china-are-neglecting-institutions-help-keep-world-economy#sthash.IDgg08PH.dpbs
- http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21606322-after-150-years-monetary-experimentation-world-remains-unsure-how
- http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21606328-instability-stems-trilemmas-threes-crowd
The New International Economic Order (NIEO) was a set of proposals put forward during the 1970s by some developing countries through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development to promote their interests by improving their terms of trade, increasing development assistance, developed-country tariff reductions, and other means. It was meant to be a revision of the international economic system in favour of Third World countries, replacing the Bretton Woods system, which had benefited the leading states that had created it – especially the United States. The term was derived from the Declaration for the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1974, and referred to a wide range of trade, financial, commodity, and debt-related issues (1 May 1974, A/RES/S-6/3201).[1] This followed an agenda for discussions between industrial and developing countries, focusing on restructuring of the world's economy to permit greater participation by and benefits to developing countries (also known as the "North-South Dialogue"). Along with the declaration, a Programme of Action and a Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (12 December 1974, A/RES/29/3281). were also adopted. In the 1970s and 1980s, the developing countries pushed for NIEO and an accompanying set of documents to be adopted by the UN General Assembly. Subsequently, however, these norms became only of rhetorical and political value, except for some partly viable mechanisms, such as the non-legal, non-binding Restrictive Business Practice Code adopted in 1980 and the Common Fund for Commodities which came in force in 1989.
- http://www.un-documents.net/a29r3281.htmCharter of Economic Rights and Duties of States
Paris club
- https://www.ft.com/content/fb3e26a4-b314-11e6-9c37-5787335499a0 Brazil is to join the Paris Club of wealthy sovereign creditors, becoming the first large developing economy to enter the group for two decades, as deteriorating global credit conditions spur governments to improve co-ordinated debt relief efforts. Officials say the sharp rise in emerging market borrowing since the financial crisis has encouraged the group of lenders to expand its membership amid the re-emerging threat of debt crises in poorer nations. The last big emerging market to join was Russia in 1997. Brazil’s entry to the Paris Club formalises its longstanding role as an ad hoc participant in negotiations, particularly the restructuring of African debt. It is a sizeable lender to countries such as Nigeria, Angola and Mozambique.
The Atlantic Charter
- 國際吹水騷
http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/columnist/%E9%99%B6%E5%82%91/art/20141115/18935136
The Elders is an international non-governmental organisation of public figures noted as elder statesmen, peace activists, and human rights advocates, who were brought together by Nelson Mandela in 2007. They describe themselves as "independent global leaders working together for peace and human rights". The goal Mandela set for the Elders was to use their "almost 1,000 years of collective experience" to work on solutions for seemingly insurmountable problems such as climate change, HIV/AIDS, and poverty, as well as to "use their political independence to help resolve some of the world's most intractable conflicts".The Elders is chaired by Kofi Annan and consists of ten Elders and four Elders Emeritus.[1] Desmond Tutu served for six years as chair before stepping down in May 2013, and remains an Elder Emeritus. The group was initiated by Richard Branson[5] and musician and human rights activist Peter Gabriel, together with anti-apartheid activist and former South African President Nelson Mandela. Mandela announced the formation of the group on his eighty-ninth birthday on 18 July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa. At the launch ceremony, an empty chair was left on stage for Aung San Suu Kyi, the human rights activist who was a political prisoner in Burma/Myanmar at the time. Present at the launch were Kofi Annan, Jimmy Carter, Graça Machel, Nelson Mandela, Mary Robinson, Desmond Tutu, Muhammad Yunus, and Li Zhaoxing. Members who were not present at the launch were Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Lakhdar Brahimi, and Fernando Henrique Cardoso.[7] Martti Ahtisaari joined The Elders in September 2009, Hina Jilani and Ernesto Zedillo in July 2013,[8] and Ricardo Lagos in June 2016.[9] In June 2017, former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also joined the group.
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members. The organization was founded in Belgradein 1961, and was largely conceived by India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru; Indonesia's first president, Sukarno; Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser; Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah; and Yugoslavia's president,Josip Broz Tito. All five leaders were prominent advocates of a middle course for states in the Developing World between the Western and Eastern Blocs in the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomatV. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations. In a speech given during the Havana Declaration of 1979, Fidel Castro said the purpose of the organization is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics". The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations's members and contain 55% of the world population. Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to bedeveloping or part of the Third World. Members have at times included the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Argentina, Namibia, Cyprus, and Malta. Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the super powers, the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War. Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Although the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it. Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War, it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though some have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union.Belarus and Azerbaijan are the only two members of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively.The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to MehrNews agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend. Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys. At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015. The 17th Summit of the Non Aligned Movement is to be held in Venezuela in 2016.
Germany and France announced on Tuesday the creation of an "Alliance of Multilateralism" to promote global cooperation at a time of rising nationalism and isolationism. The initiative will officially launch in September at the United Nations General Assembly, German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas and his French counterpart, Jean-Yves Le Drian, said at a joint press conference.Le Drian said he and Maas had spoken to Canada and Japan about the effort. Australia, India, Indonesia and Mexico could possibly join the initiative as well. The alliance's first objective would be to show that countries that "support multilateralism and support the United Nations remain the majority in the world," Le Drian said. The second objective would be to establish a network of countries ready to support multilateralism and cooperation, including joint efforts on inequality, climate change and the consequences of new technology. https://www.dw.com/cda/en/germany-france-to-launch-multilateralism-alliance/a-48172961 An ambassador-at-large is a diplomat of the highest rank or a minister who is accredited to represent his or her country. But unlike the ambassador-in-residence, who is usually limited to a country or embassy, the ambassador-at-large can be appointed to operate in several usually neighbouring countries, a region or sometimes a seat of international organizations such as the United Nations or European Union. In some cases, an ambassador-at-large may even be specifically assigned a role to advise and assist the state or Government in particular issues. Historically, presidents or prime ministers have commissioned special diplomatic envoys for specific assignments, primarily overseas but sometimes also within the country as ambassadors-at-large.
白手套/track two diplomacy
- https://simonshen.blog/2016/03/01/當香港捲入中東軍售風雲/
- hkej 14oct16 shum article
realpolitik
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/columnist/%E9%99%B6%E5%82%91/art/20161024/19809954 據說原來由梁特親自嚴打「支那歪風」，越來越「疾風知勁草」，梁特將會更得習總的寵愛，越連任有望。這樣又不同了。由「純政治」、也就是德國人所謂 Realpolitik的學術角度，一切以我為主，為我所用，將上下四周的人，玩弄於股掌，政治只講利益，又不能說不對。梁特是百年不遇的香港特區政治 家。
territory
- An enclave is a territory, or a part of a territory, that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state.[1] Territorial waters have the same sovereign attributes as land, and enclaves may therefore exist within territorial waters.[2]:60 An exclave is a portion of a state or territory geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (of one or more states).[3] Many exclaves are also enclaves. Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state.[1] Vatican City and San Marino, enclaved by Italy, and Lesotho, enclaved by South Africa, are the only completely enclaved states. Unlike an enclave, an exclave can be surrounded by several states.[4]The Azeri exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave. Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves.[4]:116[5]:12–14 Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states (Monaco, Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves), while exclaves always constitute just a part of a sovereign state. A pene-enclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently — in particular by wheeled traffic — only through the territory of another country.[6]:283Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves.[5]:31 Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters). A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal, a valley part of Vorarlberg, Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north.The word enclave is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb enclaver (1283), from the colloquial Latin inclavare (to close with a key). Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted the situation of a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land.[7] In law, this created a servitude of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. The first diplomatic document to contain the word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid, signed in 1526.[2]:61 Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered the English and other languages to denote the same concept although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket" is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district").[9] In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts, and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions.[10] In English ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also Royal Peculiar). The word exclave, modeled on enclave,[11] is a logical extension of the concept of enclave.
- hkej 7jul17 shum article
Lend- lease act
- http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/lend-lease-act Proposed in late 1940 and passed in March 1941, the Lend-Lease Act was the principal means for providing U.S. military aid to foreign nations during World War II. It authorized the president to transfer arms or any other defense materials for which Congress appropriated money to “the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.” By allowing the transfer of supplies without compensation to Britain, China, the Soviet Union and other countries, the act permitted the United States to support its war interests without being overextended in battle.
Exchange of land
- https://www.ft.com/content/a3afe44c-769e-11e7-a3e8-60495fe6ca71 Three hundred and fifty years ago, a swampy spit of land called Manhattan was traded for a tiny volcanic island that is now part of Indonesia. Today, one of them has Times Square and the other has electricity for just five hours a day. For the British, and then the Americans, it turned out to be one of history’s best territorial swaps. But the tale of how New Amsterdam became New York also has a Pacific chapter — and it leads to Pulau Run, a speck of land so small it does not register even on most maps of Indonesia. Under the 1667 Treaty of Breda that ended the second Anglo-Dutch war, England kept Manhattan, which it had seized from the Netherlands three years earlier, while the Dutch gained Run, which had been the only English outpost in the Spice Islands. Territories in Africa and the Americas were also exchanged. The Dutch had finally realised their dream of a nutmeg monopoly, for the 10 Banda Islands were home to all the world’s nutmeg trees. It was not until the 19th century that the British figured out how to cultivate them in Malaysia and India, bursting an asset bubble in the spice.
- The Netherlands and Belgium, with their royals in attendance, on Monday signed a deal for a peaceful exchange of land between them for the mere fact that it makes sense to do so. On the meandering Meuse river, which divides both nations, Belgium gave up a tiny peninsula linked only to the Netherlands and got in return a nearby piece from its neighbor.
read more: http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/1.755983
buying land
- https://www.quora.com/Is-it-possible-for-a-country-to-buy-another-country The USA’s victory over Spain during the Spanish-American War (1898–1899), decisively with the naval Battle of Manila Bay and in Cuba, allowed it to dictate terms to make Spain cede control of four Spanish colonies and territories (Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Marianas Islands, and the Philippine Islands) in exchange for a total amount of twenty million US dollars.These four territories that were bought and paid for with US$20 million in the Treaty of Paris of 1898.
海權概念出自美國海軍官員馬漢（Mahan）於1890年出版的一本書，論述17、18世紀歷史裏海軍的作用，背後的政治目的是鼓吹美國發展海軍。當時美國正與英國在海軍方面競爭，也打敗了西班牙和墨西哥，大肆擴大領土，包括接收了西班牙的殖民地──菲律賓，和吞併夏威夷等，正在走帝國主義擴張之途。馬漢的論述不過是為這樣的擴張提供理論支持，以及宣傳的材料。而陸權概念始自英國官員麥堅拿（Mackinder）在1904年發表的文章，強調歐亞大陸為全球中心，歐亞大陸的心臟地區在前蘇聯（包括東歐與中亞）。他的主張是誰控制這個心臟地區，誰便控制歐亞大陸，也便可主宰世界，背後的政治論述和主張便是英國要從海洋霸權轉為大陸霸權，順應英印帝國的發展，也包括英國侵略中國的企圖，一方是從印度往西藏、緬甸，另一方是從香港及租界擴大在中國的控制。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20210219/00184_001.html
Suzerainty (/ˈsjuːzərənti/, /ˈsjuːzərɛnti/ and /ˈsjuːzrənti/) is any relationship in which one region or nation controls the foreign policy and relations of a tributary state, while allowing the tributary nation to have internal autonomy. Suzerainty differs from true sovereignty in that, though the tributary state or person is technically independent and enjoys self-rule, in practice this self-rule is limited. Although the situation has existed in a number of historical empires, it is considered difficult to reconcile with 20th- or 21st-century concepts of international law, in which sovereignty either exists or does not. While a sovereign nation can agree by treaty to become a protectorate of a stronger power, modern international law does not recognise any way of making this relationship compulsory on the weaker power. Suzerainty is a practical, de facto situation, rather than a legal, de jureone.宗主权是指国家对其属国的内政及外交拥有干预的权力[1]，对属国享有宗主权的国家即是宗主国[2]。宗主國通常在一定程度上拥有属國的外交权，但属国仍保有独立的自治權力[3]。較有權的一方為宗主。英文裡的宗主權「Suzerainty」原是用來形容鄂圖曼帝國及其周圍屬地的關係。與主權不同的是，宗主關係裡的附庸通常有一定程度的自治權，也可指封建帝王對進貢属国或諸侯的關係。一般而言，附庸國在名义上保有一定主权，实际上依國情不同，在内政、外交和经济等方面有不同程度上从属并受制于宗主国。宗主在歷史上許多帝國中存在，但很難用20世紀後的國際法定義，因為宗主關係需要很明確的存在或不存在。一個主權獨立的國家可以和一個強權簽署協約受其保護，但現代國際法並沒有硬性規定宗主關係不能撤回。儒教的封建国家の関係における上位の国。下位の国は藩属という。漢文においては、単に宗主ともいい、藩属（もしくは藩属国）との対語である。（藩属（はんぞく）は藩塀（はんぺい）とは別語）藩属国は宗主国から王国や公国等として冊封される。とはいえ、藩属国は宗主国の強い統制下に置かれている場合もあれば、逆に宗主国が名目上の主君の強制力しか有せず藩属国が強い独立性を持つ場合もある。要するに、藩属国が宗主国からどのような掣肘を受けどのような自由を有するかは時代によって異なるのである。中国の冊封体制において宗主国は藩属国から朝貢を受ける場合、朝貢してくる国のすべてが冊封を受けて中華皇帝の臣に叙されているわけではない。また中華帝国内の地方官も皇帝には朝貢を捧げるもので、朝貢は必ずしも外交に関わるものではない。
A client state is a state that is economically, politically, or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state in international affairs.[1] Types of client states include: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state, and tributary state. Ancient states such as Persia and Greek city-states would create client states by making the leaders of that state subservient. Classical Athens, for example, forced weaker states into the Delian League and in some cases imposed democratic government on them. Later, Philip II of Macedon similarly imposed the League of Corinth. One of the most prolific users of client states was Republican Rome[2][3] which, instead of conquering and then absorbing into an empire, chose to make client states out of those it defeated (e.g. Demetrius of Pharos), a policy which was continued up until the 1st century BCE when it became the Roman Empire. Sometimes the client was not a former enemy but a pretender whom Rome helped, Herod the Great being a well-known example. The use of client states continued through the Middle Ages as the feudal system began to take hold.
- In the British Empire the Indian Princely States were technically independent and were technically given their separate independence in 1947 (although the Nizam of Hyderabadindeed opted for independence but could not retain his independence from India). Egyptian Independence in 1922 technically ended a British protectorate in Egypt. Sudan continued to be governed as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan until Sudanese independence in 1956; Britain also had an interest in Egypt until the Suez Crisis was over. Iraq was made a kingdom in 1932. In each case the economic and military reality did not amount to full independence, but a status where the local rulers were British clients. Similarly in Africa (e.g. Northern Nigeria under Lord Lugard), and Malaya with the Ferderated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States; the policy of indirect rule.
- After 1945 the term was often applied to nations ruled by dictatorships backed openly by either the United States or the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, many Latin American nations such as Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua until 1979, Cuba until 1959, and Chileunder the regime of General Augusto Pinochet were seen as U.S. client states, as the U.S. government had significant influence over the policies of those dictatorships. The term also applied to other authoritarian regimes with close ties to the United States during the Cold War, more appropriately referred to as U.S. proxy states, such as South Vietnam, Indonesia(1966-1998) under Suharto Regime, Iran until 1979, Cambodia under the regime of Lon Nol, the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos, and Saudi Arabia. U.S. - Iran relations under the Shah have been cited as a modern political science case study.
In law, comity is "a practice among different political entities (as countries, states, or courtsof different jurisdictions)" involving the "mutual recognition of legislative, executive, and judicial acts." Comity derives from the Latin comitas, courtesy, from cemis, friendly, courteous.The doctrine of international comity has been described variously "as a choice-of-law principle, a synonym for private international law, a rule of public international law, a moral obligation, expediency, courtesy, reciprocity, utility, or diplomacy. Authorities disagree as to whether comity is a rule of natural law, custom, treaty, or domestic law. Indeed, there is not even agreement that comity is a rule of law at all."[3] Because the doctrine touches on many different principles, it is regarded as "one of the more confusing doctrines evoked in cases touching upon the interests of foreign states." The doctrine of international comity was created by a group of Dutch jurists in the late seventeenth century, most prominently Ulrich Huber.[5][6] Huber and others sought a way to handle conflicts of law in a way that would reinforce the idea of Westphalian sovereignty.[7]Huber wrote that comitas gentium ("civility of nations") required the application of foreign law in certain cases because sovereigns "so act by way of comity that rights acquired within the limits of a government retain their force everywhere so far as they do not cause prejudice to the powers or rights of such government or of their subjects."[8] Huber "believed that comity was a principle of international law" but also that "the decision to apply foreign law itself was left up to the state as an act of free will."
- cases
- (陳豐盛 quoting from 《中華歸王》) 英聖公會與內地會關於台州(臨海)四境訂有特別協約; 英聖公會與北長老會關於義鸟城區特別協約。內地會與英聖公會關於天臺、黃岩、太平(温嶺)等縣之區界有書面協約。浸禮會與其他幾個宣教會關於域市與鄉鎮範圍只有普通協约
- cases
- https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2180026/will-china-seize-prized-port-if-kenya-cant-pay-back-its-belt
Détente (French pronunciation: [detɑ̃t], meaning "relaxation") is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation. The term originates in the time of the Triple Entente and Entente cordiale in reference to an easing of tensions between England and France who, subsequent to being commingled polities under Norman rule, were warring rivals for the better part of a millennium but pursuant to a policy of détente became enduring allies.In the context of the Cold War, the lessening of tensions between the East and West, along with domestic reform in the Soviet Union, worked together to achieve the end of communism in Eastern Europe and eventually the Soviet Union altogether.
- hkej 24jan18 shum article
boundary
- basic principles - the boundary separating neighbouring states and defining their provinces before independence are obligatory after independence.
- according to kuwaiti ministry of information, the principle has been applied among latin american states and has been endorsed by the african leaders in their summit meting of 1964 to end their boundary disputes; the security council adopted these principles when it recognized the boundary agreed upon by both iraq and kuwait in 1932 and 1963. It applied international law, which stipulates that a state cannot refuse recognition of boundary conventions on the pretext of not being ratified.
non-recognition
- stimson doctrine
- Named after Henry L. Stimson, United States Secretary of State in the Hoover administration(1929–1933), the policy followed Japan's unilateral seizure of Manchuria in northeastern China following action by Japanese soldiers at Mukden (now Shenyang), on September 18, 1931.[3] The doctrine was also invoked by US Under-Secretary of State Sumner Welles in the Welles Declaration on July 23, 1940, which announced non-recognition of the Sovietannexation and incorporation of the three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania[4] This remained the official US position until the Baltic states regained independence in 1991. It was not the first time that the US had used nonrecognition as a political tool or symbolic statement. President Woodrow Wilson had refused to recognize the Mexican Revolutionary governments in 1913 and Japan's 21 Demands upon China in 1915.
diplomatic, military personnel movement
- 美軍一架C17運輸機上周六早上從沖繩空軍基地飛抵香港，停留約兩小時後離港轉飛馬尼拉。雖然美軍軍機來港並不罕見，但由於香港近日開始實施《港區國安法》，因而惹來猜想，該軍機有機會撤走美國駐港總領事館的敏感資料及文件。據了解，該架美軍C17運輸機早上從日本沖繩嘉手納空軍基地起飛，同日上午約十時抵達香港國際機場，停留約兩個半小時後，約中午十二時三十分從香港起飛，飛往菲律賓馬尼拉阿基諾國際機場。據悉，美國軍機每隔數月均會來港一次，事前須經民航處批准。而C17運輸機是美軍的戰略軍事運輸機，亦可用作救援用途。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200723/00176_004.html
time zone
- The International Meridian Conference was a conference held in October 1884 in Washington, D.C., in the United States, to determine a prime meridian for international use.[1] The conference was held at the request of U.S. President Chester A. Arthur. The subject to discuss was the choice of "a meridian to be employed as a common zero of longitude and standard of time reckoning throughout the world".[1] It resulted in selection of the Greenwich Meridian as the international standard for zero degrees longitude.
- By the 1870s there was pressure both to establish a prime meridian for worldwide navigation purposes and to unify local times for railway timetables. The first International Geographical Congress, held in Antwerp in 1871, passed a motion in favour of the use of the Greenwich Meridian for (smaller scale) passage charts, suggesting that it should become mandatory within 15 years. In Britain, the Great Western Railway had standardised time by 1840 and in 1847 the Railway Clearing Union decreed that "GMT be adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it". The Post Office was by this time transmitting time signals from Greenwich by telegraph to most parts of the country to set the clocks. By January 1848, Bradshaw's railway guide showed the unified times and met with general approval, although legal disputes meant that it was not until 1890 that GMT was formally established across the UK. In the United States, the problems were much more severe, with one table showing over 100 local times varying by more than 3 hours. In 1870, Charles F. Dowd published a pamphlet titled A System of national time and its application advocating three time zones across the country based on the Washington meridian, modifying this to four zones based on the Greenwich meridian in 1872.
Government finance
- The Washington Consensus is a set of 10 economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countriesby Washington, D.C.–based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and the US Treasury Department.[1] It was coined in 1989 by English economist John Williamson. The prescriptions encompassed policies in such areas as macroeconomic stabilization, economic opening with respect to both trade and investment, and the expansion of market forces within the domestic economy. Subsequent to Williamson's use of the terminology, and despite his emphatic opposition, the phrase Washington Consensus has come to be used fairly widely in a second, broader sense, to refer to a more general orientation towards a strongly market-based approach (sometimes described as market fundamentalism or neoliberalism). In emphasizing the magnitude of the difference between the two alternative definitions, Williamson himself has argued (see "Origins of Policy Agenda" and "Broad Sense" below) that his ten original, narrowly defined prescriptions have largely acquired the status of "motherhood and apple pie" (i.e., are broadly taken for granted), whereas the subsequent broader definition, representing a form of neoliberal manifesto, "never enjoyed a consensus [in Washington] or anywhere much else" and can reasonably be said to be dead. Discussion of the Washington Consensus has long been contentious. Partly this reflects a lack of agreement over what is meant by the term, in face of the contrast between the broader and narrower definitions. But there are also substantive differences involved over the merits and consequences of the various policy prescriptions involved. Some critics take issue, for example, with the original Consensus's emphasis on the opening of developing countries to global markets, and/or with what they see as an excessive focus on strengthening the influence of domestic market forces, arguably at the expense of key functions of the state. For other commentators the issue is more what is missing, including such areas as institution-building and targeted efforts to improve opportunities for the weakest in society. Despite these areas of controversy, a number of developmental institutions and economists (such as Joseph Stiglitz) would by now accept the more general proposition that strategies best work if they are specifically designed to the certain circumstances of the individual countries.
religion and politics
- French secularity (French: laïcité, [la.isite]) is a French concept of secularism. It encourages the absence of religious involvement in government affairs, especially the prohibition of religious influence in the determination of state policies; it is also the absence of government involvement in religious affairs, especially the prohibition of government influence in the determination of religion. Dictionaries ordinarily translate laïcité as "secularity" or "secularism" (the latter being the political system),[3] although it is sometimes rendered in English as laicity or laicism by its opponents.[citation needed] While the term was first used with this meaning in 1871 in the dispute over the removal of religious teachers and instruction from elementary schools, the word laïcité dates to 1842. In its strict and official acceptance, it is the principle of separation of church (or religion) and state.[5] Etymologically, laïcité is a noun formed by adding the suffix -ité (English -ity, Latin -itās) to the Latin adjective lāicus, a loanword from the Greek λᾱϊκός (lāïkós "of the people", "layman"), the adjective from λᾱός (lāós "people"). French secularism has a long history. Currently, the French government is based on the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State.
Role of Media
- Gadi Wolfsfeld's political contest model - authorities have considerable power to set the news agenda and, most of the time, they succeed in promoting their agendas and frames to the media, as described by elite driven accounts. When challengers are able to (a) initiate events, (b) regulate the flow of information and (c) mobilize elite support, they can be successful at setting the media agenda.
- robinson's policy-meida interaction model - CNN effect as a function of both media framing and levels of policy uncertainty in government. Specifically, when policy makers are uncertain over what to do, a window is provided through which critically framed media reports can start to influence and shape policy.
- Entman's cascading activation model - independent and oppositional news media occur when (1) dissensus exists among officials at the top level of government (2) mid-level officials promote challenges to existing policy and (3) events occur that are culturally ambiguous and open to contestation.
warfare
- ancient indian practices (25jan18 cuhk talk)
- ancient indian laws of war (5000 bc - 650 ad)
- ancient india - south asia and beyond (mostly covered india, pakistan, afghanistan, nepal, bangladesh, myanmar and sri lanka, even have reached iran in the west and indonesia and bali in the east at different periods)
- two types of states existed - monarchies and republics ; indian nationhood different from european states
- concept of dharma based law
- desha dharma
- ankam and mamankam (1200 ad - 1800 ad)
- chinarole and ankams
- sources: vedas and buddhist scriptures, works of historians, foreign travellers, and inscriptions in rock edicts
- mohenjo-daro
- negotiations first; wars only for righteous reasons, justifications of righteousness
- waging wars without war: ankam, mamamkam and kalaripayattu
- https://www.quora.com/During-medieval-sieges-how-often-did-the-attackers-massacre-the-inhabitants-of-a-taken-city
- https://www.quora.com/In-ancient-warfare-what-happened-to-cities-that-surrendered-after-a-siege
- modern practice
- https://www.quora.com/In-ancient-warfare-what-happened-to-cities-that-surrendered-after-a-siege
- modern practice
- UN charter art 2, 39, 42, 51
- jus ad bellum (rules governing legality (legitimacy) of use of force)
- prohibition on war; negotiations first
- self defense and collective self defense; wars only for righteous reasons, justifications of righteousness
- jus in bello (rules governing the conflict of hostilities)
- classification of conflicts
- distinction between combatants and non-combatants
- direct participation in hostilities and levee en masse
- victim's protection
- protection of civilian objects and environment
- means and methods
- case of autonomous weapons (drones) to be considered
resistance land warfare
- art2 regulations annexed to 4th hague conventioni 1917 makes provision for exceptional case of spontaneous resistance of inhabitants of a territory who rise at the approach of an invader
defensively armed merchant ships
- right of resistance of merchant ships
- us naval war code 1900 art10 para3
- italian codice per la marine mercantile 1877 art209
- russian prize regulationis 1895 art15
- manuel des lois de la gurre maritime 1913 art12
- cases
- action between commodore barnett and 3 french-china merchant ships on 25jan1745
confiscation of enemy ships
- A prize court is a court (or even a single individual, such as an ambassador or consul) authorized to consider whether a ship has been lawfully captured or seized in time of war or under the terms of the seizing ship's letters of marque and reprisal. A prize court may order the sale or destruction of the seized ship, and the distribution of any proceeds to the captain and crew of the seizing ship. A prize court may also order the return of a seized ship to its owners if the seizure was unlawful, such as if seized from a country which had proclaimed its neutrality.
- legal instrument
- art 99 instructions for navy of us governing naval warfare
- french instructions sur l'application du droit international en cas de guerre
- art 227 italian code mercantile marine 1877
- german prize court regulations 1911
- russian prize regulations 1895
- uk - statutes, royal proclamations, orders in council
- commonwealth - 1649 ordinance, 1661 act, prize act 1708, naval prize act 1864 - basis of modern law relating to prize procedure, prize court rules 1914
- practice - ships in port were exempt from capture and were given "days of grace" wherein to depart
- see italian code for mercantile marine 1877, united states naval war code 1900
submarine cables
- legal instrument
- international convention for proection of submarine telegraph cables of 1884
- art 54 of hague regulations for land warfare 1907
- us naval war code
- cables cut franco-german war 1870
- spanish american war 1898
- russo-turkish war
- chile cut cable connecting with peru in 1882
- in 1898 neither us nor spain severed cables connecting territories and in communication with their enemies, but severe censorship was established at both ends; us cut cables connecting santigo de cuba with jamaica and hayti; and those connecting manila with hk; chile-peru cable was british owned and chile paid compensation to british company; united states refused to make compensation to british cable company whose cables from manila and cuba were cut. The cutting of manila-hk cable put out of action an instrument of especial meteorological value for commercial interests in the orient
- claims (by british govt on behalf of eastern extension, australasia and china telegraph company) put forward to the british and american claims arbitration tribunal in 1923
- Non-refoulement (English pronunciation: /ʁə.ful.mɑ̃/) is a fundamental principle of international law which forbids a country receiving asylum seekers from returning them to a country in which they would be in likely danger of persecution based on “race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion” (See Article 33 below). Unlike political asylum, which applies to those who can prove a well-grounded fear of persecution based on certain category of persons, non-refoulement refers to the generic repatriation of people, including refugees into war zones and other disaster locales. It is a principle of customary international law, as it applies to states that are not parties to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol. It is also a principle of the trucial law of nations. It is debatable whether non-refoulement is a jus cogens (peremptory norm) of international law. If so, international law permits no abridgments for any purpose or under any circumstances. The debate over this matter was rekindled following the September 11, 2001 terror attacks in the United States as well as contemporary attacks in Europe.
- hkej 11apr17 shum article
- cases
refugees
- country head
- 菲律賓已故前總統阿基諾夫人在一九八六年的人民力量革命中，拉倒了獨裁二十一年的前總統馬可斯，上台執政。英國國家檔案館周二解密文件，披露阿基諾夫人在當年政變時向英國尋求庇護，並獲時任英揆戴卓爾夫人批准。 解密信顯示，阿基諾夫人當年二月二十四日，曾向英國駐馬尼拉大使館或大使宅邸尋求庇護。英國外交官員隨即去信戴卓爾夫人秘書，指阿基諾夫人未有接受美國及日本提供的庇護，選擇向英國求助。信中寫道，明顯是有人舞弊令阿基諾夫人敗選，認為允許庇護可加強英國與未來菲政府的關係，但亦憂慮使館會捲入衝突。時任外長賀維亦擔心令英國捲入菲國內政。戴卓爾夫人秘書同日迅速回信答允庇護要求，但稱無力保證其安全。翌日馬可斯宣布下台，阿基諾夫人上任後則與戴卓爾夫人保持良好關係。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200101/00180_009.html
- !!!!! scmp rem a day 29 nov1979 - A Romanian woman who fled her country posing as an English student of Count Dracula could be allowed to stay in Britain while the government processed her request for asylum. Mariana Gordon, 20, arrived in the country with her British boyfriend. On fleeing Romania, they told border guards they were a married couple from England doing research into the legend of Count Dracula.https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3039773/royal-spy-revelations-and-china-rejoins-olympics-headlines
- https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/12/16/us-asylum-deal-honduras-los-angeles-times/2671235001/ A migration deal will allow immigration authorities to send asylum seekers to Honduras and prevent them from reapplying in the United States, according to documents obtained by the Los Angeles Times. The Department of Homeland Security announced the agreement in September, but the Times on Monday was the first to report that the deal would block seekers from applying in the U.S. if Honduras or another country rejects their asylum claims. Under the deal, authorities could send asylum seekers at the U.S.-Mexico border to Honduras regardless of if they came from the country, the Times reported. Immigration officials previously said the agreement would prevent vulnerable populations from being "victimized by smugglers."
- economist 16feb19 sick joke - australia v boat people
refugees
- Nansen passports, originally and officially stateless persons passports, were internationally recognized refugee travel documents from 1922 to 1938, first issued by the League of Nations to stateless refugees.[1] They quickly became known as "Nansen passports" for their promoter, the Norwegian statesman and polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen.The end of World War I saw significant turmoil, leading to a refugee crisis. Numerous governments were toppled, and national borders were re-drawn, often along generally ethnic lines. Civil war broke out in some countries. Many people left their homes because of war or persecution or fear thereof. The upheaval resulted in many people being without passports, or even nations to issue them, which prevented much international travel, often trapping refugees. The precipitating event for the Nansen passport was the 1921 announcement by the new government of the Soviet Union revoking the citizenship of Russians living abroad, including some 800,000 refugees from the Russian civil war.[2] The first Nansen passports were issued following an international agreement reached at the Intergovernmental Conference on Identity Certificates for Russian Refugees, convened by Fridtjof Nansen in Geneva from July 3, 1922, to July 5, 1922,[3] in his role as High Commissioner for Refugees for the League of Nations.[4] By 1942, they were honoured by governments in 52 countries. In 1933, the Nansen arrangement was broadened to also include Armenian, Assyrian, and Turkish refugees.[5] Approximately 450,000 Nansen passports were provided[6] to stateless people and refugees who needed travel documents but could not obtain one from a national authority. Following Nansen's death in 1930, the passport was handled by the Nansen International Office for Refugees within the League of Nations. At that point the passport no longer included a reference to the 1922 conference, but were issued in the name of the League. The office was closed in 1938; passports were thereafter issued by a new agency, the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees under the Protection of the League of Nations in London.
- scmp remember a day column on a 16jun1979 report - The Malaysian government maintained a discreet silence following an earlier announcement that all the 76,000 Vietnamese refugees in the country would be pushed out to sea and all new arrivals would be shot on sight. As the world reacted with alarm to Malaysia’s intentions, the government official who announced the new policy, deputy prime minister Mahathir Mohamad, declined to elaborate further. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3014344/refugee-crisis-and-japanese-red-army-terror-headlines-40
- taiwan
extradition
- 美國外交官庫爾拉斯的妻子安妮（Anne Sacoolas）去年在英國北安普敦駕車撞斃一名少年後，被指利用外交豁免權潛逃回美國。英國司法部門早前要求美國引渡她回英國，惟遭美方拒絕。英國傳媒前日報道，國際刑警已經向安妮發出「紅色通緝令」，首相約翰遜的辦公室同日表示，美方拒絕引渡是「司法不公」。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200513/00180_003.html
- 美國一名華裔陳姓女商人，二○一七年在加州開車撞死人後不顧而去，先潛逃到香港，再轉到澳洲匿藏，直到去年四月在當地落網。澳洲阿德萊德地方法院上周五拒絕陳女的保釋申請，法官認為她在澳洲沒有固定居所，一旦獲保釋有潛逃的風險，擬將她直接引渡回美國受審。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190407/00180_011.html
- One of China’s most wanted fugitives who has been in custody in Sweden for almost a year has been released, suggesting he is now unlikely to face extradition, his lawyer has said. Qiao Jianjun, the former director of a government grain storage facility in the central China province of Hunan, is wanted by Beijing on suspicion of having embezzled millions of dollars. He fled the country in November 2011 and spent more than six years on the run before being arrested by Swedish police on June 25 last year following a request from Beijing. Lawyer Henrik Olsson Lilja, who has represented Qiao since November, said his client attended an extradition hearing on Tuesday and the Supreme Court announced his release the following day.https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3015562/sweden-unlikely-extradite-chinese-fugitive-qiao-jianjun
- 中國大陸及西班牙警方早前聯合打擊跨境電訊網絡詐騙犯罪，在馬德里、巴塞隆拿等十三個詐騙據點，拘捕二百三十七名大陸及台灣的疑犯，並分批將他們移交至大陸，當中涉及二百一十八名台籍疑犯。負責案件的大陸公安機關官員稱，有台灣疑犯稱自己持台灣護照，「不是中國人！」惟無阻西班牙法官判決。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190624/00178_007.html
- https://www.businessinsider.com/uk-court-rules-indian-tycoon-may-appeal-extradition-2019-7
U.K. judges have ruled that Indian entrepreneur Vijay Mallya may appeal his extradition to India in Britain's High Court. Tuesday's ruling by a two-judge panel means the 63-year-old tycoon will be able to have a full hearing on his appeal to overturn an extradition order. India accuses him of money laundering and conspiracy involving hundreds of millions of dollars. He has repeatedly denied wrongdoing. An extradition judge ruled in December that he would have to return to India to stand trial. A date for his appeal will soon be set.
- notre compatriote Mathias Echène, qui était détenu en Indonésie depuis 2017, avait fait l’objet aujourd’hui d’une mesure d’extradition immédiate vers Hong Kong. Je désapprouve cette décision qui a été prise par les autorités indonésiennes sans que nous en ayons été informés et alors que notre inquiétude sur la dégradation de l’état de santé de Mathias Echène était connue. J’étais intervenu à de multiples reprises pour demander que notre compatriote soit hospitalisé afin qu’il accède à des soins adaptés. Mathias Echène faisait l’objet d’un suivi particulier de nos services consulaires à Djakarta. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/indonesie/evenements/article/quai-d-orsay-declaration-de-jean-yves-le-drian-situation-de-mathias-echene-12
- 澳門葡籍大律師華年達於十八年前被綁架案，一名潛逃內地十多年的逃犯，早前因涉毒被內地公安拘捕，他昨日在內地刑滿出獄後，於同日上午十一時，在關閘口岸移交至澳門司警跟進，他隨即被押送至路環監獄服役，刑期為十四年。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191006/00176_049.html
prisoner exchange
- A prisoner exchange or prisoner swap is a deal between opposing sides in a conflict to release prisoners: prisoners of war, spies, hostages, etc. Sometimes, dead bodies are involved in an exchange. Under the Geneva Conventions, prisoners who cannot contribute to the war effort because of illness or disability are entitled to be repatriated to their home country. That is regardless of number of prisoners so affected; the detaining power cannot refuse a genuine request.Under the Geneva Convention (1929), this is covered by Articles 68 to 74, and the annex. One of the largest exchange programmes was run by the International Red Cross during World War II under these terms. Under the Third Geneva Convention of 1949, that is covered by Articles 109 to 117.
high level meetings not arranged by government officials/diplomats
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel/2017/04/03/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html The United Arab Emirates arranged a secret meeting in January between Blackwater founder Erik Prince and a Russian close to President Vladimir Putin as part of an apparent effort to establish a back-channel line of communication between Moscow and President-elect Donald Trump, according to U.S., European and Arab officials. The meeting took place around Jan. 11 — nine days before Trump’s inauguration — in the Seychelles islands in the Indian Ocean, officials said. Though the full agenda remains unclear, the UAE agreed to broker the meeting in part to explore whether Russia could be persuaded to curtail its relationship with Iran, including in Syria, a Trump administration objective that would be likely to require major concessions to Moscow on U.S. sanctions. Though Prince had no formal role with the Trump campaign or transition team, he presented himself as an unofficial envoy for Trump to high-ranking Emiratis involved in setting up his meeting with the Putin confidant, according to the officials, who did not identify the Russian.
- separate and above that operation sits a key channel for high-level interactions between the White House and Chinese leadership, run by Trump’s son-in-law Jared Kushner. The Kushner channel was established shortly after the election with the help of former secretary of state Henry Kissinger. In a series of meetings with top Chinese officials, Kushner and other Trump aides set the tone and broad agenda for the coming summit, well before the current policy process began.https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/inside-the-kushner-channel-to-china/2017/04/02/d1a960c6-164f-11e7-833c-503e1f6394c9_story.html
brokers
- usa
diplomatic immunity
- Diplomatic immunity is a form of legal immunity that ensures diplomats are given safe passage and are considered not susceptible to lawsuit or prosecution under the host country's laws, but they can still be expelled. Modern diplomatic immunity was codified as international law in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1969) which has been ratified by all but a handful of nations, though the concept and custom of such immunity have a much longer history dating back thousands of years. Many principles of diplomatic immunity are now considered to be customary law. Diplomatic immunity as an institution developed to allow for the maintenance of government relations, including during periods of difficulties and armed conflict. When receiving diplomats, who formally represent the sovereign, the receiving head of state grants certain privileges and immunities to ensure they may effectively carry out their duties, on the understanding that these are provided on a reciprocal basis. Originally, these privileges and immunities were granted on a bilateral, ad hoc basis, which led to misunderstandings and conflict, pressure on weaker states, and an inability for other states to judge which party was at fault. An international agreement known as the Vienna Convention codified the rules and agreements, providing standards and privileges to all states. It is possible for the official's home country to waive immunity; this tends to happen only when the individual has committed a serious crime, unconnected with their diplomatic role (as opposed to, say, allegations of spying), or has witnessed such a crime. However, many countries refuse to waive immunity as a matter of course; individuals have no authority to waive their own immunity (except perhaps in cases of defection). Alternatively, the home country may prosecute the individual. If immunity is waived by a government so that a diplomat (or their family members) can be prosecuted, it must be because there is a case to answer and it is in the public interest to prosecute them. For instance, in 2002, a Colombian diplomat in London was prosecuted for manslaughter, once diplomatic immunity was waived by the Colombian government.
foreign influence
- usa
sisters cities
- 姊妹城市又稱友好城市，是國與國之間為增進相互友誼、促進共同發展而作的城市配對交往，並於政治、經濟、科技及文化等各個範疇展開全面合作。據中國人民對外友好協會會長李小林早前表示，中國目前已與五大洲一百三十多個國家建立了兩千多對友好城市和省、州關係，彼此間多年以來實行優勢互補，務實合作，力爭讓各方共同享有各類發展成果，堪稱互惠互利之舉。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191009/00182_001.html
historic artefacts
- 法國媒體報道，總統馬克龍委託的專家建議，修改文物遺產法，把從殖民時期掠奪的文物藝術品交還非洲。報告指除非有證據顯示在法國博物館的非洲藝術品屬合法取來，否則需交還非洲。馬克龍去年訪問布基納法索時指，非洲文物遺產不能只是私人收藏及放在歐洲的博物館內。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181124/00180_015.html
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48309694 The German Historical Museum has announced it will return a 15th century monument to Namibia after it was taken during the colonial era. The Stone Cross is a Portuguese navigation landmark placed on the southwest African coastline in 1486. But when the area was under German colonial control in the 1890s, the cross was taken and moved to Europe. Namibia asked for its return in 2017 and on Friday, the Berlin museum formally agreed to the request. - https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49904228 An 18th Century Ethiopian crown will finally be returned home after being hidden in a Dutch flat for 21 years. Ethiopian Sirak Asfaw, who fled to the Netherlands in the late 1970s, discovered the crown in the suitcase of a visitor and realised it was stolen. The management consultant has protected it until he felt safe to send it back. "Finally it is the right time to bring back the crown to its owners - and the owners of the crown are all Ethiopians," he told the BBC.The crown is thought to be one of just 20 in existence. It has depictions of Jesus Christ, God and the Holy Spirit, as well as Jesus' disciples, and was likely gifted to a church by the powerful warlord Welde Sellase hundreds of years ago.Mr Sirak left his home country in 1978 to escape the political repression of the Communist government, or Derg, which had come to power in 1974. The regime unleashed a wave of violence known as the Red Terror, which killed hundreds of thousands and forced many to leave.
- When the British traveler Richard Chandler visited Eleusis in around 1765, accompanied by the painter William Pars and the architect Nicholas Revett, he reported that there was ancient statue there, a Caryatid, which the locals venerated, believing it protected the crops. They called the woman the statue represented “Saint Demetra” and held that she was a Christian whose daughter had been abducted by a malicious Turk. In 1801, however, the statue was removed by another Englishman named Edward Daniel Clarke, who bribed the local Turkish officials to let him take it and load it on a ship back to England. The locals were dismayed and horrified. When the town experienced a run of years with poor harvests a few years later, they blamed it on the theft of the statue, saying that Saint Demetra was punishing them for having allowed it to be taken so easily. The statue was never returned and is still in the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, England.http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201910/1003/HA06A03CECC_HKCD.pdf
- https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/ancient-artifacts-returned-iran-us-university-65973723 The Iranian government says that nearly 1,800 ancient artifacts have arrived in Iran as part of the return of thousands of antiquities loaned decades ago to the University of Chicago. The government website says the artifacts arrived in Tehran on Monday, accompanied by two academics from the university.This is the fourth consignment of artifacts to have been returned since 2004. Other shipments were also made in 1948 and 1950.Iran loaned the artifacts to the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute more than 80 years ago for research, translation and cataloging after university archaeologists uncovered them in the 1930s at the site of the ancient city of Persepolis. Another 17,000 artefacts from the initial loan remain in the U.S.Iran and the U.S. have not had diplomatic relations since 1979.
- 英國大英博物館收藏無數珍貴文物，但不少其實是在對外殖民時期，從外國掠奪得來。英國御用大律師羅伯遜在昨日推出的一本新書撰文，批評大英博物館是「全球最大的接贓者」，滿手鮮血，促請英國以至其他歐美國家，向各國歸還掠奪得來的文物。羅伯遜批評歐美當年征服世界期間，軍人和殖民地官員於各地掠去文物，如今大英博物館只是展出「偷來的文化遺產」。不過羅伯遜承認，即使英國願意歸還巴特農神殿浮雕等最具代表性的文物，也不代表其他海外文物可獲得同等待遇，原因是並非所有文物均具有同等知名度或重要性，而且英國當年掠奪這些文物的過程，更可能涉及英方未必願意承認的戰爭罪行。大英博物館承認一些藏品牽涉「艱難歷史」，去年已派員到尼日利亞貝寧城，計劃歸還貝寧青銅器，但至今未有下文。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/11/06/a22-1106.pdf
- 一頂流落在荷蘭逾二十年的十八世紀埃塞俄比亞王冠，周四（20日）由荷蘭官員帶到埃塞俄比亞「完璧歸趙」，由埃國總理阿比‧艾哈邁德親自接收。該王冠於一九九八年由一名到荷蘭尋庇的埃國難民無意中獲得，過去廿二年來一直收藏其家中。埃塞俄比亞男子阿斯福（Sirak Asfaw），於上世紀七十年代末逃避軍事獨裁統治抵達荷蘭後在鹿特丹定居，並接收了其他同胞難民。一九九八年，一名同胞攜同該王冠投靠他，阿斯福認定王冠是在祖國被盜的文物，但他當時擔心，若把王冠送回祖國，會落入獨裁統治者之手，故把它收藏在家中。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200222/00180_014.html
- 尼日利亞一座有超過一千四百年歷史的古王朝青銅雕像早前失蹤，一直下落不明。原來，該件珍貴文物竟輾轉流落遠隔重洋的墨西哥，所幸它被當地政府截獲，才不致一去不返。墨西哥政府上周四宣布，已將雕像送交尼日利亞駐當地大使，稍後運返尼日利亞本土。該座青銅像造型是一名戴有頭飾的男子盤膝而坐、手中持物。經鑑定，雕像是西非約魯巴族（Yoruba）古物真迹，可追溯至六世紀。約魯巴人古時在尼日利亞建立強大王朝，文化興盛，留下不少珍寶，雕像相信是其中之一。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200301/00180_020.html
books
- http://www.wwd.se/bocker/ovrigt/v/varfor-diplomati/
- http://cersa.cnrs.fr/les-ambassadeurs/
- http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-breaking-of-nations-order-and-chaos-in-the-21st-century-by-robert-cooper-79439.html
- recent revelations of european diplomacy by dr g p gooch
- international treaties
- international law
people
- Holt Bradford Westerfield (March 7, 1928 – January 19, 2008) was a Damon Wells Professor of International Studies and professor of political science at Yale University. He was educated at The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall), Yale, where he was president of the Yale Political Union, and Harvard, where he earned his graduate degrees and taught from 1952 to 1956. After a year at the University of Chicago he joined the Yale faculty in 1957, and remained there for 40 years. Westerfield was a legendary teacher at Yale, where one of his popular courses was nicknamed by students "Lies and Spies." In 1993 he received the inaugural Byrnes-Sewall Award for undergraduate teaching, and in 2003 he received the Phi Beta Kappa Devane Medal. Among his students were George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and several future senators.
- Dr. Lionel Vairon is the CEO of both CEC Consulting – Luxembourg and Elysha Business Consulting (Tunisia) working on development strategies of companies and governmental institutions of various countries, assisting them in finding partners in the investment sector, assisting negotiations, etc. He has also been, recently, Special Advisor for the President of the Republic of Niger for two years.With a PhD in Far Eastern Studies and a Master’s degree in Chinese language and culture and Political Science, Dr. Vairon is well versed on China-related current events, including areas of politics, security, corruption, human rights, media and more. https://cornerstonecapinc.com/bios/dr-lionel-vairon/
- scmp remember a day column on a 16jun1979 report - The Malaysian government maintained a discreet silence following an earlier announcement that all the 76,000 Vietnamese refugees in the country would be pushed out to sea and all new arrivals would be shot on sight. As the world reacted with alarm to Malaysia’s intentions, the government official who announced the new policy, deputy prime minister Mahathir Mohamad, declined to elaborate further. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3014344/refugee-crisis-and-japanese-red-army-terror-headlines-40
- remember a day 18jun1979 - Malaysian authorities, carrying out a plan that had stirred an international outcry, loaded at least 500 Vietnamese refugees onto a boat and towed it out into the South China Sea. It appeared to be the first step in a programme to forcibly deport the 76,000 Vietnamese refugees who had sought shelter in Malaysia. Earlier, the government had said any refugees who attempted to return to Malaysia would be shot on sight.https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3015403/british-princess-feels-pinch-malaysias-hard-line-refugees
- taiwan
- chinese
- 大陸異見人士劉興聯去年九月到台灣申請政治庇護，但被拒絕入境。劉滯留在台灣桃園機場管制區超過二百九十日，上周六在相關人士協助下結束滯留，乘飛機往加拿大溫哥華定居。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190722/00178_007.html
- hk people
- scmp 21jul19 hkers studying in taiwan mull permanent stay
- scmp 6sep19 taiwan refugee bill not applicable to hk citizens
extradition
- 美國外交官庫爾拉斯的妻子安妮（Anne Sacoolas）去年在英國北安普敦駕車撞斃一名少年後，被指利用外交豁免權潛逃回美國。英國司法部門早前要求美國引渡她回英國，惟遭美方拒絕。英國傳媒前日報道，國際刑警已經向安妮發出「紅色通緝令」，首相約翰遜的辦公室同日表示，美方拒絕引渡是「司法不公」。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200513/00180_003.html
- 美國一名華裔陳姓女商人，二○一七年在加州開車撞死人後不顧而去，先潛逃到香港，再轉到澳洲匿藏，直到去年四月在當地落網。澳洲阿德萊德地方法院上周五拒絕陳女的保釋申請，法官認為她在澳洲沒有固定居所，一旦獲保釋有潛逃的風險，擬將她直接引渡回美國受審。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190407/00180_011.html
- One of China’s most wanted fugitives who has been in custody in Sweden for almost a year has been released, suggesting he is now unlikely to face extradition, his lawyer has said. Qiao Jianjun, the former director of a government grain storage facility in the central China province of Hunan, is wanted by Beijing on suspicion of having embezzled millions of dollars. He fled the country in November 2011 and spent more than six years on the run before being arrested by Swedish police on June 25 last year following a request from Beijing. Lawyer Henrik Olsson Lilja, who has represented Qiao since November, said his client attended an extradition hearing on Tuesday and the Supreme Court announced his release the following day.https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3015562/sweden-unlikely-extradite-chinese-fugitive-qiao-jianjun
- 但不足一周後，瑞典檢察部門周一應美國的引渡要求，把喬建軍再次扣留。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190625/00178_018.html; 中國「百名紅通人員」第三號人物，涉嫌貪污二億多元人民幣（約二億三千萬港元）的中儲糧集團河南周口直屬倉庫前主任喬建軍，早前在瑞典被捕，瑞典卻拒絕引渡其回中國，反而欲將他引渡到美國。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190706/00178_003.html
- 瑞典最高法院昨指喬建軍引渡至中國，面臨死刑及受虐待風險十分高，拒絕把他引渡回中國。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190710/00178_015.html
- 中國大陸及西班牙警方早前聯合打擊跨境電訊網絡詐騙犯罪，在馬德里、巴塞隆拿等十三個詐騙據點，拘捕二百三十七名大陸及台灣的疑犯，並分批將他們移交至大陸，當中涉及二百一十八名台籍疑犯。負責案件的大陸公安機關官員稱，有台灣疑犯稱自己持台灣護照，「不是中國人！」惟無阻西班牙法官判決。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190624/00178_007.html
- https://www.businessinsider.com/uk-court-rules-indian-tycoon-may-appeal-extradition-2019-7
U.K. judges have ruled that Indian entrepreneur Vijay Mallya may appeal his extradition to India in Britain's High Court. Tuesday's ruling by a two-judge panel means the 63-year-old tycoon will be able to have a full hearing on his appeal to overturn an extradition order. India accuses him of money laundering and conspiracy involving hundreds of millions of dollars. He has repeatedly denied wrongdoing. An extradition judge ruled in December that he would have to return to India to stand trial. A date for his appeal will soon be set.
- Indian businessman Vijay Mallya lost an appeal in Britain’s High Court on Monday against a 2018 decision to extradite him to India to face fraud charges resulting from the collapse of his defunct company Kingfisher Airlines.https://www.chinadailyhk.com/article/128153#Indian-tycoon-Mallya-loses-appeals-against-extradition-from-Britain
- notre compatriote Mathias Echène, qui était détenu en Indonésie depuis 2017, avait fait l’objet aujourd’hui d’une mesure d’extradition immédiate vers Hong Kong. Je désapprouve cette décision qui a été prise par les autorités indonésiennes sans que nous en ayons été informés et alors que notre inquiétude sur la dégradation de l’état de santé de Mathias Echène était connue. J’étais intervenu à de multiples reprises pour demander que notre compatriote soit hospitalisé afin qu’il accède à des soins adaptés. Mathias Echène faisait l’objet d’un suivi particulier de nos services consulaires à Djakarta. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/indonesie/evenements/article/quai-d-orsay-declaration-de-jean-yves-le-drian-situation-de-mathias-echene-12
- 澳門葡籍大律師華年達於十八年前被綁架案，一名潛逃內地十多年的逃犯，早前因涉毒被內地公安拘捕，他昨日在內地刑滿出獄後，於同日上午十一時，在關閘口岸移交至澳門司警跟進，他隨即被押送至路環監獄服役，刑期為十四年。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191006/00176_049.html
- 伊朗學者基維（Reza Dehbashi Kivi）涉非法將美製軍事設備出口到伊朗，澳洲拒絕將他引渡往美國受審，外界猜疑決定是否與伊朗日前釋放一對澳洲情侶有關。基維的代表律師認為兩宗事件有關連，明顯兩國曾進行商議。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191008/00180_012.html
- 四百二十一名伊拉克及阿富汗難民二○○一年登上一艘印尼漁船，原定偷渡前往澳洲，但卻因沉船造成三百五十三人溺斃，包括一百四十六名兒童。案中第三名疑犯、四十三歲新西蘭男子拉迪事隔多年終被引渡至澳洲，於上周五被捕，遭控以組織非公民團體進入澳洲罪名，罪成可判監十年。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191020/00180_018.html
- https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3047617/irish-court-approves-extradition-2-men-charged-manslaughter-over An Irish court on Friday approved the extradition of one of the two Northern Irish men charged with manslaughter in the deaths of 39 Vietnamese people found in the back of a truck near London last year.British authorities are seeking Eamonn Harrison, 23, on charges of human trafficking and immigration offences, as well as the 39 offences of manslaughter in a case that has shone a light on the illicit human smuggling trade.
- 四百二十一名伊拉克及阿富汗難民二○○一年登上一艘印尼漁船，原定偷渡前往澳洲，但卻因沉船造成三百五十三人溺斃，包括一百四十六名兒童。案中第三名疑犯、四十三歲新西蘭男子拉迪事隔多年終被引渡至澳洲，於上周五被捕，遭控以組織非公民團體進入澳洲罪名，罪成可判監十年。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191020/00180_018.html
- https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3047617/irish-court-approves-extradition-2-men-charged-manslaughter-over An Irish court on Friday approved the extradition of one of the two Northern Irish men charged with manslaughter in the deaths of 39 Vietnamese people found in the back of a truck near London last year.British authorities are seeking Eamonn Harrison, 23, on charges of human trafficking and immigration offences, as well as the 39 offences of manslaughter in a case that has shone a light on the illicit human smuggling trade.
- china related
- taiwan related
mutual legal assistance
- 司警日前聯同珠海公安搗破跨境高利貸犯罪集團，合共拘捕七十六人，當中四十一名內地男女在澳門落網，而經移送司法當局偵辦和實施不同強制措施後，四十名嫌疑人在完成所需程序，昨早由司警押送至在拱北口岸與關閘口岸之間的入境車道，然後移交珠海警方，珠海警方完成交接手續後將繼續開展程序及處理。司警補充，四十名嫌疑人除了牽涉澳門案件亦涉及內地不同案件，另有一名沒被移交內地的嫌疑人為台灣居民，司警會繼續深入跟進案件。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191031/00176_053.html
- 中國男子羅昊陵（Haoling Andrew Luo，音譯）在澳洲殺死妻子歐陽荏希（Renxi Ouyang，音譯）一案再有新進展，澳媒引述消息指羅擁有中國及澳洲雙重國籍，他帶同兩名兒子逃返中國四川後被捕。由於澳洲二○一七年放棄與中國簽署雙邊引渡條約，澳洲已與中國公安部接觸，盼取得特別協助；女死者的父母則考慮前往澳洲認屍。據指，女死者性格強悍及好鬥，生前經常嘮叨沉默寡言的丈夫。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191203/00180_004.html
- 浙江省紀檢監察機關、公安機關在中央反腐敗協調小組國際追逃追贓工作辦公室統籌協調下，與柬埔寨執法機構合作，周五將外逃柬埔寨的職務疑犯項亨達強制遣返。項曾任浙江省台州市椒江區下陳街道同心村原黨支部書記，去年侵佔村集體資金外逃。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191215/00178_023.html
- 一對華裔兄妹被控竊取藥廠葛蘭素史克（GSK）價值約十億美元（約七十八億港元）的商業機密，去年在瑞士被捕的兄長薛功達（Gongda Xue，音譯）已引渡回美國受審。他現被控串謀盜竊商業機密、電匯詐騙等十二項罪名，辯方正為他申請保釋，但當局已申請「移民羈留令」，一旦獲批的話，即使薛獲准保釋，也只能轉往移民拘留設施繼續關押。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200109/00180_002.html
- 中國公安部周一證實，在中國駐澳洲大使館、駐悉尼總領事館的協助下，成功把一名涉嫌合約詐騙並外逃十八年的疑犯，遣返中國。這是中國警方首次從澳洲遣返經濟犯罪疑犯。疑犯劉姓男子涉於二○○一年七月九日，利用其公司與事主簽署合約，同意替事主的公司轉帳。但劉某收到款項後未履行合約，在中國銀行的悉尼分行取走款項，令事主經濟損失達三百六十萬元人民幣（約四百零三萬港元）。劉某案發後潛逃澳洲，期間中國警方一直與澳洲警方保持溝通，並提供證據，要求澳方展開調查。最終，在多方協助努力下，成功遣返劉某回國。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200114/00178_009.html
- 美國新聞網站Axios周三前日報道指，司法文件顯示中國要求從土耳其引渡一名流亡的新疆維吾爾「恐怖分子」，並要求土方保密。有流亡土耳其的維吾爾人指，土耳其政府指控他們觸犯恐怖主義罪行，並展開審訊。中方暫未回應報道。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200522/00178_030.html
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-swiss-usa-secrets/u-s-seeks-extradition-of-chinese-researcher-in-drug-secrets-theft-idUSKCN1U312I The United States wants Switzerland to extradite a Chinese researcher accused of helping his scientist sister steal secrets worth $550 million from drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline (GSK.L), Swiss documents released on Monday show. Gongda Xue, who is fighting extradition, has been labeled a potential flight risk, according to a Swiss Federal Criminal Court verdict, keeping him in custody pending the extradition request’s resolution. U.S. allegations against Gongda Xue, 49, underscore global fears that China is using networks of highly trained nationals abroad to smuggle trade secrets to the world’s second-largest economy. Last year, prosecutors in Germany charged a Chinese-born engineer with industrial espionage in connection with secrets pilfered from chemical maker Lanxess (LXSG.DE). Gongda Xue, a Basel-area scientist who worked at Switzerland’s Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research until 2014, is the brother of Yu “Joyce” Xue, a Chinese-American scientist who last August pleaded guilty at the U.S. District Court in Pennsylvania to pilfering secrets from Britain’s GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).
- 公安部近年展開追逃行動，成功將多名潛逃海外的犯人、逃官捉拿歸案。一名涉非法吸取公眾存款、在墨西哥匿藏的趙姓疑犯，近日在當地落網。經兩國外交、執法部門商討後，趙上周四被押返中國陝西西安市調查。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190811/00178_012.html
- 中國公安部在外交部和駐巴西的使領館幫助下，昨日成功將一名潛逃巴西已九年的黃姓中國籍男子遣送回國，是中國首次成功從巴西引渡罪犯。黃男涉嫌從二○○九年起，在福建省南安市有組織地開設賭場、非法拘禁、尋釁滋事、敲詐勒索等，其後潛逃巴西。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190818/00178_011.html
- 國際刑警組織（Interpol）一四年在中國政府要求下發出紅色通緝令，追捕身在加拿大、被中方指控涉賄賂的最高人民法院前法官謝衞東，並引渡回中國受審。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190827/00178_005.html
- 據中新社報道，十三屆全國人大常委會第十二次會議昨日決定批准《中華人民共和國和斯里蘭卡民主社會主義共和國引渡條約》《中華人民共和國和越南社會主義共和國引渡條約》。條約的批准和生效，有利於加強雙方在司法領域的合作，有利於促進雙方關係的進一步發展。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/08/27/a16-0827.pdf
- 中國「百名紅通人員」第三號人物、中儲糧集團河南周口直屬倉庫前主任喬建軍，去年在瑞典最高法院獲釋後再遭扣留。美國加州中區聯邦地區法院日前發聲明，指喬建軍周日已被引渡至美國，並由當局扣押，於前日下午在洛杉磯提堂。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200603/00178_002.html
- 馬來西亞國營一馬發展基金洗錢案中，前總理納吉布已在首宗審訊被判囚十二年，惟案中核心人物、華裔富商劉特佐仍然在逃。馬來西亞傳媒周三引述該國警方報道，指劉特佐目前藏身澳門，但由於中方未「真誠配合」，馬來西亞未能將其引渡。中國駐吉隆坡大使館翌日否認包庇劉特佐，又強調調查後未有發現其下落。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200731/00180_029.html
- 河南省公安廳前日通報，經公安部直接領導，匈牙利執法部門和中國駐匈使館大力協助下，信陽市警方經三年多努力，終隨公安部獵狐行動工作組赴歐洲，把獲匈牙利當局批准引渡、重大經濟犯罪疑犯從×鈞押回國。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200802/00178_010.html
- taiwan related
- 台灣的法務部表示，當局在周三將一名丹麥籍毒品案囚犯交予丹麥警方，整個囚犯移交過程在桃園國際機場進行，該犯人亦已順利返抵該國。台媒報道，是次行動成為了台丹兩地移交囚犯的首宗案例。據統計，台灣目前已移交七名德國籍囚犯、一名英國籍囚犯、一名丹麥籍囚犯分別返回三國繼續服刑。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191213/00178_011.html
- 台灣的內政部警政署刑事警察局昨日通報，台灣毒品通緝犯陳志文、王富台早年因涉嫌在馬來西亞吉隆坡市走私毒品，被當地法院一審判處死刑；惟經認罪協商後，二審時被改判有期徒刑五年，至近日刑滿出獄。經兩地警方協調後，日前順利將陳、王遣返回台。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201022/00178_021.html
- ghosn case (japan and lebanon have no extradition arrangements)
mutual legal assistance
- china related
- 美國早前起訴8名涉及中國「獵狐行動」的人士，指他們威脅、騷擾、監視在美的中國公民，脅迫他們返國接受審訊。內地官媒前日報道，指美方所謂的「受害人」，實際是中方此前公布的百名紅通人員的徐進、劉芳。兩人涉貪污罪、受賄罪被通緝；批評美方搞反華政治炒作，抹黑中方反腐敗和追逃追贓工作。徐進、劉芳外逃美國後，中方根據中美兩國《關於刑事司法協助的協定》，自2012年以來3次向美方提出刑事司法協助請求，惟美方一直未提供實質性協助；謊稱中方「獵狐行動」是對「異見人士」的威脅打壓。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201120/00178_013.html
- 自稱為中國大陸當間諜的王立強日前向澳洲媒體聲稱，香港上市公司「中國創新」及「中國趨勢」董事會主席向心吸納他做間諜。向心夫婦在台灣被指涉違反台灣《國安法》遭扣查，台北地檢署前日透過法務部，向澳洲政府提出司法互助，希望澳方提供王立強介入台灣大選、指控向心夫婦違法的相關證供，或同意台方以視訊等方式對王進行問話。台法務部官員指，現行台灣與澳洲雖無簽署司法互助協議，但台方可透過兩年前通過的《國際刑事司法互助法》，向澳洲提出個案協助。調查指出，向心夫婦近年多次來台，在台北市信義區購置兩處物業，他們本次赴台主要探訪朋友及做健康檢查，並在新北考察房產。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191201/00180_012.html
- 台灣一名姓林男子涉嫌於香港尖沙咀盜走名錶後逃回台灣，台法務部日前向港方提出司法互助請求遭拒，事件被稱為「台版陳同佳」案。台中地檢署周五依強盜罪嫌起訴林男，經移審至台中地院訊問後，裁定羈押續審三個月。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200118/00176_009.html
prisoner exchange
- A prisoner exchange or prisoner swap is a deal between opposing sides in a conflict to release prisoners: prisoners of war, spies, hostages, etc. Sometimes, dead bodies are involved in an exchange. Under the Geneva Conventions, prisoners who cannot contribute to the war effort because of illness or disability are entitled to be repatriated to their home country. That is regardless of number of prisoners so affected; the detaining power cannot refuse a genuine request.Under the Geneva Convention (1929), this is covered by Articles 68 to 74, and the annex. One of the largest exchange programmes was run by the International Red Cross during World War II under these terms. Under the Third Geneva Convention of 1949, that is covered by Articles 109 to 117.
- 美伊關係緊張之際，伊朗與美國同意交換囚犯，伊朗外長扎里夫上周六稱經瑞士參與斡旋下，當局釋放三年前被控間諜罪的美籍華裔博士生王夕越（Xiyue Wang，音譯），以交換遭美方拘留的伊朗科學家索萊馬尼。美國總統特朗普證實王夕越重獲自由，正返回美國。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191208/00180_010.html
- https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-establishes-voting-rights-treaty-with-poland Poland is the fourth country to sign a voting rights treaty with the UK, following treaties signed with Spain, Portugal and Luxembourg last year.
slavery
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter1.shtml root of slavery
- The Brussels Conference Act of 1890 (full title: Convention Relative to the Slave Trade and Importation into Africa of Firearms, Ammunition, and Spiritous Liquors) was a collection of anti-slavery measures signed in Brussels on 2 July 1890 (and which entered into force on 31 August 1891) to, as the act itself puts it, "put an end to Negro Slave Trade by land as well as by sea, and to improve the moral and material conditions of existence of the native races". The act was specifically applicable to those countries "who have possessions or Protectorates in the conventional basin of the Congo", to the Ottoman Empire and other powers or parts who were involved in slave trade in East African coast, Indian Ocean and other areas.
overseas territories suing
- https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/south-pacific-islands-prepare-to-sue-french-government-for-1billion-over-nuclear-tests-9879653.html The French Polynesia Assembly is preparing to ask Francois Holland’s government for nearly a billion dollars in compensation for damage caused to the islands by nuclear weapons tests. Conservative anti-independence Tahoera’a Huiraatira party committee has apparently taken issue with the French testing regime that saw 210 nuclear tests conducted from 1966 to 1996 off secluded atolls in the south Pacific. The committee, which is acting independently of Polynesian President Edouard Fritch, is asking for 930 million US dollars for environmental damage, according to daily Polynesian newspaper La Depeche de Tahiti.
- 美國紐約南區聯邦多名檢察官上周五入稟，指控洪都拉斯總統埃爾南德斯涉嫌收受毒販賄賂，協助保護當地一個可卡因製造工場，並利用國家武裝部隊把可卡因輸往美國。埃爾南德斯否認指控。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210111/00180_038.html
slavery
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter1.shtml root of slavery
- The Brussels Conference Act of 1890 (full title: Convention Relative to the Slave Trade and Importation into Africa of Firearms, Ammunition, and Spiritous Liquors) was a collection of anti-slavery measures signed in Brussels on 2 July 1890 (and which entered into force on 31 August 1891) to, as the act itself puts it, "put an end to Negro Slave Trade by land as well as by sea, and to improve the moral and material conditions of existence of the native races". The act was specifically applicable to those countries "who have possessions or Protectorates in the conventional basin of the Congo", to the Ottoman Empire and other powers or parts who were involved in slave trade in East African coast, Indian Ocean and other areas.
overseas territories suing
- https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/south-pacific-islands-prepare-to-sue-french-government-for-1billion-over-nuclear-tests-9879653.html The French Polynesia Assembly is preparing to ask Francois Holland’s government for nearly a billion dollars in compensation for damage caused to the islands by nuclear weapons tests. Conservative anti-independence Tahoera’a Huiraatira party committee has apparently taken issue with the French testing regime that saw 210 nuclear tests conducted from 1966 to 1996 off secluded atolls in the south Pacific. The committee, which is acting independently of Polynesian President Edouard Fritch, is asking for 930 million US dollars for environmental damage, according to daily Polynesian newspaper La Depeche de Tahiti.
- https://www.rt.com/news/440906-france-icc-nuclear-tests-polynesia/ A suit has been filed against France with the International Criminal Court over the nuclear tests conducted in the South Pacific. While local studies say the tests led to cancer, Paris is reluctant to take responsibility. The move was announced by the French Polynesia’s former president, Oscar Temaru, at a meeting of the UN commission focused on decolonization."This case aims to hold all the living French presidents accountable for the nuclear tests against our country,” he said, as cited by AFP.
- 美國紐約南區聯邦多名檢察官上周五入稟，指控洪都拉斯總統埃爾南德斯涉嫌收受毒販賄賂，協助保護當地一個可卡因製造工場，並利用國家武裝部隊把可卡因輸往美國。埃爾南德斯否認指控。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210111/00180_038.html
-當地時間1月29日，中國智能手機製造商小米公司在美國哥倫比亞特區聯邦地區法院對美國國防部和財政部提起法律訴訟，以反擊本月14日美國國防部將包括小米在內的9家中國公司，列入「與中國軍方有關的中企制裁名單」。小米在法庭文件中表示，美國政府的制裁是「違憲的、非法的」行為。有報道稱，新任美國防部長奧斯汀和財政部長耶倫也被列為被告。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232108/2021/0131/547870.html
-據路透社10日報道，在被美國聯邦通信委員會（FCC）列為所謂「國家安全威脅」後，中國華為公司8日向美國法院提出上訴，對美方這一決定繼續發起法律挑戰。 路透社稱，當地時間周一（8日），華為向美國第五巡迴上訴法院提交的上訴指出，FCC的命令超出了「法定權限，違反聯邦法律和美國憲法，屬武斷、反覆無常和濫用自由裁量權」。 據彭博社報道，華為在向新奧爾良第五巡迴上訴法院提起的訴訟中說，美國聯邦通信委員會去年12月11日的聲明是武斷且任意的，超出了其職權範圍，且違反了聯邦規則制定程序。華為還稱，FCC缺乏「實質性證據」，且沒能在規定最終確定前給公司申辯的機會。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232108/2021/0211/551871.html
high level meetings not arranged by government officials/diplomats
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel/2017/04/03/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html The United Arab Emirates arranged a secret meeting in January between Blackwater founder Erik Prince and a Russian close to President Vladimir Putin as part of an apparent effort to establish a back-channel line of communication between Moscow and President-elect Donald Trump, according to U.S., European and Arab officials. The meeting took place around Jan. 11 — nine days before Trump’s inauguration — in the Seychelles islands in the Indian Ocean, officials said. Though the full agenda remains unclear, the UAE agreed to broker the meeting in part to explore whether Russia could be persuaded to curtail its relationship with Iran, including in Syria, a Trump administration objective that would be likely to require major concessions to Moscow on U.S. sanctions. Though Prince had no formal role with the Trump campaign or transition team, he presented himself as an unofficial envoy for Trump to high-ranking Emiratis involved in setting up his meeting with the Putin confidant, according to the officials, who did not identify the Russian.
- separate and above that operation sits a key channel for high-level interactions between the White House and Chinese leadership, run by Trump’s son-in-law Jared Kushner. The Kushner channel was established shortly after the election with the help of former secretary of state Henry Kissinger. In a series of meetings with top Chinese officials, Kushner and other Trump aides set the tone and broad agenda for the coming summit, well before the current policy process began.https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/inside-the-kushner-channel-to-china/2017/04/02/d1a960c6-164f-11e7-833c-503e1f6394c9_story.html
brokers
- usa
- 日韓因二戰強徵勞工賠償問題交惡，日方限制出口半導體報復。出訪亞洲的美國東亞和太平洋事務助理國務卿史迪威，周三在南韓外交部與南韓國家安保室第二次長金鉉宗會面。史迪威表示，美國將盡力協調日韓解決紛爭。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190718/00180_013.html
- For more than a week, Australian authorities have been scrambling for information about the whereabouts of Alek Sigley, a 29-year-old postgraduate student who is missing and feared detained in North Korea. Their task has been made all the harder by the fact that Australia, like most Western countries, has no diplomatic presence in the hermit kingdom. Instead of making inquiries directly with North Korean authorities, Australian diplomats have had to rely on an intermediary – Sweden, which has long served as a channel for countries that don’t have formal relations with Pyongyang to make contact and work through disputes with it.https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/3017145/pm-scott-morrison-prays-sweden-steps-mediator-australian
- us north korea nuclear talks various reports 5oct19
- 芬蘭首都赫爾辛基不是首次舉辦美俄峰會，由於芬蘭在冷戰時期相對中立，因此該國在美蘇或美俄關係上多次擔當重要角色。一九七五年，美蘇領袖在赫爾辛基簽署《赫爾辛基協議》，減低戰爭爆發的機會；一九九○年，時任的美國總統老布殊與蘇聯領袖戈爾巴喬夫，在赫爾辛基的總統府會面，討論波斯灣危機。
- us korea meeting and vietnam's role hkej 15feb19 shum article
diplomatic immunity
- Diplomatic immunity is a form of legal immunity that ensures diplomats are given safe passage and are considered not susceptible to lawsuit or prosecution under the host country's laws, but they can still be expelled. Modern diplomatic immunity was codified as international law in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1969) which has been ratified by all but a handful of nations, though the concept and custom of such immunity have a much longer history dating back thousands of years. Many principles of diplomatic immunity are now considered to be customary law. Diplomatic immunity as an institution developed to allow for the maintenance of government relations, including during periods of difficulties and armed conflict. When receiving diplomats, who formally represent the sovereign, the receiving head of state grants certain privileges and immunities to ensure they may effectively carry out their duties, on the understanding that these are provided on a reciprocal basis. Originally, these privileges and immunities were granted on a bilateral, ad hoc basis, which led to misunderstandings and conflict, pressure on weaker states, and an inability for other states to judge which party was at fault. An international agreement known as the Vienna Convention codified the rules and agreements, providing standards and privileges to all states. It is possible for the official's home country to waive immunity; this tends to happen only when the individual has committed a serious crime, unconnected with their diplomatic role (as opposed to, say, allegations of spying), or has witnessed such a crime. However, many countries refuse to waive immunity as a matter of course; individuals have no authority to waive their own immunity (except perhaps in cases of defection). Alternatively, the home country may prosecute the individual. If immunity is waived by a government so that a diplomat (or their family members) can be prosecuted, it must be because there is a case to answer and it is in the public interest to prosecute them. For instance, in 2002, a Colombian diplomat in London was prosecuted for manslaughter, once diplomatic immunity was waived by the Colombian government.
- The concept of diplomatic immunity can be found in ancient Indian epics like Ramayana (between 3000 and 2000 BC) (traditional Hindu dating: over 100,000 years ago) and Mahabharata(around 4th century BC; traditional Hindu dating: 3000 BC), where messengers and diplomats were given immunity from capital punishment. In Ramayana, when the demon king Ravanaordered the killing of Hanuman, Ravana's younger brother Vibhishana pointed out that messengers or diplomats should not be killed, as per ancient practices. During the evolution of international justice, many wars were considered rebellions or unlawful by one or more combatant sides. In such cases, the servants of the "criminal" sovereign were often considered accomplices and their persons violated. In other circumstances, harbingers of inconsiderable demands were killed as a declaration of war. Herodotus records that when heralds of the Persian king Xerxes demanded "earth and water" (i.e., symbols of submission) of Greek cities, the Athenians threw them into a pit and the Spartans threw them down a well for the purpose of suggesting they would find both earth and water at the bottom, these often being mentioned by the messenger as a threat of siege. However, even for Herodotus, this maltreatment of envoys is a crime.[citation needed] He recounts a story of divine vengeance befalling Sparta for this deed. A Roman envoy was urinated on as he was leaving the city of Tarentum. The oath of the envoy, "This stain will be washed away with blood!", was fulfilled during the Second Punic War. The arrest and ill-treatment of the envoy of Raja Raja Chola by the king of Kulasekhara dynasty (Second Cheras), which is now part of modern India, led to the naval Kandalur War in AD 994. The Islamic prophet Muhammad sent and received envoys and strictly forbade harming them. This practice was continued by the Rashidun caliphs who exchanged diplomats with the Ethiopians and the Byzantines. This diplomatic exchange continued during the Arab–Byzantine wars. Classical Sharia called for hospitality to be shown towards anyone who has been granted amān (or right of safe passage). Amān was readily granted to any emissary bearing a letter or another sealed document. The duration of the amān was typically a year. Envoys with this right of passage were given immunity of person and property. They were exempt from taxation, as long as they didn't engage in trade.As diplomats by definition enter the country under safe-conduct, violating them is normally viewed as a great breach of honor, although there have been numerous cases in which diplomats have been killed. Genghis Khan and the Mongols were well known for strongly insisting on the rights of diplomats, and they would often take terrifying vengeance against any state that violated these rights. The Mongols would often raze entire cities in retaliation for the execution of their ambassadors, and invaded and destroyed the Khwarezmid Empire after their ambassadors had been mistreated.
- hkej 25oct17 shum article
- cases
- https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-northamptonshire-49961679 The prime minister has urged the US to reconsider giving a diplomat's wife immunity after she left the UK despite being a suspect in a fatal crash. Anne Sacoolas is wanted by police over the death of motorcyclist Harry Dunn, 19, in Northamptonshire on 27 August. The US State Department said diplomatic immunity was "rarely waived". Boris Johnson said the UK was speaking to the US ambassador and "if we can't resolve it then... I will be raising it myself with the White House". UK Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab, who has already urged the US Embassy to reconsider, raised Mr Dunn's case in a conversation with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo earlier.
- 一九九七年，一名駐華盛頓的格魯吉亞外交官，在當地駕車撞死一名十多歲的女孩，華府隨即向格魯吉亞當局施壓，要求取消這名外交官的豁免權，最終將其收監。二○一三年，美國一名駐肯尼亞外交官在內羅畢超速駕駛撞死一名男子，事後火速潛逃返回美國，美國駐當地大使館竟對此不聞不問。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200127/00184_010.html
- 日本參議院外交防衞委員會在上周四的會議上，談到懸掛外交官車牌車輛違泊的問題日益嚴重，有議員批評駐日外交官濫用特權，促當局公布「違規大國」。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201123/00180_018.html
- The German Parliament has said that Thailand's King Maha Vajiralongkorn enjoys diplomatic immunity during his extended stays in his Bavarian villa, but the state does have the power to expel him from the country.According to an assessment by the Bundestag's academic services (WD), and commissioned by the socialist Left party, the German state has very little power to prosecute the Thai king, despite recent threats by Foreign Minister Heiko Maas.But short of expelling the king from Germany as a "persona non grata," law enforcement has no way to prosecute the king, who represents Thailand even when he is on vacation, the Bundestag found. That means that, under diplomatic immunity, he cannot be punished for crimes committed in Germany or be put under surveillance.Vajiralongkorn spends months at a time in his villa by Lake Starnberg, just south of Munich, and in spring he frequently stayed in a luxury hotel in the ski resort of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, defying a ban on hotel stays in the state — at the time one of Bavaria's coronavirus lockdown measures. The king returned to Thailand in October, but the Left party has called on the German government to ban him from reentering Germany. "Anyone who, like the king, brutally suppresses a democratic movement with a military junta, should not be rewarded with a visa for luxury extended stays in Germany," Left party parliamentarians Sevim Dagdelen and Heike Hänsel said in a joint statement.Earlier in November, the German Foreign Ministry said it had found no evidence that the king was issuing decrees from Bavaria that were violating human rights — though opposition politicians found this less than credible, considering the length of the king's stays in Germany."The question of what the government was doing to counter such unlawful actions remains unanswered," Margarete Brause of the Green party said in a statement.https://www.dw.com/en/thailands-king-can-be-expelled-if-he-rules-from-germany-parliament/a-55690987
foreign influence
- usa
- The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is issuing regulations to implement Executive Order 13848 of September 12, 2018 (“Imposing Certain Sanctions in the Event of Foreign Interference in a United States Election”). These regulations are currently available for public inspection with the Federal Register and will take effect upon publication in the Federal Register on April 29, 2019. https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/31cfr579.pdf
- 新西蘭國家黨政治捐款醜聞有新進展，當局前日公布，國會議員羅斯（Jami-Lee Ross）與三名華裔政治捐款人涉嫌詐騙被起訴。他們涉將捐給國家黨的大額款項拆成小份，以避免按選舉條例公開捐款人身份。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200221/00180_007.html
- 台灣的退役陸軍中將羅文山，早前因涉收受香港商人許智銘（原名許智明）的政治獻金，一審判囚2年半。台灣高等法院昨日二審改判羅2年有期徒刑，得易科罰金72萬元（新台幣．下同，約20萬港元），追繳沒收其犯罪所得839萬元（約235萬港元）。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210113/00180_006.html
加拿大前日發起一項國際宣言，希望阻止部分國家任意拘留外國公民當成外交談判籌碼的行為。英媒報道，該倡議已獲58個國家支持，除加拿大和美國外，還包括英國、日本、澳洲，以及歐盟27個成員國幾乎所有成員。加拿大外長加爾諾強調，宣言並非針對任何國家；惟有加方官員稱，宣言可望向中國施壓，迫使中方盡快釋放囚禁超過兩年的加拿大前外交官康明凱與商人斯派佛。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210217/00178_001.html
sisters cities
- 姊妹城市又稱友好城市，是國與國之間為增進相互友誼、促進共同發展而作的城市配對交往，並於政治、經濟、科技及文化等各個範疇展開全面合作。據中國人民對外友好協會會長李小林早前表示，中國目前已與五大洲一百三十多個國家建立了兩千多對友好城市和省、州關係，彼此間多年以來實行優勢互補，務實合作，力爭讓各方共同享有各類發展成果，堪稱互惠互利之舉。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191009/00182_001.html
historic artefacts
- 法國媒體報道，總統馬克龍委託的專家建議，修改文物遺產法，把從殖民時期掠奪的文物藝術品交還非洲。報告指除非有證據顯示在法國博物館的非洲藝術品屬合法取來，否則需交還非洲。馬克龍去年訪問布基納法索時指，非洲文物遺產不能只是私人收藏及放在歐洲的博物館內。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181124/00180_015.html
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48309694 The German Historical Museum has announced it will return a 15th century monument to Namibia after it was taken during the colonial era. The Stone Cross is a Portuguese navigation landmark placed on the southwest African coastline in 1486. But when the area was under German colonial control in the 1890s, the cross was taken and moved to Europe. Namibia asked for its return in 2017 and on Friday, the Berlin museum formally agreed to the request. - https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49904228 An 18th Century Ethiopian crown will finally be returned home after being hidden in a Dutch flat for 21 years. Ethiopian Sirak Asfaw, who fled to the Netherlands in the late 1970s, discovered the crown in the suitcase of a visitor and realised it was stolen. The management consultant has protected it until he felt safe to send it back. "Finally it is the right time to bring back the crown to its owners - and the owners of the crown are all Ethiopians," he told the BBC.The crown is thought to be one of just 20 in existence. It has depictions of Jesus Christ, God and the Holy Spirit, as well as Jesus' disciples, and was likely gifted to a church by the powerful warlord Welde Sellase hundreds of years ago.Mr Sirak left his home country in 1978 to escape the political repression of the Communist government, or Derg, which had come to power in 1974. The regime unleashed a wave of violence known as the Red Terror, which killed hundreds of thousands and forced many to leave.
- When the British traveler Richard Chandler visited Eleusis in around 1765, accompanied by the painter William Pars and the architect Nicholas Revett, he reported that there was ancient statue there, a Caryatid, which the locals venerated, believing it protected the crops. They called the woman the statue represented “Saint Demetra” and held that she was a Christian whose daughter had been abducted by a malicious Turk. In 1801, however, the statue was removed by another Englishman named Edward Daniel Clarke, who bribed the local Turkish officials to let him take it and load it on a ship back to England. The locals were dismayed and horrified. When the town experienced a run of years with poor harvests a few years later, they blamed it on the theft of the statue, saying that Saint Demetra was punishing them for having allowed it to be taken so easily. The statue was never returned and is still in the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, England.http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/201910/1003/HA06A03CECC_HKCD.pdf
- https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/ancient-artifacts-returned-iran-us-university-65973723 The Iranian government says that nearly 1,800 ancient artifacts have arrived in Iran as part of the return of thousands of antiquities loaned decades ago to the University of Chicago. The government website says the artifacts arrived in Tehran on Monday, accompanied by two academics from the university.This is the fourth consignment of artifacts to have been returned since 2004. Other shipments were also made in 1948 and 1950.Iran loaned the artifacts to the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute more than 80 years ago for research, translation and cataloging after university archaeologists uncovered them in the 1930s at the site of the ancient city of Persepolis. Another 17,000 artefacts from the initial loan remain in the U.S.Iran and the U.S. have not had diplomatic relations since 1979.
- 英國大英博物館收藏無數珍貴文物，但不少其實是在對外殖民時期，從外國掠奪得來。英國御用大律師羅伯遜在昨日推出的一本新書撰文，批評大英博物館是「全球最大的接贓者」，滿手鮮血，促請英國以至其他歐美國家，向各國歸還掠奪得來的文物。羅伯遜批評歐美當年征服世界期間，軍人和殖民地官員於各地掠去文物，如今大英博物館只是展出「偷來的文化遺產」。不過羅伯遜承認，即使英國願意歸還巴特農神殿浮雕等最具代表性的文物，也不代表其他海外文物可獲得同等待遇，原因是並非所有文物均具有同等知名度或重要性，而且英國當年掠奪這些文物的過程，更可能涉及英方未必願意承認的戰爭罪行。大英博物館承認一些藏品牽涉「艱難歷史」，去年已派員到尼日利亞貝寧城，計劃歸還貝寧青銅器，但至今未有下文。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/11/06/a22-1106.pdf
- economist 15feb2020 spears and spires - british museums have started to give back colonial artefacts
- 一頂流落在荷蘭逾二十年的十八世紀埃塞俄比亞王冠，周四（20日）由荷蘭官員帶到埃塞俄比亞「完璧歸趙」，由埃國總理阿比‧艾哈邁德親自接收。該王冠於一九九八年由一名到荷蘭尋庇的埃國難民無意中獲得，過去廿二年來一直收藏其家中。埃塞俄比亞男子阿斯福（Sirak Asfaw），於上世紀七十年代末逃避軍事獨裁統治抵達荷蘭後在鹿特丹定居，並接收了其他同胞難民。一九九八年，一名同胞攜同該王冠投靠他，阿斯福認定王冠是在祖國被盜的文物，但他當時擔心，若把王冠送回祖國，會落入獨裁統治者之手，故把它收藏在家中。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200222/00180_014.html
- 尼日利亞一座有超過一千四百年歷史的古王朝青銅雕像早前失蹤，一直下落不明。原來，該件珍貴文物竟輾轉流落遠隔重洋的墨西哥，所幸它被當地政府截獲，才不致一去不返。墨西哥政府上周四宣布，已將雕像送交尼日利亞駐當地大使，稍後運返尼日利亞本土。該座青銅像造型是一名戴有頭飾的男子盤膝而坐、手中持物。經鑑定，雕像是西非約魯巴族（Yoruba）古物真迹，可追溯至六世紀。約魯巴人古時在尼日利亞建立強大王朝，文化興盛，留下不少珍寶，雕像相信是其中之一。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200301/00180_020.html
- The US Supreme Court has heard arguments over a collection of medieval artworks that Nazi Germany acquired from Jewish art dealers. US descendants of the dealers allege the treasure trove, once owned by German royalty, was coerced out of their possession in a "forced sale".With Germany's backing, the foundation that owns thepieces has called for the suit to be dismissed.The collection is said to be worth at least $250m (£187m).It has been on display in a Berlin art museum since 1963 and is now owned by the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation - the governmental entity that houses the collection.The high court's ruling could open the door for foreigners to use US courts to litigate alleged injustices in their own countries.The case centres on the Guelph Treasure, or Welfenschatz in German, a collection of 42 church art works - including altars, crosses and other Christian relics - made between the 11th and 15th centuries and passed down from one of Europe's oldest princely houses.A consortium of Jewish art dealers purchased the entire collection a few months prior to the stock market crash of 1929, but sold most of the works at a reduced price in 1935 to the former German state of Prussia.Hermann Göring - founder of the Gestapo secret police - may have then presented the Guelph Treasure to Nazi leader Adolf Hitler as a gift, but the two sides of the lawsuit dispute this claim. In their 12-year legal battle, the plaintiffs have alleged the sale was coerced - at one third of the collection's value, they estimate - as part of Nazi Germany's campaign to persecute its Jewish population and confiscate their possessions.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55193792
- 內地傳媒報道，當年遭人盜取大量雕像的山西太原天龍山石窟，其中第8窟北壁主尊佛首，去年中獲發現在日本拍賣。國家文物局隨後要求撤拍，並與拍賣行取得共識，成功將遺失近一世紀的國家一級文物於昨日帶回北京，成為去年回歸的第100件流失文物。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210213/00178_022.html
language
- https://www.quora.com/How-many-languages-would-the-typical-Roman-emperor-be-fluent-in-What-about-other-kingdoms-at-the-time-Would-a-Parthian-king-speak-Latin-An-Armenian-king-Greek Generally, the language all political persons of the age could be relied on to speak was Greek, which formed a lingua franca spoken everywhere from Ireland, to the Sudan, to the Indus river valley and Central Asia. This was the prestige language of the Roman aristocracy since the 1st century BC, the administrative language of the Parthian empire and the Roman east, as well as the elite dialect of many colorful and short-lived Asiatic kingdoms, such as the Kushans. Rulers wishing to speak across cultural lines - such as the entire web of diplomacy between Rome, Armenia, Nubia, Arabia, & Parthia, used Greek. Learning it would have been a necessity for practical purposes for most people living or commanding armed men in the hodge-podge of cultures that was much of the late antique Rome. Men like Constantine ‘the Great’ - who was not considered a cultural “Greek” by the later Romans, but rather a Westerner - as he was first and longest Western Emperor - spoke Greek as his native language. Greek also had a more esoteric side as the language of learning: virtually all serious thought, science or art, took place in Greek. Even at its peak, Latin poetry was an anaemic cousin to Roman Greek-language production. More importantly, Greek was the language of philosophy, as well as of the theatrical plays which provided the cultural glue of the ancient world. The second international language of the ancient world would have been Aramaic, the former official language of the Assyrian and Persian empires, which in Roman times still formed the everyday language of the ‘Fertile Crescent’ and, really, the wealthiest part of both Roman & Parthian empires. While likely not known by Roman emperors themselves - given that they could just use Greek in this region - it remained standard diplomatic-official fare for most kingdoms of the time, including Armenia, Parthia, and surrounding realms. It was in Aramaic that the Gospel was first translated (as the ‘Peshitta’), and Aramaic probably maintained the only “fully fledged” literary-scientific tradition outside Greek: the later ‘Abbasid ‘House of Knowledge’ was run by Assyrians. The later (13th c.) Mongol alphabet would similarly be based on Aramaic prototypes, hinting at the entire Aramaic-speaking cultural world linking the eastern provinces of Rome all the way to China along the Silk Road. Many precious works that were transmitted across the world in ancient times - ranging from Greece to the Near East and Renaissance Italy, to literary works passing from India to Europe, or from Africa or Syria to Europe - did so through Aramaic translations.Latin needs no introduction, and is the language every emperor would have had to have at least a rudimentary knowledge of to fulfill his official functions. It formed the basis of administration in the Western empire, where its usage spawned the popular dialects or vulgar Latin, in turn the ancestors of many modern international languages. Latin was, however, limited in scope: unlike in medieval/early modern Europe, where it would grow into a mature literary and international language, in Roman times it was still in its infancy. The main legacy of the language in this period would be its role as a language of law, in which role (and via the Christianized/much less harsh than ‘traditional’ law Codex Justiniani of the 6th century) it would remain in use until modern times.
- On 28 June 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed. Instead of being composed solely in French, as the tradition demanded, it had two equivalent versions, in French and in English. The French language, popular since Middle Ages, became even more so during the reign of Louis XIV when France was the strongest power in Europe. Displacing Latin and Italian, it became the language of European diplomacy.
Online resource:
- http://global.oup.com/uk/orc/politics/intro/jackson_sorensen5e/
journals
- Foreign Policy is an American news publication, founded in 1970 and focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy. It produces content daily on its website,[2] and in six print issues annually. Foreign Policy magazine and ForeignPolicy.com are published by The FP Group, a division of Graham Holdings Company (formerly The Washington Post Company). The FP Group also produces FP Events, Foreign Policy's events division, launched in 2012.
- The Indian Journal of Asian Affairs (IJAA),launched in 1988, is a bi-annual, peer-reviewed journal, published in June and December.
language
- https://www.quora.com/How-many-languages-would-the-typical-Roman-emperor-be-fluent-in-What-about-other-kingdoms-at-the-time-Would-a-Parthian-king-speak-Latin-An-Armenian-king-Greek Generally, the language all political persons of the age could be relied on to speak was Greek, which formed a lingua franca spoken everywhere from Ireland, to the Sudan, to the Indus river valley and Central Asia. This was the prestige language of the Roman aristocracy since the 1st century BC, the administrative language of the Parthian empire and the Roman east, as well as the elite dialect of many colorful and short-lived Asiatic kingdoms, such as the Kushans. Rulers wishing to speak across cultural lines - such as the entire web of diplomacy between Rome, Armenia, Nubia, Arabia, & Parthia, used Greek. Learning it would have been a necessity for practical purposes for most people living or commanding armed men in the hodge-podge of cultures that was much of the late antique Rome. Men like Constantine ‘the Great’ - who was not considered a cultural “Greek” by the later Romans, but rather a Westerner - as he was first and longest Western Emperor - spoke Greek as his native language. Greek also had a more esoteric side as the language of learning: virtually all serious thought, science or art, took place in Greek. Even at its peak, Latin poetry was an anaemic cousin to Roman Greek-language production. More importantly, Greek was the language of philosophy, as well as of the theatrical plays which provided the cultural glue of the ancient world. The second international language of the ancient world would have been Aramaic, the former official language of the Assyrian and Persian empires, which in Roman times still formed the everyday language of the ‘Fertile Crescent’ and, really, the wealthiest part of both Roman & Parthian empires. While likely not known by Roman emperors themselves - given that they could just use Greek in this region - it remained standard diplomatic-official fare for most kingdoms of the time, including Armenia, Parthia, and surrounding realms. It was in Aramaic that the Gospel was first translated (as the ‘Peshitta’), and Aramaic probably maintained the only “fully fledged” literary-scientific tradition outside Greek: the later ‘Abbasid ‘House of Knowledge’ was run by Assyrians. The later (13th c.) Mongol alphabet would similarly be based on Aramaic prototypes, hinting at the entire Aramaic-speaking cultural world linking the eastern provinces of Rome all the way to China along the Silk Road. Many precious works that were transmitted across the world in ancient times - ranging from Greece to the Near East and Renaissance Italy, to literary works passing from India to Europe, or from Africa or Syria to Europe - did so through Aramaic translations.Latin needs no introduction, and is the language every emperor would have had to have at least a rudimentary knowledge of to fulfill his official functions. It formed the basis of administration in the Western empire, where its usage spawned the popular dialects or vulgar Latin, in turn the ancestors of many modern international languages. Latin was, however, limited in scope: unlike in medieval/early modern Europe, where it would grow into a mature literary and international language, in Roman times it was still in its infancy. The main legacy of the language in this period would be its role as a language of law, in which role (and via the Christianized/much less harsh than ‘traditional’ law Codex Justiniani of the 6th century) it would remain in use until modern times.
- On 28 June 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed. Instead of being composed solely in French, as the tradition demanded, it had two equivalent versions, in French and in English. The French language, popular since Middle Ages, became even more so during the reign of Louis XIV when France was the strongest power in Europe. Displacing Latin and Italian, it became the language of European diplomacy.
After the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, France had irreversibly lost its status of leading power to Britain. However, it did not affect the status of the French language. Britain became an undisputed leader of the world, a hegemonic power. By 1914 it controlled one quarter of the world. But only businessmen and sea captains learned English. Diplomats and international organizations continued to use French. Most British who went abroad learned French, although British diplomats made it their point to speak English and have translators. A Briton who lived abroad but did not want to learn the international language was one of the typical images of 19th-century literature and was ridiculed by both British and continental authors (though British authors saw this refusal as patriotic and, while laughable, deserving some respect). Even in 1870, when France was crushed and humiliated by Germans, the text of the peace treaty was uniquely in French. So when the Paris Peace Conference started in 1919, after the long-awaited French revanche against the Germans, French President Georges Clemenceau and his associate Stéphen Pichon proposed to draft the new peace treaty in French and they did not expect any objections.However, one person objected. It was the US President Woodrow Wilson. He acknowledged that French had been the language of diplomacy in Europe but stated there was a new great power that was not European and spoke only English. Pichon objected, mentioning that US had already participated in diplomatic conferences where French had been the only official language. Furthermore, he said that it was unjust to rob France of its historic privilege in the wake of the war that caused so much suffering to the French people. Wilson was adamant: according to the US Constitution, all treaties had to be submitted to the Senate where they did not know any French. He found support from British Prime Minister David Lloyd George who emphasized that the number of English speakers worldwide is much bigger than the number of French speakers.The French delegates made a last ditch effort to salvage the prestige of the French: they proposed to include Italian as a third official language of the peace conference and the treaty. It would have downplayed the status of English. However, the proposal was defeated. According to a historian,
Thus, more than 200 years of French language dominance on the international scene came to an end.
Neither Wilson nor Lloyd George spoke any French while Clemenceau spoke perfect English, having lived in the US and having married an American. As a result, English became the dominant language of the Paris Peace Conference: of the ‘Big Four’, only Vittorio Orlando of Italy could not speak English.Thus, ironically, the hard-won French victory in the World War I marked the first step in the decline of the French language as an international one. Numerical and economic strength of English speakers meant it could go only downhill. Now that English was given an equal status, it was only a matter of time for it to become the sole international language.
https://www.quora.com/When-did-English-truly-overtake-French-as-the-language-of-diplomacy/answer/Alexey-TereshchenkoOnline resource:
- http://global.oup.com/uk/orc/politics/intro/jackson_sorensen5e/
journals
- Foreign Policy is an American news publication, founded in 1970 and focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy. It produces content daily on its website,[2] and in six print issues annually. Foreign Policy magazine and ForeignPolicy.com are published by The FP Group, a division of Graham Holdings Company (formerly The Washington Post Company). The FP Group also produces FP Events, Foreign Policy's events division, launched in 2012.
- The Indian Journal of Asian Affairs (IJAA),launched in 1988, is a bi-annual, peer-reviewed journal, published in June and December.
- The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs is an international relations journal established in 1910 relating to the Commonwealth of Nations.The journal was established in 1910 as an off-shoot of the Round Table movement, established the previous year to promote closer union between the United Kingdom and its self-governing colonies. It was initially subtitled, 'A Quarterly Review of the Politics of the British Empire'. Though some of those associated with the Round Table movement promoted Imperial Federation, a proposal to create a federated union in place of the existing British Empire, it was early on agreed that the journal 'should not come out flat-footed' in favour of constitutional change,[1] and disagreements within the Round Table movement meant that it never did. It was founded by Lord Milner, former High Commissioner of South Africa, Lord Selborne, his successor, and members of "Milner's Kindergarten", who were associated with Milner through their work in the South African Civil Service, including:Lionel Curtis, Philip Kerr – Liberal politician and, later, British Ambassador to United States, Geoffrey Dawson – Times journalist, Robert Brand. They were soon joined by others including Leo Amery, F.S. Oliver, and Alfred Zimmern.In line with the developing idea of the British empire turning into a 'Commonwealth' promoting progressive self-government, which emerged from the 'studies' of the Round Table movement, the sub-title of the journal was changed in 1919 to 'A Quarterly Review of the Politics of the British Commonwealth'. Post-World War II, its subtitle was altered to 'A Quarterly Review of British Commonwealth Affairs' to reflect the changing nature of the Commonwealth and the lesser concentration on the domestic politics of Commonwealth member states. It became less a journal espousing a particular view and more a forum to exchange.opinions.[2] Its sub-title was changed again in 1966, to 'The Commonwealth Quarterly'.The journal temporarily ceased in 1982 but was revived in 1983 with its current sub-title.
books
- http://www.wwd.se/bocker/ovrigt/v/varfor-diplomati/
- http://cersa.cnrs.fr/les-ambassadeurs/
- http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-breaking-of-nations-order-and-chaos-in-the-21st-century-by-robert-cooper-79439.html
- recent revelations of european diplomacy by dr g p gooch
- international treaties
- Hudson - international legislation
- international law
- Jus inter gentes, is the body of treaties, U.N. conventions, and other international agreements. Originally a Roman law concept, it later became a major part of public international law. The other major part is jus gentium, the Law of Nations (municipal law).[1] Jus inter gentes, literally, means "law between the peoples". This is not the same as jus gentium, argues Francisco Martin and his co-authors in "International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law" (2006),[3] because jus inter gentes includes internationally recognized human rights. Intergents term is used in 17th century by Rizehare Zouche,which is equavalent to international relations.Both the term had been used in the context of international law.
- The early positivist school emphasized the importance of custom and treaties as sources of international law. Early positivist scholar Alberico Gentili used historical examples to posit that positive law (jus voluntarium) was determined by general consent. Another positivist scholar, Richard Zouche, published the first manual of international law in 1650.
- De jure belli ac pacis libri tres (On the Law of War and Peace: Three books) was first published in 1625, dedicated to Grotius' current patron, Louis XIII. The treatise advances a system of principles of natural law, which are held to be binding on all people and nations regardless of local custom. The work is divided into three books:
- Book I advances his conception of war and of natural justice, arguing that there are some circumstances in which war is justifiable.
- Book II identifies three 'just causes' for war: self-defense, reparation of injury, and punishment; Grotius considers a wide variety of circumstances under which these rights of war attach and when they do not.
- Book III takes up the question of what rules govern the conduct of war once it has begun; influentially, Grotius argued that all parties to war are bound by such rules, whether their cause is just or not.
- Hugo Grotius (/ˈɡroʊʃiəs/; 10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot (Dutch: [ˈɦœyɣ də ɣroːt]) or Hugo de Groot (Dutch: [ˈɦyɣoː də ɣroːt]), was a Dutch jurist. Along with the earlier works of Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili, Grotius laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. A teenage intellectual prodigy, he was imprisoned for his involvement in the intra-Calvinist disputes of the Dutch Republic, but escaped hidden (appropriately) in a chest of books. He wrote most of his major works in exile in France. It is thought that Hugo Grotius was not the first to formulate the international society doctrine, but he was one of the first to define expressly the idea of one society of states, governed not by force or warfare but by actual laws and mutual agreement to enforce those laws. Additionally, his contributions to Arminian theology provided the seeds for later Arminian-based movements, such as Methodism and Pentecostalism and he is acknowledged as a significant figure in the Arminianism-Calvinism debate. Because of his theological underpinning of free trade, he is also considered an "economic theologist".
- Baron Samuel von Pufendorf (8 January 1632 – 13 October 1694) was a German jurist, political philosopher, economist, statesman, and historian. His name was just Samuel Pufendorf until he was ennobled in 1684; he was made a Freiherr (baron) a few months before his death at age 62 in 1694. Among his achievements are his commentaries and revisions of the natural law theories of Thomas Hobbes and Hugo Grotius. Pufendorf was familiar to American political writers such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson. His political concepts are part of the cultural background of the American Revolution. Pufendorf is seen as an important precursor of Enlightenment in Germany. He was involved in constant quarrels with clerical circles and frequently had to defend himself against accusations of heresy, despite holding largely traditional Christian views on matters of dogma and doctrine.
- The Law of Nations (French: Le droit des gens) is a work of political philosophy by Emerich de Vattel, published in 1758. The Law of Nations deals largely with political philosophy and international relations, and has been said to have modernized the entire theory and practice of international law.
- The American Society of International Law (ASIL), founded in 1906, was chartered by the United States Congress in 1950 to foster the study of international law, and to promote the establishment and maintenance of international relations on the basis of law and justice. ASIL holds Category II Consultative Status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council,[2] and is a constituent society of the American Council of Learned Societies. Among the Society's publications are The American Journal of International Law, International Legal Materials, Benchbook on International Law, and Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting.
- The British Yearbook of International Law is an essential work of reference for academics and practising lawyers. Through a mixture of articles and extended book reviews it continues to provide up-to-date analysis on important developments in modern international law. It has established a reputation as showcase for the best in international legal scholarship and its articles continue to be cited for many years after publication. In addition, through its thorough coverage of decisions in UK courts and official government statements, The British Yearbook offers unique insight into the development of state practice in the United Kingdom.
- finnish yearbook of international law http://fsil.fi/fybil/
- http://mooc1.chaoxing.com/course/91006894.html international relations history
people
- Holt Bradford Westerfield (March 7, 1928 – January 19, 2008) was a Damon Wells Professor of International Studies and professor of political science at Yale University. He was educated at The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall), Yale, where he was president of the Yale Political Union, and Harvard, where he earned his graduate degrees and taught from 1952 to 1956. After a year at the University of Chicago he joined the Yale faculty in 1957, and remained there for 40 years. Westerfield was a legendary teacher at Yale, where one of his popular courses was nicknamed by students "Lies and Spies." In 1993 he received the inaugural Byrnes-Sewall Award for undergraduate teaching, and in 2003 he received the Phi Beta Kappa Devane Medal. Among his students were George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and several future senators.
- hkej 22feb19 shum article
- hkej 13may19 shum article
- Dr. Lionel Vairon is the CEO of both CEC Consulting – Luxembourg and Elysha Business Consulting (Tunisia) working on development strategies of companies and governmental institutions of various countries, assisting them in finding partners in the investment sector, assisting negotiations, etc. He has also been, recently, Special Advisor for the President of the Republic of Niger for two years.With a PhD in Far Eastern Studies and a Master’s degree in Chinese language and culture and Political Science, Dr. Vairon is well versed on China-related current events, including areas of politics, security, corruption, human rights, media and more. https://cornerstonecapinc.com/bios/dr-lionel-vairon/
- china daily 24jan2020 former french diplomat aids companies' efforts to foster overseas relationships
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