Sambo (Russian: са́мбо; IPA: [ˈsambə]; САМозащита Без Оружия) is a Soviet martial art and combat sport.The word "SAMBO" is an acronym for SAMozashchita Bez Oruzhiya, which literally translates as "self-defense without weapons". Sambo is relatively modern since its development began in the early 1920s by the Soviet Red Army to improve their hand-to-hand combat abilities.[1] It was intended to be a merger of the most effective techniques of other martial arts. The pioneers of sambo were Viktor Spiridonov and Vasili Oshchepkov. Oshchepkov died in prison as a result of the Great Purge after being accused of being a Japanese spy.[3] Oshchepkov spent several years living in Japan and training in judo under its founder Jigoro Kano. Spiridonov and Oshchepkov independently developed two different styles, which eventually cross-pollinated and became what is known as sambo. Compared to Oshchepkov's system, called "Free wrestling" in Russia (known in the West as Catch as Catch Can wrestling or simply Catch wrestling), Spiridonov's style was softer and less strength-dependent. This was in large part due to injuries Spiridonov sustained during World War I. Anatoly Kharlampiev, a student of Vasili Oshchepkov, is also considered a founder of sambo. In 1938, it was recognized as an official sport by the USSR All-Union Sports Committee.
Krav Maga，即以色列自衞術，為以現今以國國技，軍方專用技鬥技。其原理與一般武術不同：遇敵時非正面迎擊，反為以弱制強：講求迅速逃離危險現場；或無法脫身時，便攻其弱點。學習內容包括搶刀搶槍等，或攻擊對方關節等。Krav Maga起源於二戰前，由一名西班牙猶太人Imi Lichtenfeld創立，以對抗納粹政權。三十年代，反猶太暴動在捷克斯洛伐克蔓延，甚至日益暴力。那些被當成廢青及無辜的猶太人活於白色恐怖之下。Imi便揉合其早年由拳擊、相撲及體操的技術，創立一種街頭自衛術。1940年希特拉入侵捷克伊洛伐克，Imi加入在北非英軍的「解放捷克兵團（Free Czech Legion）」，並傳授此技於猶太半軍事組織（即現以色列自衛軍）。現時兩個國際認可的Krav Maga組織為Israeli Krav Maga Association及International Krav Maga Association。此技亦受多個國家軍警或保衞隊所採用，如美國聯邦調查局及多國特種部隊等。https://www.facebook.com/IRBasilica/photos/a.205578209816537/865612067146478/?Arnis, also known as Kali or Eskrima, is the national sport and martial art of the Philippines. The three are roughly interchangeable umbrella terms for the traditional martial arts of the Philippines ("Filipino Martial Arts," or FMA) that emphasize weapon-based fighting with sticks, knives, bladed weapons and various improvised weapons. It is also known as Estoque (Spanish for rapier), Estocada (Spanish for thrust or stab) and Garrote (Spanish for club). In Luzon they may go by the name of Arnis de Mano. The indigenous martial art that the Spanish encountered in 1610 was not yet called "Arnis" at that time. During those times, this martial art was known as Paccalicali-t to the Ibanags, Didya (later changed to Kabaroan) to the Ilocanos, Sitbatan or Kalirongan to Pangasinenses, Sinawali to the Kapampangans ("to weave"), Calis or Pananandata (use of weapons) to the Tagalogs, Pagaradman to the Ilonggos and Kaliradman to the Cebuanos. Kuntaw and Silat are separate martial arts that are also practiced in the Philippine Archipelago. Arnis also includes hand-to-hand combat, joint locks, grappling and weapon disarming techniques. Although in general, emphasis is put on weapons for these arts, some systems put empty hands as the primary focus and some old school systems do not teach weapons at all. For all intents and purposes, arnis, eskrima and kali all refer to the same family of Filipino weapon-based martial arts and fighting systems. Both Arnis and Eskrima are loans from Spanish.
taiji
- 太極拳在中國流行的時間悠久，至少可追 溯到宋代，宋開國皇帝趙匡胤從小就對拳術 情有獨鍾，每日起身的第一個任務就是要隨 從陪伴練拳。他不僅喜歡練拳，並經常對拳進 行獨到研究、推敲、揣摸，並創建了多種拳 術。此習慣亦為他日後打出、穩住大宋江山有 直接聯繫。趙匡胤將自己創建的拳叫太祖長 拳，現代太極拳中的金雞獨立、高探馬、單鞭 等均來自他首先創建。趙匡胤還將拳與棍結合 成「通天棍」，太祖長拳和通天棍不僅幫助趙 匡胤建立霸業，還成為穩定政局的法寶。 據傳說，趙匡胤不滿一名曾在建立大宋江 山、立下戰功的御前大將軍驕橫跋扈的所作 所為，故意選擇在一次練拳中，在眾目睽睽 之下將其一棍敲到後腦勺而死。既嘗試了自 己拳、棍術的厲害，並以獨特的辦法除去異 己、掃除執政障礙；故事亦成為古代、近代 和現代的政界熱談。明清以後，經一群太極 愛好者的系統研究，太極拳分支成陳式、楊 式、武式、吳式、孫式、和式等流派，各派 既有傳承關係，相互借鑒，也各有自己的特 點，在神州大地呈現百花齊放之態。 新中國成立後，太極拳被國家體委統一改 編出教材，並作為國民強身健體之體操運 動，且成為藝術表演、體育比賽的專用拳 術；近期，國家將每年 5月規定為「太極拳 月」，客觀上為太極拳的普及提供了更為廣 泛的群眾基礎。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/07/08/a28-0708.pdf
Ninjutsu (忍術), sometimes used interchangeably with the modern term ninpō (忍法), is the strategy and tactics of unconventional warfare, guerrilla warfare and espionage purportedly practiced by the shinobi (commonly known outside Japan as ninja).[2][page needed] Ninjutsu was a separate discipline in some traditional Japanese schools, which integrated study of more conventional martial arts (taijutsu) along with shurikenjutsu, kenjutsu, sōjutsu, bōjutsu and others.While there is an international martial arts organization representing several modern styles of ninjutsu, the historical lineage of these styles is disputed.[4] Some schools claim to be the only legitimate heir of the art, but ninjutsu is not centralized like modernized martial arts such as judo or karate.[citation needed] Togakure-ryū claims to be the oldest recorded form of ninjutsu, and claims to have survived past the 16th century. 忍術（にんじゅつ）とは、日本の室町時代頃から戦国時代の諜報活動や窃盗に関する技術や窃盗や諜報活動への対応法の総称である。諜報活動の際に必要となる技術や各種の武術なども含まれる場合がある。 萬川集海、正忍記等の忍術書においては、情報収集のため相手方へ忍び込むための技術などが記述されている。室町幕府と戦った甲賀流や、徳川家康の家来服部半蔵の伊賀流が有名である。 上記のように、忍術は戦闘技術も含んでおり、忍具、忍器と呼ばれる独自の用具（武器）を使用する武器術もある。ただし、記録に残る限り忍術に専門的な武器術や体術が含まれていたとすることには疑問点が多く、実際の所、特に江戸時代以降は心得や簡単な武器使用法のみで、本格的な武術は武術流派から学んでいた可能性が高い。
- japan
Karate (空手) (English: /kəˈrɑːtiː/; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɾate]; Okinawan pronunciation: Ryukyuan pronunciation: [kaɽati]) is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts (called te (手), "hand"; tii in Okinawan) under the influence of Chinese martial arts, particularly Fujian White Crane.[1][2] Karate is now predominantly a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes, elbow strikes and open-hand techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands, and palm-heel strikes. Historically, and in some modern styles, grappling, throws, joint locks, restraints, and vital-point strikes are also taught.[3] A karate practitioner is called a karateka (空手家).The Ryukyu Kingdom was annexed by Japan in 1879. Karate was brought to Japan in the early 20th century during a time of migration as Ryukyuans, especially from Okinawa, looked for work in Japan.[4]It was systematically taught in Japan after the Taishō era.[5] In 1922 the Japanese Ministry of Education invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration. In 1924 Keio University established the first university karate club in mainland Japan and by 1932, major Japanese universities had karate clubs.[6]In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,[7] the name was changed from 唐手 ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand")[8] to 空手 ("empty hand") (jonathan clenebts said 1936) – both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese – to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style.
- japan
Wing chun
- hk
蔡李佛拳，中國傳統拳術中的南拳之一 ，相傳為廣東省新會京梅鄉人陳享（1806 年-1875年）所傳，他綜合蔡家拳、李家拳 和佛家掌三家之長形成一支新派，故名。房 勝棠在8歲時就被觀賞性和對抗性兼備的蔡 李佛拳吸引，打起來那行雲流水般的感覺讓 他欲罷不能，從此上了武術的 「船」。 其時，廣州正處 「文革」時期，傳統 武術沒有很好的發展環境，甚至一度停滯 不前。年輕的房勝棠除了在師傅指導下學 習，就是輾轉於廣州各大公園間，設法尋 找切磋機會。1979年底，房勝棠移民澳門 ，發現港澳地區武術氛圍更濃厚，亦認識 了一些港澳武術界朋友，也為他繼續學習 、研究蔡李佛拳提供更好的機會。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190411/PDF/a21_screen.pdf
2014年納入非物質文化遺產清單項目的大聖劈掛門，其傳承人去年成功申請康文署 「非遺資助計劃—社區主導項目」 資助，開展名為 「非遺武術(大聖劈掛門)線上傳承計劃」大聖劈掛門由北方南傳植根香港已近90年，李飛標是大聖劈掛門第三代傳人，習武50多年。他表示，正在編寫的傳承電子書會講述門派源流、歷史，當中涉及開山祖師耿德海及他的師傅陳秀中宗師。電子書亦有拳術套路，與線上學習互為牽連，也會介紹刀槍劍棍及奇門兵器小知識。他透露，個多月前離世的陳秀中師傅發揚大聖劈掛門不遺餘力，當 2012 年科技大學就哪些非遺應納入建議清單進行普查時，對大聖劈掛門進行了5次普查，剛好在港的師傅與他一齊做了最後2次。線下體驗班受疫情影響共 10 場的線下體驗學習工作坊亦由李飛標師傅親自主講，每個月一次，免費參與，由於受疫情影響，目前只能確定頭四場的日期和地點。另外，共六場的校園推介演示活動同樣受到影響，原計劃，今個學年會安排3場，但要延到下
學年開學後再作安排。出席啟動儀式的主禮嘉賓康文署非遺辦事處館長林國輝表示，去年獲批資助的25個計劃，不少涉及到校園推廣，或與學生有關，他們會作出彈性處理，讓有關計劃可延遲半年或一年完成。另一主禮嘉賓立法會議員馬逢國則指現在疫情影響下，年輕人回不了校園，須要網上學習，而大聖劈掛門用線上傳遞正合，可考慮放入學習平台，讓同學有學習機會，將傳統武術滲透校園。當日出席的主禮嘉賓除了李飛標、林國輝、馬逢國，還有中國香港體育協會暨奧林匹克委員會副會長貝鈞奇、香港考試及評核局公開考試總監麥勁生、大聖劈掛門國術總會主席羅健雄及副主席鄺偉權。
http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202004/0404/HA11404CX02_HKCD.pdf
Usa
Uk
France
- film banzai (1983)
india
- Kalaripayattu (pronounced as Kalarippayatt) is a martial art, which originated as a style in Kerala, southern India (North Malabar).[1] The word kalari first appears in the Tamil Sangam literature (c. 300 BCE to 300 CE)[2] to describe both a battlefield and combat arena. The word kalari tatt denoted a martial feat, while kalari kozhai meant a coward in war.[2] Each warrior in the Sangam era received regular military training. It is considered to be one of the oldest surviving fighting systems in still existence in the world.[3] It was originally practiced in northern and central parts of Kerala and southern parts of Tamil Nadu.
Japan
- karate
China
http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180828/00178_010.html
Ninjutsu (忍術), sometimes used interchangeably with the modern term ninpō (忍法), is the strategy and tactics of unconventional warfare, guerrilla warfare and espionage purportedly practiced by the shinobi (commonly known outside Japan as ninja).[2][page needed] Ninjutsu was a separate discipline in some traditional Japanese schools, which integrated study of more conventional martial arts (taijutsu) along with shurikenjutsu, kenjutsu, sōjutsu, bōjutsu and others.While there is an international martial arts organization representing several modern styles of ninjutsu, the historical lineage of these styles is disputed.[4] Some schools claim to be the only legitimate heir of the art, but ninjutsu is not centralized like modernized martial arts such as judo or karate.[citation needed] Togakure-ryū claims to be the oldest recorded form of ninjutsu, and claims to have survived past the 16th century. 忍術（にんじゅつ）とは、日本の室町時代頃から戦国時代の諜報活動や窃盗に関する技術や窃盗や諜報活動への対応法の総称である。諜報活動の際に必要となる技術や各種の武術なども含まれる場合がある。 萬川集海、正忍記等の忍術書においては、情報収集のため相手方へ忍び込むための技術などが記述されている。室町幕府と戦った甲賀流や、徳川家康の家来服部半蔵の伊賀流が有名である。 上記のように、忍術は戦闘技術も含んでおり、忍具、忍器と呼ばれる独自の用具（武器）を使用する武器術もある。ただし、記録に残る限り忍術に専門的な武器術や体術が含まれていたとすることには疑問点が多く、実際の所、特に江戸時代以降は心得や簡単な武器使用法のみで、本格的な武術は武術流派から学んでいた可能性が高い。
- japan
- 日本「忍者之鄉」三重縣的國立大學，三年前成立號稱全球首間忍者研究中心，並開辦忍者研究生課程，旨在揭開忍者的神秘面紗，及將忍者的智慧應用於現代社會。日媒前日報道，該課程早前終誕生首位忍者碩士畢業生，這名四十五歲男士花兩年時間鑽研武術和學習忍者傳統文化，毅力令教授都讚嘆不已。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200629/00180_037.html
The nunchaku (Japanese: ヌンチャク Hepburn: nunchaku, often "nunchuks",[1]"chainsticks",[2] "chuka sticks" or "karate sticks" in English) is a traditional Okinawan martial arts weapon consisting of two sticks connected at one end by a short chain or rope. The two sections of the weapon are commonly made out of wood, while the link is a cord or a metal chain. The nunchaku is most widely used in martial arts such as Okinawan kobudō and karate, and is used as a training weapon, since it allows the development of quicker hand movements and improves posture. Modern-day nunchaku can be made from metal, wood, plastic or fibreglass. Toy and replica versions made of polystyrene foam or plastic are also available. Possession of this weapon is illegal in some countries, except for use in professional martial art schools. The exact origin of nunchuku is unclear. Allegedly adapted by Okinawan farmers from a non-weapon item, it was not a historically popular weapon because it was ineffective against the most widely used weapons of that time, and few historical techniques for its use still survive. In modern times, nunchaku (Tabak-Toyok) were popularized by actor and martial artist Bruce Lee and his martial arts instructor Dan Inosanto, who introduced this weapon to the actor.[citation needed] Another popular association in modern times is the fictional character Michelangelo of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise. Organizations including the North American Nunchaku Association, World Amateur Nunchaku Organization, Fédération Internationale de Nunchaku de Combat et Artistique, World Nunchaku Association, and International Techdo Nunchaku Association teach the use of nunchaku as a contact sport.The origin of the word nunchaku (ヌンチャク) is not known. One theory indicates it was derived from pronunciation of the Chinese characters 双截棍 (a type of traditional Chinese two section staff) in a Southern Fujian dialect of Chinese language (兩節棍 nng-chat-kun, pair(of)-linked-sticks). Another derives from the definition of "nun" as "twin". Another name for this weapon is "nûchiku"(ヌウチク). In the English language, nunchaku are often referred to as "nunchuks".
Karate (空手) (English: /kəˈrɑːtiː/; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɾate]; Okinawan pronunciation: Ryukyuan pronunciation: [kaɽati]) is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts (called te (手), "hand"; tii in Okinawan) under the influence of Chinese martial arts, particularly Fujian White Crane.[1][2] Karate is now predominantly a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes, elbow strikes and open-hand techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands, and palm-heel strikes. Historically, and in some modern styles, grappling, throws, joint locks, restraints, and vital-point strikes are also taught.[3] A karate practitioner is called a karateka (空手家).The Ryukyu Kingdom was annexed by Japan in 1879. Karate was brought to Japan in the early 20th century during a time of migration as Ryukyuans, especially from Okinawa, looked for work in Japan.[4]It was systematically taught in Japan after the Taishō era.[5] In 1922 the Japanese Ministry of Education invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration. In 1924 Keio University established the first university karate club in mainland Japan and by 1932, major Japanese universities had karate clubs.[6]In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,[7] the name was changed from 唐手 ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand")[8] to 空手 ("empty hand") (jonathan clenebts said 1936) – both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese – to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style.
- japan
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QRrnc0UGGg&feature=youtu.be In 2020, karate will make its debut as an Olympic sport. This traditional Japanese martial art, focused on strikes and kicks, uses two competition formats. Kumite is a type of non-contact sparring, while kata are set sequences of techniques performed solo. Modern Japanese karate has its roots in the traditional Okinawan martial art, where the emphasis is mostly on learning kata. A traditional karate practitioner never strikes first, and since the art trains self discipline and a spirit of respect for others, it’s often taught in schools, especially in Okinawa.
- hk
- http://chitoryu.hk
Jing Wu is an international martial arts organisation founded in Shanghai, China, on July 7, 1910, but some sources cite dates in 1909.[5] Its name is also spelled in many other ways throughout the world - Ching Mo, Chin Woo, Ching Mou, Ching Wu, Jing Mo, Jing Wo, Jing Wu - but all of them are based on the same two Chinese characters - jing wu (精武; pinyin: Jīng Wǔ; Wade–Giles: Ching Wu; Jyutping: Zing1 Mou5). It has at least 59 branches based in 22 or more countries worldwide, where it is usually known as an "athletic association" or "federation".
- Jing Wu was founded as the Jing Wu Athletic Association (精武體育會) in Shanghai, China in the early 20th century. Many sources, including the official websites of its branches in various countries,[7][8][9] claim that Jing Wu was founded by the martial artist Huo Yuanjia, who died not long after its establishment. Jing Wu was actually founded by a committee of persons, including members of the Tongmenghui, such as Chen Qimei, Nong Zhu, and Chen Tiesheng.[7] Due to Huo's popularity and recent death, the committee had decided that he should be the "face" of Jing Wu, resulting in his strong association with it.
- As one of the first public martial arts institutes in China, Jing Wu was intended to create a structured environment for teaching and learning martial arts as opposed to the secretive training that had been common in the past. The founders of Jing Wu felt that the association would keep alive traditions that secrecy and social change would otherwise doom. The basic curriculum drew from several styles of martial arts, giving practitioners a well-rounded martial background in addition to whatever they wished to specialise in. Jing Wu inspired the ecumenism seen in the Chinese martial arts community during the Republican era, giving rise to such efforts as the National Martial Arts Institutes. Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Republic of China, attended the third annual event held by Jing Wu in 1915, giving a speech of encouragement to the attendees.[11] When Sun Yat-sen attended again at the 10th annual event in 1920, he also wrote for a special Jing Wu newsletter and made a plaque with the engraving "martial spirit". Jing Wu was closed by the People's Republic of China government in 1966 and was allowed to reopen after the Cultural Revolution.
- hk
- 省港澳精武聯會日前在港正式成立，出席儀式的粵港澳三地人士冀在這個新的平台將精武精神發揚光大。當日，廣東精武體育會會長招德光率眾弟子，澳門精武體育會會長梁忠靈率眾弟子，及香港精武體育會會長柯俊龍、林展霆、盧恩寧，副主席馮銳堅、任劍文、黃麗安、李孝全、蘇志剛、林炳添、張永雄、蔡偉權等董事，出席了聯會成立的簽署儀式。香港精武會出現於1921年，前身為「精武學校」。1922年正式註冊成立為「香港精武體育會」。前輩們艱苦經營，每屆理事會都遴選出一批同心同德人士，出錢出力辦好會務，發展武術。精武會亦擔負起聯繫世界各地精武兄弟會及武林人士，致力推廣中國傳統武術，同時為武術推向世界略盡綿力。目前香港精武體育會開設了20多個不同門派的習武班組，並參加國內外大型武術比賽，接待海內外來會訪問的武術家及隊伍等。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/10/07/a13-1007.pdf
Wing chun
- usa
- Eric Oram is an American Wing Chun Kung Fu practitioner and fight choreographer who introduced a new way of filming fight scenes in the film Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows in which the actors fought with real strikes and attacks, which were then featured in slow motion at 500 frames per second in the final movie.[4] He has trained well known actors in Wing Chun such as Christian Bale[1][5] for Batman Begins,[2] Jake Gyllenhaal,[2] and in particular Robert Downey Jr. in Iron Man and Sherlock Holmes as his personal on-set consultant in numerous movies.
- italy
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1456289/changing-inside-foreigners-quest-understand-wing-chun Antonio Bacino is on his tenth trip from Italy to Hong Kong. As Bancio grew older and graduated from various Italian Wing Chun schools, his passion led him to seek out advanced tutelage under Ron Heimberger, a senior master who dedicated his life to promoting Wing Chun as a director of Ip Ching’s Ving Tsun Athletic Association. Heimberger left an indelible impression on Bancio before passing away from a brain tumor in 2008, and he was also the one who introduced his Italian pupil to both Ip Ching and Hong Kong – setting the stage for Bacino’s current schedule of regular trips to the city.
- vietnam
- https://www.vingtsun.it/i-maestri/maestri/sifu-antonio-bacino
- scmp 5nov19 tran viet trung teach wing chun in hanoi
- hk
- 約廿名意大利人專誠來港跟隨詠春師傅習武，部分人更拜師，建立長久師徒關係。劉功成是詠春宗師葉問的一代弟子，也是葉問國術總會主席，自上世紀七十年代已招收學生，至今累積了約二千名外籍學生。約在六年前，有本地旅行社推出專門接待外國遊客的「詠春功夫體驗之旅」。不少旅客初體驗後，每年再訪港數天至數周繼續深造、鍛煉。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20191027/00176_031.html
嶺南洪拳
- hk
- 洪拳在香港落戶並成為香港近百年來最重要的武術的故事，要追溯到林世榮師傅。繼承黃飛鴻衣缽的林世榮三十年代攜同家眷移居香江，並以此為總部，創立南武體育會。但真正將洪拳改革及現代化的重任則落在他徒弟林祖身上。林世榮是林祖叔父。林祖把大量流行民間的經典武藝吸納入林家洪拳，將洪拳的靈活性提升，並在原有的套路上編出徒手和兵器對拆套路，其中大量的兵器套路包括「劉家棍」、「蝴蝶隻刀」、「崑崙劍」。此外，二戰後林祖繼承了灣仔藍屋，開設林家武館，當時一樓及閣樓留作自用，地下層則經營跌打館及開班授徒。林家洪拳現掌門人、十二歲開始就於武館暨跌打醫館行醫濟世和傳授洪拳的林鎮輝當年就是與弟妹們在藍屋長大。劉家與林家不同，林家開班傳授武術，劉家則參演功夫電影，用另一渠道將洪拳發揚光大。林世榮之徒劉湛當年是第一位在大銀幕上飾演其師的演員。他為功夫電影引入全新元素-真實武打，是糅合電影與真功夫的第一人，使「豬肉榮」的形象深入民心。其子劉家良傳承父親的精神，是傳奇武術演員、指導、導演，將真實洪拳武打結合電影，尤以拳、刀兩房最為明顯，孕育出劉家輝、傅聲等一代武打巨星。劉家良在他執導的電影中傳遞他的武術哲學「武德」，最為人熟知的作品包括劉家輝主演、在片中飾演三德和尚的《少林三十六房》及成龍主演的《醉拳II》，都是香港人一再翻看的經典。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/09/23/a18-0923.pdf
- 已故洪拳一代宗師黃飛鴻是華人世界家喻戶曉的名字，其徒弟林氏洪拳創始人林世榮（豬肉榮）的姪孫林鎮成，因有感「教識徒弟無師傅」，曾兩度收山。惟近年他發現林氏洪拳在內地式微，更有人教假洪拳，遂決定打破門派傳人須由嫡系子姪擔當的傳統，打算在全球選出一名林氏洪拳傳人，並定下兩大條件：一要武功底子強，二要人品好。據了解，洪拳又稱洪家拳，曾被譽為嶺南五拳（洪、劉、蔡、李、莫）之首。洪拳起源有多種說法，其中較多人相傳是為明末清初，由少林俗家弟子洪熙官引入廣東。而林世榮早年在香港授武期間，收了在報章工作的徒弟朱愚齋，朱在報紙中多番宣傳黃飛鴻與林世榮師徒間的故事，因而廣為港人熟悉。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171126/00178_020.html, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171126/PDF/a10_screen.pdf
- graham player, founder of hung kuen academy hk scmp 18dec18 "all the right moves"
Hùhng Gār - 洪家拳
蔡李佛拳，中國傳統拳術中的南拳之一 ，相傳為廣東省新會京梅鄉人陳享（1806 年-1875年）所傳，他綜合蔡家拳、李家拳 和佛家掌三家之長形成一支新派，故名。房 勝棠在8歲時就被觀賞性和對抗性兼備的蔡 李佛拳吸引，打起來那行雲流水般的感覺讓 他欲罷不能，從此上了武術的 「船」。 其時，廣州正處 「文革」時期，傳統 武術沒有很好的發展環境，甚至一度停滯 不前。年輕的房勝棠除了在師傅指導下學 習，就是輾轉於廣州各大公園間，設法尋 找切磋機會。1979年底，房勝棠移民澳門 ，發現港澳地區武術氛圍更濃厚，亦認識 了一些港澳武術界朋友，也為他繼續學習 、研究蔡李佛拳提供更好的機會。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190411/PDF/a21_screen.pdf
學年開學後再作安排。出席啟動儀式的主禮嘉賓康文署非遺辦事處館長林國輝表示，去年獲批資助的25個計劃，不少涉及到校園推廣，或與學生有關，他們會作出彈性處理，讓有關計劃可延遲半年或一年完成。另一主禮嘉賓立法會議員馬逢國則指現在疫情影響下，年輕人回不了校園，須要網上學習，而大聖劈掛門用線上傳遞正合，可考慮放入學習平台，讓同學有學習機會，將傳統武術滲透校園。當日出席的主禮嘉賓除了李飛標、林國輝、馬逢國，還有中國香港體育協會暨奧林匹克委員會副會長貝鈞奇、香港考試及評核局公開考試總監麥勁生、大聖劈掛門國術總會主席羅健雄及副主席鄺偉權。
http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202004/0404/HA11404CX02_HKCD.pdf
Bukyo, a term for heroic fiction concentrating on martial artists, exported in the 20th century into chinese, where it is pronounced wuxia.
People
- Miyamoto Musashi (宮本 武蔵, c. 1584 – June 13, 1645), also known as Shinmen Takezō, Miyamoto Bennosuke or, by his Buddhist name, Niten Dōraku,[1] was an expert Japanese swordsman and rōnin. Musashi, as he was often simply known, became renowned through stories of his excellent and unique double-bladed swordsmanship and undefeated record in his 60 duels (next is 33 by Itō Ittōsai). He was the founder of the Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū or Niten-ryū style of swordsmanship and in his final years authored The Book of Five Rings (五輪の書 Go Rin no Sho), a book on strategy, tactics, and philosophy that is still studied today.宮本 武蔵（みやもと むさし）は、江戸時代初期の剣術家、兵法家。二刀を用いる二天一流兵法の開祖。京都の兵法家・吉岡一門との戦いや巌流島での決闘が後世、演劇、小説、様々な映像作品の題材になっている。著書『五輪書』は外国語にも翻訳され出版されている。国の重要文化財に指定された『鵜図』『枯木鳴鵙図』『紅梅鳩図』をはじめ『正面達磨図』『盧葉達磨図』『盧雁図屏風』『野馬図』など水墨画・鞍・木刀などの工芸品が各地の美術館に収蔵されている。本姓は藤原氏[注釈 1]、名字は宮本、または新免。幼名は辨助[注釈 2]（べんのすけ）、通称（百官名）は武蔵、諱は玄信（はるのぶ）である。号は二天、また二天道楽。著書『五輪書』の中では新免武蔵守・藤原玄信と名乗っている。熊本市弓削の墓碑は「新免武蔵居士」、養子・宮本伊織が武蔵の死後9年目の承応3年（1654年）に建てた『新免武蔵玄信二天居士碑』（以下、小倉碑文）には「播州赤松末流新免武蔵玄信二天居士」とある。
- 『五輪書』（ごりんのしょ）は、宮本武蔵の著した兵法書。武蔵の代表的な著作であり、剣術の奥義をまとめたといわれる。寛永20年（1643年）から死の直前の正保2年（1645年）にかけて、熊本県熊本市近郊の金峰山にある霊巌洞で執筆されたとされる。自筆本である原本は焼失したと伝えられる。写本は細川家本を始め、楠家旧蔵本・九州大学本・丸岡家本・狩野文庫本、底本不明の『劍道祕要』収録などがある。自筆本が現存せず写本間での相違も多いことや、武蔵の時代よりも後の価値観に基づく記述が多いこと、さらに同時代の文献に武蔵が五輪書を書いたと傍証できるものがないことなどから、武蔵の死後に弟子が創作したという説もある。書名の由来は密教の五輪（五大）からで、それになぞらえて「地・水・火・風・空」の五巻に分かれる。
- 地の巻
- 自らの流を二天一流と名付けたこと、これまでの生涯、兵法のあらましが書かれている。「まっすぐな道を地面に書く」ということになぞらえて、「地の巻」とされている。
- 水の巻
- 二天一流での心の持ち方、太刀の持ち方や構えなど、実際の剣術に関することが書かれている。「二天一流の水を手本とする」剣さばき、体さばきを例えて、「水の巻」とされている。
- 火の巻
- 戦いのことについて書かれている。個人対個人、集団対集団の戦いも同じであるとし、戦いにおいての心構えなどが書かれている。戦いのことを火の勢いに見立て、「火の巻」とされている。
- 風の巻
- 他の流派について書かれている。「風」というのは、昔風、今風、それぞれの家風などのこととされている。
- 空の巻
- 兵法の本質としての「空」について書かれている。
- Lucien Ott was born in 1931, into a long tradition of elite military service. In 1947 he volunteered to join the newly-formed Para-commandos of the 2nd Demi-Brigade French SAS, and was posted to the war in Indochina (Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia). During the famous siege of Dien Bien Phu, hearing the legion was surrounded and under attack, he volunteered to parachute in during the battle. He was subsequently wounded and captured by the Vietminh. However, he escaped after six months, and fought alongside the Montagnards against the Vietminh. In 1956, Lucien Ott was a member of the French Military Intelligence, the Deuxieme Bureau. He was ordered to review the protection afforded to France's military VIPs and military colonial governors, due to the succession of colonial conflicts sweeping the world.In the early days of World War II, Sir Winston Churchill ordered the creation of the Special Operations Executive - in his words, to "set Europe ablaze" and to support partisans in nazi-occupied territories. The methods developed and taught be SOE were what we now describe as terrorism. Weapons and explosives delivered by SOE would, after the war, be used by nationalist guerrillas such as Hagganah, Irgun, EOKA and the Vietminh Malayan People's Army, to kill British, French and American personnel. These groups simply practiced what SOE had taught them. When Lucien Ott studied the methods employed by the government bodyguards, he found that very little skill and tactics were used. Most bodyguards were just an escort with a pistol or revolver. Little or no planning went into prevention - or what is no called 'pro-active avoidance'.The US Secret Service of the Department of Treasury had been set up as a counterfeit investigation department in 1865 but it wasn't until 1901, in the wake of the assassination of
President McKinley, that President Teddy Roosevelt deployed them in dignitary protection. Years later, in the late 1940s, the Secret Service started to develop pedestrian escort drills - but, amazingly, these were based upon Ivy League American football positions.http://www.bobjonesmartialarts.com.au/161-macfinn/709-bodyguards?showall=&start=4
President McKinley, that President Teddy Roosevelt deployed them in dignitary protection. Years later, in the late 1940s, the Secret Service started to develop pedestrian escort drills - but, amazingly, these were based upon Ivy League American football positions.http://www.bobjonesmartialarts.com.au/161-macfinn/709-bodyguards?showall=&start=4
- Kun-Tai-Ko (short form KTK) was founded in Paris by Lucien Victor Ott in 1957, an very high ranked master in different styles of Martial Arts. At this present time he was already a 7.Dan Ju-Jitsu, 7.Dan Karate-Do und 1.Dan Judo. Major Lucien Victor Ott, was a much decorated French Para-Commando Veteran. He was born and brought up within the French Foreign Legion in Algeria. His grandfather was killed in World War 1 in the Dardanelles campaign, while he was serving in the elite Chasseurs d'Afrique.Lucien's father Victor served in the Spahi (An Algerian cavalryman in the French army) before joining the French Foreign Legion. Victor Ott became a senior NCO in the 1st Foreign Legion Cavalry Regiment! Wounded in the Riff wars, he was invalided out on pension.In 1956 he was tasked with reviewing operational protective methods for French military VIPs. His review found that the methods used internationally in Bodyguarding were ineffective and outmoded. From this was born the Lucien Ott protection method he called 'Defence & Security' ! Lucien Ott founded the International Bodyguard Association as a think-tank for bodyguards and as their Association. Lucien was working against terrorism in Algeria when he was selected by M. Tinet to form a personal bodyguard for President de Gaulle at the height of the OAS crisis. Under the authority of General de Monssabert a group of ex-special forces veterans were formed as "Les Gorilles". When Pompidou succeeded De Gaulle as President 'Les Gorilles' were given the option of being absorbed by the Gendarmerie or leaving.Soon, Lucien returned to Bodyguarding celebrities from the world of the cinema. He was in demand from both Military and Law Enforcement as a bodyguard instructor. In the mid-1970s he moved to Bruxelles and established his IBA Acadmey 'Defence & Security' in Rue de l'Etoile in Uccle. There he trained the Royal Belgian Police academy and was known and highly respected throughout Military- Security- Police- and Martial Arts Groups. While Lucien Ott was over in Munich, he started a club in a small apartment in the region around Schwabing. Together with one of his first students he gave all his knowledge to him. His name was Walter Obermayer (later Obermayer took over the name of his wife - Smigielski). The same time he travelled many times to Brannenburg into the Bavarian Alps near Rosenheim. Also there he opened one day in 1974 a Kun-Tai-Ko Dojo. After a bit more than one year he had to leave Germany again, back to Brussels. He left two students, also like travelling. They used each chance to train with Lucien in Brussels and finally became one day Black Belts of Kun-Tai-Ko. The one student in Brannenburg was Mr. Norbert Punzet. They have been responsible for the big growth of KTK in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, USA, Turkey, Spain and many other Countries. Ott was called into the official board of directors of the World Ju-Jutsu Federation with the function of Vice President for Germany and President for Belgium. Ott's last big project before he died was to take care as the top Security Advisor for the Olympic Games 1992 in Barcelona / Spain. In December 1989, Lucien was diagnosed with terminal cancer and admitted to the Erasmus Institute in Anderlecht where he dies in February 1980. At Lucien Ott's wish, he was succeeded after his death in 1990 by his deputy who is the current Director General tasked with ensuring that the IBA fulfills it's mission in training bodyguards in modern effective techniques. TheBaron Castleshort, the current D.G. was a student and protégé of Lucien Ott's and led IBA training teams to the Baltic Republics, Afghanistan, Russia, Ukraine and Kazakstan.Training Teams were dispatched by the current Director General to train UN Forces at Tuzla in Bosnia and elements of the Security Forces of the European Union (EEC). He became the first outsider to train KGB (Crimea 1991) and started training for bodyguards (Government and Corporate) in Poland (1988) Estonia (1989) Latvia and Lithuania (1990). He pioneered the IBA method in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. To date he has trained bodyguards on 5 continents including 36 countries.
Usa
- in 1980s new york, karate is a popular sport
Uk
- in edwardian england, the best known asuan fighting style was jujutsu, adopted by suffragettes.
France
- film banzai (1983)
- Note that banzai is a traditional Japanese exclamation meaning "ten thousand years" of long life.
- Has german, portuguese, hungarian and soviet union titles
india
- Kalaripayattu (pronounced as Kalarippayatt) is a martial art, which originated as a style in Kerala, southern India (North Malabar).[1] The word kalari first appears in the Tamil Sangam literature (c. 300 BCE to 300 CE)[2] to describe both a battlefield and combat arena. The word kalari tatt denoted a martial feat, while kalari kozhai meant a coward in war.[2] Each warrior in the Sangam era received regular military training. It is considered to be one of the oldest surviving fighting systems in still existence in the world.[3] It was originally practiced in northern and central parts of Kerala and southern parts of Tamil Nadu.
Japan
- Budō (武道) is a Japanese term describing modern Japanese martial arts.[1][2][3] Literally translated it means the "Martial Way", and may be thought of as the "Way of War".Budō is a compound of the root bu (武:ぶ), meaning "war" or "martial"; and dō (道:どう; dào in Chinese), meaning "path" or "way"[4](including the Buddhist conception of "path", or mārga in Sanskrit[5]). The term refers to the idea of formulating propositions, subjecting them to philosophical critique and then following a "path" to realize them.[6] Dō signifies a "way of life". Dō in the Japanese context is an experiential term in the sense that practice (the way of life) is the norm to verify the validity of the discipline cultivated through a given art form. Modern budō has no external enemy, only the internal one: my ego that must be fought. Similarly to budō, bujutsu is a compound of the roots bu (武), and jutsu (術:じゅつ), meaning technique.[8] Thus, budō is translated as "martial way",[9][10][11] or "the way of war" while bujutsu is translated as "science of war" or "martial craft." However, both budō and bujutsuare used interchangeably in English with the term "martial arts". Budo and bujutsu have quite a delicate difference; whereas bujutsu only gives attention to the physical part of fighting (how to best defeat an enemy), budo also gives attention to the mind and how one should develop oneself.武道（ぶどう）は、広義には古武道を含むが、狭義には明治維新以降に古武道から発展したもので[1]、人を殺傷・制圧する技術に、その技を磨く稽古を通じて人格の完成をめざす[2]、といった道の理念が加わったもの。古武道と明確に区別する場合、現代武道と呼ぶ。道の追求という点については、残心（残身、残芯）などの共通する心構え所作などから茶道や日本舞踊、芸道ともかかわりを持つ。また、乱取りや自由組手などを行うことからスポーツとの共通点がある。武道の理念は時代あるいは組織や個人により様々であり、正反対の考え方さえ存在しているが、主要武道9連盟が加盟する日本武道協議会は「武道は、武士道の伝統に由来する我が国で体系化された武技の修錬による心技一如の運動文化で、柔道、空手道、剣道、相撲、弓道、合気道、少林寺拳法、なぎなた、銃剣道などを修錬して心技体を一体として鍛え、人格を磨き、道徳心を高め、礼節を尊重する態度を養う、国家、社会の平和と繁栄に寄与する人間形成の道である。」と制定している[3]。「武道」という言葉は武士道のことを指したが、江戸時代後期頃から古武道のことも指すようになった[要出典]。現代の武道はこの古武道から発展したものである。古武道の盛衰に関しては古武道#歴史 を参照されたい。明治維新によって古いものとして古武術は廃れ、武術興行などを行いなんとか命脈を保つ状態となった。このような中、嘉納治五郎は柔術を独自に理論化・合理化した講道館柔道を開き栄えた。教育者であった嘉納の思想は後の武道家に強い影響を与えた。明治末から大正にかけて、武術はそれまでの戦闘技術が主となる内容ではなく、心身鍛錬や教育的効用を重んじる風潮となった[注釈 1]。武術から武道への名称変更の主唱者となったのが西久保弘道である[4]。西久保は大正時代に大日本武徳会の副会長に就任すると、武術専門学校を武道専門学校へ名称変更した。
- 武道と縁の深い神社
- samurai
- by the medieval period, they had acquired and tamed the Kanto plain
- chen yuanbin, a man from hangzhou, spent much of his later life in japan as a retainer in owari, a domain directly beholden to the tokugawa clan, where he variously wrote scholarly tracts (including the concise teachings of laozi), wrote poems and advised on the firing of new pottery kilns.
- by early 17th century, particularly after the massacre of last christian rebels in 1638, the samurai were facing an increasing idle existence. The period saw the slow decline of jutsu and replacement by do (japanese pronunciation of Laozi's dao). Hence Kenjutsu became kendo; kyujutsu became kyudo; bujutsu became bushido.
- Go contests / houses of go
- following 1868 meiji restoration, some samurai dissented as they were stripped of their influence. Martial arts of the samurai era came to be known as kobudo or koryu.
- national standing army created in 1873
- swords banned in 1876
- satsuma rebellion in 1877
- nihon kobudo association was founded in 1979
- kano jigoro, accomplished jujutsu fighter, developed judo
- by 1907 he had begun dressing his pupils in loose-fitting trousers and hanten
- befriended journalist lafcadio hearn when lecturing at Kumamoto university
- appointed by ministry of education as the head of primary education in 1898. In 1908, a new law made it compulsory for students at japanese schools to enrol in either judo or kendo classes
- karate
- ryukyu islands were united under a single king in 1429, when the ruling sho family was recognised as such by the emperor of china. Ban on weapons imposed by king sho shin in 1507. Island invaded and occupied by satsuma clan of japan in 1609 - led to rise a unified local unarmed fighting system by 1629 - china hand martial arts system / tote in japanese/ or more commonly karate
- mass settlement of 36 families of chinese emigrants is widely thought to have brought certain martial arts to the islands, particularly variants such as the white crane style from fujian, elements of which bear a certain resemblance to many later karate moves
- the island has some sort of native tradition, practised by the pechin, or island aristocracy.
- funakoshi gichin, populariser of karate
China
- shaolin temple
- founded on the outskirts of luoyang, then capital of northern wei dynasty, when the tuoba tribe ruled much of north china. The tuoba enthusiastically adopted buddhism, not the least because it was a foreign import like them, leading both luoyang and former capital at datong to gain extensive grottoes depicting images of saints. Foreign missionaries were welcome. The indian monk Buddhabhadra arrived in 460s and served in wei capital for three decades before an emperor granted him a hillside near the city as the site for a temple complex in 495. His temple was sited on the shao slope of mount song, one of china's sacred mountains, and derived its name from the surrounding forests of green saplings - shaolin, the young groves.
- Thee decades later, monk Bodhidharma came. He was a native of persia (other accounts specify india). He claimed at that time to be 150 years old.
- hk
- 本港不少武館或寺院供奉達摩祖師，但以廟宇而言，秀茂坪聯光佛堂料為最廣為人知的一間，創辦人金叔乃海豐縣人，1962年來港，先住黃大仙，後遷至秀茂坪山區石屋，他為達摩祖師乩童，在家中替人醫治邪病，山路崎嶇，上落不易，他1965年至翌年間，在34座通往秀茂坪道的石級旁以鐵皮搭建達摩廟。及至1992年，因34座清拆，佛堂臨時搬到40座，但未幾即獲得政府批出曉光街地段興建新廟，經四年，1996年農曆十二月十五日入伙http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/04/13/b09-0413.pdf
- dealings with tang gaozu
- 'sent' by his father to clean up a revolt by a sui loyalist (sent in quotation because li was so proactive and pushy that he had been manipulating his father like a puppet ever since the smuggled concubine scandal)
- he was grateful for the arrival of warrior monks in the final battle against wang shichong
- note that the monks adjudged him to be the subject of prophecies concerning the future ruler of china (5 years before he was crowned), may explain why shaolin back the winner before victory was clear and could be so highly regarded by the ruling house of tang dynasty
- nationalisation of warfare - taking war from a ritualised series of skirmishes between rival elites to a more generalised, all-inclusive, national campaign of conscription and conflict; established first buddhist temple in beijing as a repository for the souls of those soldiers who did not make it back alive from the Korea conquest
- nirvana stura (mahayana mahaparinirvana sutra) also known as the discourse on the great decease, recounting the last six years of buddha's earthly existence and the agonies of his final day. Has an obscure part recounting the adventures of buddha in a previous life, in which he felt completely within his rights to order the execution of priests who were slandering the true teaching, since he judged them to be incapable of achieving enlightenment. By the karmic reasoning of buddhism, killing them would be a service of sorts, as it prevented them from generating even more adverse karma for themselves in this life, and might even be doing them a favour; concept of icchantikas (souls who have no chance of achieving enlightenment) ---> used for drawing people to army, justifying violence against non buddhists and even against fellow buddhists
- shaolin steele (4m high stone tablet) carved with important texts for conveying history of monastery, e.g official snafu in 635 when the temple was accidentally included in a shutdown order issued against all buddhist monasteries in former rebel territory; from 728 an belatedly fills in some of the gaps in the temple's history, at a historically shaky distance of some two centuries from actual events. Also recounted the fall of sui dynasty and details of monks' service.
- shaolin grandmasters' text offers a series of stories about the destruction of original shaolin temple and migration of several survivors south to fujian in 680. Disruptions and migration around 1680 during the upheavals of ming-qing changeover - transmission of kung fu southwards
- include Fang Zhonggong, a master of 18 monk fist boxing. Bubishi mentioned a daughter Qiniang --> developed white crane style, famous pupil Zeng cishu.
- wu mei, a nun who fled south - taught yim wing-chun kung fu. The opera troupe, the red boats, sometimes called the red junks, is particularly important in the story of wing chun because it comprised a band of travelling performers. Li wen-mao, a leader of red boats, led an open revolt in foshan. Martial was passed on to a traditional chinese doctor in foshan, finally to Ip Man.
- according to bubishi (a collection of martial arts treatises preserved among the karate community of ryukyu isalnds, the shaolin temple served as a sanctuary for resistance during the qing conquest. Original temple burned to ground in 1674.
- note that there are views that the above two bull points could be fictional
- 1982 shaolin temple movie not only multipled tourist attendance at the temple itself by a factor of ten, but also led to the lifting of a chinese government ban on monks wearing robes.
- 11月29日 ，中共河南省委外事工作委員會辦公室與 河南工業大學共建的 「河南省少林功夫外 譯研究中心」 的揭牌儀式和 「河南省首屆 武術文化外譯與跨文化研究高峰論壇」 在 河南工業大學舉辦，來自全國各地的100 餘位領導專家共同參會，探討如何讓積澱 着中國厚重傳統文化的少林功夫，率先成 為中國文化走向世界的 「金鑰匙」 。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191201/PDF/a10_screen.pdf
- in popoular culture
- https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3082255/we-sort-fact-myth-about-shaolin-monastery-home-kung-fu-jet
- shandong and northeast china
- report in 1808 about worrying activities among local ne'er-do-wells - the obedient swords, tiger-tail whip, yi-he boxers, eight trigrams sect. They soon associated with anti-manchu white lotus beliefs. A terrorist attack was launched in 1813.
- patriarch's assembly, a religious organisation purveying circus tricks and quack medicine in northeast china in 1820s was formed by village-square shamans. Similar sects rose and fell including spirit boxers.
- men of big swords targeted foreign invaders but did not include the manchu government
- plum flower boxing (meihua quan) (attributed to Zhang sanfeng/wingchun!)
- documents from as early as 1774 suggested that yihe quan had once been adopted by some white lotus rebels as a new name for their order
- the yihe menjiao (teachings of righteous harmony), reported in the tianjin area in 1813, existed. 30 years later, martial artists in northern china would reportedly be teaching a martial art called the yihemen quan - the fist of gate of righteous harmony.
http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180828/00178_010.html
Indonesia
- javan sfihting style of pencak and the borneo/sumatra style of silat (both with multiple origins and contentious histories, links and crossovers, not the least with indian and chinese infkuences) were suddenly combined in 1948 to create the new fighting style of pencak silat.
- A symbol of indonesian-ness and with history of secret resistance to dutch colonial powers, unclear origins of secret societies and simple village brawls.
- supposedly learned by a woman, Rama Sukana, who came up with the idea while watching a tiger fight a large bird (similar to white crane style)
hk
- kung fu films
motif
- in popular culture
- in popular culture
- https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3076216/first-martial-arts-film-put-family-centre-action-lau-kar
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